Search

This paper reports the first simultaneous measurement of the horizontal and vertical components of the polarization vector in a storage ring under the influence of a radio frequency (rf) solenoid. The experiments were performed at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY in J\"ulich using a vector polarized, bunched $0.97\,\textrm{GeV/c}$ deuteron beam. Using the new spin feedback system, we set the initial phase difference between the solenoid field and the precession of the polarization vector to a predefined value. The feedback system was then switched off, allowing the phase difference to change over time, and the solenoid was switched on to rotate the polarization vector. We observed an oscillation of the vertical polarization component and the phase difference. The oscillations can be described using an analytical model. The results of this experiment also apply to other rf devices with horizontal magnetic fields, such as Wien filters. The precise manipulation of particle spins in storage rings is a prerequisite for measuring the electric dipole moment (EDM) of charged particles.

In this paper, we demonstrate the connection between a magnetic storage ring with additional sextupole fields set so that the x and y chromaticities vanish and the maximizing of the lifetime of in-plane polarization (IPP) for a 0.97-GeV/c deuteron beam. The IPP magnitude was measured by continuously monitoring the down-up scattering asymmetry (sensitive to sideways polarization) in an in-beam, carbon-target polarimeter and unfolding the precession of the IPP due to the magnetic anomaly of the deuteron. The optimum operating conditions for a long IPP lifetime were made by scanning the field of the storage ring sextupole magnet families while observing the rate of IPP loss during storage of the beam. The beam was bunched and electron cooled. The IPP losses appear to arise from the change of the orbit circumference, and consequently the particle speed and spin tune, due to the transverse betatron oscillations of individual particles in the beam. The effects of these changes are canceled by an appropriate sextupole field setting., Comment: 18 pages, 18 figures, prepared for Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams

This letter reports the successful use of feedback from a spin polarization measurement to the revolution frequency of a 0.97 GeV/$c$ bunched and polarized deuteron beam in the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) storage ring in order to control both the precession rate ($\approx 121$ kHz) and the phase of the horizontal polarization component. Real time synchronization with a radio frequency (rf) solenoid made possible the rotation of the polarization out of the horizontal plane, yielding a demonstration of the feedback method to manipulate the polarization. In particular, the rotation rate shows a sinusoidal function of the horizontal polarization phase (relative to the rf solenoid), which was controlled to within a one standard deviation range of $\sigma = 0.21$ rad. The minimum possible adjustment was 3.7 mHz out of a revolution frequency of 753 kHz, which changes the precession rate by 26 mrad/s. Such a capability meets a requirement for the use of storage rings to look for an intrinsic electric dipole moment of charged particles.

Precision experiments, such as the search for electric dipole moments of charged particles using storage rings, demand for an understanding of the spin dynamics with unprecedented accuracy. The ultimate aim is to measure the electric dipole moments with a sensitivity up to 15 orders in magnitude better than the magnetic dipole moment of the stored particles. This formidable task requires an understanding of the background to the signal of the electric dipole from rotations of the spins in the spurious magnetic fields of a storage ring. One of the observables, especially sensitive to the imperfection magnetic fields in the ring is the angular orientation of stable spin axis. Up to now, the stable spin axis has never been determined experimentally, and in addition, the JEDI collaboration for the first time succeeded to quantify the background signals that stem from false rotations of the magnetic dipole moments in the horizontal and longitudinal imperfection magnetic fields of the storage ring. To this end, we developed a new method based on the spin tune response of a machine to artificially applied longitudinal magnetic fields. This novel technique, called \textit{spin tune mapping}, emerges as a very powerful tool to probe the spin dynamics in storage rings. The technique was experimentally tested in 2014 at the cooler synchrotron COSY, and for the first time, the angular orientation of the stable spin axis at two different locations in the ring has been determined to an unprecedented accuracy of better than $2.8\mu$rad., Comment: 32 pages, 15 figures, 7 tables

