Search

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin found in many agricultural products and can cause reproductive disorders, mainly affecting spermatogenesis in male animals. Rutin (RUT) is a natural flavonoid compound recognized for its significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic properties. The present study aimed to determine the protective role of RUT against ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice. Twenty-four adult Kunming male mice were divided into four groups: control, RUT (500 mg/kg RUT), ZEN (10 mg/kg ZEN), ZEN + RUT (500 mg/kg RUT + 10 mg/kg ZEN), with six replicates per treatment. The results indicated that RUT mitigated ZEN-induced disruption in spermatogenic cell arrangement, decreased spermatozoa count, and increased sperm mortality in the testes. RUT significantly restored ZEN-induced reduction in T, FSH, LH, and E2 serum levels. Moreover, RUT mitigated ZEN-induced apoptosis by increasing the mRNA expression level of bcl-2, decreasing the mRNA expression level of kiss1-r, and decreasing the protein expression level of caspase 8 in reproductive tissues. These findings indicate the protective role of RUT against ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice by regulating gonadotropin and testosterone secretions to maintain normal spermatogenesis via the HPG axis, which may provide a new application direction for RUT as a therapeutic agent to mitigate ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sofosbuvir treatment regimens for chronic HCV infection have recently been linked to extra hepatic side effects. This study aimed to show how sofosbuvir affected the adult male albino rat testis. Forty adult male albino rats were used. The rats were equally split into two main groups (I and II), then each group subdivided into two subgroups (A and B). Each rat in group I (control) received 0.5 ml of distilled water every day for four weeks. Each rat in group II (sofosbuvir-treated) received 0.5 ml of distilled water containing 7.2 mg of sofosbuvir every day for four weeks. After four weeks (subgroups IA and IIA) and eight weeks (subgroups IB and IIB) of treatment, the rats were sacrificed. Histological, biochemical, and morphometric studies on the testes were conducted. The data were analyzed. Examination of testes of sovaldi treated group revealed histopathological changes. Biochemical and morphometric analysis showed reduced levels of reduced glutathione and seminiferous tubule epithelial height respectively. Following a 4-week drug withdrawal period, the testes only partially recovered. We concluded that sofosbuvir induced deteriorating changes in the adult male albino rats' testes. These changes were proved by histological and biochemical studies. These changes were incompletely reversible after cession of treatment. Researches investigating the effect of adding drugs that have antioxidant properties during sofosbuvir therapy are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We investigated if large Paddlefish Polyodon spathula invest in testis weight disproportionately more than smaller males, as expressed by the gonadosomatic index (GSI). The approach was to assess the relation between testis weight F (i.e., the combined weight of both testes) and fish weight W in the expression F = aWb. The hypothesis was that sperm competition in Paddlefish would be expected (with b > 1) based on observations of several male fish attending a female spawner in a past study in the Osage River, Missouri. Methods: We used a large, three‐state data set from three fisheries (Montana, North Dakota, and Oklahoma) to evaluate isometry and allometry in the power function relationship between fish weight and testis weight. Result: All three data sets showed hyperallometric increases in testis weight with fish weight (i.e., b > 1). For Montana males, hyperallometry was greatest (b = 1.56; n = 8798), followed by North Dakota (b = 1.36; n = 8209) and Oklahoma (b = 1.22; n = 9571). Paddlefish from Montana and North Dakota had much lower testis weights through age 18 and much lower fish weights through age 25 than Oklahoma Paddlefish. By ages 17–25, mean male GSI in Oklahoma declined, whereas it remained level at about 1.5 for combined Montana and North Dakota Paddlefish. Throughout their lives, at each age, Montana and North Dakota Paddlefish allocated a higher percentage of their total weight to testis weight and reached a higher asymptotic GSI (GSI∞) than did Oklahoma Paddlefish; GSI∞ was 1.50 for Montana fish, 1.44 for North Dakota fish, and 1.26 for Oklahoma fish. Conclusion: Results provide evidence supporting the occurrence sperm competition (i.e., b > 1), as would occur when two or more males compete to fertilize the eggs of a female spawning Paddlefish. Comparisons among species and stocks are made but were limited by an acute shortage of data on male testis weights and other testis characteristics (e.g., sperm size, energy content), and reproductive investment in Paddlefish and most other fishes in other localities. Impact statementThis is the first published account of the relation between fish weight and testis weight in Paddlefish. Results are useful in assessing the role of sperm competition in the species and the importance of maintaining larger, older individuals in harvested populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adropin, a multifaceted peptide, was identified as a new metabolic hormone responsible for regulating gluco-lipid homeostasis. However, its role in the testicular function is not yet understood. We aimed to investigate the localization and expression of adropin and GPR19 during different phases of postnatal development. Immunohistochemical study revealed the intense reactivity of adropin in the Leydig cells during all phases of postnatal development, while GPR19 showed intense immunoreactivity in the pachytene spermatocytes and mild immunoreactivity in Leydig cells as well as primary and secondary spermatocytes. Western blot study revealed maximum expression of GPR19 in pre-pubertal mouse testis that clearly indicates maximum responsiveness of adropin during that period. So, we hypothesized that adropin may act as an autocrine/paracrine factor that regulates pubertal changes in mouse testis. To examine the effect of adropin on pubertal onset, we gave bilateral intra-testicular doses (0.5 and 1.5 µg/testis) to pre-pubertal mice. Adropin treatment promoted testicular testosterone synthesis by increasing the expression of StAR, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD. Adropin also promoted germ cell survival and proliferation by upregulating the expression of PCNA and downregulating the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and Caspase 3 expression resulting in fewer TUNEL-positive cells in adropin-treated groups. FACS analysis demonstrated that adropin treatment not only increases 1C to 4C ratio but also significantly increases the 1C (spermatid) and 1C to 2C ratio which demarcates accelerated germ cell differentiation and turnover of testicular cells. In conclusion, adropin promotes steroidogenesis, germ cell survival, as well as the proliferation in the pre-pubertal mouse testis that may hasten the pubertal transition in an autocrine/paracrine manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sperm production represents a costly reproductive investment by males. High reproductive competition within the female reproductive tract may select for higher sperm counts or quality resulting in selection for larger testes size. In species where females mate multiply or have more offspring per litter (litter size), or more litters per year (litter rate), male reproductive competition may select for larger relative testes size (i.e., scaled by body mass). Given that different mating systems vary in the alternative forms of reproductive investment available to males, sperm production levels may vary with social system. Here, we examined the relationship between testes size and mating systems, litter size, and litter rate while considering male lifespan and investment in paternal care in 224 terrestrial mammalian species in 15 orders. Relative testes size was larger in species where females mated with multiple males. Furthermore, in species with multiple mating females, species with higher litter rates had larger testes compared to species with fewer litters per year. In contrast, in monogamous species, species that had multiple litters per year had smaller relative testes sizes compared to species with fewer litters per year. Neither longevity nor paternal care influenced testes size. Our results elucidate the effect of female reproductive strategies on relative testes size is nuanced and varies between mating systems. Our findings suggest that the interplay between male reproductive investment and female reproductive investment may be different within similar social mating systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)-administration was found to be toxic in mammalian systems and also known to affect the male reproduction in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DEHP on the male reproductive system in a rat model. Three groups of six rats each, i.e. first group control (corn oil administered), second group DEHP administered at the rate of 850 mg/kg BW/day, whereas third group DEHP administered at the rate of 950 mg/kg BW/day for a period of 30 days, consecutively. Initially, final testes weights and sperm quality parameters of testes were evaluated. Oxidative stress markers, lysosomal enzyme activities and inflammatory cytokine levels in testicular tissue were analysed. Sex hormones and haematological parameters were also analysed in control and experimental groups of rats. The results obtained for Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) administered rats were compared with its respective controls with relevance to sperm count, sperm motility and daily sperm production rates, which were significantly decreased due to DHEP administration, whereas oxidative stress indicators were found to be significantly increased. