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Osmanlı Devleti’nde zimmî statüsündeki gayrimüslimlerin evlenme, boşanma, nafaka, miras gibi ahval-i şahsiye adı verilen davalarını kendi hukuklarına göre cemaat mahkemelerinde çözme imkânı vardı. Buna karşılık bahsedilen davaları için kadı mahkemesine başvuru hakları da bulunmaktaydı. Osmanlı Devleti’nde zimmiler daha çok evlilik, boşanma, mihr, nafaka, çocuk velayeti, miras gibi toplumsal konularda kadı mahkemesine başvurmuştur. Osmanlı tarihinde kadı mahkemesinde görülen davaların kayıtlarını ihtiva eden ve toplumsal hayat, ekonomi, hukuk ve benzeri konularda ana kaynak mahiyetindeki kadı sicillerinin önemi herkesin malumudur. Bu çalışmada ana kaynak olarak kullanılan Trabzon mahkemesine ait şer‘iyye sicil defterleri günümüze seri hâlde ulaşmıştır. Şer‘iyye sicillerine göre evlenme, boşanma, miras, kefalet, nafaka, alım-satım, alacak-verecek gibi pek çok konuda zimmi kadın ve erkeğin kadı mahkemesine başvurduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu makalede Müslüman ve gayrimüslim nüfusun bir arada yaşadığı Trabzon’da zimmilerin kadı mahkemesini kullanma pratiği ele alınmıştır. Zimmilerin özel hukuk alanına giren davaları için kendi hukuk normlarına göre cemaat mahkemelerine başvurmak yerine kadı mahkemesini kullanma nedenleri izah edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nde zimmiler “ahval-i şahsiye” olarak ifade edilen konularda, kendi cemaat mahkemesine başvurma hakkı vardı. Buna karşılık zimmilerin, İslâm hukukuna tabi olarak evlenme, boşanma, borç ilişkisine girme, taşınır ve taşınmaz mal edinme, mirasçı olma gibi hakları da bulunmaktaydı. İslam hukuku zimmi tebaaya bazı konularda kendi dinî hukuklarının uygulanması olanağını sağlarken, onların kadı mahkemelerine başvurabilmeleri yolunu da açık tutmuştur. Zimmiler daha çok evlilik, boşanma, çocuk velayeti, miras gibi toplumsal konularda kadı mahkemesine başvurmuştur. Bu çalışmada Trabzon’un XVIII. yüzyılın ilk yarısındaki şer’iyye sicilleri kullanılarak özel hukuk alanına giren konularda gayrimüslimlerin kadı mahkemesine yaptıkları başvurular incelenmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nde kişiler hukuki meselelerini çözmek üzere doğrudan kendileri mahkemeye başvurabildiği gibi kimi zaman mahkemede vekilleri aracılığıyla da temsil edilme hakkına sahip idi. Farklı nedenlerle mahkemeye gelmeyen veya gelemeyenler başvurularını vekiller aracılığı ile yapıyordu. Mahkemede vekil aracılığıyla temsil edilme konusunda herhangi bir sınırlama yoktu. Osmanlı Devleti’nde klasik dönemde Müslümanların evlenme sözleşmelerini kadı huzurunda ya da kadı izni ile bir din görevlisi tarafından gerçekleştirilmesi uygulaması vardı. Zimmiler için resmi olarak atanan gayrimüslim din adamlarına evlilik işlemlerini gerçekleştirme yetkisi tanınmıştır. Ancak tanınan bu ayrıcalığa rağmen zimmiler nikâh işlemlerini bazen kadı mahkemesinde gerçekleştirmekteydi. Evlilikten ziyade boşanma hususunda zimmilerin kadı mahkemesini kullanma nedenleri nelerdir? Bu soruya zamana ve mekâna göre farklı cevaplar verilebilir. En başta şunu söylemek gerekir ki kadı mahkemesinde anlaşmalı boşanmak çok kolaydı. Hristiyanlıkta evliliğe kutsallık atfedilmesi boşanmayı zorlaştırmaktaydı. Hristiyan hukuk normlarının boşanma hususundaki katı ve tutucu tavrı zimmileri kadı mahkemesine yöneltmiş olmalıdır. Zimmiler kendi aralarındaki sözleşmelerde İslam hukuku