Search

Hydrostatic testing is a costly, operationally-impactful method of verifying seam integrity in low frequency electric resistance welded (LF-ERW) line pipe. Pipeline operators seek an alternative seam assessment method that provides a sufficiently conservative integrity assessment without the potentially negative impacts of hydrostatic testing. As in-line inspection (ILI) and field nondestructive evaluation (NDE) improve, pipelines that have been historically hydrostatic tested can now use ILI to ensure operational integrity. The improved ILI technology assessed in this work is an enhanced ultrasonic crack ILI tool with higher circumferential resolution and finer axial sample intervals. Magnetic ILI data from previous assessments is used to assist in anomaly identification. In addition to utilizing NDE technologies such as phased array, the emerging full matrix capture (FMC) imaging method that quantifies the size, position, and orientation of seam weld anomalies was examined. This paper discusses the work performed to ensure the efficacy of the improved ILI and NDE methods to accurately detect and quantify all anomalies that could possibly fail a hydrostatic test. An early step in the process was removing three sections of pipe from service for technology calibration and assessment. Each spool was examined with ILI technology in a pump-through facility, inspected using many NDE methods and then destructively tested. These results were communicated to ILI analysts and used to calibrate and improve the interpretation of the inspection results. Then the pipeline was inspected as part of the scheduled integrity assessment. Using field evaluation of anomalies detected by ILI, pipes were selected for removal from service to examine destructively. This paper presents the inspection and destructive testing results in addition to prognosis for the use of the ILI in lieu of hydrostatic testing for LF-ERW pipe.

SUMMARYCellular DNA damage response (DDR) involves dramatic transcriptional alterations, the mechanisms of which remain ill-defined. Given the centrality of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) promoter-proximal pause release in transcriptional control, we evaluated its importance in DDR. Here we show that following genotoxic stress, the RNA-binding motif protein 7 (RBM7) stimulates Pol II elongation and promotes cell viability by activating the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). This is mediated by genotoxic stress-enhanced binding of RBM7 to 7SK snRNA (7SK), the scaffold of the 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (7SK snRNP) which inhibits P-TEFb. In turn, P-TEFb relocates from 7SK snRNP to chromatin to induce transcription of short units including key DDR genes and multiple classes of non-coding RNAs. Critically, interfering with RBM7 or P-TEFb provokes cellular hypersensitivity to DNA damage-inducing agents through activation of apoptotic program. By alleviating the inhibition of P-TEFb, RBM7 thus facilitates Pol II elongation to enable a pro-survival transcriptional response that is crucial for cell fate upon genotoxic insult. Our work uncovers a new paradigm in stress-dependent control of Pol II pause release, and offers the promise for designing novel anti-cancer interventions using RBM7 and P-TEFb antagonists in combination with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics.

Wasserkraft hat im deutschen ‚Energiemix‘ traditionell nur lokal eine Bedeutung und auch zukunftig spielt sie bei der Energiewende, aufgrund des geringen Ausbaupotentials, eine nur geringe Rolle. Demzufolge wird in Deutschland gesellschaftlich, bei Fragen um Energiewende und Partizipation, wenig an die Wasserkraft gedacht. In diesem Artikel wird dargestellt, dass international der Hydroenergieausbau hingegen stark forciert wird, v. a. in Schwellen- und Entwicklungslandern erfolgt ein rasanter Ausbau.

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) tegument protein VP1-2 contains an N-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) that is critical for capsid routing to the nuclear pore. Here we analyzed positionally conserved determinants in VP1-2 homologues from each of the alpha, beta, and gamma classes of human herpesviruses. The overall architectures of the VP1-2s were similar, with a conserved N-terminal ubiquitin-specific protease domain separated from an internal region by a linker that was quite poorly conserved in length and sequence. Within this linker region all herpesviruses contained a conserved, highly basic motif which nevertheless exhibited distinct class-specific features. The motif in HSV functioned as a monopartite NLS, while in varicella-zoster virus (VZV) activity required an adjacent basic section defining the motif as a bipartite NLS. Neither the beta- nor gammaherpesvirus VP1-2 motifs were identified by prediction algorithms, but they nevertheless functioned as efficient NLS motifs both in heterologous transfer assays and in HSV VP1-2. Furthermore, though with different efficiencies and with the exception of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), these chimeric variants rescued the replication defect of an HSV mutant lacking its NLS motif. We demonstrate that the lysine at position 428 of HSV is critical for replication, with a single alanine substitution being sufficient to abrogate NLS function and virus growth. We conclude that the basic motifs of each of the VP1-2 proteins are likely to confer a similar function in capsid entry in the homologous setting and that while there is flexibility in the exact type of motif employed, specific individual residues are critical for function. IMPORTANCE To successfully infect cells, all herpesviruses, along with many other viruses, e.g., HIV, hepatitis B virus, and influenza virus, must navigate through the cytoplasmic environment and dock with nuclear pores for transport of their genomes into the nucleus. However, we still have a limited understanding of the detailed mechanisms involved. Insight into these events is needed and could offer opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This work investigated the role of a specific determinant in the structural protein VP1-2 in herpesvirus entry. We examined this determinant in representative VP1-2s from all herpesvirus subfamilies, demonstrated NLS function, dissected key residues, and showed functional relevance in rescuing replication of the mutant blocked in capsid navigation to the pore. The results are important and strongly support our conclusions of the generality that these motifs are crucial for entry of all herpesviruses. They also facilitate future analysis on selective host interactions and possible routes to disrupt function.