A method proposed for measuring the electric dipole moment (EDM) of a charged fundamental particle such as the proton, is to measure the spin precession caused by a radial electric bend field $E_r$, acting on the EDMs of frozen spin polarized protons circulating in an all-electric storage ring. The dominant systematic error limiting such a measurement comes from spurious spin precession caused by unintentional and unknown average radial magnetic field $B_r$ acting on the (vastly larger) magnetic dipole moments (MDM) of the protons. Along with taking extreme magnetic shielding measures, the best protection against this systematic error is to use the storage ring itself, as a "self-magnetometer"; the exact magnetic field average $\langle B_r\rangle$ that produces systematic EDM error, is nulled to exquisite precision by orbit position control. By using octupole rather than quadrupole focusing the restoring force can be vanishingly small for small amplitude vertical betatron-like motion yet strong enough at large amplitudes to keep all particles captured. This greatly enhances the magnetometer sensitivity. Any average radial magnetic field error $\langle\Delta B_r\rangle$ causes a vertical orbit shift between CW and CCW beams. Self-magnetometry measures this shift, enabling its cancellation. For the octupole-only ring proposed here the accuracy of magnetic field control is $\langle\Delta B_r\rangle\approx \pm 3\times10^{-16}\,$Tesla. This is small enough to reduce the systematic error in the proton EDM measurement into a range where realistically small deviations from standard model predictions can be measured. Though novel, the theoretical analysis given here for relativistic bottles, magnetic or electric or both, is elementary, and their behavior is predicted to be entirely satisfactory., Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures

Proposed methods for measuring the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the proton use an intense, polarized proton beam stored in an all-electric storage ring "trap". At the "magic" kinetic energy of 232.792 MeV, proton spins are "frozen", for example always parallel to the instantaneous particle momentum. This paper describes an accelerator simulation code, ETEAPOT, a new component of the Unified Accelerator Libraries (UAL), to be used for long term tracking of particle orbits and spins in electric bend accelerators, in order to simulate EDM storage ring experiments. Though qualitatively much like magnetic rings, the non-constant particle velocity in electric rings give them significantly different properties, especially in weak focusing rings. Like the earlier code TEAPOT (for magnetic ring simulation) this code performs \emph{exact tracking in an idealized (approximate) lattice} rather than the more conventional approach, which is \emph{approximate tracking in a more nearly exact lattice.} The BMT equation describing the evolution of spin vectors through idealized bend elements is also solved exactly---original to this paper. Furthermore the idealization permits the code to be exactly symplectic (with no artificial "symplectification"). Any residual spurious damping or anti-damping is sufficiently small to permit reliable tracking for the long times, such as the 1000 seconds assumed in estimating the achievable EDM precision., Comment: 22 pages, 3 figures. There is a closely related paper by the same authors: "EDM planning using ETEAPOT with a resurrected AGS Electron Analogue ring"

There has been much recent interest in directly measuring the electric dipole moments (EDM) of the proton and the electron. Such a measurement will require storing a polarized beam of "frozen spin" particles in an all-electric storage ring. Only one such relativistic electric accelerator has ever been built---the "Electron Analogue" ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1954. By chance this electron ring, long since dismantled, would have been appropriate both for measuring the electron EDM and to serve as an inexpensive prototype for the arguably more promising, but ten times more expensive, proton EDM measurement. Today it is cheaper yet to "resurrect" the Electron Analogue ring by simulating its performance computationally. This is one purpose for the present paper. To set up these calculations has required a kind of "archeological physics" to reconstitute the detailed Electron Analogue lattice design. The new UAL/ETEAPOT code, described in detail in an accompanying paper, has been developed for modeling storage ring performance, including (exact BMT) spin evolution, in electric rings. Illustrating its use, comparing its predictions with the old observations, and describing new expectations concerning spin evolution and code performance, are other goals of the paper. This paper describes the practical application of the ETEAPOT code and provides sample results, with emphasis on emulating lattice optics in the AGS Analogue ring for comparison with the historical maching studies and to predict the electron spin evolution they would have measured. To exhibit the ETEAPOT code performance and confirm its symplecticity, results are also given for 30 million turn proton spin tracking in an all-electric lattice that would be appropriate for a present day measurement of the proton EDM., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures. There is a related accompnying paper by the same authors "ETEAPOT: symplectic orbit/spin tracking code for all-electric storage rings"

