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Background and Aim: Water pollution caused by industrial waste and human activities has disrupted the reproductive health of aquatic organisms. This study aimed to analyze the effects of water pollution caused by polystyrene particles (PP) on the steroid (estradiol and testosterone) levels and histopathology of male tilapia gonads. In addition, we also analyzed the potential of supplementary feeding to remove and neutralize oxidants. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six tilapia fishes were taken for the study and were divided into 12 groups (n=3), including a control group (fed with commercial pellets only) and groups fed with a mixture of commercial-probiotic pellets (200 mL/kg, 1×108 colony-forming unit [CFU]/mL) and commercial vitamin C pellets (100 mg/kg), respectively. The PP concentrations used for this study were 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L, and the treatment time was 2 weeks. The testosterone and estradiol concentrations were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and histopathological analysis of the gonads. Results: Laboratory analysis performed using tilapia fishes showed that exposure to a PP concentration of

Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), characterized by erythematous subcutaneous nodules with multiorgan involvement and systemic manifestations such as neuritis, arthritis, and orchitis, affects approximately 50 % of patients with lepromatous leprosy (LL). It has also been associated with testicular atrophy and adult-onset hypogonadism, but testicular nodules have rarely been reported. We present the case of a 35-year-old male patient with biopsy confirmed LL who completed multidrug therapy and presented for follow-up with a complaint of testicular tenderness. His disease course had been complicated by ENL and polyneuritis. At the time, physical examination revealed a palpable tender nodule in the left testicle. Testicular ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral intratesticular masses, of which the differential diagnosis included malignancy and inflammatory or postinfectious granulomatous process. Laboratory workup, testicular malignancy markers, and hormone levels were within normal limits. In view of the patient's underlying condition and after Urology evaluation, a diagnosis of granulomatous process was favored. The patient completed a prednisone taper followed by a 3-day prednisone pulse and weekly methotrexate, with sequential testicular ultrasounds to monitor response. After a year of close follow-up and slow tapering of methotrexate, the patient achieved complete resolution of the left intratesticular mass and decrease in size of the contralateral mass, evidenced by both physical examination and imaging. This case highlights the importance of a high index of suspicion in patients with LL and ENL who present with testicular nodules, as awareness of testicular involvement in this population is imperative to avoid life altering procedures such as orchiectomy.

Rams play an important role in reproductive efficiency because each ram or semen contains half of the genetic material of its descendants. In Iraq, the Awassi sheep are the most common indigenous breed, highly adaptable to tough environmental conditions. The present study was carried out to evaluate testicular biometry and spermatozoa recovered after the slaughter at different ages in Awassi rams. A total of thirty-three pairs (n=66 testes) of Awassi rams testicles were collected after the slaughter at the abattoir in Baghdad and divided into three groups according to age. Rams less than a year old were grouped as G1, rams aged one to two years were grouped as group G2, and rams older than two years as group G3. There were significant differences (P˂0.05) in testicular weight, length, width, and diameter in both right and left increased steadily in group G1 to reach a maximum in group G3. The epididymal weight and length (right and left) were significant (P<0.05) in group G3. The spermatozoa concentration obtained from the left testicle increased significantly (P˂0.05) in groups G2 and G3 compared to group G1, while the right spermatozoa concentration increased significantly (P˂0.05) in group G3 when compared to group G1. In conclusion, it can be concluded that the biometry of testicular and epididymal (right and left) in this study was influenced by progressing age, and the spermatozoa concentration obtained from the left testicle was higher active than the right one in adult Awassi rams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise is an effective way to improve reproductive function in obese males. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are important pathological factors of obesity-related male infertility. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is associated with obesity and testicular reproductive function. Our study aimed to investigate and compare the effect of 8 weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on testicular oxidative stress, apoptosis and m6A methylation in obese male mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated into the four groups: normal diet (ND) group, high-fat diet (HFD) group, high-fat diet with moderate-intensity continuous training (HFD-MICT) group and high-fat diet with high-intensity interval training (HFD-HIIT) group. Mice in the HFD-MICT and HFD-HIIT groups were subjected to 8 weeks of MICT or HIIT treadmill protocols after 12 weeks of HFD feeding. We found that MICT and HIIT increased the protein expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO-1 in the testes of obese mice, and HIIT increased it more than MICT. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression and TUNEL-positive cells were consistently up-regulated in the testes of obese mice, but MICT and HIIT restrained these HFD-induced effects. In addition, HFDs increased m6A levels and the gene expression of METTL3, YTHDF2 and FTO in the testes, but these effects were reversed by MICT and HIIT. However, HIIT was more effective than MICT in reducing m6A methylation in the testes of obese mice. These results demonstrate that both MICT and HIIT protected against HFD-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and m6A methylation in testicular tissues; as a result, testicular morphological and functional impairment improved. In particular, HIIT was more beneficial than MICT in increasing the mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes and testicular antioxidant capacity and decreasing m6A methylation in the testes of HFD-fed mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the main pathophysiologic conditions of the testis. Although free radical scavenging properties of the tannins are approved, limited information exists on their antioxidant activities. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of quebracho tannin extract (QTE) on testicular I/R injury in rats. METOD: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups (n=6). One group was kept as control. In I/R group, rats were subjected to 4 hours I/20 hours R, and the group was intraperitoneally (ip) injected with saline 1 hour before R. In groups 3-5, rats were subjected to 4 hours I/20 hours R, and ip injected with QTE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) 1 hour before R. At the end of the study, left testis was removed for histological analysis and antioxidant measurement. RESULTS: I/R resulted in degenerated seminiferous tubules and loss of spermatogenesis. Administration of QTE (200 and 400 mg/kg) to I/R rats showed many normal seminiferous tubules. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased in I/R rats (P<0.05) while QTE decreased IR-induced MDA level (P<0.05). Experimental I/R significantly decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities (P<0.05). Administration of QTE significantly increased tissue SOD and GPx activities in I/R rats (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested treatment with QTE had a benefial effect against I/R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal and genitourinary (GU) complaints are common reasons for presentation to the emergency department (ED). This article reviews the approach to renal, bladder, and testicular point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) with specific discussions of commonly encountered ED pathology. It presents algorithms highlighting the clinical integration of renal and GU POCUS into the evaluation and management of these patients., Competing Interests: Disclosure D.J. Kim provides consultant services to Fujifilm Sonosite. C.R. Bell has received honoraria from Fujifilm Sonosite. G. Sheppard has nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by the Brucella species of bacteria. It is mainly transmitted to humans through consuming unpasteurized dairy products or through direct contact with infected animals. Brucellosis can present with a variety of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, weight loss, and organ-specific complications. Treatment typically includes a short course of an aminoglycoside with a longer course of a tetracycline. In this case report, we present a 50-year-old Hispanic male who developed brucellosis after consuming large quantities of unpasteurized goat's milk while tending to goats and horses. The patient originally presented with fever, dyspnea, and headache. Initially treated with doxycycline and gentamicin, he presented two months later with testicular pain and swelling and was found to have epididymo-orchitis secondary to brucellosis. This rare complication is only present in a few percent of cases. The patient was treated for focal infection with a combination of doxycycline, rifampin, and amikacin with a favorable response to therapy., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Washburn et al.)