The PR China has been very fast developing its energy sector in order to sustain its impressive economic growth. China's installed hydropower capacity is not only the highest in the world; it also shows a globally unique dimension in growth and dynamic. The southwestern province of Yunnan has one of the highest hydropower potentials within China. Its development makes the province one of the key suppliers of electric energy in China, supplying the economic and energy hungry load centers of coastal China but also Southeast Asia. In a decade Yunnan will have an installed hydropower capacity that exceeds that of Canada or the United States. The province is therefore often referred to as China's forthcoming (hydro-) powerhouse or as Asia's battery. Yunnan's rapid development is mainly based on large and prestigious hydropower projects along major rivers, often forming large reservoirs. Secondly it rests on centers of small hydropower development. They are based on small (sub-)catchments where SHP stations mostly form cascades of diversion type projects affecting entire watersheds. Both developments are creating hydroscapes. While Yunnan's large scale hydropower development is relatively well studied, there is an obvious research gap on Yunnan's small hydropower sector. But the latter has not only a huge relevance it also causes serious tangible cumulative implications. This rapid expansion of Yunnan's hydropower sector takes place in one of the most biologically, geographically and ethnically diverse regions in China. This creates a large need for careful management in order to avoid potentially significant environmental and social conflicts. Therefore the article shows the current status of Yunnan's ambitious hydropower development program including its political frame. It critically analyses the environmental and socio-economic consequences of both large and small hydropower projects. It further describes the transboundary implications and the relevance of the power grid.

Within the last decade, axial cracking became a significant and well-known threat to pipeline systems. The defects are commonly in/at the longitudinal welds or in combination with external corrosion/coating disbondment (SCC). Inline Inspection (ILI) service providers developed inspection technologies for liquid and gas lines that are now utilized regularly. In comparison to axial cracking, circumferential cracking does not yet show a significant role in pipeline integrity. Nevertheless, pipeline operators observe these defects, often in combination with circumferential welds and/or local stress/strain accumulation. Such features are often caused by soil movement, which may occur more readily in mountainous areas. Over the course of the 2014/2015 calendar years, NDT Global inspected 12” pipeline segments for circumferentially oriented crack-like indications. The pipeline segments totaled 814 km in length and transported light crude oil. The 6 pipeline segments range in length from 61 km to 251 km each. The pipelines were considered to be susceptible to axial stresses (both in the base material as well in the girth welds) due to slope subsidence and outside forces acting on the pipe. In previous integrity digs, circumferential crack-like indications were found in conjunction with slope movement and these segments needed to be further investigated. This paper provides information on the challenges solved during the course of the project. Lessons learned from previously inspected sections have been applied to future inspections. The authors will provide information on the inspection campaign, a discussion regarding field verification findings and ILI results, and project conclusions.

The impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) has disturbed the hydrological regime downstream and has directly affected the relationship between the Yangtze River and Dongting Lake. To trace the realistic and potential impacts, this paper examined the changes of the channel morphology and sedimentology caused by the TGD through a field survey on the channel cross-sections and then analyzed the impact on lake water level through BP neural networks. The possible impacts on inundation patterns in lake wetlands were studied based on the lake basin DEM. The results indicate that drastic sediment decline and severe channel erosion are putting considerable pressure on the river and lake. Changing river channels are evident in some monitoring cross-sections. Dongting Lake, for the first time, changed from trapping to supplying net sediment to the Yangtze River. During the water storage periods of the TGD, the water level decreased 2.03 m in 2006 and 2.11 m in 2009 at the outlet of the lake, with extreme decreases up to 3.30 m and 3.02 m, respectively. These changes have inevitably induced alterations in the inundation patterns of the lake wetlands, which in turn have disturbed the ecological function of lake wetlands as habitats for both migratory birds and aquatic fish. The serious droughts in Dongting Lake recent years were largely connected with the above changes. Therefore, proper attention should be paid to this occurrence.

The lower Tarim River had dried up nearly 30 years before an ecological water diversion project (EWDP) for ecological restoration was implemented in 2000. Since then, eight intermittent water deliveries have been carried out for restoring this seriously degraded riparian ecosystem. To evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of these operations, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data set derived from bands 1 and 2 of the MODerate - resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board NASA's Terra satellite was applied to identify the spatial and temporal variations of vegetation cover along the river corridor with about 320 km in length. The goal of this study is thus to generate seasonally integrated NDVI (SINDVI) in growing seasons between April and October so as to investigate a general vegetation patterns as well as examine the inter-annual SINDVI for discerning the status of ecosystem restoration. The spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover were further characterized based on those inter-annual SINDVI data with the aid of Coefficient of Variation (CoV). Research findings indicate that ecosystem integrity was strengthened after a series of water diversion efforts and groundwater table control in the past few years. As the degree of ecosystem restoration is in progress, continuous operation of water diversion is still necessary in response to the needs for restoration of dense vegetation in the riparian buffer within this arid or semi-arid region.

In this study we proved the efficiency of the fluorimetric detection of a minimum number of malignant cells ex vivo. The goal of this work was to investigate whether the combination of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) with oral brush biopsy might become a suitable chair-side tool to detect early oral carcinoma. Small numbers (100-500) of established human tumour cells-small cell lung carcinoma (OAT 75), transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (SW1710) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293)-were incubated with 2 mM 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA). In addition, 50 brush biopsies from volunteers were prepared. After 2 h and 3 h of incubation, all samples were investigated by spectrofluorometry. Measurements were performed in capillaries. For excitation (405 nm) and detection of fluorescence spectra, a fibre microprobe-spectrofluorometer system (fibre 400 microm) was used. A minimum of 100 malignant cells and 3 h of incubation with ALA were needed to detect a typical spectrum for protoporphyrin IX (PPIX). Some epithelial samples from brush biopsy showed strong (bacteria related) PPIX autofluorescence, which increased after the addition of 5-ALA. From the testing of various antibiotics and antiseptics it emerged that 0.4 mM chlorhexidine strongly reduced fluorescence in brush biopsies from healthy volunteers, whereas the fluorescence signal of established cancer cell lines decreased only a little. The experiments revealed that, by means of an optical microprobe, very few cancer cells (100) can be detected. The addition of chlorhexidine before the incubation of brush biopsies with 5-ALA increases the reliability of the test by largely reducing the autofluorescence signal due to the presence of bacteria. Chair-side diagnostics of epithelial carcinoma seem feasible.