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased activity of the antioxidant enzymes as super oxide dismutase (SOD), reduced levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione content (GSH) recorded under DEHP administration. While testicular enzymes like γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were found to be significantly elevated during DEHP administrated rats. Oxidative marker enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was found to be significantly decreased. β-Glucuronidase activity was significantly increased and acid phosphatase activity was significantly decreased, in response to DEHP administration into rats. Pro-inflammatory cytokinines such as tumour necrosis factor-1 α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were significantly increased. Serum testosterone levels decreased, serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH) levels increased. Due to DEHP administration leucocytes, monocytes, neutrophils/granulocytes, erythrocytes and haemoglobin contents were significantly decreased, whereas lymphocytes, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), haematocrit, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) levels were found to be increased. Results obtained in the present study suggest that DEHP affecting the process of spermatogenesis through changing the activities of the enzymes responsible for the maturation of the sperm. The rate of production of sperm numbers from testes may be responsible for the antifertility effects of DHEP. The results obtained clearly suggests that disruption of cellular energetics in the testes may be responsible for the reported infertility on male rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have various applications, but concerns about their potential adverse effects on human health, particularly the male reproductive system, have led to toxicity. This study investigates the effects of quercetin, a natural compound with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, on ZnO NP-induced testicular toxicity in male Swiss mice. Method: In this study, 25 male mice were randomly allocated into 5 groups, each consisting of 5 mice (n=5). The groups were labelled as Control, Corn Oil, Quercetin, ZnO NPs, and ZnO NPs + Quercetin. The dosages administered were 100mg/kg for ZnO NPs and 20mg/kg for quercetin, relative to the weight of the animals. The treatments were conducted for 7 days following a two-week acclimatization period. Results: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were found to increase testicular TNF-α, indicating inflammation at the testes which may have resulted in a significant decrease in testosterone. Malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress marker was also found to be increased at the level of the testes, in the ZnO NPs group when compared to the control group. Treatment with quercetin, however, was able to reduce the levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers at the testes, and restore testosterone to control levels, demonstrating its potential ameliorative effects on testicular toxicity via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Conclusion: The findings from this study indicated that Quercetin is a potential therapeutic agent against inflammation and oxidative stress in ZnO NPs-induced testicular toxicity.

Testin is a protein involved in cell mobility, adhesion and colony formation. In rats, testin presence has been reported in the testes, and its possible role in spermatogenesis has been suggested. Studies in humans also suggest a possible role of testin as a cancer suppressor protein. In the dog, which represents both an important pet species and a good animal model for studying biological and pathological testicular processes, the presence of testin has never been reported.

Porcine Circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is an emerging swine infection responsible for significant financial losses in the global swine industry. It has a significant negative impact on reproductive performance causing abortion, stillbirth, and other anomalies. As there is limited knowledge related to the histopathology of male and female reproductive systems in PCV-2 infected pigs, the current study was designed. Swine carcasses presented for post-mortem examination with a history of respiratory distress, anorexia, diarrhoea, wasting, and paleness of the skin collected from mid of 2021 to mid of 2022 from different parts of Kerala, India, were utilised in this study. The samples were initially screened with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were subjected to gross and histopathological studies. Out of 65 collected samples, 10 were positive for PCV-2 by PCR. The positive sample carcasses were emaciated, had poor body condition with visible bony prominences, decreased back fat thickness, rough, long hair coat, and sunken eyes. Mild oedema and congestion were seen in the testes, epididymis, and vas deferens of the male reproductive system and on accessory reproductive glands such as the bulbourethral gland, prostate gland, and seminal vesicle. In the female reproductive system, the ovary, oviduct, and uterus had mild congestion and oedema in most cases. Histopathology of the male reproductive system revealed mild degenerative changes, haemorrhage, and congestion in all cases. The vasa deferentia showed a loss of cilia in the pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The female reproductive organs had congestion, degenerative changes, and infiltration of mononuclear cells. For further confirmation, localisation of PCV-2 antigen was done in reproductive organs with immunohistochemistry (IHC). History, gross, histopathological findings, and PCR in combination with IHC highlight the pathologic effects of PCV-2 on reproductive organs in infected pigs.

Falafel is the most common Egyptian street food, and deep-frying palm oil is a commonly used for frying it. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of deep-frying palm olein oil-fried street falafel on testes of Wistar rats. Twenty-one adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three equal groups and given treatment as follows: control group received only distilled water, fresh palm olein oil (FPO) group received FPO (1 ml/100 g BW/day) and deep-frying palm olein oil (DPO) group received DPO (1 ml/100 g BW/day) orally for 28 days. Serum level of testosterone, testicular tissue oxidative status, and sperm characteristics were determined. Testicular specimens were processed for histopathological examination. The results revealed that DPO group showed a significant (p

Abstract The reproductive activity of the male dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a seasonal breeder is affected by various seasonal changes that reflect on the reproductive performance. In the current study, we explored a differential cellular localization of lectins in eight dromedary camel testes utilizing lectin histochemistry (LHC). The glycoconjugates’ localizations were detected within the testicular tissue utilizing 13 biotin-labeled lectins (PNA, ConA, LCA, RCA120, GS IB4, WGA, BPL, DBA, ECA, PHA-E4, UEA-1, PTL-II, and SBA) distributed into six sets. The cellular structures revealed diverse lectins distribution that may reflect various glycoproteins’ structures and their compositional modifications during spermatogenesis. Some of the investigated lectins were restricted to acrosomes of spermatids that will help study different stages during the spermatogenic cycle of dromedary camel, particularly PNA, and ECA. The statistical analysis showed a marked positive correlation between the response intensity of various lectins and the breeding season (P

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) possess the characteristics of self-renewal and differentiation, as well as the ability to generate functional sperm. Their unique stemness has broad applications in male infertility treatment and species preservation. In rodents, research on SSCs has been widely reported, but progress is slow in large livestock such as cattle and pigs due to long growth cycles, difficult proliferation in vitro, and significant species differences. Previously, we showed that histone 3 (H3) lysine 9 (K9) trimethylation (H3K9me3) is associated with the proliferation of bovine SSCs. Here, we isolated and purified SSCs from calf testicular tissues and investigated the impact of different H3K9me3 levels on the in vitro proliferation of bovine SSCs. The enriched SSCs eventually formed classical stem cell clones in vitro in our feeder-free culture system. These clones expressed glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα1, specific marker for SSCs), NANOG (pluripotency protein), C-KIT (germ cell marker), and strong alkaline phosphatase (AKP) positivity. qRT-PCR analysis further showed that these clones expressed the pluripotency genes NANOG and SOX2, and the SSC-specific marker gene GFRα1. To investigate the dynamic relationship between H3K9me3 levels and SSC proliferation, H3K9me3 levels in bovine SSCs were first downregulated using the methyltransferase inhibitor, chaetocin, or transfection with the siRNA of H3K9 methyltransferase suppressor of variegation 3-9 homologue 1 (SUV39H1). The EDU (5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine) assay revealed that SSC proliferation was inhibited. Conversely, when H3K9me3 levels in bovine SSCs were upregulated by transfecting lysine demethylase 4D (KDM4D) siRNA, the EDU assay showed a promotion of cell proliferation. In summary, this study established a feeder-free culture system to obtain bovine SSCs and explored its effects on the proliferation of bovine SSCs by regulating H3K9me3 levels, laying the foundation for elucidating the regulatory mechanism underlying histone methylation modification in the proliferation of bovine SSCs.