Since the creation of man on earth, herbal remedies have been used as an invaluable, safe, and available natural source of medicine for the treatment of several dysfunctions in living animals and human beings. The pharmacological properties of these herbs are commonly known to include analgesic, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, hepatoprotective, reproductive, and cardioprotective potentials. Various nutritional, environmental, and physiological factors can affect the male reproductive system. Several herbal remedies are reported to target the testis at the spermatogenesis and hormonal level. Most of the chemotherapy drugs used for treating cancers cause adverse effects on male reproductive functions. Filgrastim is used for the treatment of cancer in patients suffering from neutropenia. Ocimum tenuiflorum is one of the herbal remedies used as a natural antioxidant substance for protecting the body organs against the toxic effects of chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the possible productive effects of the O. tenuiflorum against adverse effects of filgrastim on testicular tissues in male Wistar rats. In total, 40 adult male rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was treated with intraperitoneal administration of filgrastim at a dose of 30.83 µg/kg/day for 1 week. Group 2 received O. tenuiflorum suspended in corn oil and administered by gavages at 20 mg/kg/day for 1 week. Group 3 was intraperitoneally injected with filgrastim at a dose of 30.83 µg/kg/day for 1 week and treated with O. tenuiflorum at similar manure to group 2. Finally, group 4 was treated with placebo (0.9% saline solution). The results showed that filgrastim administration leads to the degeneration of spermatozoa and germ cells in the testicles of rats. The results of the current study showed that O. tenuiflorum has some ameliorating effects on the testicles and fertility of the rats which were treated with filgrastim. Finally, the recorded data showed that O. tenuiflorum has protective effects on testis tissues and reproductive functions in male rats.

Abstract Background Men with non-obstructive azoospermia constitute a challenging subgroup of male infertility patients in whom a genetic cause of defective spermatogenesis may be a contributing factor. The aim of this prospective observational cohort study was to determine whether assessment of meiotic nuclear division 1 (MND1) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene expression (MND1/GAPDH) in testicular tissue could be a prognostic indicator for sperm retrieval and ICSI outcome in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. The study participants underwent clinical evaluation, conventional semen analysis, serum follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone assay, scrotal ultrasound examination, microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (mTESE), and assessment of MND1/GAPDH gene expression levels in testicular tissue via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) techniques. Results The MND1/GAPDH level was associated with the likelihood of identifying sperm in testicular biopsies (odds ratio (OR) 1.25, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.14 to 1.34, p < 0.0001), which was confirmed by the pairwise comparison of high vs. low levels of MND1/GAPDH (OR 5.34, 95% CI 1.97 to 13.16, p = 0.0006). The level of FSH was inversely associated with a lower chance of finding sperm (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.65, p = 0.001). Compared with small testicular volume, normal volume was inversely associated with the chance of sperm presence (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.47, p = 0.0002). However, there was no correlation between MND1/GAPDH levels and ICSI outcome. Conclusion Gene expression analysis to predict the likelihood of sperm retrieval following mTESE in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia provides a new avenue for future research, diagnosis and treatment of male factor infertility. Before its wider clinical application, however, this proof-of-concept should be tested in a large multinational, multicenter observational study.

PurposeTesticular yolk sac tumor (TYST) is a rare malignant germ cell tumor that mainly occurs in young men. Due to the low incidence of yolk sac tumors, there is a lack of prospective cohort studies with large samples. We aimed to develop a nomogram to predict cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with TYST.Materials and methodsPatient information was downloaded from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. We enrolled all patients with TYST from 2000 to 2018, and all patients were randomly divided into a training set and a validation set. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify independent risk factors for patients. We constructed a nomogram based on the multivariate Cox regression model to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year CSS in patients with TYST. We used a series of validation methods to test the accuracy and reliability of the model, including the concordance index (C-index), calibration curve and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).Results619 patients with TYST were enrolled in the study. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age, T stage, M stage and chemotherapy were independent risk factors for CSS. A nomogram was constructed to predict the patient's CSS. The C-index of the training set and the validation set were 0.901 (95%CI: 0.859–0.847) and 0.855 (95%CI: 0.865–0.845), respectively, indicating that the model had excellent discrimination. The AUC showed the same results. The calibration curve also indicated that the model had good accuracy.ConclusionsIn this study, we constructed the nomogram for the first time to predict the CSS of patients with TYST, which has good accuracy and reliability and can help doctors and patients make clinical decisions.

