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51. Phytophthora effector promotes homodimerization of host transcription factor StKNOX3 to enhance susceptibility.

Author

Zhou, Jing, Qi, Yetong, Nie, Jiahui, Guo, Lei, Luo, Ming, McLellan, Hazel, Boevink, Petra C, Birch, Paul R J, and Tian, Zhendong

Subjects
OOMYCETES, NICOTIANA benthamiana, TRANSCRIPTION factors, PLANT proteins, PHYTOPHTHORA, PHYTOPHTHORA infestans, PLANT diseases
Abstract

Oomycete pathogens secrete hundreds of cytoplasmic RxLR effectors to modulate host immunity by targeting diverse plant proteins. Revealing how effectors manipulate host proteins is pivotal to understanding infection processes and to developing new strategies to control plant disease. Here we show that the Phytophthora infestans RxLR effector Pi22798 interacts in the nucleus with a potato class II knotted-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factor, StKNOX3. Silencing the ortholog NbKNOX3 in Nicotiana benthamiana reduces host colonization by P. infestans , whereas transient and stable overexpression of StKNOX3 enhances infection. StKNOX3 forms a homodimer which is dependent on its KNOX II domain. The KNOX II domain is also essential for Pi22798 interaction and for StKNOX3 to enhance P. infestans colonization, indicating that StKNOX3 homodimerization contributes to susceptibility. However, critically, the effector Pi22798 promotes StKNOX3 homodimerization, rather than heterodimerization to another KNOX transcription factor StKNOX7. These results demonstrate that the oomycete effector Pi22798 increases pathogenicity by promoting homodimerization specifically of StKNOX3 to enhance susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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53. Evolutionarily distinct resistance proteins detect a pathogen effector through its association with different host targets

Author

Wang, Haixia, primary, Trusch, Franziska, additional, Turnbull, Dionne, additional, Aguilera‐Galvez, Carolina, additional, Breen, Susan, additional, Naqvi, Shaista, additional, Jones, Jonathan D. G., additional, Hein, Ingo, additional, Tian, Zhendong, additional, Vleeshouwers, Vivianne, additional, Gilroy, Eleanor, additional, and Birch, Paul R. J., additional

Published
2021
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54. Additional file 1 of Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi04089 perturbs diverse defense-related genes to suppress host immunity

Author

Luo, Ming, Sun, Xinyuan, Qi, Yetong, Zhou, Jing, Wu, Xintong, and Tian, Zhendong

Subjects
fungi, food and beverages
Abstract

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Expression of Pi04089 in three potato (E3) transgenic lines. Fig. S2. Validating the expression of selected DEGs in three transgenic lines by qRT-PCR. Fig. S3. Expression level of eight gene responses to flg22 treatment in potato E3. Fig. S4. The Venn of DEGs induced by flg22 in Pi04089 transgenic and control E3 plant. Fig. S5. Nine defense-related genes were specifically upregulated in flg22-treated E3 plants but not in the Pi04089 transgenic lines. Fig. S6. Alternative splicing events occur in Pi04089 transgenic plants.

Published
2021
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55. Evolutionarily distinct resistance proteins detect a pathogen effector through its association with different host targets

Author

Wang, Haixia, Trusch, Franziska, Turnbull, Dionne, Aguilera-Galvez, Carolina, Breen, Susan, Naqvi, Shaista, Jones, Jonathan D.G., Hein, Ingo, Tian, Zhendong, Vleeshouwers, Vivianne, Gilroy, Eleanor, Birch, Paul R.J., Wang, Haixia, Trusch, Franziska, Turnbull, Dionne, Aguilera-Galvez, Carolina, Breen, Susan, Naqvi, Shaista, Jones, Jonathan D.G., Hein, Ingo, Tian, Zhendong, Vleeshouwers, Vivianne, Gilroy, Eleanor, and Birch, Paul R.J.