Cryptorchidism in males constitutes a notable risk factor for both infertility and testicular cancer. Infertility in adulthood is closely linked to the germ cell status in childhood. Furthermore, the significance of germ cell status is important as more than 95% of all reported testicular malignancies are germ cell tumors. The review aims to elucidate the pathogenesis of germ cells in cryptorchid testes concerning their association with infertility and testicular malignancies. Impaired germ cell numbers are evident in cryptorchid testes even during antenatal and neonatal stages. In cryptorchidism there is a rapid decline in germ cell number within the first year of life, partially attributed to physiologic gonocyte apoptosis. Additionally, germ cells fail to differentiate normally during mini-puberty leading to reduced germ cell proliferation and delayed clearance of gonocytes from the seminiferous epithelium. Absence of germ cells in testicular biopsies occurs already 10 months of age and germ cell deterioration progressively worsens with approximately 50% of persisting cryptorchid testes lacking germ cells during puberty. The deficient germ cell maturation and proliferation leads to later infertility. Elevated temperature in the cryptorchid testes and also hormonal deficiency contribute to this phenomenon. Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) originating during fetal development may manifest in rare cases associated with disorders of sexual development, chromosomal abnormalities in boys, specific syndromes, and teratomas that include cryptorchidism. In adults, the presence of GCNIS predominantly represents a new histology pattern before invasive germ cell cancer is demonstrated and is neither congenital nor related to abnormal gonocyte transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male germ cell development is dependent on the orchestrated regulation of gene networks. TATA‐box binding protein associated factors (TAFs) facilitate interactions of TATA‐binding protein with the TATA element, which is known to coordinate gene transcription during organogenesis. TAF7 like (Taf7l) is situated on the X chromosome and has been implicated in testis development. We examined the biology of TAF7L in testis development using the rat. Taf7l was prominently expressed in preleptotene to leptotene spermatocytes. To study the impact of TAF7L on the testis we generated a global loss‐of‐function rat model using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Exon 3 of the Taf7l gene was targeted. A founder was generated possessing a 110 bp deletion within the Taf7l locus, which resulted in a frameshift and the premature appearance of a stop codon. The mutation was effectively transmitted through the germline. Deficits in TAF7L did not adversely affect pregnancy or postnatal survival. However, the Taf7l disruption resulted in male infertility due to compromised testis development and failed sperm production. Mutant germ cells suffer meiotic arrest at late zygotene/early pachynema stages, with defects in sex body formation. This testis phenotype was more pronounced than previously described for the subfertile Taf7l null mouse. We conclude that TAF7L is essential for male germ cell development in the rat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men have more severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) outcomes and higher mortality rates than women, and it was suggested that testosterone levels might promote severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and Covid‐19 severity. However, clinical studies have not supported this theory. Studies have consistently shown that serum testosterone concentrations during acute Covid‐19 in men are inversely proportional to the inflammatory cytokines and severity of illness. It is likely that lower testosterone concentrations in this setting are a result of acute Covid‐19 illness on the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis. Clinical trials that attempted to lower testosterone concentrations further or block androgen signaling acutely during Covid‐19 in men did not result in improved Covid‐19 outcomes. Additionally, pre‐existing male hypogonadism, diagnosed before Covid‐19 pandemic, was found to be a risk factor for hospitalization from Covid‐19. In this review, we also discuss the preclinical and mechanistic studies that have evaluated the role of androgens in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and illness. Finally, long‐term consequences of Covid‐19 on male reproductive health are reviewed. SARS‐CoV‐2 virus is known to infiltrate testis and induce orchitis in men, but it is unclear if Covid‐19 leads to an increase in incidence of male hypogonadism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is one of the main causes of testicular spermatogenesis disorders. Resveratrol (RES) can inhibit oxidative stress levels, reduce germ cell damage, and promote spermatogenesis. To investigate the molecular mechanism by which RES promotes spermatogenesis, the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the pathological damage of mouse testis tissue were assessed. The expression of key genes associated with pyroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy, and the effects of RES on this process were determined. Experimental mice were divided into three groups with intraperitoneally injection of H2O2 (3 mmol/kg/d), RES (100 mg/kg/d) + H2O2 (3 mmol/kg/d), and normal saline, respectively. The testicular tissues were collected, and the pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The ultrastructure was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The transcriptional levels of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy-related genes were measured and analyzed by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that, in the H2O2 group, the basal membrane of spermatogenic tubules was damaged, atrophic, and thin. Interstitial cells were fragmented, and the gap of spermatogenic tubules increased. Compared with the H2O2 group, the pathological damage of testicular tissue structure in the H2O2 + RES group was significantly ameliorated. TEM results showed no evident damage to the cell structure in the control group, while apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis were observed in the testicular tissue of H2O2 and H2O2 + RES groups, where cell damage was less, but apoptotic bodies, autophagosomes, and pyroptosomes were observed. The transcription levels of key pyroptosis genes increased in the H2O2 group but decreased significantly after RES treatment. The results indicated that H2O2 could induce pyroptosis, while RES inhibited pyroptosis and led to the release of inflammatory factors by regulating the expression of genes in signaling pathways. After H2O2 injection, the transcript levels of key apoptosis genes in testicular tissue were lower than those in the control group, while RES promoted the occurrence of H2O2-induced apoptosis, to achieve the purpose of protecting itself from oxidative damage. H2O2 could promote autophagy in mouse testicular tissue. RES enhanced the level of H2O2-induced autophagy, removed the damaged cells in the testicular tissue, and protected the development of the body. This study provided the experimental basis for the study of RES in oxidative damage, pyroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy, and theoretical guidance and new ideas for drug development and treatment of male reproductive diseases in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases causing damage in many organs in the body including the testes. Royal Jelly (RJ) is one of the honey bee products that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties. This study was performed to evaluate the changes in the microscopic structure of the testes in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, and the possible protective role of RJ. 60 adult male albino rats were divided into three groups. Group I Control group, Group II STZ group, and Group III STZ+RJ group. Group II received a single dose of STZ (50 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. Group III received a single dose of STZ as in the second group then received RJ orally by intragastric tube in dose of (100 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks after confirmation of diabetes. Light and electron microscopic studies were performed. Group II revealed marked structural changes affecting seminiferous tubules with sever reduction in germinal epithelium and loss of mature spermatozoa in their lumina. The interstitial tissue revealed degenerated Leydig cells and congested blood vessels. Mallory trichrome stained section of group II revealed marked increase in the amount of collagen fibers. Group III revealed highly preserved testicular architecture almost near to that appeared in the control group except few tubules that were damaged. In conclusion, RJ protected the testicular structure from the damaging effect of diabetic oxidative stress through its antioxidant effect thus preserving male fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adropin is a versatile peptide which was discovered as a novel metabolic hormone that is involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis. However, its possible role in the testicular function is not yet understood. The aim of our study was to explore the distribution pattern of adropin and GPR19 in various cell types and its possible role in testicular functions of adult mice. Immunohistochemical study revealed the intense immunoreactivity of adropin in the Leydig cells, while GPR19 showed intense immunoreactivity