This paper explains two methods to improve the effectiveness of geoelectrical field measurements. First, we present a method to reduce the number of geoelectrical multielectrode measurements of a survey. The reduction is done by an optimisation of the resulting sensitivity distribution of a superposition of different measurements in comparison with a target sensitivity distribution. The differentiation between important and unnecessary measurements is based on the absolute value of weighting factors. Measurements with small weights are neglected. This procedure can achieve savings up to 70% of all data depending on the task and configuration. We demonstrate the application of data reduction for a synthetic model. In the second part of this paper, we present a method for a fast evaluation and interpretation of field data without a time consuming inversion process. The method is based on weighting coefficients calculated by the object orientated focussing procedure. The filter algorithm provides a fast and easy way to decide whether predefined structures are present along the survey line.

Viruses encounter and manipulate almost all aspects of cell structure and metabolism. The nuclear envelope (NE), with central roles in cell structure and genome function, acts and is usurped in diverse ways by different viruses. It can act as a physical barrier to infection that must be overcome, as a functional barrier that restricts infection by various mechanisms and must be counteracted or indeed as a positive niche, important or even essential for virus infection or production of progeny virions. This review summarizes virus-host interactions at the NE, highlighting progress in understanding the replication of viruses including HIV-1, Influenza, Herpes Simplex, Adenovirus and Ebola, and molecular insights into hitherto unknown functional pathways at the NE.

Intelligent inline inspections (ILI) are widely used to guarantee a safe operation of pipelines. The inline inspection provides reliable data in an economic way. Historically, magnetic flux leakage technology (MFL) was one of the main technologies applied in pipeline systems. Within the last few years some minor improvements have been introduced in the existing MFL tool fleets, mainly focusing on a higher resolution. Nevertheless, a general restriction based on the physical basics finally limits the sizing capabilities of corrosion defects, esp. for complex shaped defects. Ultrasonic (UT) is currently the most accurate and reliable In-Line Inspection technology available in the market. These UT ILI Tools record data while travelling through the entire pipeline from Launcher to Receiver. In most cases, the Pipeline Operator does not need to make major adjustments to their pipeline. The latest generation of UT tools offers high inspection velocities — consequently a reduction of medium flow and loss of production can be avoided. In addition, a very high resolution of transducers in axial and circumferential direction provides excellent input for accurate pressure calculations, e.g. based on Riverbottom profiles or even 3D Finite element modeling. Using UT as the inspection method greatly increases the confident level of the inspection survey results. This in turn will give Pipeline Operators a greater peace of mind that their true pipeline condition is known thereby reducing unnecessary and costly digs and repairs. The authors will present some basic background information about ultrasound inspection technologies. State of the art solutions are presented for crack and wall thickness tools. Combining different technologies in one tool offers additional benefit. One single inspection tool with corrosion and crack transducers enables pipeline operators to operate their system safe with a minimized impact. Finally, the authors will present some special solutions for high pressure deep water applications and multi diameter pipeline systems.

We investigate ECG recordings of healthy subjects (H subjects) and those with heart failure (HF subjects) based on a new measure derived from the shape of the ECG signal during each heart beat. From this measure we construct sequences, called “morphograms”, which are complementary to sequences of successive interbeat time intervals, commonly called “tachograms”. The morphograms show long-range anticorrelations between the increments of their successive elements, analogous to the behavior found previously in the tachograms. By studying the average strength of the fluctuations of the increments on certain scales, we find that it is possible to completely separate the two groups of H and HF subjects. The separation is comparable, and in certain cases even more pronounced than that found earlier based on the tachograms.

Geoelectrical profiling with multi-electrode systems has become an important tool for monitoring dike embankments bordering rivers. Profiles running perpendicular to the dike axis are affected by the dike topography, with the amplitude of this effect dependent on the surface geometry and the choice of the electrode configuration. Investigations using seven different electrode configurations have shown that some configurations are less sensitive to the topography than others. The topography correction method (TCM) is an important tool for processing data from measurements at river dikes. This method is generally recommended for flank angles steeper than 10°. The topography effect is calculated by two-dimensional finite element modelling. The resulting synthetic data of a homogeneous dike body are used to apply a topographic correction for each measurement. The topographic effect and correction procedure is demonstrated for synthetic dike data and for a data set from a river dike in Thai Binh province (Vietnam). The topography can be ignored for flank angles less than 25° if an averaged Half-Wenner electrode configuration is used. This configuration has proved to be less affected by undulated topography and the focusing effect of averaging the two data sets provides reliable structural information without the need for time-consuming data inversion.

Mice deficient in the serotonin transporter (5HTT) display highly elevated extracellular 5HT levels. 5HT exerts ist effects via at least fourteen different cloned 5HT receptors located pre- and postsynaptically. In contrast to the other 5HT receptors, the 5HT3 receptor is a ionotropic receptor with ligand-gated cation channel function. Since G-protein-coupled 5HT receptors show extensive adaptive changes in 5HTT-deficient mice, we investigated whether 5HT3 receptors are also altered in these mice. Using quantitative autoradiography, we found that 5HT3 receptors are upregulated in frontal cortex (+46%), parietal cortex (+42%), and in stratum oriens of the CA3 region of the hippocampus (+18%) of 5HTT knockout mice. Changes in 5HT3 receptor mRNA expression, as determined by quantitative in situ hybridisation, were less pronounced. The adaptive changes of 5HT3 receptor expression constitute a part of the complex regulatory pattern of 5HT receptors in 5HTT knockout mice.

The integral reactor is most critical for experimental reaction engineering. However, its design does not come up to current requirements. Based on a tested modular construction principle, new modules for multifunctional integral pilot reactors with a wide range of applications were developed. These modules allow to configure both signle and combination reactors for implementing varied methodical objectives. Two examples illustrate the advantages for the user.