Abstract

Knowledge of the evolutionary processes which govern pathogen recognition is critical to understanding durable disease resistance. We determined how Phytophthora infestans effector PiAVR2 is recognised by evolutionarily distinct resistance proteins R2 and Rpi-mcq1. We employed yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, virus-induced gene silencing, transient overexpression, and phosphatase activity assays to investigate the contributions of BSL phosphatases to R2- and Rpi-mcq1-mediated hypersensitive response (R2 HR and Rpi-mcq1 HR, respectively). Silencing PiAVR2 target BSL1 compromises R2 HR. Rpi-mcq1 HR is compromised only when BSL2 and BSL3 are silenced. BSL1 overexpression increases R2 HR and compromises Rpi-mcq1. However, overexpression of BSL2 or BSL3 enhances Rpi-mcq1 and compromises R2 HR. Okadaic acid, which inhibits BSL phosphatase activity, suppresses both recognition events. Moreover, expression of a BSL1 phosphatase-dead (PD) mutant suppresses R2 HR, whereas BSL2-PD and BSL3-PD mutants suppress Rpi-mcq1 HR. R2 interacts with BSL1 in the presence of PiAVR2, but not with BSL2 and BSL3, whereas no interactions were detected between Rpi-mcq1 and BSLs. Thus, BSL1 activity and association with R2 determine recognition of PiAVR2 by R2, whereas BSL2 and BSL3 mediate Rpi-mcq1 perception of PiAVR2. R2 and Rpi-mcq1 utilise distinct mechanisms to detect PiAVR2 based on association with different BSLs, highlighting central roles of these effector targets for both disease and disease resistance.

Published
2021

60. Accumulation of dually targeted StGPT1 in chloroplasts mediated by StRFP1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, enhances plant immunity

Author

Wu, Xintong, Zhou, Xiaoshuang, Lin, Tianyu, Zhang, Zhe, Wu, Xinya, Zhang, Yonglin, Liu, Yanli, and Tian, Zhendong

Abstract

Chloroplasts play a crucial role in essential processes, such as photosynthesis and the synthesis of primary and diverse secondary metabolites. Recent studies have also highlighted their significance linked to phytohormone production in plant immunity, especially SA and JA. Ubiquitination, a key posttranslational modification, usually leads to target protein degradation, which acts as a signal for remodeling the proteome via the induction of protein endocytosis or targeting to other membrane associated systems. Previously, the potato E3 ligase StRFP1 was shown to enhance resistance against Phytophthora infestans, but its mechanism remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that StRFP1 interacted with the dually localized plastid glucose 6-phosphate transporter StGPT1 on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Transiently expressed StGPT1-GFP located on the chloroplast and ER in plant cells. Overexpression of StGPT1enhances late blight resistance in potato and Nicotiana benthamiana, activates immune responses, including ROS bursts and up-regulation of PTI marker genes. The resistance function of StGPT1 seems to be related to its dual localization. Remarkably, StRFP1 ubiquitinates StGPT1 at the ER, possibly due to its merely transient function in peroxisomes, leading to apparent accumulation in chloroplasts. Our findings point to a novel mechanism by which a plant E3 ligase contributes to immunity via interacting with dually targeted GPT1 at the ER of plant cells.

Published
2024
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62. Quantitative trait loci‐based genomics‐assisted prediction for the degree of apple fruit cover color

Author

Zheng, Wenyan, primary, Shen, Fei, additional, Wang, Wuqian, additional, Wu, Bei, additional, Wang, Xuan, additional, Xiao, Chen, additional, Tian, Zhendong, additional, Yang, Xianglong, additional, Yang, Jing, additional, Wang, Yi, additional, Wu, Ting, additional, Xu, Xuefeng, additional, Han, Zhenhai, additional, and Zhang, Xinzhong, additional

Published
2020
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64. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effectors act in concert at diverse subcellular locations to enhance host colonization