kurallarına tabi değillerdir. Ancak bu tip sözleşmelerden kaynaklanan anlaşmazlıkları kadı mahkemesine getirme hakları vardır. Mülk satışı ya da gayrimenkul kiralama işlemlerinde zimmiler, kadı mahkemesini sık sık kullanmışlardır. Zimmiler özel hukuk alanı olmasına rağmen miras paylaşımı için kadı mahkemesini zaman zaman kullanmışlardır. Zimmilerin miras davalarında kadı mahkemesini tercih etmeleri İslam miras hukukunun kendileri için daha avantajlı (özellikle kadınlar için) olmasından dolayıdır. Nafaka konusunda da zimmiler kadı mahkemesini kullanmışlardır. Babası ölen çocukların nafaka ihtiyaçları için babalarından kalan mirastan ödenmek şartıyla nafaka takdiri mahkemede yapılmaktaydı. Zimmilerin mahkemeyi kullanma nedenlerinden birisi de vakıf konuları ile ilgilidir. Gayrimüslimlerin kadı mahkemesini kullanma sebeplerinden birisi de ihtidadır. Yeni din olarak İslâmı seçenler kadı mahkemesine başvurarak bu durumu tescil ettiriyorlardı. Bu konuda belgelere yansıyan pek çok kayıt yer almaktadır.

Trabzon province attracts foreign tourists from Arab countries, and forest recreation areas are used extensively. This study aimed to determine the consumer profile, recreational use of forest resources, user and recreational demand characteristics for recreational areas, and consumer preferences and expectations of Arab tourists coming to Trabzon. In the study, a face-to-face survey was conducted with the random sampling method for 400 Arab tourists using 10 forest recreation areas in Trabzon. In the survey, questions such as visitor characteristics of foreign tourists, use of forest resources, recreational suitability, deficiencies, and reasons for site preference were included. The obtained data were evaluated with descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and the Duncan test. According to the analyzes and evaluations, it was found that approximately 83% of Arab tourists coming to Trabzon for forest recreation tourism came from Kuwait, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Iraq. The most common activities in forest recreation areas were determined as walking on forest roads, chilling, watching the scenery, taking fresh air, and taking pictures. The reasons considered very important for the preference of forest recreation areas by Arab tourists were determined natural and aesthetic values, the beauty of forests, and clean and cold water to drink, respectively. The most important variables affecting the utilization of forest recreation areas are inadequate facilities and services (4 points), environmental pollution (3.41 points), crowdedness (3.38 points), adverse weather conditions (3.34 points), noise pollution (3,12 points), security (2.86 points), transportation problem (2.59 points), and inadequate pandemic measures (1.35 points). In addition, the demand for forest recreation areas differs at 95% confidence level according to age, gender, education, family size, natural and aesthetic values, clean and cold water, the beauty of forests, tour program, friend recommendation, desire to be alone with nature, pandemic measures, lack of another place to go around the city, pollution situation, promotion and facility, and service adequacy. In the study, some suggestions were made for the sustainable management of forest recreation areas, increasing the quality of recreational services, tourist satisfaction, and tourism development for Arab tourists.