in the pachytene spermatocytes and mild immunoreactivity in Leydig cells and primary as well as secondary spermatocytes in mouse testis. Enho mRNA was also found to be expressed in the mouse testis. These findings suggested that adropin‐GPR19 signaling may act in autocrine/paracrine manner to modulate testicular functions. Furthermore, to find out the direct role of adropin in the testicular function, in vitro study was performed in which testicular slices were cultured with adropin alone (10 and 100 ng/mL) and in combination with insulin (5 μg/mL). Adropin alone inhibited testicular testosterone synthesis by inhibiting the expression of P450‐SCC, 3β‐HSD, and 17β‐HSD while along with insulin stimulated the testicular testosterone synthesis by increasing the expression of GPR19, IR, StAR, P450‐SCC, 3β‐HSD, and 17β‐HSD. Adropin alone or in combination with insulin promoted germ cell survival and proliferation by upregulating the expression of PCNA, Bcl2, and pERK1/2. Thus, it can be concluded that adropin‐GPR19 signaling promotes insulin stimulated steroidogenesis and germ cell survival as well as proliferation in the mice testes in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Research Highlights: Adropin is mainly localized in Leydig cells of the testis.GPR19 is localized in Leydig cells as well as advanced germ cells.Adropin alone inhibits steroidogenesis but promotes insulin stimulated steroidogenesis.Adropin alone or along with insulin promotes germ cell survival and proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lambda light chains (λ‐LCs) are frequently responsible for triggering the activation of inflammatory factors in autoimmune disorders, and an increase in their levels will cause various pathological changes in serum. The aim of this study was to determine the histological differences between the epididymis and testis of normal and cryptorchid Bactrian camels and the differences in λ‐LC expression in the epididymis and testis of normal and cryptorchid Bactrian camels. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to examine the pathological changes in cryptorchidism. The gene and protein levels of λ‐LC were determined using RT‐qPCR and western blot. The distribution of λ‐LCs was assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Compared with that in normal Bactrian camels, the diameter of the epididymal lumen and the thickness of the epithelium were decreased in the epididymis of cryptorchidic animals. Additionally, no sperm was detected in the cavity of the cryptorchidic epididymis. Meanwhile, the expression of λ‐LC was significantly increased in the cryptorchidic epididymis at both the mRNA and protein levels (p <.05). The highest protein expression of λ‐LC was found in epididymal epithelial halo cells and testicular Sertoli cells. These findings suggested that the structural changes observed in the epididymal epithelium of cryptorchidic camels affect its secretory and absorptive functions. Additionally, the high level of λ‐LC expression recorded in halo cells suggested that these cells play an important role in epithelial immunity in cryptorchidic Bactrian camels. Furthermore, the high λ‐LC expression levels detected in normal testicular Sertoli cells indicated that λ‐LCs may be involved in spermatogenesis. The results of this study provide clues for an in‐depth study of immunological sterility in cryptorchidic Bactrian camels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylamide (ACR) has adverse effects on the rat testis. This study aimed to assess the impact of ACR and vit C exposure on reproductive organs in rats. In this experimental study, 32 adult male rats were used. The animals were divided into 4 groups (n = 8): (1) control group, (2) ACR (10 mg/kg) group, (3) vit C (200 mg/kg), (4) ACR (10 mg/kg) + vit C (200 mg/kg) daily for 5 weeks by gavage. After the administration period, testis, prostate, seminal vesicle, and epididymis of animals are removed; after preparing tissue sections, the structural changes of the tissues are examined by stereology. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test in SPSS software. A value of p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. The testis weight, volume (mm3), and the mean Johnsen score showed a significant decrease in comparison with the control group and vit C-treated group. These parameters were increased in ACR + vit C group. The number of spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, and Sertoli and Leydig cells in ACR-treated group showed a significant decrease in comparison with the control and vit C-treated groups. The number of these cells was increased in the ACR + vit C group. Epithelium height and folding of prostate and seminal vesicle in the ACR-treated group were decreased. Epithelium lost its integrity. In the ACR + vit C group, histopathological changes were decreased. Seminal vesicle of ACR + vit C-treated group showed mild degeneration and rupture in epithelium integrity. The epididymis of ACR + vit C group also showed mild degeneration and rupture in epithelium integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder alters gonadal development and spermatogenesis, reactive oxygen species production, DNA damage, and apoptosis, which subsequently lead to male subfertility. Eugenol is an antioxidant, traditionally used as medication for digestive disorders and antioxidant therapy, decrease transport of glucose from GIT to systemic circulation. This experiment was aimed to decipher cellular and molecular insights of eugenol in protecting diabetic germ cells in rats. Rats were assigned randomly into five groups: control, eugenol control (Eugenol 400; EUG), diabetic (DIA), diabetic + eugenol 100 (DIA + EUG 100), and diabetic + eugenol 400 (DIA + EUG 400). EUG 400 and DIA + EUG 400 groups received 400 mg/kg eugenol orally. DIA + EUG 100 group received 100 mg/kg eugenol. Treatment was conducted for 4 weeks. Type 1 diabetes was induced by injecting a single i.p. dose of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Morphometric, biochemical, sperm parameters, oxidative stress, hormonal levels, histopathology, and fibrosis in the testis and epididymis, were evaluated. DNA damage was evaluated using halo and comet assays; DNA fragmentation and apoptosis using TUNEL assay. Eugenol treatment significantly normalized biochemical parameters, reduced MDA while increased albumin and GSH levels in diabetes. Eugenol significantly increased sperm numbers, motility and attenuated abnormal sperm head morphology in diabetes. Moreover, eugenol significantly reversed diabetes‐induced cellular damages, altered spermatogenesis, and collagen deposition in testis and epididymis. It also significantly attenuated diabetes‐associated DNA breaks and apoptosis. These findings suggest that 4 weeks treatment with 400 mg/kg of eugenol could be beneficial for diabetic patients to prevent subfertility. Highlights: Protective role of eugenol mediated by cellular and molecular mechanisms in diabetes‐induced testicular toxicity. Eugenol treatment significantly ameliorated oxidative stress in diabetic rat testes.Eugenol treatment prominently normalized spermatogenesis and sperm parameters in diabetes.Eugenol significantly protected diabetes‐induced DNA damage and apoptosis of testes and sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a popular engineered nanomaterial widely used in industry. Despite the benefits they bring to society, AgNPs are not neutral to human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single intravenous dose (5 mg/kg body weight) of 20 nm AgNPs on steroid metabolism and redox balance in the testes of adult rats. The effects were evaluated 1 day or 28 days after intervention and compared with saline-treated animals. Decreased aromatase and estrogen receptor α levels (by 21% and 27%, respectively) were observed 1 day after AgNPs administration, while increased testosterone, increased dihydrotestosterone levels, higher androgen receptors and higher aromatase expression in Leydig cells (by 43%, 50%, 20% and 32%, respectively) as well as lower (by 35%) androgen receptor protein levels were observed 28 days after exposure to AgNPs compared to control groups. The AgNPs treatment resulted in decreased superoxide dismutase activity, decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, and increased glutathione reductase activity (by 23%, 63% and 28%, respectively) compared to control animals, irrespective of the time of measurement. Increased (by 28%) intratesticular lipid hydroperoxides level was observed 1 day after AgNPs exposure, while decreased (by 70%) GSH and increased (by 43%) 7-ketocholesterol levels were observed 28 days after treatment compared to control animals. Conclusions: AgNPs exposure caused redox imbalance in the gonads shortly after AgNPs administration, while a longer perspective AgNPs exposure was associated with impaired androgen metabolism, probably due to increased oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cd is a heavy metal that is found in many aquatic environments and has toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Cadmium has a negative impact on organisms reproductive systems, especially during the process of spermatogenesis. The test biota used in this study was male nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of heavy metal Cd on the level of damage to the testicular tissue of male nilem fish and to determine the ratio of the level of damage to the testicular tissue of male nilem fish in four treatments of Cd heavy metal for 4 weeks. The method used was an experimental method with a completely randomized design research