Author

Wang, Shumei, McLellan, Hazel, Bukharova, Tatyana, He, Qin, Murphy, Fraser, Shi, Jiayang, Sun, Shaohui, van Weymers, Pauline, Ren, Yajuan, Thilliez, Gaetan, Wang, Haixia, Chen, Xinwei, Engelhardt, Stefan, Vleeshouwers, Vivianne, Gilroy, Eleanor M., Whisson, Stephen C., Hein, Ingo, Wang, Xiaodan, Tian, Zhendong, Birch, Paul R.J., Boevink, Petra C., Wang, Shumei, McLellan, Hazel, Bukharova, Tatyana, He, Qin, Murphy, Fraser, Shi, Jiayang, Sun, Shaohui, van Weymers, Pauline, Ren, Yajuan, Thilliez, Gaetan, Wang, Haixia, Chen, Xinwei, Engelhardt, Stefan, Vleeshouwers, Vivianne, Gilroy, Eleanor M., Whisson, Stephen C., Hein, Ingo, Wang, Xiaodan, Tian, Zhendong, Birch, Paul R.J., and Boevink, Petra C.

Abstract

Oomycetes such as the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans deliver RXLR effectors into plant cells to manipulate host processes and promote disease. Knowledge of where they localize inside host cells is important in understanding their function. Fifty-two P. infestans RXLR effectors (PiRXLRs) up-regulated during early stages of infection were expressed as fluorescent protein (FP) fusions inside cells of the model host Nicotiana benthamiana. FP-PiRXLR fusions were predominantly nucleo-cytoplasmic, nuclear, or plasma membrane-associated. Some also localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, or microtubules, suggesting diverse sites of subcellular activity. Seven of the 25 PiRXLRs examined during infection accumulated at sites of haustorium penetration, probably due to co-localization with host target processes; Pi16663 (Avr1), for example, localized to Sec5-associated mobile bodies which showed perihaustorial accumulation. Forty-five FP-RXLR fusions enhanced pathogen leaf colonization when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, revealing that their presence was beneficial to infection. Co-expression of PiRXLRs that target and suppress different immune pathways resulted in an additive enhancement of colonization, indicating the potential to study effector combinations using transient expression assays. We provide a broad platform of high confidence P. infestans effector candidates from which to investigate the mechanisms, singly and in combination, by which this pathogen causes disease.

Published
2019

65. Chloroplast protein StFC-II was manipulated by a Phytophthoraeffector to enhance host susceptibility

Author

Xu, Meng, Sun, Xinyuan, Wu, Xinya, Qi, Yetong, Li, Hongjun, Nie, Jiahui, Yang, Zhu, and Tian, Zhendong

Abstract

Oomycete secretes a range of RxLR effectors into host cells to manipulate plant immunity by targeting proteins from several organelles. In this study, we report that chloroplast protein StFC-II is hijacked by a pathogen effector to enhance susceptibility. Phytophthora infestansRxLR effector Pi22922is activated during the early stages of P. infestanscolonization. Stable overexpression of Pi22922in plants suppresses flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and enhances leaf colonization by P. infestans. A potato ferrochelatase 2 (FC-II, a nuclear-encoded chloroplast-targeted protein), a key enzyme for heme biosynthesis in chloroplast, was identified as a target of Pi22922 in the cytoplasm. The pathogenicity of Pi22922 in plants is partially dependent on FC-II. Overexpression of StFC-IIdecreases resistance of potato and Nicotiana benthamianaagainst P. infestans, and silencing of NbFC-IIin N. benthamianareduces P. infestanscolonization.Overexpression of StFC-IIincreases heme content and reduces chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency in potato leaves. Moreover, ROS accumulation both in chloroplast and cytoplasm is attenuated and defense-related genes are down-regulated in StFC-IIoverexpression transgenic potato and N. benthamianaleaves. Pi22922 inhibits E3 ubiquitin ligase StCHIP-mediated StFC-II degradation in the cytoplasm and promotes its accumulation in chloroplasts. In summary, this study characterizes a new mechanism that an oomycete RxLR effector suppresses host defenses by promoting StFC-II accumulation in chloroplasts, thereby compromising the host immunity and promoting susceptibility.