Within the global integrity program of Enbridge a 36/48″ dual diameter pipeline with a total length of approximately1800 km needs to be inspected for wall thickness and axial cracking in a single run. The line consists of 29 sections, each of an approximate length of 60 km. A challenging characteristic of the line is the 36″ launcher and 48″ receiver in 28 of the sections. Thus, the resulting outer diameter change is about 305mm or 33%. From an intelligent inspection perspective additional boundary conditions had to be taken into account, e.g. tight 1.5D bends and a medium with high attenuation — which is especially important for the crack inspection technology. Pipeline operator and in-line inspection (ILI) vendor agreed on an extensive testing and qualification program including small scale tests (200 anomalies) and field verifications. Therefore, the operator witnessed pull tests of the 36/48″ UCM tool at the test facility in Stutensee, Germany during the development phase in 2012. The first inspection in an operating pipeline system, as part of the validation process, was made in July 2012 after only 12 months of development and construction. Some shortcomings of the tool concept were observed within the first inspection, which led to an unsuccessful run. Both parties worked closely together to implement some modifications to the tool. In 2012 and 2013 the modified tool was run a total of 29 times, with further runs planned for 2014. The first excavations have been completed, and show an excellent correlation between tool performance and specification. Further excavations are scheduled for early 2014 that will provide additional feedback to assess and validate the tool. At the time of writing, the 36/48″ tool is fully validated for metal loss defects, and validated for cracks only up to 2.5mm in depth. The authors will present in detail the development of the tool and the definition of the validation process. Mechanical and operational conditions are discussed. The predefined validation process of the tool is briefly presented and the test results are discussed in detail. Furthermore, field verification results are presented.

Objectives: The practice of homeopathy rests on symptoms, which have been produced by medicinal substances in healthy volunteers, often applied at ultramolecular dilutions. It is unknown whether these symptom patterns are due to specific effects or chance fluctuation. Methods: We tested the hypothesis that a homeopathic substance can bring about symptoms different from observation and placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design with baseline observation. Results: 87 out of 118 healthy volunteers took both placebo and homeopathic belladonna 30CH in random sequence, after a 2-week observation period, and finished the 8-week trial. Apart from an insignificant tendency for subjects to report more symptoms with belladonna (mean number: 27.34), as compared to observation (24.26) or placebo (24.17), there was no indication that subjects reacted differently to homeopathy than to placebo or during baseline. Conclusion: There is no indication that belladonna 30CH produces symptoms different from placebo or from no intervention. Symptoms of a homeopathic pathogenetic trial (HPT) are most likely chance fluctuations.

Summary The concept of periodontal treatment has radically changed over the past decades from a very aggressive surgical approach of pocket elimination to a conservative treatment. The treatment objective today is just removing the periodontal disease causing agents. Regarding this aspect the use of lasers in periodontal treatment may be the next step towards a more conservative treatment. Selective ablation of calculus requires preferential absorption by the material to be removed compared to the healthy tissues. In Periodontology the use of the Nd:YAG laser is restricted to the field of soft tissue management, no ablation of calculus is possible. Using conventional CO2 lasers runs the risk of thermal overheating of the pulp. Moreover due to the absorption characteristics uncontrolled destruction of gingival tissue as well as cementum and enamel occurs. Excimer and Er:YAG lasers can be used to remove calculus but uncontrolled ablation of healthy tooth structure takes place. The frequency doubled Alexandrite (377 nm) laser allows a selective ablation of calculus based on natural differences in absorption. Calculus and microbial plaque are removed quickly and easily while cementum and other healthy tooth structures remain unchanged. In order to establish clinically healthy gingiva and to prevent further loss of attachment the use of the frequency doubled Alexandrite laser seems to be a very promising step for the future of periodontal therapy. Moreover the expectation of a sound maintenance therapy will be fulfilled by using this laser.

Inline inspection (ILI) identifies most significant anomalies - at the time of inspection. To recognize those individual features, which have the highest potential to enter these ranks, perhaps soon, is a challenging question, which is not necessarily covered with established ILI approaches. Whether the circumstances permit the identification and reliable description of individual corrosion hot spots depend on the ILI quality, the specific feature shape-dependent sizing, the comparability of the data and the time-dependent development of the anomaly. This case study demonstrates the enormous benefits of the combination of two technologies. The robust, indirect Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) methodology and the direct Ultrasonic Testing (UT) ILI tool. The intelligent interpretative combination of the two ILI information sources exceeds significantly the straight forward statistical combination benefit. The presented approach demonstrates how to: • identify features not suitable to UT stand alone sizing. • compensate systematic errors from MFL sizing models and calibration assumptions. • introduce UT shape information as major improvement to MFL sizing. • apply MFL amplitude based depth sizing. • reduce the subsequent sizing tolerance to values, which allow corrosion prediction based on even short term repeated ILI intervals. Applied to the identified group of pinholes and embedded pinholes with an average maximum depth of more than 50% the method delivered a depth sizing accuracy of ±6.0% wall thickness at 80% certainty. The fact, that even smaller corrosion growth rate values become resolvable, allows for the equivalent shortening of the re-inspection intervals and for the prolongation of the validity of prediction, whatever may be advisable in specific cases. Also it is shown, that this approach does not require to rerun similar tools, because systematic errors can be compensated absolutely with this approach. The optimization of inspection strategies and methods with regard to specific pipeline problems can have monetary benefit even at higher inspection costs. More sophisticated ILI systems requiring specialist data analysis become justified for equivalent pipeline use cases. The presented combination of the two independent ILI methodologies bears significant useful potential to approach aggressive corrosion mechanisms, e.g. microbial corrosion or CP shielding.

To sustain their impressive economic growth and to provide electricity for the two most populated states, PR China and India are aggressively developing their energy sector. Regenerative energy, mainly hydropower, plays a key role in their present and future energy sector strategy. The speed of hydropower development shows a dimension which is unique worldwide. This extreme rapid development is mainly based on controversial large dams, but also on the fast development of small scaled hydropower projects.