A 34-year-old man presented with an 8-day history of swelling and ptosis affecting the right upper eyelid. An MRI scan showed right superior rectus enlargement. Histology of an incisional biopsy of the muscle demonstrated metastatic choriocarcinoma to the orbit, positive for pan-cytokeratins, beta-HCG and GATA3. Possible primary sites included testis. An ultrasound of the testes identified bilateral testicular masses, highly suspicious for primary testicular malignancy. A CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis identified disseminated metastatic disease conferring a poor prognostic germ cell tumour. The overall interpretation was of disseminated testicular choriocarcinoma and the patient is currently undergoing intensive chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic heat stress is a risk factor that adversely affects the reproduction system. Inflammation and fibrosis are 2 important response processes to damaged tissues. Objective: This study investigates the association of chronic scrotal heat stress with testicular interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in mice. Materials and Methods: For all experiments, 8-10 wk old male Swiss mice (Mus musculus) (20-23 gr) were divided into 3 groups (n = 10/each). The heat-stress groups were submerged in a water bath at 37°C and 40°C, while the control group was treated at 25°C. The testicular tissues underwent hematoxylin and eosin staining, picro sirius red staining, and immunohistochemistry for intercellular adhesion molecule-1, fibroblast-specific protein 1, F4/80, collagen I, and Ki-67 staining to determine the testicular interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Results: Chronic scrotal heat stress impairs spermatogenesis and reverses testicular histological structure. In this study, heat stress significantly induced increased interstitial cell proliferation and upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the interstitial testicular tissue. In the interstitial testicular tissue, the number of F4/80-positive macrophages and the number of fibroblast-specific protein 1- positive fibroblasts were significantly increased in the heat-exposed groups compared to those in the control group. The heat exposed groups had substantially increased extracellular matrix collagen accumulation in their testicular interstitial tissues. Conclusion: Heat stress adversely affects the testicular structure and spermatogenesis, causes inflammation, and leads to testicular interstitial fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to review the utility of elastography in the day-to-day clinical practice of the urologist. An electronic database search was performed on PubMed and Cochrane Library with a date range between January 2000 and December 2021. The search yielded 94 articles that passed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles were reviewed and discussed by organ, pathology and according to the physical principle underlying the elastographic method. Elastography was used in the study of normal organs, tumoral masses, chronic upper and lower urinary tract obstructive diseases, dysfunctions of the lower urinary tract and the male reproductive system, and as a pre- and post-treatment monitoring tool. Elastography has numerous applications in urology, but due to a lack of standardization in the methodology and equipment, further studies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents mineral composition of testis of Spiti horse. The testicular tissue samples were collected from 10 apparently healthy Spiti horses immediately after castration and were digested for quantitative analysis. Different macro (magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium) and micro (iron, copper and zinc) minerals were estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the values of sodium and potassium were estimated by flame photometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor (DSRCT) is an aggressive neoplasm that classically grows in the peritoneal cavity and has poor prognosis. We describe a 13-year-old boy with testicular DSRCT, treated with orchiectomy and chemotherapy who is free of disease 102 months after diagnosis. This is the fifth case of primary DSRCT of the testis described in literature. Moreover, we present a literature review of 28 cases of testicular and paratesticular DSRCT.

In the staging of cancer patients, transient and spontaneously reversible bilateral adrenal hypertrophy may mimic a secondary localization of the disease. We discuss the case of an 82-year-old male patient with suspected testicular neoplasia in which abdominal CT examination reveals the onset of a bilateral macronodular adrenal enlargement, suggesting the diagnostic hypothesis of primary testicular neoplasia with secondary adrenal localization. The subsequent 18FDG-PET/CT study showed hyper-metabolism of the testicular mass, while the adrenal glands, surprisingly, did not show increased uptake of the radiotracer. After right orchifunicolectomy, primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was diagnosed. The subsequent staging PET/CT study with iodine contrast medium, three months after the first CT examination, showed spontaneous complete regression of the adrenal hypertrophy without any use of drug therapy. The differential diagnosis of this finding considered the lack of hypermetabolism and the densitometric characteristics of the adrenal glands, the absence of possible pharmacological interactions throughout the time of the diagnostic procedures, and the available clinical-laboratory data. By excluding the main causes of adrenal hypertrophy, the most likely diagnostic hypothesis was transient adrenal hypertrophy due to stress induced by testicular lymphoma, meaning by stress a disturbance not only emotional but also an alteration of organic homeostasis. Our case suggests that the analysis of adrenal lesions appeared in cancer patients should take into account non-metastatic conditions that must be studied with a multimodal approach and with serial investigations.

Abstract Background Testicular torsion is a urological emergency and needs urgent intervention to prevent testicular loss and impaired future fertility. It is commonly seen in the neonatal and adolescent age groups. Testicular torsion can also present outside these common age groups with uncommon symptoms and signs. We report case series of patients managed at Lily Hospitals Limited, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria with atypical presentation of testicular torsion. Case Presentation The first patient was a 35-year-old male that presented with recurrent right testicular pain of 1-year duration, described as dull aching with no constitutional symptoms, physical examination findings were not pathognomonic of testicular torsion, he had scrotal exploration with right orchidectomy and left orchidopexy. The second patient was a 39-year-old male who presented with recurrent right testicular pain of 4-days duration, described as dull aching with no constitutional symptoms. Physical examination findings were not classical for testicular torsion, he had scrotal exploration with bilateral orchidopexy. Conclusion Testicular torsion although common in neonatal and adolescent age groups can also present outside these age groups with uncommon symptoms and signs, a high index of suspicion is thus invaluable in any patient presenting with testicular pain despite the age and severity to avoid missing the diagnosis as this can lead to testicular loss.