Published
2024
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66. StPOPA, encoding an anionic peroxidase in Solanum tuberosum, enhances resistance against Phytophthora infestans

Author

Wang Hongyang, Yang Yu, Jiang Rui, Xie Conghua, and Tian Zhendong

Subjects
biology, Jasmonic acid, Callose, fungi, food and beverages, Plant disease resistance, biology.organism_classification, Solanum tuberosum, Microbiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Phytophthora infestans, biology.protein, Blight, Gene, Peroxidase
Abstract

Potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is one of the major threats affecting the quality and output of potato all over the world. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) acted as a signal molecule to transmit signals in plants at the early stage of disease infection, and it could induce disease resistance of the plant, including potato late blight. Anionic peroxidases in many plants were reported to be involved in defense to disease. However, limited information about anionic peroxidase genes is available for the potato. Here, we reported that the expression of the StPOPA, a gene encoding a suberization-associated anionic peroxidase, was associated with resistance in potato against P. infestans. The StPOPA gene was induced by P. infestans infection, mechanical damage, jasmonic acid and ethylene treatment. Overexpression of the StPOPA gene in potato enhanced the resistance against P. infestans via promoting the accumulation of callose in the cell wall and ROS in the cytoplasm, which restricted the infection and spreading of the disease possibly by purposeful programmed cell death. Taken together, our results suggested that the StPOPA gene contributed to potato immunity against P. infestans and this gene could be used for the genetic improvement of resistance against potato late blight.

Published
2018
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67. The Potato MAP3K StVIK Is Required for the Phytophthora infestans RXLR Effector Pi17316 to Promote Disease1[OPEN]

Author

Murphy, Fraser, He, Qin, Armstrong, Miles, Giuliani, Licida M., Boevink, Petra C., Zhang, Wei, Tian, Zhendong, Birch, Paul R. J., and Gilroy, Eleanor M.

Subjects
Cell Death, Virulence, Phytophthora infestans, Virulence Factors, fungi, Cell Membrane, Green Fluorescent Proteins, food and beverages, Articles, Tobacco, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Plant Diseases, Plant Proteins, Protein Binding, Solanum tuberosum
Abstract

Plant pathogens deliver effectors to manipulate processes in their hosts, creating a suitable environment for invasion and proliferation. Yet, little is known about the host proteins that are targeted by effectors from filamentous pathogens. Here, we show that stable transgenic expression in potato (

Published
2018

70. Potato late blight field resistance from QTL dPI09c is conferred by the NB-LRR gene R8

Author

Jiang, Rui, Li, Jingcai, Tian, Zhendong, Du, Juan, Armstrong, Miles, Baker, Katie, Tze-Yin Lim, Joanne, Vossen, Jack H., He, Huan, Portal, Leticia, Zhou, Jun, Bonierbale, Merideth, Hein, Ingo, Lindqvist-Kreuze, Hannele, Xie, Conghua, Jiang, Rui, Li, Jingcai, Tian, Zhendong, Du, Juan, Armstrong, Miles, Baker, Katie, Tze-Yin Lim, Joanne, Vossen, Jack H., He, Huan, Portal, Leticia, Zhou, Jun, Bonierbale, Merideth, Hein, Ingo, Lindqvist-Kreuze, Hannele, and Xie, Conghua

Abstract

Following the often short-lived protection that major nucleotide binding, leucine-rich-repeat (NB-LRR) resistance genes offer against the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans, field resistance was thought to provide a more durable alternative to prevent late blight disease. We previously identified the QTL dPI09c on potato chromosome 9 as a more durable field resistance source against late blight. Here, the resistance QTL was fine-mapped to a 186 kb region. The interval corresponds to a larger, 389 kb, genomic region in the potato reference genome of Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja doubled monoploid clone DM1-3 (DM) and from which functional NB-LRRs R8, R9a, Rpi-moc1, and Rpi-vnt1 have arisen independently in wild species. dRenSeq analysis of parental clones alongside resistant and susceptible bulks of the segregating population B3C1HP showed full sequence representation of R8. This was independently validated using long-range PCR and screening of a bespoke bacterial artificial chromosome library. The latter enabled a comparative analysis of the sequence variation in this locus in diverse Solanaceae. We reveal for the first time that broad spectrum and durable field resistance against P. infestans is conferred by the NB-LRR gene R8, which is thought to provide narrow spectrum race-specific resistance.