design (CRD). The research was conducted in three stages, namely taking the testes, making histological preparations, and laboratory analysis using a microscope. The test biota was given four treatments of Cd 0 ppm, 2 ppm, 4 ppm, and 6 ppm with an exposure time of 28 days and sampling was carried out every two weeks. Quantitative data in the form of the proportions of the spermatogenesis stages were analyzed by One Way ANOVA. The results showed that there was no change in shape at the spermatogenesis stage and showed fluctuating results. The results showed that giving 4 Cd treatments to fish for 4 weeks did not affect spermatogenesis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deleted in azoospermia-like (DAZL) is essential for mammalian testicular function and spermatogenesis. To explore the molecular characterization, expression patterns, and cellular localization of the DAZL in Hezuo pig testes, testicular tissue was isolated from Hezuo pig at five development stages including 30 days old (30 d), 90 days old (90 d), 120 days old (120 d), 180 days old (180 d), and 240 days old (240 d). DAZL cDNA was first cloned using the RT-PCR method, and its molecular characterization was analyzed using relevant bioinformatics software. Subsequently, the expression patterns and cellular localization of DAZL were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The cloning and sequence analysis showed that the Hezuo pig DAZL cDNA fragment contained 888 bp open reading frame (ORF) capable of encoding 295 amino acid residues and exhibited high identities with some other mammals. The qRT-PCR and Western blot results indicated that DAZL was specifically expressed in Hezuo pig testes, and DAZL levels of both mRNA and protein were expressed at all five reproductive stages of Hezuo pig testes, with extremely significant higher expression levels in 90 d, 120 d, 180 d, and 240 d than those in 30 d (p < 0.01). Additionally, immunohistochemistry results revealed that DAZL protein was mainly localized in gonocytes at 30 d testes, primary spermatocytes, and spermatozoon at other developmental stages, and Leydig cells throughout five development stages. Together, these results suggested that DAZL may play an important role by regulating the proliferation or differentiation of gonocytes, development of primary spermatocytes and spermatozoon, and functional maintenance of Leydig cells in testicular development and spermatogenesis of Hezuo pig. Nevertheless, the specific regulatory mechanisms underlying these phenomena still requires further investigated and verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

STUDY QUESTION Does Klinefelter syndrome (KS) lead to a distinct gene expression pattern at single-cell level in the testes that could provide insight into the reported microvascular dysfunction in the testes? SUMMARY ANSWER A distinct gene expression pattern within microvascular-associated cells of males with KS suggests excessive endothelial cell (EC) activation, disorganized vessel formation, and the presence of immature vessels with compromised integrity. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Recent studies show that males with KS exhibit microvascular dysfunction in their testes, which affects blood flow and is associated with lower circulating levels of testosterone. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A comparative cross-sectional study of males with KS (n = 6), non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) (n = 5), cryptozoospermia (n = 3), and controls (n = 15) was carried out. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We analyzed publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data of testicular cells from males with KS, males with NOA, males with cryptozoospermia, and controls. The integration of these datasets allowed us to analyze gene expression profiles and communication patterns among the cell types within the testis and to identify capillary ECs to investigate changes at the microvascular level. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Rooted in changes at the single-cell level, our study demonstrates a shift in gene expression forming the foundation for altered cellular communication, microvascular remodeling, and pro-inflammatory responses within the testes of males with KS. We identified genes that were dysregulated in capillary ECs from males with KS (P adj < 0.05). Specifically, the unique microvascular gene expression in males with KS indicated enhanced capillary EC activation and increased inflammatory cross-talk, leading to impaired vessel maturation and increased EC barrier permeability. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our study is constrained by an unbalanced design, with varying sample sizes and number of cells within each group. We acknowledge the restricted access to clinical information. In addition, our findings were deduced from changes in gene expression, which limits us to infer potential biological consequences arising from these alterations. Furthermore, the absence of a pre-pubertal age group limits the generalizability of our findings and warrants further investigation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study offers novel insights into the testicular pathophysiology in KS and underscores the potential contribution of microvascular dysfunction to the hypogonadism and infertility observed in males with KS. While this study aims to better understand the microvascular dysfunction in KS, the precise connections to testosterone deficiency and testicular atrophy remain to be fully elucidated. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) A.S. was supported by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (0134-00130B). C.H.G. was supported by Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF15OC0016474, NNF20OC0060610), 'Fonden til lægevidenskabens fremme', the Familien Hede Nielsen foundation and the Independent Research Fund Denmark (0134-00406A). E.B.J. was supported by Aarhus University and E.B.J. and C.H.G by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (2096-00165A). J.M.K. was supported by Lundbeckfonden (R307-2018-3667), Carlsberg Fonden (CF19-0687), Novo Nordisk Fonden (0073440) and Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA). The authors declare no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pesticide’s broad-spectrum nature raises concerns about its impact on biodiversity, potentially disrupting delicate ecological balances and endangering various species across different trophic levels. Deltamethrin, a widely used synthetic pyrethroid, poses significant risks to both the environment and animals. Its persistence in soil and water can lead to the contamination of ecosystems, affecting non-target insects, aquatic life, and birds. Methods: This study aims to detect the impact of deltamethrin on the testicular tissues of white rabbits treated by 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Thirty rabbits were divided into three groups equally. The first group was the control group and was administered distilled water, while the second group experimental groups 1 and 2 received deltamethrin at a concentration of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg/day respectively. Tissue sections were prepared, stained and tested via a light microscope equipped with a camera. Result: The results obtained revealed that all groups of animals treated with deltamethrin experienced disintegration in the germinal cell layer, detachment of the germinal epithelium from the basal membrane, and slight distortion in spermatozoa. The damage was more severe with increasing the concentration, Moreover, there was an increase in the contraction of some seminiferous tubules, resulting in their irregular and wavy appearance, and many cellular changes were observed, in addition to absence of spermatozoa in some seminiferous tubule lumina and Leydig cell hyperplasia. Conclusion: The treatment with deltamethrin at different doses for one month caused severe pathological tissue damage in the testes, characterized by congestion, hemorrhage, vacuolation, and detachment of a portion of the germinal epithelium from the basement membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of Vitamin C on the reproductive parameters of rabbit bucks experimentally exposed to metronidazole. Twenty (20) adult rabbit bucks were used for the study. The animals were grouped into four groups of five animals each as follows; Group I are the untreated control, group II were administered metronidazole 400mg/kg/day for 30 days, group III were administered 400mg/kg/day of metronidazole for 30days and Vitamin C 200mg/kg/day for 30days and group IV were administered Vitamin C 200mg/kg/day for 30days. The body weight of the animals was taken before and after the experiment. Semen samples were collected from each buck through the use of an improvised artificial vagina (AV) and analysed using standard procedure. The testes and epididymis from three of the rabbits in each group were used for sperm reserve analyses. The obtained data were analysed with Graphpad Prism version 5.0.3 and presented as Mean ± SEM using ANOVA. Values of P ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. The study found no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the body weight of the bucks but found significant (P < 0.05) difference in the testicular and epididymal weight, sperm motility, spermatozoz concentration, percentage sperm livability, percentage sperm abnormalities and gonadal and epididymal sperm reserve of rabbit bucks exposed to metronidazole which were reversed by vitamin C. Rabbit bucks