A new experiment is described to detect a permanent electric dipole moment of the proton with a sensitivity of $10^{-29}e\cdot$cm by using polarized "magic" momentum $0.7$~GeV/c protons in an all-electric storage ring. Systematic errors relevant to the experiment are discussed and techniques to address them are presented. The measurement is sensitive to new physics beyond the Standard Model at the scale of 3000~TeV., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

Modern advances in polarized beam control should make it possible to accurately measure Stern-Gerlach (S-G) deflection of relativistic beams. Toward this end a relativistically covariant S-G formalism is developed that respects the opposite behavior under inversion of electric and magnetic fields. Not at all radical, or even new, this introduces a distinction between electric and magnetic fields that is not otherwise present in pure Maxwell theory. Experimental configurations (mainly using polarized electron beams passing through magnetic or electric quadrupoles) are described. Electron beam preparation and experimental methods needed to detect the extremely small deflections are discussed.

Precise measurement of the electric dipole moments (EDM) of fundamental charged particles would provide a significant probe of physics beyond the standard model. Any measurably large EDM would imply violation of both time reversal and parity conservation, with implications for the matter/anti-matter imbalance of the universe, not currently understood within the standard model. A frequency domain (i.e. difference of frequencies) method is proposed for measuring the EDM of electrons or protons or, with modifications, deuterons. Anticipated precision (i.e. reproducibility) is $10^{-30}\,$e-cm for the proton EDM, with comparable accuracy (i.e. including systematic error). This would be almost six orders of magnitude smaller than the present upper limit, and will provide a stringent test of the standard model. Resonant polarimetry, made practical by the large polarized beam charge, is the key (most novel, least proven) element of the method. Along with the phase-locked, rolling polarization "Koop spin wheel," resonant polarimetry measures beam polarization as amplitude rather than as intensity. The polarization roll, at 100\,Hz for example, and adjustable by a constant control current, causes spurious torques due to field errors to average to zero to high accuracy. Since these torques have been considered to be the dominant source of systematic error in truly frozen spin operation, this is a major improvement resulting from the rolling polarization. Important sources of systematic errors remain, the main one being due to Wien filter reversal uncertainty. Both electron and proton spins can be "frozen" in all-electric storage rings, and their EDM precisions should be comparable. Freezing the deuteron spin requires a superimposed electric and magnetic guide field; otherwise the rolling spin method and precision should be similar., Comment: Errror identified and acknowledged in Section V B. A new "workaround" citation is given in the same section

Understanding the dynamics of opinions, preferences and of culture as whole requires more use of empirical data than has been done so far. It is clear that an important role in driving this dynamics is played by social influence, which is the essential ingredient of many quantitative models. Such models require that all traits are fixed when specifying the "initial cultural state". Typically, this initial state is randomly generated, from a uniform distribution over the set of possible combinations of traits. However, recent work has shown that the outcome of social influence dynamics strongly depends on the nature of the initial state. If the latter is sampled from empirical data instead of being generated in a uniformly random way, a higher level of cultural diversity is found after long-term dynamics, for the same level of propensity towards collective behavior in the short-term. Moreover, if the initial state is randomized by shuffling the empirical traits among people, the level of long-term cultural diversity is in-between those obtained for the empirical and uniformly random counterparts. The current study repeats the analysis for multiple empirical data sets, showing that the results are remarkably similar, although the matrix of correlations between cultural variables clearly differs across data sets. This points towards robust structural properties inherent in empirical cultural states, possibly due to universal laws governing the dynamics of culture in the real world. The results also suggest that this dynamics might be characterized by criticality and involve mechanisms beyond social influence., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures; the same results as in version 3, but a shorter Introduction, Discussion and Conclusion