Published
2018

72. Phytophthora infestansRXLR effectors act in concert at diverse subcellular locations to enhance host colonization

Author

Wang, Shumei, primary, McLellan, Hazel, additional, Bukharova, Tatyana, additional, He, Qin, additional, Murphy, Fraser, additional, Shi, Jiayang, additional, Sun, Shaohui, additional, van Weymers, Pauline, additional, Ren, Yajuan, additional, Thilliez, Gaetan, additional, Wang, Haixia, additional, Chen, Xinwei, additional, Engelhardt, Stefan, additional, Vleeshouwers, Vivianne, additional, Gilroy, Eleanor M, additional, Whisson, Stephen C, additional, Hein, Ingo, additional, Wang, Xiaodan, additional, Tian, Zhendong, additional, Birch, Paul R J, additional, and Boevink, Petra C, additional

Published
2018
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80. Potato late blight field resistance from QTL dPI09c is conferred by the NB-LRR gene R8

Author

Jiang, Rui, primary, Li, Jingcai, additional, Tian, Zhendong, additional, Du, Juan, additional, Armstrong, Miles, additional, Baker, Katie, additional, Tze-Yin Lim, Joanne, additional, Vossen, Jack H, additional, He, Huan, additional, Portal, Leticia, additional, Zhou, Jun, additional, Bonierbale, Merideth, additional, Hein, Ingo, additional, Lindqvist-Kreuze, Hannele, additional, and Xie, Conghua, additional

Published
2018
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81. Phytophthora infestans effector AVR3a is essential for virulence and manipulates plant immunity by stabilizing host E3 ligase CMPG1

Author

Ramesh R. Vetukuri, Glenn J. Bryan, Sophien Kamoun, Jorunn I. B. Bos, Tian Zhendong, Petra C. Boevink, Stefan Engelhardt, Rosalind M. Taylor, Eleanor M. Gilroy, Brian Harrower, Ari Sadanandom, Christina Dixelius, Paul R. J. Birch, Miles R. Armstrong, Stephen C. Whisson, and Ingo Hein

Subjects
Hypersensitive response, Multidisciplinary, Virulence, biology, Phytophthora infestans, Effector, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, QK, Algal Proteins, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutant, food and beverages, Protein degradation, biology.organism_classification, Corrections, Virology, Virulence factor, Ubiquitin ligase, Cell biology, Enzyme Stability, Host-Pathogen Interactions, biology.protein, Solanum tuberosum
Abstract

Fungal and oomycete plant pathogens translocate effector proteins into host cells to establish infection. However, virulence targets and modes of action of their effectors are unknown. Effector AVR3a from potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans is translocated into host cells and occurs in two forms: AVR3a KI , which is detected by potato resistance protein R3a, strongly suppresses infestin 1 (INF1)-triggered cell death (ICD), whereas AVR3a EM , which evades recognition by R3a, weakly suppresses host ICD. Here we show that AVR3a interacts with and stabilizes host U-box E3 ligase CMPG1, which is required for ICD. In contrast, AVR3a KI/Y147del , a mutant with a deleted C-terminal tyrosine residue that fails to suppress ICD, cannot interact with or stabilize CMPG1. CMPG1 is stabilized by the inhibitors MG132 and epoxomicin, indicating that it is degraded by the 26S proteasome. CMPG1 is degraded during ICD. However, it is stabilized by mutations in the U-box that prevent its E3 ligase activity. In stabilizing CMPG1, AVR3a thus modifies its normal activity. Remarkably, given the potential for hundreds of effector genes in the P. infestans genome, silencing Avr3a compromises P. infestans pathogenicity, suggesting that AVR3a is essential for virulence. Interestingly, Avr3a silencing can be complemented by in planta expression of Avr3a KI or Avr3a EM but not the Avr3a KI/Y147del mutant. Our data provide genetic evidence that AVR3a is an essential virulence factor that targets and stabilizes the plant E3 ligase CMPG1, potentially to prevent host cell death during the biotrophic phase of infection.