It is obvious today that a new era of communication and interaction has been started through social media networks. For this reason, corporate social media networks and their contents are one of the correct and effective promotional tools that can be used in destination promotion. Based on this situation, the main purpose of the study is to examine the use of social media networks by central and local governments in Trabzon destination, specifically for destination promotion. Within the framework of this purpose, the corporate Facebook, Instagram and Twitter social media accounts of Trabzon destination center and local governments are analyzed with the quantitative content analysis method. As a result of the study, it is determined that Trabzon destination center and local governments do not use social media networks effectively for destination promotion. Additionally, it is concluded that the majority of the promotion-oriented posts on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter accounts are made by the Trabzon Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canikli-zâde family had risen as a local overlord in Canik province. Canikli-zâdes were appointed to Trabzon Province as governor in an era when local feudal lords were revolting against the central authority and tyrannized over the people. Canikli-zâde's ruled over a wide territory as a dynasty for three generations. After Suleiman Pasha was appointed as governor of Trabzon in 1757, his brother Ali Pasha, entitled as vizier, was appointed as governor of Trabzon in 1773. While Ali Pasha was executing his duty as the head of the army in Crimea Province in 1778, he had rejected to follow the orders and defected to the Crimea under Russian control. In 1781, Ali Pasha have been forgiven and put in charge in Trabzon Province as governor and vizier again. His son, Battal Hussein Pasha, and his grandson Tayyar Mahmut Pasha, who were both appointed as Trabzon governor later, experienced similar occasions. Tayyar Mahmut Pasha replaced his father as governor of Trabzon and head of the army in Egypt. After he returned from Egypt, he was appointed to fight against the bandits in Dağlı, Rumelia. He successfully executed his mission and returned back to Trabzon. He was dismissed from his duties in April 1808, and went into exile in Varna. He was executed in August 1808 under Mahmut II's orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economy is a key element that dictates how people interact with one another - one of many kinds of relationships societies and those in them exercise in order to meet their basic needs. In economic relations, money drives mutual exchange and shopping transactions, and as an instrument of mutual debt. In this study, we will try to examine "murabaha," a kind of economic borrowing system widely used in Trabzon (Turkey) between 1680 and 1700. Using examples, we will explain how wealthy people and institutions alike managed, spent, as well as lent their capital to those in need, in exchange for a certain percentage of profit. We'll also look at key historical figures who drove the murabaha system, alongside how the system ultimately affected regional (armed) conflict. Source-wise, we've drawn from local court records from the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's aim is to reveal the satisfaction levels of individuals and factors affecting their housing acqusition in Kaşüstü and Yalıncak neighborhoods of Trabzon through a descrpitve method. The study area is selected among the residential areas that have been developed in the last 10 years. A literature survey on quality of life and satisfaction with housing and its environment is conducted and under four main headings indicators for evaluating user satisfaction were put forward. These indicators are demographic ones (age, education level, occupation, household size), housing environment and dwelling characteristics (previous and current house type, home ownership, duration of occupancy, number of rooms, etc.), location and accessibility of the housing area (location, transportation/road infrastructure, natural environment) and social indicators (identity, security, privacy, social relations, status, commodity). In Kaşüstü and Yalıncak neighborhoods, the data obtained at the household level were evaluated in the SPSS program and the effects of the indicators on user satisfaction were revealed. It has been revealed that occupants of the study area have similar profiles regarding age, income status and marital status, and physical and social indicators are determining factors in the satisfaction of individuals with their housing and residential environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starting point of this study is the problematic perspective of focusing only on the final product in spatial planning, while ignoring the planning process, and a lack of certain standards/criteria of the evaluation stage for the internal and external consistencies of spatial plans. Although it has recently attracted significant interest in the field, the methodological use of evaluation is not widespread in planning practice. Evaluation, which is considered to be a simple checking duty in the Turkish planning system (TPS), is not considered in the related literature and legislation. Focusing on the “evaluation stage” of spatial planning, this paper aims to demonstrate the contribution of the previously developed Guideline for Evaluation of Spatial Plans (GESP) in testing and ensuring the consistency of different scale and types of plans prior to their approval. The first phase of the study focuses on the concept of evaluation, reviews