Background and Aim: In the male reproductive system, the aging process can lead to infertility. Recently, placenta and its derivatives have been researched as regenerative agents. This study aimed to describe the basic components of dried bovine placenta powder and its potential effects as a regenerative agent in a rat model of male reproductive aging with D-galactose induction. Materials and Methods: We divided 15 male Wistar rats, 2 months of age, into three groups: A, the health control group; B, the D-galactose induction group, and C, the D-galactose induction and 10% dried bovine placenta supplementation group. We measured epididymal sperm concentration and testicular weight and volume and analyzed these using one-way analysis of variance. Results: Dried bovine placenta was rich in nutrients, with 61.98% protein, 21.25±2.07 carbohydrates, 8.58% water, 4.93% ash, and 3.27% fat. The mean epididymal spermatozoa concentration of the rats in Groups A, B, and C was 3026×106/mL, 1492.8×106/mL, and 2732.5×106/mL, respectively. The average total testicle weights were 2.44 g, 2.72 g, and 2.57 g, respectively. The average total testicle volumes were 2.29 cm3, 2.49 cm3, and 2.33cm3, respectively. Conclusion: Dried bovine placenta powder is rich in nutrients, especially protein. Supplementation with dried bovine placenta can improve epididymal spermatozoa concentration that is important in fertility.

Summary: Male infertility is responsible for 50% of men's health problems and has always been a concern for personal and social issues. A survey of global statistics suggests an increase in infertility rate as one of the critical issues documented in studies. There are different ways of maintaining fertility in men, depending on their age. In this paper, we review the preservation methods used for fertility treatment in Iran and other countries. Available data were reviewed from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IranMedex, MEDLIB, IranDoc and Scientific Information Database and searched for articles published up to 2018, using the medical subject heading (MeSH) terms for cryopreservation, sperm, testicular, spermatogonia stem cell, male infertility and/or Iranian and in the world, to provide evidence from evaluation of fertility preservation the methods. Based the search strategy, 274 manuscripts were found. After reviewing the titles, abstracts and manuscripts in their entirety, 119 articles were obtained and selected according to the eligibility criteria. The 85 studies mentioned above were divided into three categories (sperm, testis, and spermatogonia stem cells (SSCs)), and methods of fertility preservation were investigated. Ways to maintain male fertility were different depending on age, and included sperm, testicular, and SSC freezing. The number of studies on testicular tissue and SSCs was low for human samples, and more studies are still needed. Sperm freezing at infertility centres is the top for male fertility preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim Scrotal bruises are quite frequent injuries affecting young subjects, with psychological repercussions on body image and fertility. The interest of ultrasound in the context of the emergency remains controversial. The aim of our study was to investigate clinical, ultrasonographic and operative features of scrotal contusions, and to evaluate the contribution of ultrasound in the description of traumatic lesions. Methods In this retrospective and descriptive study 71 scrotal contusions operated from December 2015 to April 2020 were collected. We retrospectively analysed 26 patients (aged between 14 and 79 years) of 71 who sustained a scrotal ultrasound, where the latter was positive. The primary endpoint was albuginea rupture, whose concordance between ultrasound and surgery was assessed using the Kappa method. Positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity and specificity for the presence of albuginea rupture were evaluated for a set of ultrasound data: scrotal haematoma, haematocele, regularity of testicular contours, testicular fracture (specificity (93%), testicular haematoma, and Doppler signal intensity. Results Surgical treatment was necessary in 26 (37%) patients; only six orchiectomy were performed. Surgical exploration should be performed if haematocele is found in the genital examination without any ultrasound complement. Conclusion The ultrasonography is useful, detailed and accurate when the haematocele is not clinically evident.

This study was designed to induction of testicular degeneration syndrome (TDS) in male rats by cadmium chloride and identified the best concentration of induction for this syndrome. The effective dose of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) was determined by used fifteen males rats and where divided into three equal groups treated with CdCl₂ in a concentration (1, 2 and 3)mg/kg B.W. I.P. one /week for two weeks. Later the experimental animals was scarified and testis was took for measuring the antioxidant parameters via evaluated of glutathione GSH, malondialdehyde MDA, catalse, albumin, fructose concentrations and aminotransferase activity (ALT and AST). According to this result the lowest observed adverse effective dose (LOAEL) of cadmium chloride that induced testicular degeneration in male rats was found to be 1mg/kg B.W. I.p. one /week for two weeks.

Getah virus (GETV) is a zoonotic arbovirus that can cause infection in many animals. It can cause pyrexia and reproductive losses in animals. The objective of the study was to explore the effects of GETV on male reproductive ability. Male mice were injected with 100 × TCID50/0.1 ml in a volume of 100-μL GETV in their hindquarter muscle, resulting in decreased semen quality and testicular histopathological changes, and the virus was detected in the testes. At 0.5 dpi (day post-infection), male mice showed decreased sperm density, motility, and decreased serum testosterone concentration, an increased sperm malformation rate, vacuoles in spermatogonial cells/spermatocytes in spermatogenic tubules, and the highest virus copies in testis. At 2 dpi, the sperm density and motility reached the lowest value of 3.99 × 106/ml and 62.03%, and the malformation rate reached 43.67%. At 28 dpi, the sperm indexes of the experimental group gradually approached that of the control group, but there were still significant differences. Since then, histopathological changes have worsened, with the most severe histopathological changes at 7 dpi and gradual recovery. Up to 14 dpi, the virus was detected by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, which showed that the virus was only present in the testicular interstitium. GETV infection can rapidly enter the testis of mice and reduce the semen quality of mice, which needs to be paid attention to in the prevention and control of GETV.