Published
2010
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84. BTB-BACK Domain Protein POB1 Suppresses Immune Cell Death by Targeting Ubiquitin E3 ligase PUB17 for Degradation

Author

Orosa, Beatriz, primary, He, Qin, additional, Mesmar, Joelle, additional, Gilroy, Eleanor M., additional, McLellan, Hazel, additional, Yang, Chengwei, additional, Craig, Adam, additional, Bailey, Mark, additional, Zhang, Cunjin, additional, Moore, Jonathan David, additional, Boevink, Petra C., additional, Tian, Zhendong, additional, Birch, Paul R. J., additional, and Sadanandom, Ari, additional

Published
2017
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88. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in different coloured cultivars of ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC).

Author

Zhu, Pengfang, Tian, Zhendong, Pan, Zhichao, and Feng, Xin

Subjects
ANTHOCYANINS, ORNAMENTAL kale, CULTIVARS, CHLOROPHYLL, PLANT breeding
Abstract

Anthocyanins are responsible for the colour of many fruits, vegetables, flowers, and coloured-leaved trees. Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) is widely cultivated for its colourful inner leaves. To investigate the relationship between the degree of colouration and anthocyanin distribution, content, and composition in ornamental kale, the authors studied the pigment characteristics of five cultivars with different coloured leaves (white, pink, red, purple, and purple-black). Microscopy observation, spectrophotometer, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis of fresh inner leaves revealed that pink, red, and purple colourations were associated with high levels of anthocyanin, while purple-black was the result of the combination of anthocyanins and chlorophyll. In the coloured cultivars, anthocyanins were abundant mainly in the first and second cell layers below the epidermis in both the hypocotyls and inner leaves. No anthocyanin was found in the white-leaved phenotype cultivar. Anthocyanin content increased as leaf colour deepened from pink, red, to purple cultivars, which had little chlorophyll and carotenoid. The authors identified eight anthocyanins in the four coloured cultivars, including one non-acylated, four monoacylated, and three diacylated cyanidin glycosides. Cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin in the four coloured cultivars followed by cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside. The analysis of anthocyanin accumulation characterisation provides important information on evaluating colouration patterns in coloured plants, and will be helpful for breeding desired leaf colours in ornamental kale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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90. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in different coloured cultivars of ornamental kale (Brassica oleraceaL. var. acephalaDC)

Author

Zhu, Pengfang, Tian, Zhendong, Pan, Zhichao, and Feng, Xin

Abstract

ABSTRACTAnthocyanins are responsible for the colour of many fruits, vegetables, flowers, and coloured-leaved trees. Ornamental kale (Brassica oleraceaL. var. acephalaDC) is widely cultivated for its colourful inner leaves. To investigate the relationship between the degree of colouration and anthocyanin distribution, content, and composition in ornamental kale, the authors studied the pigment characteristics of five cultivars with different coloured leaves (white, pink, red, purple, and purple-black). Microscopy observation, spectrophotometer, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis of fresh inner leaves revealed that pink, red, and purple colourations were associated with high levels of anthocyanin, while purple-black was the result of the combination of anthocyanins and chlorophyll. In the coloured cultivars, anthocyanins were abundant mainly in the first and second cell layers below the epidermis in both the hypocotyls and inner leaves. No anthocyanin was found in the white-leaved phenotype cultivar. Anthocyanin content increased as leaf colour deepened from pink, red, to purple cultivars, which had little chlorophyll and carotenoid. The authors identified eight anthocyanins in the four coloured cultivars, including one non-acylated, four monoacylated, and three diacylated cyanidin glycosides. Cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin in the four coloured cultivars followed by cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside. The analysis of anthocyanin accumulation characterisation provides important information on evaluating colouration patterns in coloured plants, and will be helpful for breeding desired leaf colours in ornamental kale.

Published
2018
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99. Phytophthora infestans effector AVR3a is essential for virulence and manipulates plant immunity by stabilizing host E3 ligase CMPG1.