The intracellular arsenazo signal indicating the transient light-evoked change in cytosolic Ca2+ (or Sr2+) concentration was measured in Limulus ventral photoreceptor simultaneously with the receptor potential at 15 °C. The decline of the arsenazo signal has two phases (D1 and D2) when the photoreceptor is bathed in physiological saline. 1. When calcium is replaced by strontium in the superfusate both receptor potential and arsenazo signal are markedly increased in amplitude and the membrane potential is hyper­ polarized. The decline of the arsenazo signal is prolonged and becomes monophasic; the fast phase D1 of the decline disappears. 2. In strontium saline under voltage clamp conditions the slope of the monophasic decline of the arsenazo signal is the steeper the more negative the membrane voltage. 3. After replacing sodium by lithium in the superfusate the rise of the receptor potential and of the arsenazo signal are not much altered. The decline of the arsenazo signal, however, is slowed down more than 3-fold; this is due to the complete suppression of the fast phase D1 and the retardation of the slow phase D2 of the calcium re-decline. Interpretation: 1. The Na-C a exchanger can accept strontium as a calcium substitute. Strontium has a weaker desensitizing action than calcium. Strontium is not-or only very little -taken up by the endoplasmic cisternae. 2. In sodium-free lithium saline the Na-C a exchanger, the Na-K ATPase and the calcium uptake system of the endoplasmic cisternae do not function. Therefore the intracellular calcium level rises.

Arid ecosystems are very sensitive to a variety of physical, chemical and biological degradation processes. Tarim Basin, the biggest endorheic basin in the Central Asia continent, is considered as one of the least water-endowed regions in the world and arid and semi-arid environmental conditions are dominant. For the purposes of the convention, arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas were defined as "areas, other than polar and sub-polar regions, in which the ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration falls within the range from 0.05 to 0.65." In this study, the Aridity Index (AI), the ratio of precipitation and land surface temperature, was also adopted as the base method for determining dry land types and thereby delineating boundaries and showing changes of aridity conditions in Tarim Basin. Here, precipitation is from TRMM/PR, and land surface temperature is from Modis LST. To analyze the spatial and temporal variations of arid environmental conditions in Tarim basin, we calculated the yearly aridity index (the ratio of total yearly rainfall to yearly mean Land Surface Temperature) based on the accumulated monthly precipitation and the monthly Land Surface Temperature in growing season for the period 2000-2009. The results indicated it is possible to work out an aridity index map with more detailed spatial patterns, which is valuable for identifying human impacts by associated with vegetation and soil moisture characters.

Ultrasonic crack detection represents a reliable and accepted inline inspection technology for the application in liquid media. The technology is long standing and considered as industry standard [1–3]. As a result of various demands, e.g. increased temperature levels above 70°C, high pressures exceeding 100 bars and medium types (e.g. heavy crude oil) with inherently high damping and temperature dependency of the damping characteristic the complexity can be primarily found within the bounding conditions. The reduction of inner pipeline diameter, e.g. below 120 mm, represents a further increase of degree of complexity. This paper gives access to the design and development approach chosen by ROSEN for ultrasonic crack detection tools and the case of pipelines with an outer diameter ranging from 6″ to 8″ . All previously mentioned issues and requirements are considered. The mechanical design of the ultrasonic crack detection tools is described.Copyright © 2010 by ASME

Hydrological predictions in ungauged or poorly gauged basin are crucial for sustainable water management and environmental changes study induced by climate change. Application of remote sensing technology has retrieved lots of spatio-temporal dataset during the past decades for references. In this study, TRMM/PR and MODIS LST data were introduced to get spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature changes by Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) technique in a mountainous watershed, southern Tianshan. An input variable group was attempted to be constructed for the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to model the stream flow change based on the patterns achieved above. The results indicate that the spatial variability patterns of meteorology can be well recognized from the remote sensing data by EOF analysis. The stream flow process can be satisfyingly simulated with input variables captured from the leading modes during the study period. While, since the probabilistic model was not based on full physical mechanisms, and often times, also limited by the amount of input data, uncertainties often implicated in the output. As an example, it is discussed through the rapidly glaciers melting phenomena induced by climate warming, which is expected to cause change in the flow generation mechanism.

The statistical properties of heart beat intervals of 130 long-term surface electrocardiogram recordings during atrial fibrillation (AF) are investigated. We find that the distribution of interbeat intervals exhibits a characteristic exponential tail, which is absent during sinus rhythm, as tested in a corresponding control study with 72 healthy persons. The rate of the exponential decay lies in the range 3-12 Hz and shows diurnal variations. It equals, up to statistical uncertainties, the level of the previously uncovered white noise part in the power spectrum, which is also characteristic for AF. The overall statistical features can be described by decomposing the intervals into two statistically independent times, where the first one is associated with a correlated process with 1/f noise characteristics, while the second one belongs to an uncorrelated process and is responsible for the exponential tail. It is suggested to use the rate of the exponential decay as a further parameter for a better classification of AF and for the medical diagnosis. The relevance of the findings with respect to a general understanding of AF is pointed out.

Incorporation of photo-switchable amino acids into peptides and proteins offers prospects for the control of complex biochemical processes using light. Currently, only a few photo-switchable amino acids are known. We report the design and synthesis of a novel hemithioindigo-based amino acid and its incorporation into the model ion channel gramicidin. Photoisomerization of the hemithioindigo moiety between E and Z isomeric forms is shown to modulate ionic current through the channel in a predictable way. This new amino acid thus expands the possibilities for photo-control in diverse systems.