Malathion (MAL) is an insecticide that has been linked to reproductive system damage in both humans and animals. In the present investigation, the antitoxic effects of coffee and olive oils on MAL-induced testicular dysfunctions were evaluated. MAL-intoxicated rats were supplemented with coffee and olive oils (400 mg/kg) for 7 weeks. Exposure to MAL resulted in statistically altered antioxidant enzymes and histopathological findings of necrotic seminiferous tubules and spermatogenetic arrest in rats after seven weeks of treatment. The effects of MAL intoxication on physiological and histopathological changes were improved by the use of these oils. Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) was found to interact well with chlorogenic acid and oleuropein, two compounds from coffee and olive oils, respectively. Coffee oil and olive oil were found to be promising therapeutic agents for MAL-induced testicular toxicity and oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To establish the healthcare factors that contribute to testicular torsion adverse events (orchidectomies) and 'near misses'. The secondary objective was to identify areas suitable for impactful quality improvement initiatives to be undertaken by National Health Service (NHS) healthcare providers nationally. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective record review and analysis, carried out in four phases. We applied the well‐validated London Protocol patient safety incident analysis framework to all eligible serious incidents related to testicular torsion submitted by English NHS Trusts over a 12‐year period to the Strategic Executive Information System database. Clinical reviewers established the incident population (Phase 1), were trained and piloted the feasibility of using the London Protocol (Phase 2), applied the protocol and themed the identified contributing factors linked to adverse events (orchidectomies) and near‐misses (Phase 3), and reviewed the evidence for improvement interventions (Phase 4). Results: Our search returned 992 serious incidents, of which 732 were eligible for study inclusion and analysis. Of those, 137 resulted in orchidectomies, equivalent to one serious incident resulting in orchidectomy per month, and 595 were near misses. Factors contributing to all incidents were: individual staff/training (38%); team (18%); work environment (16%); task and technology (14%); and institutional context (13%). Subgroup analysis of incidents resulting in orchidectomies vs near misses demonstrated a different pattern of factors, with individual staff/training factors significantly more prominent: individual/training (88%); work environment (8%); and task and technology (1%). No evidenced improvement interventions were found in the literature. Conclusion: This is the first study to our knowledge to systematically analyse and classify factors that are associated with loss of a testicle and related near‐miss incidents in patients presenting with testicular torsion. In England, a significant number of orchidectomies occur annually as a consequence of healthcare serious incidents. In order to improve outcomes, we propose clinical support to aid the diagnosis of torsion, improved national clinical guidelines, development of specific standard operating procedures and (in the longer term) more exposure of trainees and medical students to urology to improve the testicular salvage rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Water pollution caused by industrial waste and human activities has disrupted the reproductive health of aquatic organisms. This study aimed to analyze the effects of water pollution caused by polystyrene particles (PP) on the steroid (estradiol and testosterone) levels and histopathology of male tilapia gonads. In addition, we also analyzed the potential of supplementary feeding to remove and neutralize oxidants. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six tilapia fishes were taken for the study and were divided into 12 groups (n=3), including a control group (fed with commercial pellets only) and groups fed with a mixture of commercial-probiotic pellets (200 mL/kg, 1Ã--108 colony-forming unit [CFU]/mL) and commercial vitamin C pellets (100 mg/kg), respectively. The PP concentrations used for this study were 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L, and the treatment time was 2 weeks. The testosterone and estradiol concentrations were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and histopathological analysis of the gonads. Results: Laboratory analysis performed using tilapia fishes showed that exposure to a PP concentration of <74 μm, mixed with feed for 14 days, could decrease estradiol and testosterone levels. Exposure to plastic particles could change the structure, shape, and size of male gonads. It can also affect the spermatogenic cell number and alter the diameter inside the cysts. Originally, plastic particles were believed to reduce the permeability of the cyst membrane, and this damages the membrane or ruptures the cyst. Supplementary feed containing probiotics (200 mL/kg, 1Ã--108 CFU/mL) and vitamin C (100 mg/kg) can ameliorate the impact of PP exposure on steroid levels. The steroid levels increase with a concurrent improvement in cysts and seminiferous tubule structures. Conclusion: Overall, this study indicates that PP concentrations in the aquatic environment negatively affect tilapia reproduction, and this may pose a potential threat to the fish population in freshwater. Provision of supplementary feed containing probiotics and vitamin C may serve as an alternative way to counter the negative impact caused by plastic particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to induction of testicular degeneration syndrome (TDS) in male rats by cadmium chloride and identified the best concentration of induction for this syndrome. The effective dose of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) was determined by used fifteen males rats and where divided into three equal groups treated with CdCl2 in a concentration (1, 2 and 3) mg/kg B.W. I.P. one/week for two weeks. Later the experimental animals was scarified and testis was took for measuring the antioxidant parameters via evaluated of glutathione GSH, malondialdehyde MDA, catalse, albumin, fructose concentrations and aminotransferase activity (ALT and AST). According to this result the lowest observed adverse effective dose (LOAEL) of cadmium chloride that induced testicular degeneration in male rats was found to be 1mg/kg B.W. I.p. one/week for two weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jonathan W Revels,1 Sherry S Wang,2 Kiran Gangadhar,3 Arafat Ali,4 Al-Amin Ali,5 Jean H Lee3 1Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; 2Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, USA; 3Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA; 4Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; 5Department of Literature, Science, and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USACorrespondence: Jonathan W Revels Email revels.do@gmail.comAbstract: With an overall 5-year survival rate > 95%, patients with testicular cancer have a great prognosis. Although initial diagnosis is based on clinical examination, imaging does play a significant role in the diagnosis and prognosis of testicular cancer, which are dependent on tumor burden and staging. Successful treatment requires appropriate disease assessment throughout a patient’s treatment: evaluating treatment response, restaging, and monitoring for disease recurrence after treatment completion. Ultrasound is usually the initial screening modality for painless testicular masses, and computedtomography (CT) the most commonly used for staging and restaging. However, with regard to seminomas, positron-emission tomography (PET) combined with CT is slowly taking priority. With regard to nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors, PET-CT has not proven to be completely effective, due to a high number of false-negative results. The purpose of this paper is to provide radiologists with a pictorial review of testicular carcinoma from initial staging through posttreatment follow-up.Keywords: testicular, oncology, computed tomography, positron-emission tomography