a series of related literature for the evaluation of plans, and discusses the evaluation stage in the TPS. In the second phase, the consistency of the selected case area plansafter addition of new resources that comply with the input of the previously developed evaluation framework GESPis examined. This guideline, which is an analytical method proposal, is applied over the selected cases, involving the upper-scale plans that cover Trabzon province and lower-scale plans for some settlements that were selected from within this province. Consistencies of all the plan components (plan sheets, plan report, plan notes, plan legend) of plans with different scales for the case area were tested in terms of the criteria of the developed guideline. Most of these plans were found to be inconsistent, both internally and externally. In the study, it was determined that the plans in fact contained many inconsistencies on their approval without being subjected to such evaluation. Although the study did not focus on the frequency of evaluation of spatial plans, the parties that will make those evaluations, and how to use their output, it provides basis for future studies. The “evaluation stage”, an important theoretical issue in the international literature, is exemplified for both how it would be handled and tested in practice. Identifying the needs, processes, and problems related to the evaluation stage, mainly for its ex-ante stage, will allow the TPS to intervene in the preparation of plans before their approval. This may have a positive impact on the production of final plans that are more comprehensive, and do not require continuous changes during the planning process. The introduced use of the guideline will contribute to the limited number of studies, concerning the evaluation stage of the spatial plans in Türkiye, besides guiding the related possible legal regulations regarding the TP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erdem is the property of Ataturk Kultur Merkezi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the moss flora of the Çaykara district of Trabzon was investigated in detail. As a result of the identification of bryophyte specimens collected from 14 different localities in May and July 2018, and October 2019 in the study area, 175 bryophyte taxa belonging to 51 families and 96 genera were identified. Of these taxa, 28 are liverwort (13 families and 17 genera), and 147 are mosses (38 families and 79 genera). Within the determined taxa, Cephaloziella rubella (Nees) Warnst is new to the A4 grid square, Philonotis rigida Brid. and Schistidium dupretii (Thér.) W.A.Weber are new record for Trabzon province. In addition, 172 bryophyte taxa determined from the study area are new records for the Çaykara district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starting point of this study is the problematic perspective of focusing only on the final product in spatial planning, while ignoring the planning process, and a lack of certain standards/criteria of the evaluation stage for the internal and external consistencies of spatial plans. Although it has recently attracted significant interest in the field, the methodological use of evaluation is not widespread in planning practice. Evaluation, which is considered to be a simple checking duty in the Turkish planning system (TPS), is not considered in the related literature and legislation. Focusing on the “evaluation stage” of spatial planning, this paper aims to demonstrate the contribution of the previously developed Guideline for Evaluation of Spatial Plans (GESP) in testing and ensuring the consistency of different scale and types of plans prior to their approval. The first phase of the study focuses on the concept of evaluation, reviews a series of related literature for the evaluation of plans, and discusses the evaluation stage in the TPS. In the second phase, the consistency of the selected case area plansafter addition of new resources that comply with the input of the previously developed evaluation framework GESPis examined. This guideline, which is an analytical method proposal, is applied over the selected cases, involving the upper-scale plans that cover Trabzon province and lower-scale plans for some settlements that were selected from within this province. Consistencies of all the plan components (plan sheets, plan report, plan notes, plan legend) of plans with different scales for the case area were tested in terms of the criteria of the developed guideline. Most of these plans were found to be inconsistent, both internally and externally. In the study, it was determined that the plans in fact contained many inconsistencies on their approval without being subjected to such evaluation. Although the study did not focus on the frequency of evaluation of spatial plans, the parties that will make those evaluations, and how to use their output, it provides basis for future studies. The “evaluation stage”, an important theoretical issue in the international literature, is exemplified for both how it would be handled and tested in practice. Identifying the needs, processes, and problems related to the evaluation stage, mainly for its ex-ante stage, will allow the TPS to intervene in the preparation of plans before their approval. This may have a positive impact on the production of final plans that are more comprehensive, and do not require continuous changes during the planning process. The introduced use of the guideline will contribute to the limited number of studies, concerning the evaluation stage of the spatial plans in Türkiye, besides guiding the related possible legal regulations regarding the TP.