Utilizing Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in specular reflectance mode chemical changes of root cement surfaces due to laser radiation were investigated. A total of 18 samples of root cement were analyzed, six served as controls. In this study laser energies were set to those known for removal of calculus or for disinfection of periodontal pockets. Major changes in organic as well as inorganic components of the cementum were observed following Nd:YAG laser irradiation (wavelength 1064 nm, pulse duration 250 μs, free running, pulse repetition rate 20 Hz, fiber diameter 320 μm, contact mode; Iskra Twinlight, Fontona, Slovenia). Er:YAG laser irradiation (wavelength 2.94 μm, pulse duration 250 μs, free running, pulse repetition rate 6 Hz, focus diameter 620 μm, air water cooling 30 ml/min; Iskra Twinlight, Fontona, Slovenia) significantly reduced the Amid bands due to changes in the organic components. After irradiation with a frequency doubled Alexandrite laser (wavelength 377 nm, pulse duration 200 ns, q-switched, pulse repetition rate 20 Hz, beam diameter 800 μm, contact mode, water cooling 30 ml/min; laboratory prototype) only minimal reductions in the peak intensity of the Amide-II band were detected.

Aim of the study was to investigate the impact of a new picosecond laser emitting blue light on tooth surfaces in order to remove calculus. The radiation may be comfortably transmitted via 25 micrometers diameter fiber optics. The resulting fluence at the tooth was found to be to low for ablation of calculus via nonlinear effects. Higher absorption of the 446 nm radiation by calculus compared to heathy tissues can provide preferential heating and evaporation of the calculus. The surface of thick calculus is irregular rough thus comprising a large interface to the surrounding cooling medium contra acting the preferential heating. In summary the study indicates the possibility flat layers of calculus by thermal effects. Carbonization in healthy tissues is the major problem concerning removal of subgingival calculus with thermal effects.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The therapy of initial carious lesions aims in a minimal invasive removal of infected dental hard tissues. Typically standardpreparation instruments bear the risk of removing a big amount of sound structures as a result of access. On the other handthe competence ofEr:YAG lasers for caries removal has been repeatedly proven.Aim of this study was to compare cavity preparations at simulated clinical conditions performed by two different Er:YAGlaser systems, one working in noncontact mode (KaVo Key Laser; Biberach, Germany) the other working in contact mode(Continuum Biomedical DELight Er:YAG Laser System, Santa Clara, CA).The sample material consisted of 15 randomized selected extracted human molars clinically presenting initial canons lesionslocated in the occlusal fissure area. In the first part of the study each lesion passed standard clinical examinations. Visual

The serotonin (5HT) transporter (5HTT) removes 5HT from the synaptic cleft and is thus critical to the control of serotonergic neurotransmission. Mice with a targeted inactivation of the 5HTT represent a novel and unique tool to study serotonergic system functioning. Because the release of 5HT is regulated by adenosine, we investigated 5HTT-deficient mice for possible adaptive changes of adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptors. A 1 and A 2A receptors were studied by means of quantitative autoradiography using the radioligands [ 3 H]8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine and [ 3 H]CGS 21680, respectively. A comparison of 5HTT knockout versus control mice revealed upregulation of A 1 receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN, +21%), but not in any of the serotonergic projection areas, and downregulation of A 2A receptors in basal ganglia. The adaptive changes of A 1 and A 2A receptors in 5HTT-deficient mice are likely to represent a compensatory neuroprotective effect mediated by the adenosinergic modulatory system. For comparison, these receptors were also studied in monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) knockout mice and in 5HTT/MAOA double knockout mice. 5HTT/MAOA double knockout mice showed adaptive changes of adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptors similar to 5HTT knockout mice, while investigation of MAOA-deficient mice revealed an upregulation of A 2A receptors, which may relate to a role of both MAOA and adenosine A 2A receptors in anxiety.

While earlier periodontal investigations have proved the frequency doubled Alexandrite laser to eliminate efficiently and selectively dental calculus as well as bacteria the aim of this study was to demonstrate the safety of this laser for removal of dental calculus with respect to the dental pulp. Four adult Labrador dogs were treated with a frequency doubled Alexandrite laser (laboratory prototype, q-switched, fiber guided, wavelength 377 nm, pulse duration 1 microsecond, pulse repetition rate 70 Hz, water cooling) to remove dental calculus. After performing a modified Widman flap procedure the buccal surface of nine teeth in the lower and upper right jaw were irradiated for four minutes per tooth. Three different laser fluences up to four times higher than the fluence required for calculus removal were used (1.5, 3 and 6 J/cm2). At three other sites of the right jaw deep cavities were prepared with a dental drill and filled with compomere material (DyractR, Dentsply, Germany) to serve as a positive control with regard to possible pulpal reactions. The corresponding teeth of the lower and upper left jaw served as controls. Animals were sacrificed one day, one week, four weeks and six weeks after treatment. Teeth were separated, fixed in formalin and decalcified. After embedding and sectioning the histological sections were stained and investigated by a totally blinded investigator (P.A.R). Histological investigations revealed that irradiation with the frequency doubled Alexandrite laser for periodontal treatment with fluences of 1.5 J/cm2 -- those fluences necessary for the selective removal of dental calculus and microbial plaque -- had no adverse side effects to the pulpal tissues. Moreover this pulpal safety study demonstrated that even applying fluences two or four times higher than those suggested for calculus removal do not lead to observable changes or alterations in the odontoblast cell layer or the pulpal tissues. No inflammatory reactions and no differences between irradiated and control teeth occurred, while the positive controls showed reactions in the odontoblast cell layer and the connective pulpal tissue.

Periodontal therapy aims in a most sufficient cleaning of tooth surfaces from supra- and subgingival calculus. As a standard dental procedure teeth are treated with ultrasonic devices. The competence of the frequency doubled Alexandrite laser for a highly effective and selective removal of calculus has been repeatedly proved. Aim of the study presented here was to determine the efficiency at simulated clinical conditions of the frequency doubled Alexandrite laser (laboratory prototype, q-switched, fiber guided, wavelength 377 nm, pulse duration 1 microsecond, pulse repetition rate 70 Hz, water cooling) by quantifying it's calculus removing efficiency. The evaluated data were compared to those obtained with an ultrasonic calculus remover. In the first part of the study sample material consisted of 23 pigs' jaws. They were divided into two groups. The teeth of one group were cleaned on their buccal surfaces using an ultrasonic device (Sonosoft Lux, KaVo, Biberach, Germany; tip #9). Than hand-guided cleaning was performed until no further improvement in cleanness was visible. Cleaning time was measured. Photographic documentation was taken before and after the treatment. The teeth in the second group were cleaned engaging a frequency doubled Alexandrite laser. Treatment time was measured and photographs were taken in the same way. In the second part of the study 21 surfaces of human teeth set up in an artificial pocket model were treated with both systems again. Measurements followed the same protocol. The results strongly support the use of the frequency doubled Alexandrite laser for calculus removal.