Varicocele might cause deterioration in Leydig cell functions, and it is a significant risk factor for hypogonadism. Some controversial issues have been raised in the treatment of hypogonadal men with varicoceles. Symptomatic hypogonadal men with varicoceles have two options: testosterone replacement therapy or varicocele treatment. Both approaches have some advantages and disadvantages. This review summarizes the effect of varicoceles on total plasma testosterone level and addresses whether varicocele repair is effective to improve testosterone levels in hypogonadal men with varicoceles. Experience from large clinical studies in the literature suggests that varicocele repair may increase serum testosterone level in men with varicoceles and testosterone deficiency. Varicocele repair could be offered to men with clinically palpable varicocele and hypogonadism. As the treatment method, microsurgical varicocele repair could be preferred to provide the best improvement. Another advantage of varicocele repair for hypogonadism, instead of exogenous testosterone treatment, is its ability to preserve the fertility status in men who may desire a child in the future. However, further studies are required to clarify varicocel-related Leydig cell dysfunction and to advise hypogonadal patients about the sufficient effectiveness of varicocele repair.

Introduction: This single-center study retrospectively analyzed the intra-operative findings relative to the source of referral of patients with testicular torsion by the urologist in a tertiary teaching hospital. Methods: All patients who underwent emergency scrotal exploration under the care of the urologist in the Urology Division, Department of Surgery, and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital between January 2014 and January 2019 were identified. Clinical data were obtained from hospital records. Results: Over the five years of study, 33 patients had scrotal exploration for testicular torsion. The mean age was 25-years, and the mean duration of the presentation was 50.38 h (1–240 h). None of the patients who presented after 24 h had a viable testis, and there was a strong negative correlation between duration of presentation and intra-operative findings (r = −0.889, P < 0.001). The orchidectomy rate in this study was 54.5%. The orchidectomy rate of 83.3% was highest among the patients referred from primary health care centers, while it was 62.5% in patients referred from general hospitals. Those that presented directly to the emergency department in the tertiary hospital had an orchidectomy rate of 38.5%, and internal transfers within the teaching hospitals had an orchidectomy rate of 40%. Conclusion: Testicular loss following orchidectomy for testicular torsion is high in our environment. The orchidectomy rate was highest among patients referred from primary health-care centers and general hospitals. However, patients who presented directly to the emergency department and those transferred within the tertiary hospital to the urologist had better testicular salvage rate. Therefore, efforts towards enlightening health-care professionals and young males should serve to reduce the associated testicular loss associated with delays in presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.

Cystic trophoblastic tumor is an uncommon lesion which is occasionally seen after chemotherapy in metastatic retroperitoneal lymph nodes in patients with testicular germ cell tumor. The tumor cell clusters show cystic change lined by single to multiple layers of cells with abundant dense eosinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm, large pleomorphic vesicular nuclei with smudged chromatin, and prominent nucleoli. It is important to identify this lesion as its prognosis is similar to a teratoma and does not require any additional chemotherapy.

Adult Granulosa cell tumours (AGT) are a rarely reported subtype of testicular cancer with an unpredictable clinical course. We report the case of a 45 year old man who was diagnosed with a 15mm testicular adult granulosa cell tumour with no metastatic disease at presentation. A radical inguinal orchidectomy was performed with histology demonstrating no invasion of the tunica vaginalis, epididymis, spermatic cord and no lymphovascular invasion. No further treatment was undertaken due to good prognostic factors. A follow up CT Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis at 4 months demonstrated no disease progression.

Although primarily a pediatric disease, nephroblastomas (also known as Wilms tumor) occur in adults at a rate of less than 0.2 cases per million per year. Rarer still are teratoid Wilms tumors, which arise from teratomas and therefore can be extrarenal. We describe the sixth recorded case of a testicular teratoid Wilms tumor in an adult patient with accompanying histological images of the specimen. Following the case, there is a brief discussion of the current literature.

Objective: To report our experience on management of testicular teratoma in pediatric patient. Case(s) presentation: A 2-years-old boy presented with progressive mass in his left testis. The mass was found 3 months ago but became larger in a few days. The patient had no other genitourinary complaint. Vital signs were within normal limits. A hard and tender mass in the left scrotum sized 5x4x2.5 cm was palpated from the physical examination. An imaging study with Computed Tomography (CT) Scan revealed an enhancement in the left scrotum mass area. There was no ring enhancement in pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes. The laboratory examination within normal limit. Inguinal radical orchiectomy was performed, and histopathological examination revealed a mature testicular teratoma of the left testis. Discussion: Testicular teratoma in children is usually benign. Testicular germ cell tumors generally have a good prognosis with current therapy. Post-orchiectomy management depends on the histology type, staging, and tumor markers. Conclusion: Testicular teratoma is a rare case and can cause minimal symptoms until it grows significantly. Testicular teratoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of non-traumatic painless progressive scrotal mass. Inguinal radical orchiectomy may be considered as the primary management.