showed reproductive damage at therapeutic metronidazole doses and the effects improved with vitamin C administration. Antioxidants (Vitamin C) may be clinically relevant in reproductive toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine Circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is an emerging swine infection responsible for significant financial losses in the global swine industry. It has a significant negative impact on reproductive performance causing abortion, stillbirth, and other anomalies. As there is limited knowledge related to the histopathology of male and female reproductive systems in PCV-2 infected pigs, the current study was designed. Swine carcasses presented for post-mortem examination with a history of respiratory distress, anorexia, diarrhoea, wasting, and paleness of the skin collected from mid of 2021 to mid of 2022 from different parts of Kerala, India, were utilised in this study. The samples were initially screened with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were subjected to gross and histopathological studies. Out of 65 collected samples, 10 were positive for PCV-2 by PCR. The positive sample carcasses were emaciated, had poor body condition with visible bony prominences, decreased back fat thickness, rough, long hair coat, and sunken eyes. Mild oedema and congestion were seen in the testes, epididymis, and vas deferens of the male reproductive system and on accessory reproductive glands such as the bulbourethral gland, prostate gland, and seminal vesicle. In the female reproductive system, the ovary, oviduct, and uterus had mild congestion and oedema in most cases. Histopathology of the male reproductive system revealed mild degenerative changes, haemorrhage, and congestion in all cases. The vasa deferentia showed a loss of cilia in the pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The female reproductive organs had congestion, degenerative changes, and infiltration of mononuclear cells. For further confirmation, localisation of PCV-2 antigen was done in reproductive organs with immunohistochemistry (IHC). History, gross, histopathological findings, and PCR in combination with IHC highlight the pathologic effects of PCV-2 on reproductive organs in infected pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study aimed to investigate and characterize the spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in buffaloes at different stages of development, including prenatal, neonatal, prepubertal, and adult testes. We sought a comprehensive understanding of these cells through a combination of histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analyses. Specifically, we examined changes in the expression of two potential SSC markers, OCT4 and PGP9.5, using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we conducted a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to assess the relative gene expression of OCT4 and PGP9.5. The relative expression of the OCT4 gene was down-regulated in the adult testes compared to its expression during prepubertal and neonatal life. The relative expression of the PGP9.5 gene was up-regulated in the neonatal testes and down-regulated in the prepubertal and adult testes. The spermatogonia were round, oval-to-ellipsoidal cells lying over the basement membrane (BM) with a round-to-oval nucleus. Based on the immunoexpression of the putative SSC markers, OCT4 and PGP9.5, we concluded that the proportion of stem cells was highest during the neonatal stage, followed by the prepubertal and prenatal stages. This finding sheds light on the dynamics of spermatogonial stem cells in buffalo testes at different developmental stages, providing valuable insights into these cells’ regulation and potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive activity of the male dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a seasonal breeder is affected by various seasonal changes that reflect on the reproductive performance. In the current study, we explored a differential cellular localization of lectins in eight dromedary camel testes utilizing lectin histochemistry (LHC). The glycoconjugates' localizations were detected within the testicular tissue utilizing 13 biotin-labeled lectins (PNA, ConA, LCA, RCA120, GS IB4, WGA, BPL, DBA, ECA, PHA-E4, UEA-1, PTL-II, and SBA) distributed into six sets. The cellular structures revealed diverse lectins distribution that may reflect various glycoproteins' structures and their compositional modifications during spermatogenesis. Some of the investigated lectins were restricted to acrosomes of spermatids that will help study different stages during the spermatogenic cycle of dromedary camel, particularly PNA, and ECA. The statistical analysis showed a marked positive correlation between the response intensity of various lectins and the breeding season (P < 0.05). We can conclude that lectins have a fundamental role during camel spermatogenesis and are associated with the reproductive activity of dromedary camel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitotic quiescence of prospermatogonia is the event known to occur during genesis of the male germline and is tied to the development of the spermatogenic lineage. The regulatory mechanisms and the functional importance of this process have been demonstrated in mice; however, regulation of this process in human and domestic animal is still largely unknown. In this study, we employed single‐cell RNA sequencing to identify transcriptional signatures of prospermatogonia and major somatic cell types in testes of goats at E85, E105, and E125. We identified both common and specific Gene Ontology categories, transcription factor regulatory networks, and cell–cell interactions in cell types from goat testis. We also analyzed the transcriptional dynamic changes in prospermatogonia, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and interstitial cells. Our datasets provide a useful resource for the study of domestic animal germline development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of 2021, roughly 5 million deaths were linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection based on World Health Organization estimates. The pandemic takes its staggering death toll, severely affecting the healthcare systems and leading to detrimental implications globally. While the severe impact on the respiratory system is well-established, the exact effect on male reproduction is still largely uncharted territory. When it comes to gender, men appear more vulnerable compared to women. Increasing evidence suggests that COVID-19 adversely affects spermatogenesis and hormonal balance in diverse ways. Semen parameters seem to be compromised at least temporarily, while long-term worsening needs to be clarified in studies with extended follow-up. For the time being, no data support the adverse effect of COVID-19 vaccines on a male's reproductive health. In the present article, we examine the available literature and briefly discuss the impact of the virus on reproduction and fertility. We further provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of vaccination and its potential effect on male fertility. Ultimately, we address the need for future well-designed large-scale trials before drawing definite conclusions on the exact impact of the virus on a male's fecundity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hoplias intermedius, of the Characiformes order and Erytrinidae family, is widely distributed across South America. This commercially interesting species can reach a length of 100 cm and a weight of 15–20 kg. To evaluate the reproductive biology of H. intermedius in the São Francisco River, Brazil, 154 males and 190 females were captured bi‐monthly between September 2018 and August 2019 from the downstream regions of the Três Marias dam. Gillnets with differently sized meshes were deployed at distances of 34–54 km after the confluence with the Abaeté River (18°00′49″ S, 45°10′51″ W). Biometric data, gonadosomatic index (GSI), Fulton condition factor (K) and absolute fecundity (AF) were determined for each specimen. Gonad maturation stages and the spawning season were also established. The biometric data, GSI and K average values were relatively higher in females than in males. The reproductive peak for both sexes was reached around January/February. The mean AF was 4300.5 ± 1451.2 follicles per female. Fully developed vitellogenic follicles had a mean diameter of 1014.8 ± 250.7 μm, which is characteristic of fish with moderate fecundity. Fish of all maturation stages, from mature, spawned and spermed, occurred in all bimesters, indicating that this species reproduced throughout the year. The high frequency of spawning females throughout the year and the histological characteristics of spawned ovaries indicated that trairão H. intermedius' spawning type is partial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review provides a pathophysiological analysis of what is currently known about the impact of acute and chronic stress on the functional state of the male and female reproductive systems. The relevance of research on the negative effects of stress on the reproductive system has increased significantly in recent years due to the COVID-19 pandemic and even more so after Russia's aggression against Ukraine. Stress disrupts gamete maturation, libido, sexual behavior, mating, fertilization, pregnancy and delivery. In the structure of the etiology of these disorders, psycho-social stress prevails. The characteristics of stress-induced disorders of the reproductive system have features depending on the lifestyle of future parents, as well as on the period of life, starting from the embryonic to the end of the reproductive age. The hypothalamicpituitary-adrenocortical and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal systems, as well as oxidative-nitrosative stress, play a leading role in the pathogenesis of stress-induced disorders of the reproductive system. Modern data on the pathogenesis of stress-induced reproductive disorders should be the basis of preventive and therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yak has strong adaptability to plateau hypoxia environment. However, the endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are important regulators in blood oxygen transportation. Yak testes: newborn (3 days), young (1 years), adult (4 years) and old (9 years) were collected for microscopic analyses using haematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, as well as Western blot to compare the expression of ET‐1 and eNOS. Furthermore, the levels of ET‐1 mRNA and eNOS mRNA was detected by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). The results showed that ET‐1 mRNA and eNOS mRNA in old yaks were higher than other developmental stages (p <.01). And the levels of ET‐1 and eNOS protein increased with age. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence showed that ET‐1 and eNOS were mainly localized in gonocytes and spermatogenic membrane of newborn yaks. These two factors were expressed in both Leydig cells of young yaks and endothelial cells of adult yaks. In old yaks, ET‐1 was mainly expressed in Sertoli cells, while eNOS was obviously positive in capillaries and Leydig cells. Therefore, the positive results of ET‐1 and eNOS in gonocyte and spermatogenic basement were closely related to the development of testes. The expression of Leydig and Sertoli cells indicated that they played an important role in testes function. The expression in endothelial cells or interstitial capillaries, suggesting that they are involved in the regulation of microcirculation in yak testes. This study could provide clues for further revealing the regulation of yak testicular blood vessels in alpine cold and hypoxic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloves possess antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, among other roles, they can play. This study investigated the effect of clove oil (CLO) on testicular and epididymal changes induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl). A total of 25 rats were randomly assigned to five groups of five rats. Group A was allowed feed and water ad libitum. Group B was given 20mg/kg of CdCl, group C was given 20mg/kg of CdCl and 10mg/kg of CLO, group D was given 20mg/kg of CdCl and 20mg/kg of CLO, and group E was given 20mg/kg of CdCl and 20mg/kg of Di Methyl Sulphur Oxide. After the experiment, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after 24 hours of fasting. The testes and epididymis were harvested, while the right epididymis was homogenized for sperm analysis. The results revealed a significant decrease in progressive motility in group B, while a significant increase was observed in CLO-treated groups (P<0.05). In addition, group B showed a significant reduction in percentage progressive, an increase in percentage non-motile, and a decrease in sperm count. The histological studies showed that the control group displayed normal testicular and epididymal histo-architecture, while the Cadmium group (B) showed a progressive degeneration of the cells and tissues, alleviated by the high dose of CLO in both the testes and epididymis. In conclusion, the current research demonstrated that testicular and epididymal damage induced by Cadmium could decrease fertility, and CLO may be used in alleviating the deleterious effects of CdCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant health issue, reproductive toxicity is mostly linked to exposure to various environmental heavy metals. A pervasive toxin that occurs naturally in the environment is arsenic (As). This research was done to determine the effects of various doses of inorganic As supplements on the reproductive organs of adult male white Pekin ducks. A total of 240 numbers of 14-days-old male white Pekin ducks were weighed and randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups with six replicates (10 ducklings in each replicate). The experimental groups were as follows: (T-1) basal diet along with normal drinking water (control group); (T-2 to T-4) basal diet along with As in the form of sodium-meta-arsenite at 7, 14, and 28 ppm of drinking water respectively. The results showed reduction in body weight and testicular weight, disruption of spermatogenesis, reduction in follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH), leutinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels and histopathological alterations as compared to control. Additionally, there was not only a significant decrease in various antioxidant parameters in testis tissue, like catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), super oxide dismutase (SOD), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), but also a significant increase in oxidative parameters of testis like lipid peroxidation (LPO), myloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), and super oxide anion radical (O2−) in As-treated groups, in comparison with T-1. A significantly higher level of As content in testis was observed in all the 3 As-treated groups, with highest level recorded in T-4 birds. Besides that, there was upregulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), heat shock proteins (Hsps) and pro-inflammatory cytokines like interlukin (IL) series, i.e., IL-2, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) levels, whereas anti-inflammatory parameters like IL-4 and IL-10 levels showed downregulation in testis of As-treated groups. Together, these findings provide deeper understandings of the roles played by oxidative stress, NF-κB and Hsps in the progression of testicular injury, which may help to explain how the As induced male sterility, in ducks, due to exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactoferrin (LCF), a potent naturally occurring antioxidant, is a crucial component in preventing potassium dichromate (PDC) toxicity. The goal of the current work was to study the potential efficacy of LCF in preventing PDC(CrVI)-induced testicular toxicity and oxidative injury in rats. Six groups of male rats of Wistar stain were randomly categorized into: group 1, which served as the control; group 2 and 3 received LCF (200 and 300 mg/kg orally, respectively); group 4 received PDC (2 mg/kg i.p.); group 5 and 6 pretreated with LCF, followed by PDC as in group 4 with 90 min apart for 28 days. PDC-intoxicated rats showed a significantly altered spermogram with abnormal sperm morphology. PDC significantly upregulated serum FSH and downregulated testosterone levels. Additionally, PDC decreased the levels of testicular key antioxidant biomarkers (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH)) with elevated lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS) and testicular chromium content. Moreover, it upregulated testicular proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, induced histopathological changes in testes with significant immunohistochemical expression of FasL and moderate expression of Nrf2. Pretreatment with LCF significantly mitigated PDC-induced testicular toxicity by enhancing spermogram, improving hormonal levels, restoring testicular oxidant/antioxidant balance, and decreasing testicular IL-1, IL6, IL-10, and TNFα levels, and amending both FasL and Nrf2 immunohistochemical-expression. Additionally, LCF improved testicular histopathological picture and spermatogenesis. Our results highlight the importance of LCF as a superior protective modulator of PDC-induced testicular injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In diabetes hyperglycemia, excessive production of free radicals and present oxidative stress lead to many complications in the body, including male reproductive system disorders. To prevent the development of diabetic complications in the testes resulting from them, it seems beneficial to include compounds considered as natural antioxidants. Honokiol and magnolol are neolignans obtained from magnolia bark, which possess proven antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of honokiol and magnolol on the parameters of oxidative stress, polyol pathway and glycation products in the testes as well as on selected biochemical parameters in the blood serum of rats with type 2 diabetes. The study was conducted on mature male Wistar rats with high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes. Neolignans-treated rats received honokiol or magnolol orally at the doses of 5 or 25 mg/kg, respectively, for 4 weeks. Parameters related to glucose and lipid homeostasis, basic serological parameters and sex hormones level in the serum as well as polyol pathway parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity, endogenous antioxidants level, sumaric parameters for oxidative stress and oxidative damage in the testes were estimated. Oral administration of honokiol and magnolol turned out to be beneficial in combating the effects of oxidative stess in the testes, but showed no favorable effects on serum biochemical parameters. Additionally, magnolol compared to honokiol revealed more advantageous impact indicating the reversal of the effects of diabetic complications in the male reproductive system and counteracted oxidative stress damages and polyol pathway disorders in the testes.