Er: YAG lasers as well as the frequency doubled Alexandrite laser have been suggested for the use in periodontal therapy and so for the elimination of calculus and the treatment of infected root cement. Intended is the laser application inside the gingival pocket. In consequence, both these lasers may be used in areas close to cervical or approximal location, or even on the fillings' surfaces. Light cured composite and compomer materials are in use for these types of fillings among others. Aim of the study presented here was to compare the effect of an Er: YAG laser (wavelength 2.94 μm, pulse duration 250 μs, free running, fluence 4.5 J/cm 2 and 21.4 J/cm 2 ) on compomers and composites with the results following irradiation with a frequency doubled Alexandrite laser (wavelength 377 nm, pulse duration 200 ns, fluence 3 Jcm -2 and 6 J/cm 2 ). The surface of standardized compomer and composite samples were irradiated with both laser wavelengths (either frequency doubled Alexandrite or Er: YAG laser) using the same standardized application protocol. Scanning electron microscopic investigation showed that irradiation with both lasers causes surface changes in composites and compomers removing calculus with these lasers.

Periimplantitis is one of the major factors for the loss of dental implants. Due to the minor defense ability of the tissue surrounding the implant compared to natural teeth treatment of periimplantitis in the early stage is very important. Reducing bacteria with a laser might be the most successful step in therapy of periimplantitis. Aim of the study was to observe changes in surface morphology of seven different implants after irradiation with three different lasers. Two kinds of flat round samples were prepared by the manufacturers either identical to the body surface or to the cervical area of the corresponding implants. The samples were irradiated using different power settings. The lasers used were a CO 2 laser (Uni Laser 450P, ASAH Medico, Denmark; fiber guided, wavelength 10.6 μm, max. average power 8.3 W, soft-pulse and cw) an Er: YAG laser (KaVo Key Laser II, wavelength 2.94 μm, pulse duration 250 - 500 μs, pulse energy 60 - 500 mJ, pulse repetition rate 1 - 15 Hz, focus diameter 620 μm, air-water cooling; Biberach, Germany) and a frequency doubled Alexandrite laser (laboratory prototype, q-switched, fiber guided, wavelength 377 nm, pulse duration 1 μs, pulse repetition rate 30 Hz, water cooling). After irradiation the implant surfaces were investigated with a Scanning Electron Microscope. Ablation thresholds were determined. After CO 2 laser irradiation no changes in surface morphology were observed whereas using the pulsed Er: YAG or frequency doubled Alexandrite laser even at low energies loss of integrity or melting of the surface was observed. The changes in surface morphology seem to depend very strongly on the type of surface coating.

Aim of the study was to investigate the surface and subsurface structure of enamel after irradiation with an Er:YAG laser (wavelength 2.94 micrometer, pulse duration 250 - 500 microseconds, free running, beam profile close to tophead, focus diameter 600 micrometer, focus distance 13 mm, different power settings, air-water spray 2 ml/min; KAVO Key Laser 1242, Kavo Biberach, Germany). The surface of more than 40 freshly extracted wisdom teeth were irradiated using a standardized application protocol (pulse repetition rate 4 and 6 Hz, moving speed of the irradiation table 2 mm/sec and 3 mm/sec, respectively). On each surface between 3 and 5 tracks were irradiated at different laser energies (60 - 500 mJ/pulse) while each track was irradiated between one and ten times respectively. For the scanning electron microscope investigation teeth were dried in alcohol and sputtered with gold. For light microscopic examinations following laser impact, samples were fixed in formaldehyde, dried in alcohol and embedded in acrylic resin. Investigations revealed that at subsurface level cracks can not be observed even at application of highest energies. Borders of the irradiated tracks seem to be sharp while melted areas of different sizes are observed on the bottom of the tracks depending on applied energy. Small microcracks can be seen on the surface of these melted areas.

Aim of this presentation is to review the role of the Er:YAG laser in dentistry and to give a general overview on the work done with it up to date. A look at the development and evolution of this system is given as well as a brief introduction into the basic principles of ablation at the characteristic wavelength 2.94 micrometer. The more important research reports of the different groups all over the world are summarized and the large field of applications such as cavity preparation, caries ablation, periodontology and bacterial reduction is considered.

The clinical application of a new developed fiber guided CO2 laser in soft tissue surgery will be demonstrated (wavelength 10.6 micrometers , pulse duration 5 ms up to cw, pulse repetition rate 1-99 Hz, maximum average power at the outlet of the handpiece 9.4 watts, focus diameter 0.3 mm, two confocal pilot laser beams; ASAH medico, Hvidovre, Denmark). In this study laser parameters were set to a pulse duration of 5 up to 20 ms and a maximum repetition rate of 20 Hz. Leukoplakia removal was done with a defocused beam, while for excisions and incisions the laser was used in focus. Excisions of fibromas, lipomas etc. were performed. Especially for gingiva extensions employing free gingival grafts this new laser device was engaged. After two weeks of wound healing all gingival graft procedures were successfully complete. Healing process following large vestibuloplasty procedures concerning a total jaw lasted as long as known from conventional techniques. For the daily clinical use in soft tissue surgery this fiber guided CO2 laser system appears to be a versatile and reliable tool.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