Background: Fetus-in-fetu (FIF) represents an exceedingly rare disease, characterized as an encapsulated and pedunculated vertebrate neoplasm, typically lacking cerebral tissue. The prevalence shows no gender preference. Notably, FIF can cause compressive damage to adjacent organs and tissues, potentially impeding the host's development and maturation., Case Presentation: A four-month-old male infant was identified, during pregnancy, to have a left-sided pelvic mass on ultrasound. Subsequent evaluations suggested the mass could be a FIF, exhibiting active movement. Surgical exploration revealed that the mass's left boundary was connected to the left spermatic cord and vas deferens. Pathological analysis post-surgery showed the absence of testicular tissue, but the presence of skin tissue, cartilage-like structures, and gastrointestinal elements. Additionally, localized tissue resembling vertebrae confirmed the diagnosis of testicular FIF., Conclusion: An intraperitoneal testicular FIF is extremely rare, with its cause still unknown. This groundbreaking report details the diagnosis and management of such a case. Following a FIF diagnosis, prompt surgical removal is crucial, along with regular follow-up using ultrasound and tumor markers., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Luo, Li, Gao and Zhang.)

Germ cell tumors (GCT) are a complex, heterogeneous collection of tumors that may present in either gonadal or extragonadal sites. They consist of a variety of benign and malignant histologies that can occur at several locations throughout the body. An important component of treatment is surgical resection, and while the key components of resection are site specific, the universal goals of GCT resection include the complete resection of tumor without violating the tumor capsule, while preserving function of surrounding organs, minimizing morbidity, and assessing for regional spread., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Spermatocytic tumors are rare testicular cancers, accounting for less than 1 % of all testicular neoplasms, usually affecting older men. This report details a 35-year-old male with a spermatocytic tumor featuring extensive lymphovascular invasion. The patient had a painless, slow-growing right testicular mass, with normal serum tumor markers. Ultrasound and CT scans suggested malignancy. Post-orchiectomy, histopathology confirmed a spermatocytic tumor with polymorphic cells and lymphovascular invasion. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for SALL4 and CD117, negative for OCT4, AFP, and CD30. The patient underwent chemotherapy and remained recurrence-free for a year, highlighting the need for accurate diagnosis and long-term monitoring., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: To examine the histopathological effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment on the penile and the testicular tissue in rat model. Methods: The rats of the hCG group (n = 8) were given daily subcutaneous injections of 50 IU of hCG for 15 days (Pregnyl, Organon). Rats of the control group (n = 8) received subcutaneous isotonic saline. All rats were sacrificed at the 1st month after hCG administration. After the received tissue samples were examined, germinal epithelial cell thickness, seminiferous tubule diameter, internal diameter of the tubules, the number of germ cell layers in the testicular tissue, and the diameters of penis, cavernous sinus lumen diameters and collagen tissue amount in the cavernous sinus surrounding were assessed in the sections prepared from the penis. Results: It was detected that there was a decrease in the testis weight, atrophy in the tubules, reduction in spermatogenesis, decrease in the mature spermatocytes, lower mean thickness and the number of cell layers of the germinal membrane in testicular tissue in the hCG group. It was found that the amount of collagen in the penile tissue was significantly higher in the hCG group and the diameters of cavernosal sinus lumens, and diameter of the penis were significantly lower in the hCG group. Conclusion: Human chorionic gonadotropin led to the deterioration in testicular histology and the histological changes in the penile tissue. The degradation in the testicular tissue and these changes formed in the penile tissue may affect the erectile tissue function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the creation of man on earth, herbal remedies have been used as an invaluable, safe, and available natural source of medicine for the treatment of several dysfunctions in living animals and human beings. The pharmacological properties of these herbs are commonly known to include analgesic, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, hepatoprotective, reproductive, and cardioprotective potentials. Various nutritional, environmental, and physiological factors can affect the male reproductive system. Several herbal remedies are reported to target the testis at the spermatogenesis and hormonal level. Most of the chemotherapy drugs used for treating cancers cause adverse effects on male reproductive functions. Filgrastim is used for the treatment of cancer in patients suffering from neutropenia. Ocimum tenuiflorum is one of the herbal remedies used as a natural antioxidant substance for protecting the body organs against the toxic effects of chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the possible productive effects of the O. tenuiflorum against adverse effects of filgrastim on testicular tissues in male Wistar rats. In total, 40 adult male rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was treated with intraperitoneal administration of filgrastim at a dose of 30.83 μg/kg/day for 1 week. Group 2 received O. tenuiflorum suspended in corn oil and administered by gavages at 20 mg/kg/day for 1 week. Group 3 was intraperitoneally injected with filgrastim at a dose of 30.83 μg/kg/day for 1 week and treated with O. tenuiflorum at similar manure to group 2. Finally, group 4 was treated with placebo (0.9% saline solution). The results showed that filgrastim administration leads to the degeneration of spermatozoa and germ cells in the testicles of rats. The results of the current study showed that O. tenuiflorum has some ameliorating effects on the testicles and fertility of the rats which were treated with filgrastim. Finally, the recorded data showed that O. tenuiflorum has protective effects on testis tissues and reproductive functions in male rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testicular metastases from ureteral carcinoma are rare and they are generally mimic orchiepididymitis. For this reason, these are associated to misleading diagnoses and cancer treatment delay. We believe that both timing and knowledge of genital blood and lymph reverse flow routes may represent two important parameters for avoiding misleading diagnoses and speed proper anticancer treatment. We describe a case and discuss pathophysiological data and relevant literature.