Aflatoxins are food-contaminating metabolites that can intoxicate and damage multiple organs. This study compared the effects of administration OF aflatoxin powder (AFP) and aflatoxin liquid (AFS) on the testes and lungs of rats and explored their potential mechanisms of action. Fifteen rats were divided equally into 3 groups. Aflatoxin B1 powder (0.5 mg/kg) and aflatoxin B1 liquid (0.5 mg/kg) were orally administered to the AFP and AFS group, respectively, for 21 days. The control group was fed a basal pellet diet and water. The rats were weighed at the beginning of the trial and on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days. Blood samples were drawn at the end of the experiments and analysed for complete blood count (CBC), i.e. red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin content, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelet, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, basophil, and eosinophil counts. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) as oxidative stress biomarkers were determined, as well as serum testosterone. Testes and lungs were examined under a light microscope to assess the aflatoxin B1-induced histopathological changes. Weight gain and its percentages were significantly higher in the AFS group than in the AFP group (P

As demand for animal protein rises, raising Japanese quail holds much potentials in bridging the gap. Phytogenics has been reported to have effect on spermiogramic parameters of animals. This research was done to ascertain the spermiogramic parameters of Japanese quails to administration of aqueous solution of egg lime molasses mixture (ELM). Fresh eggs were placed in a dish, followed by 500g of molasses and 1 liter of lime juice. It was then covered for 10 days and the entire mixture was blended. Two hundred day old Japanese quails were assigned to five treatments in a Completely Randomized Design and were subdivided into 4 replicates of 10 birds each. The control (T1) having no administration of ELM, T2 had an inclusion level of 10 mL, T3: 20 mL, T4: 30 mL and T5: 40 mL, all in 500 mL of water. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The study was carried out for 49 days. Data were collected on genitalia morphometry and fertilizing potentials. The birds administered 20 mL of ELM had significantly (p

Background. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex of disorders characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and glucose tolerance, arterial hypertension, and all types of metabolic disorders. Taking into account the wide range of symptoms accompanying MS, the use of preparations with pleiotropic effects on metabolic processes in the body could be promising for its treatment. Objective. The aim of this study is comparative estimation of metformin or its combination with vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation treatment effects on DNA, RNA, histones, ATP, ADP, AMP contents, and DNA fragmentation processes in testes of rats with MS induced in juvenile age. Methods. MS model was induced by full replacement of drinking water with 10% fructose solution in Wistar male rats of 21–23 days age (50–70 g). DNA, RNA, histones, ATP, ADP, AMP contents, and DNA fragmentation processes investigations were carried out after 60 days of MS modeling and metformin or its combination with vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation treatment. Results. In experiments with pubertal rats with MS and metformin or its combination vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation treatment, we established partially corrective effects of these medications for DNA, RNA, histones, ATP, ADP, AMP contents, and DNA fragmentation processes changes caused by MS development. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the studied preparations' effects under MS simulation in the juvenile age showed that none of these drugs was able to completely normalize the disorders in studied indicators caused by MS. However, both combinations of metformin with vitamins' complex or liposomal preparation were still more effective in these negative changes' correction then metformin itself. Metformin with vitamins' complex caused a more pronounced influence on the processes of DNA fragmentation, the levels of adenyl nucleotides, and the energy charge of rat testicular cells, while the corrective effect of metformin with liposomal preparation was more noticeable with respect to the content of chromatin components.

Malignant mesothelioma of the testes is an aggressive, yet rare urogenital malignancy, accounting for an infinitesimally small number of oncologic diagnoses. This infrequent occurrence is accompanied by a relative lack of knowledge surrounding this disease, thus limiting management options beyond surgical intervention. Oftentimes, these malignancies present with a poor prognosis despite early intervention and only worsen in the event of metastatic spread with poor survival and limited response to treatment, if any. Our case documents positive patient outcomes following the use of aggressive surgical intervention in the management of a metastatic testicular mesothelioma. A healthy 80-year-old male with sudden painless testicular swelling requiring radical orchidectomy following failed initial conservative management. Pathologically, the specimen was diagnosed as malignant mesothelioma of the right testis with involvement of the tunica albuginea and tunica vaginalis. Following disease recurrence at 82 years of age, the patient subsequently opted for an open right-sided template non-nerve sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection which was undertaken without complication. Malignant mesothelioma of the testes remains an ominous diagnosis with historically poor outcomes and for which surgical intervention remains the mainstay of treatment. The retroperitoneal lymphatic drainage represents the most common route of metastatic spread for testicular tumours; however, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has rarely been employed in this patient population and never in an individual of this age. Our findings contribute to the growing literature surrounding these rare malignancies and outline the importance of considering both patient autonomy and the clinical picture in disease management.

Background: Apricot kernels containing amygdalin (AMG) as the major cyanogenic glycoside are potentially useful as a complementary therapy for the management of several ailments including cancer. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the toxic and therapeutic doses of AMG, particularly in terms of male reproduction. Hence, this study evaluates selected qualitative characteristics of rabbit testicular tissue following in vivo administration of AMG or apricot kernels for 28 days. Methods: The rabbits were randomly divided into five groups (Control, P1, P2, P3, P4). The Control received no AMG/apricot kernels while the experimental groups P1 and P2 received a daily intramuscular injection of amygdalin at a dose of 0.6 and 3.0 mg/kg of body weight (b.w.) for 28 days, respectively. P3 and P4 received a daily dose of 60 and 300 mg/kg b.w. of crushed apricot kernels mixed with feed for 28 days, respectively. Changes to the testicular structure were quantified morphometrically, while tissue lysates were subjected to the evaluation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, total antioxidant capacity, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and glutathione concentration. The extent of damage to the proteins and lipids was quantified as well. Levels of selected cytokines were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay while a luminometric approach was used to assess the activity of caspases. Results: Rabbits treated with 3.0 mg/kg b.w. AMG presented a significantly increased protein oxidation (p = 0.0118) accompanied by a depletion of superoxide dismutase (p = 0.0464), catalase (p = 0.0317), and glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.0002). Significantly increased levels of interleukin-1 beta (p = 0.0012), tumor necrosis factors alpha (p = 0.0159), caspase-3/7 (p = 0.0014), and caspase-9 (p = 0.0243) were also recorded in the experimental group P2 when compared to the Control. No effects were observed in the rabbits treated with apricot kernels at the oxidative, inflammatory, and histopathological levels. Conclusions: Apricot kernels did not induce toxicity in the testicular tissues of male rabbits, unlike pure AMG, which had a negative effect on male reproductive structures carried out through oxidative, inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic mechanisms.

The French press of the Belle Époque abounded with ads promising their readers mental invigoration through testicular beautification. Where did this link between the appearance of men’s nether regions and mental health come from? This article examines the reasons behind French physicians’ belief, at the eve of the 20th century, that in/sanity and testicular health were correlated. The first part reveals how, in the psychiatric field, certain organicist views led to the idea that inspecting testicles was key to understanding the male psyche. The second part explores how urologists integrated these findings when they treated “false urinary” patients—patients who suffered from mixed symptoms that associated testicular and mental ailments. Perceptions of “testicular angst” therefore prompted a dialogue between two seemingly distant fields—urology and psychiatry—and contributed to shaping new representations of manhood that stressed the vulnerability of male bodies and minds rather than the fortitude of the “stronger sex”.