With respect to lasers emitting within the mid infrared spectral domain fiber applicators are being developed. Intented is the use of these lasers in periodontal therapy and their application inside the gingival pocket. Aim of the study presented here is to compare the effect of an Er:YAG laser (wavelength 2.94 μm, pulse duration 250 μs, free running, different power settings) on dental calculus with the results following irradiation with a frequency doubled Alexandrite laser (wavelength 377 nm, pulse duration 100 ns, q-switched, fluence 1 Jcm -2 ). The surface of freshly extracted wisdom teeth and of extracted teeth suffering from severe periodontitis were irradiated with both laser wavelengths (either frequency doubled Alexandrite or Er:YAG laser) using a standardized application protocol. Calculus on the enamel surface, at the enamel cementum junction and on the root surface was irradiated. For light microscope investigations undecalcified histological sections were prepared after treatment. For the Scanning Electron Microscope teeth were dried in alcohol and sputtered with gold. Investigations revealed that with both laser systems calculus can be removed. Using the frequency doubled Alexandrite laser selective removal of calculus is possible while engaging the Er:YAG laser even at lowest energies necessary for calculus removal healthy cementum is ablated without control.

The basic laser ablation processes of dental hard tissue will be reviewed. Pulse lengths covered in this presentation range from some femto seconds to the cw-mode, wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the infrared spectral domain. The underlying tissue removal mechanisms extend from surface evaporation, to photochemical processes, to mediated explosive ablation, to plasma processes. The most effective mechanism is the explosive process. Highly controlled tissue removal at low ablation rate can be obtained using plasma mediated ablation. Good tissue specivity characterizes the ablation in the near UV region of the spectrum.

During prior studies it could be demonstrated that engaging a frequency double Alexandrite-laser allows a fast and strictly selective ablation of supra- and subgingival calculus. Furthermore, the removal of unstained microbial plaque was observed. First conclusions were drawn following light microscopic investigations on undecalcified sections of irradiated teeth. In the present study the cementum surface after irradiation with a frequency doubled Alexandrite-laser was observed by means of a scanning electron microscope. After irradiation sections of teeth were dried in alcohol and sputtered with gold. In comparison irradiated cementum surfaces of unerupted operatively removed wisdom teeth and tooth surfaces after the selective removal of calculus were investigated. A complete removal of calculus was observed as well as a remaining smooth surface of irradiated cementum.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

During prior studies it could be demonstrated while engaging a frequency doubled Alexandrite-laser (wavelength 380 nm, pulse duration 100 ns, fluence 1 J/cm2, pulse repetition rate 110 Hz) a fast and strictly selective ablation of supra- and subgingival calculus is possible. Even the removal of unstained microbial plaque was observed. First conclusions were drawn after light microscopical investigations on undecalcified sections of irradiated teeth. In the present study the cementum surface after irradiation with a frequency doubled Alexandrite-laser was observed by means of a Scanning Electron Microscope. After irradiation sections of teeth were dried in alcohol and sputtered with gold. In comparison irradiated cementum surfaces of unerupted operatively removed wisdom teeth and tooth surfaces after the selective removal of calculus were investigated. A complete removal of calculus was observed as well as a remaining smooth surface of irradiated cementum.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The aim of the study was the selective removal of dental calculus by means of pulsed lasers. In a first approach the optical characteristics of subgingival calculus were calculated using fluorescence emission spectroscopy (excitation laser: N2-laser, wavelength 337 nm, pulse duration 4 ns). Subgingival calculus seems to absorb highly in the ultraviolet spectral region up to 420 nm. According to these measurements a frequency doubled Alexandrite-laser (wavelength 377 nm, pulse duration 100 ns, repetition rate 110 Hz) was used to irradiate calculus located on enamel, at the cementum enamel junction and on the root surface (located on dentin or on cementum). Irradiation was performed perpendicular to the root surface with a laser fluence of 1 Jcm-2. During the irradiation procedure an effective water cooling-system was engaged. Histological investigations were done on undecalcified sections. As a result, engaging low fluences allows a fast and strictly selective removal of subgingival calculus. Even more the investigations revealed that supragingival calculus can be removed in a strictly selective manner engaging a frequency doubled Alexandrite-laser. No adverse side effects to the surrounding tissues could be found.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Selective ablation is fixed to a range of fluences predicted by the ablation thresholds of infected and healthy tooth structures respectively. The aim of the study was to develop a dental handpiece, which guarantees homogeneous fluence at the irradiated tooth surface. Furthermore the point of treatment should be cooled down without energy losses due to the cooling system. We suggest the direct coupling of the laser radiation into a laminar stream of liquid, which may act in turn as a lengthened beam guide. The impacts of the laser radiation and of the cooling medium hit exactly the same point. Hot ablation debris is removed out of the crater by the flush of the water jet. While the surface of a bare fiber working on contact mode is destroyed after a few shots, it was shown that coupling the laser radiation into a stream of liquid prevents this destruction. Putting together the benefits of this special handpiece short overall treatment times seem to be possible. High average power can be applied to the tooth without the threat of thermal damage. Furthermore no time consuming cutting of the fiber prolongs the treatment time.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Caries selective ablation is fixed to a window of fluences predicted by the ablation thresholds of carious and healthy dentin, respectively. The aim of the study was to develop a dental handpiece which guarantees homogeneous fluence at the irradiated tooth surface. Furthermore the point of treatment should be cooled down without energy losses due to the cooling system. We suggest the direct coupling of the laser radiation into a laminar stream of liquid, which acts in turn as a lengthened beam guide. The impacts of the laser radiation and of the cooling medium fall exactly into the same point. Hot ablation debris is removed out of the crater by the flush of the water jet. Fluences are constant if the handpiece is used in contact mode or at a distance. Normally the surface of a bare fiber working in contact mode is destroyed after a few shots. Coupling the laser radiation into a stream of liquid prevents this destruction. Putting together the benefits of this special handpiece short overall treatment times seem to be possible. High average power can be applied to the tooth without the threat of thermal damage. Furthermore no time consuming cutting of the fiber prolongs the treatment time.