Humans are regularly and continuously exposed to ionizing radiation from both natural and artificial sources. Cumulating evidence shows adverse effects of ionizing radiation on both male and female reproductive systems, including reduction of testis weight and sperm count and reduction of female germ cells and premature ovarian failure. While most of the observed effects were caused by DNA damage and disturbance of DNA repairment, ionizing radiation may also alter DNA methylation, histone, and chromatin modification, leading to epigenetic changes and transgenerational effects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the epigenetic changes and transgenerational reproductive impairment induced by low-dose radiation remain largely unknown. In this study, two different types of human ovarian cells and two different types of testicular cells were exposed to low dose of ionizing radiation, followed by bioinformatics analysis (including gene ontology functional analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis), to unravel and compare epigenetic effects and pathway changes in male and female reproductive cells induced by ionizing radiation. Our findings showed that the radiation could alter the expression of gene cluster related to DNA damage responses through the control of MYC. Furthermore, ionizing radiation could lead to gender-specific reproductive impairment through deregulation of different gene networks. More importantly, the observed epigenetic modifications induced by ionizing radiation are mediated through the alteration of chromatin remodeling and telomere function. This study, for the first time, demonstrated that ionizing radiation may alter the epigenome of germ cells, leading to transgenerational reproductive impairments, and correspondingly call for research in this new emerging area which remains almost unknown.

Humans are regularly and continuously exposed to ionizing radiation from both natural and artificial sources. Cumulating evidence shows adverse effects of ionizing radiation on both male and female reproductive systems, including reduction of testis weight and sperm count and reduction of female germ cells and premature ovarian failure. While most of the observed effects were caused by DNA damage and disturbance of DNA repairment, ionizing radiation may also alter DNA methylation, histone, and chromatin modification, leading to epigenetic changes and transgenerational effects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the epigenetic changes and transgenerational reproductive impairment induced by low-dose radiation remain largely unknown. In this study, two different types of human ovarian cells and two different types of testicular cells were exposed to low dose of ionizing radiation, followed by bioinformatics analysis (including gene ontology functional analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis), to unravel and compare epigenetic effects and pathway changes in male and female reproductive cells induced by ionizing radiation. Our findings showed that the radiation could alter the expression of gene cluster related to DNA damage responses through the control of MYC. Furthermore, ionizing radiation could lead to gender-specific reproductive impairment through deregulation of different gene networks. More importantly, the observed epigenetic modifications induced by ionizing radiation are mediated through the alteration of chromatin remodeling and telomere function. This study, for the first time, demonstrated that ionizing radiation may alter the epigenome of germ cells, leading to transgenerational reproductive impairments, and correspondingly call for research in this new emerging area which remains almost unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Emphysematous epididymo-orchitis in the young to middle age groups without any comorbidity like diabetes or metabolic disorders is an uncommon entity. Case report: We present a case of a nondiabetic young patient, diagnosed with emphysematous epididymo-orchitis as a sequela to urinary tract infection. Discussion: Clinically differentiating diagnoses of the acute scrotum may be difficult and ultrasound can be used reliably as the initial modality showing the presence of air for early diagnosis. Conclusion: Nondiabetic young patients without any metabolic disorder should also be suspected for emphysematous epididymo-orchitis in the setting of the acute scrotum. An ultrasound examination can predict its presence with confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are prevalent worldwide. Various viruses have been detected in the ejaculate and can outlast the duration of viremia, indicating replication beyond the blood-testis barrier. HEV replication in diverse organs, however, is still widely misunderstood. We aimed to determine the occurrence, features and morphology of HEV in the ejaculate. The presence of HEV in testis was assessed in 12 experimentally HEV-genotype 3-infected pigs. We further tested ejaculate, urine, stool and blood from 3 chronically HEV genotype 3-infected patients and 6 immunocompetent patients with acute HEV infection by HEV-PCR. Morphology and genomic characterization of HEV particles from various human compartments were determined by HEV-PCR, density gradient measurement, immune-electron microscopy and genomic sequencing. In 2 of the 3 chronically HEV-infected patients, we observed HEV-RNA (genotype 3c) in seminal plasma and semen with viral loads >2 logs higher than in the serum. Genomic sequencing showed significant differences between viral strains in the ejaculate compared to stool. Under ribavirin-treatment, HEV shedding in the ejaculate continued for >9 months following the end of viremia. Density gradient measurement and immune-electron microscopy characterized (enveloped) HEV particles in the ejaculate as intact. The male reproductive system was shown to be a niche of HEV persistence in chronic HEV infection. Surprisingly, sequence analysis revealed distinct genetic HEV variants in the stool and serum, originating from the liver, compared to variants in the ejaculate originating from the male reproductive system. Enveloped HEV particles in the ejaculate did not morphologically differ from serum-derived HEV particles. Enveloped hepatitis E virus particles could be identified by PCR and electron microscopy in the ejaculate of immunosuppressed chronically infected patients, but not in immunocompetent experimentally infected pigs or in patients with acute self-limiting hepatitis E. [Display omitted] • HEV genotype 3 particles were found in the ejaculate of patients with chronic HEV. • Genetic variants differed between particles originating from the liver, compared to those originating from the male reproductive system. • HEV shedding in the ejaculate continued for >9 months following the end of viremia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) captures nearly 70% of all new cancer diagnoses in the United States, but there exists significant variation in this capture rate based on primary tumor location and other patient demographic factors. Prostate cancer has the lowest coverage rate of all major cancers, and other genitourinary malignancies likewise fall below the average NCDB case coverage rate. We aimed to explore NCDB coverage rates for patients with genitourinary cancers as a function of race. Materials and Methods: We compared the incidence of cancer cases in the NCDB with contemporary United States Cancer Statistics data. Results: Across all malignancies, American Indian/Alaskan Natives subjects demonstrated the lowest capture rates, and Asian/Pacific Islander subjects exhibited the second-lowest capture rates. Between White and Black subjects, capture rates were significantly higher for White subjects overall and for prostate cancer and kidney cancer in White males, but significantly higher for bladder cancer in Black versus White females. No significant differences were observed in coverage rates for kidney cancer in females, bladder cancer in males, penile cancer, or testicular cancer in White versus Black patients. Conclusions: Differential access to Commission on Cancer-accredited treatment facilities for racial minorities with genitourinary cancer constitutes a unique avenue for health equity research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]