Author

Bos, Jorunn I. B., Armstrong, Miles R., Gilroy, Eleanor M., Boevink, Petra C., Hein, Ingo, Taylor, Rosalind M., Tian Zhendong, Engelhardt, Stefan, Vetukuri, Ramesh R., Harrower, Brian, Dixelius, Christina, Bryan, Glenn, Sadanandome, Ari, Whisson, Stephen C., Kamoun, Sophien, and Birch, Paul R. J.

Subjects
PHYTOPHTHORA infestans, DISEASE resistance of plants, HOSTS (Biology), MICROBIAL virulence, TYROSINE, GENETICS
Abstract

Fungal and oomycete plant pathogens translocate effector proteins into host cells to establish infection. However, virulence targets and modes of action of their effectors are unknown. Effector AVR3a from potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans is translocated into host cells and occurs in two forms: AVR3aKI, which is detected by potato resistance protein R3a. strongly suppresses infestin 1 (INF1)-triggered cell death (lCD), whereas AVR3aEM, which evades recognition by R3a. weakly suppresses host lCD. Here we show that AVR3a interacts with and stabilizes host U-box E3 ligase CMPG1, which is required for lCD. In contrast, AVR3aKI/Y147del, a mutant with a deleted C-terminal tyrosine residue that fails to suppress lCD, cannot interact with or stabilize CMPG1. CMPG1 is stabilized by the inhibitors MG13Z and epoxomicin, indicating that it is degraded by the 26S proteasome. CMPG1 is degraded during lCD. However, it is stabilized by mutations in the U-box that prevent its E3 ligase activity. In stabilizing CMPG1, AVR3a thus modifies its normal activity. Remarkably, given the potential for hundreds of effector genes in the P. infestans genome, silencing Avr3a compromises P. infestans pathogenicity, suggesting that AVR3a is essential for virulence. Interestingly, Avr3a silencing can be complemented by in planta expression of Avr3aKI or Avr3aEM but not the Avr3aKI/Y147del mutant. Our data provide genetic evidence that AVR3a is an essential virulence factor that targets and stabilizes the plant E3 ligase CMPG1, potentially to prevent host cell death during the biotrophic phase of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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100. Potato NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) member StNRL-9 interacts with Stphots and negatively regulates late blight resistance.

Author

Lin T, Qiu H, Cheng D, Sun Q, Liu L, and Tian Z

Subjects
Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism, Plants, Genetically Modified, Light, Solanum tuberosum genetics, Solanum tuberosum microbiology, Solanum tuberosum metabolism, Solanum tuberosum immunology, Phytophthora infestans physiology, Phytophthora infestans pathogenicity, Plant Diseases microbiology, Plant Diseases immunology, Plant Diseases genetics, Plant Proteins metabolism, Plant Proteins genetics, Disease Resistance genetics, Nicotiana genetics, Nicotiana microbiology, Nicotiana immunology, Nicotiana metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Abstract

Blue light enhances the susceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana to Phytophthora infestans, a causative agent of late blight disease. Investigating how blue light affects potato late blight resistance is an interesting aspect of exploring new ways to control late blight disease. Blue light photoreceptor phototropins (phot1, phot2) and their downstream interact protein StNRL1 have been shown to negatively regulate late blight resistance. In order to investigate whether other potato NPH3/RPT2-Like (NRL) family members are involved in regulating late blight resistance, this study focused on the potato NRL proteins containing RxSxS motif at the C-terminus. Another potato NRL protein StNRL-9, containing RxSxS motifs, was found to negatively regulate P. infestans resistance in potato and N. benthamiana. Overexpression of StNRL-9 in potato and N. benthamiana suppresses the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of the PTI marker genes NbWRKY7 and NbWRKY8. Similar to StNRL1, StNRL-9 interacts with the blue light receptors Stphot1 and Stphot2 on the cell membrane and could promote the degradation of a positive immune regulator StSWAP70. However StNRL-9 does not inhibit INF1-mediated cell death (ICD), which is different from the StNRL1 that inhibits ICD, indicating that both StNRL1 and StNRL-9 inhibit plant immunity in diverse ways. This study provides valuable information for further exploration of how plant phototropins and NRL family proteins regulate plant immunity., (© 2024 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)

Published
2024
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