The quite low Higgs particle mass makes it natural for the next high energy facility to be a circular e+e- Higgs factory and, after that, a next-generation p,p collider in the same tunnel. Surveying the luminosity-limiting phenomena of synchrotron radiation power loss, beam-beam interaction limitations, and beamstrahlung, scaling laws are established that fix all parameters of the Higgs factory, as functions of assumed radius $r$, and RF power $P$. at least to a first approximation. Historically the accelerator formalisms of electron and hadron rings have been distinguished largely by the importance of synchrotron radiation for electrons, and its unimportance for protons. While electron beams equilibrate within seconds, proton beam distributions have survived largely intact for extended periods. For future hadron colliders, this distinction will no longer be valid. This will have a large impact on the design of the future FCC-pp proton collider whose parameters can be extrapolated using formulas previously applicable only to electron rings. The most important scaling law has the luminosity depending on $r$ and $P_{\rm rf}$ only as a function of their product $rP$. This relation simplifies choosing a tunnel radius that is optimal for both Higgs factory and p,p collider while (almost) minimizing the initial cost---by increasing $r$ and decreasing $P$ proportionally, the tunnel circumference can be increased (as required for p,p) without significant increase in Higgs factory cost., Comment: 50 pages, 28 figures. White Paper at the IAS Program on the Future of High Energy Physics, Hong Kong, 2015

A new method to determine the spin tune is described and tested. In an ideal planar magnetic ring, the spin tune - defined as the number of spin precessions per turn - is given by $\nu_s = \gamma G$ (gamma is the Lorentz factor, $G$ the magnetic anomaly). For 970 MeV/c deuterons coherently precessing with a frequency of ~120 kHz in the Cooler Synchrotron COSY, the spin tune is deduced from the up-down asymmetry of deuteron carbon scattering. In a time interval of 2.6 s, the spin tune was determined with a precision of the order $10^{-8}$, and to $1 \cdot 10^{-10}$ for a continuous 100 s accelerator cycle. This renders the presented method a new precision tool for accelerator physics: controlling the spin motion of particles to high precision is mandatory, in particular, for the measurement of electric dipole moments of charged particles in a storage ring., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures

This paper describes a time-marking system that enables a measurement of the in-plane (horizontal) polarization of a 0.97-GeV/c deuteron beam circulating in the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) at the Forschungszentrum J\"ulich. The clock time of each polarimeter event is used to unfold the 120-kHz spin precession and assign events to bins according to the direction of the horizontal polarization. After accumulation for one or more seconds, the down-up scattering asymmetry can be calculated for each direction and matched to a sinusoidal function whose magnitude is proportional to the horizontal polarization. This requires prior knowledge of the spin tune or polarization precession rate. An initial estimate is refined by re-sorting the events as the spin tune is adjusted across a narrow range and searching for the maximum polarization magnitude. The result is biased toward polarization values that are too large, in part because of statistical fluctuations but also because sinusoidal fits to even random data will produce sizeable magnitudes when the phase is left free to vary. An analysis procedure is described that matches the time dependence of the horizontal polarization to templates based on emittance-driven polarization loss while correcting for the positive bias. This information will be used to study ways to extend the horizontal polarization lifetime by correcting spin tune spread using ring sextupole fields and thereby to support the feasibility of searching for an intrinsic electric dipole moment using polarized beams in a storage ring. This paper is a combined effort of the Storage Ring EDM Collaboration and the JEDI Collaboration., Comment: 28 pages, 15 figures, prepared for Physical Review ST - Accelerators and Beams