Copyright of Croatian Journal of Education / Hrvatski Časopis za Odgoj i Obrazovanje is the property of Uciteljski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural is the property of Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Artuklu Human & Social Science Journal is the property of Artuklu Human & Social Science Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Near Architecture is the property of Journal of Near East Architecture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trabzon, which has hosted many civilizations in history, is one of the most important cities of the Eastern Black Sea Region. It was possibly a turning point for the architecture of the Eastern Black Sea Region when the Crusaders deviated from their original purpose and occupied Constantinople during the IV. Crusade which was organized to recapture the holy lands. From the establishment of the Trabzon Greek Empire in 1204 to its collapse in 1261, many monasteries and churches were built in the region. It is observed that additions were made within different periods in monastries and other structures of this period under the rule of Komnenos dynasty. The works of different masters in different time periods in the buildings allowed the local traditions of both Constantinople and the region to coexist. The focus of the study is the architecture and wall paintings of the Vazelon Monastery Prophet Elijah Chapel, located on the slopes of Zavulon Mountain, 45 km southwest of Trabzon, 14 km southwest of Maçka, 5 km west of Kiremitli District. During the research, architectural drawings of the building were made, its current state was documented with photographs and the building was evaluated comparatively with similar examples in the region. Wall paintings as one of the main subjects of the study were also drawn, their current status was documented with photographs, their iconography was discussed, their stylistic features were discussed and compared with their similar features both inside and outside the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, airborne pollen grains of Trabzon were investigated using a volumetric trap VPSS 2000 (Lanzoni) from 01st January 2016 to 31st December 2016. During one-year study period, a total of 29150 polen m-3 belonging to 45 taxa were recorded. From identified taxa, 24 belong to arboreal (69.78%) and 21 taxa to non-arboreal (30.00%) and unidentified pollen grains (0.23%). In the investigated area, from arboreal plant taxa Alnus sp. (23.06%), Cupressaceae-Taxaceae (19.29%), Pinaceae (11.59%), Betula sp. (5.91%), Platanus sp. (3.38%), Quercus sp. (1.67%), Ulmus sp. (1.16%), Fraxinus sp. (1.05%) and from non-arboreal plant taxa Poaceae (13.56%), Urticaceae (7.10%), Boraginaceae (2.12%), Rumex sp. (1.92%), Mercurialis sp. (1.36%), and Artemisia sp. (1.25%) were responsible for the greatest amounts of pollen grains during the study period. The maximum pollen concentration of investigated area is recorded in February (38.39%), March (11.88%) and April (15.67%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies / Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi (CTAD) is the property of Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) and prediabetes, and to evaluate the associated risk factors in a sample of adult Turkish population.Methods: A total of 4000 eligible study subjects, aged 20 years or older, chosen by multistage sampling on a field were considered. Of those 3721 subjects (2139 women and 1582 men) participated in the study.Results: The prevalence of prediabetes and DM were found to be as 6.4% and 10.4% (3.6% being newly diagnosed by this study), respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, advanced age (OR:26.7, p < 0.0005 in the group 70 years and over), marriage (OR:2.05, p = 0.047), housewives (OR:1.34, p = 0.003), family history of diabetes (OR:2.84, p < 0.0005), overweight (OR:1.61, p = 0.026), obesity (OR:2.25, p < 0.0005), hypertension (OR:1.42, p = 0.007) and dyslipidemia (OR:1.38, p = 0.028) were independent risk factors for being diabetic.Conclusions: DM is an important health problem in the adult population of Trabzon city. Newly diagnosed diabetic patients who were unaware of their status are at high risk. To control DM and associated risk factors, effective public health education and taking urgent steps are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geomatik is the property of Murat Yakar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Trabzon Archaeological Survey Project was initiated in 2018 with the aim of researching the pre-Classical Period in the Southeastern Black Sea region. This is a period which had not received much attention previously from researchers. In the first two years of the field researches, some archaeological sites (Kalecik/Mile Castle, Konakdüzü area, ruins in the Horhor and Sumaha hills) within the boundaries of the Maçka district have been discovered, and they were attributed to an early period. These archaeological sites and some of the material remains obtained here are thought to belong to the local peoples of the region mentioned in ancient Greek and Roman texts. The survey project reveals some significant results in compare of descriptions about the local peoples in ancient texts and archaeological evidence of the contemporary neighboring cultures. Thus, it can be said that for the first time, archaeological evidence about the ancient peoples in the region has been obtained.

Great threats to the continuity of life on Earth are present these days. The migration of millions of people due to the climate change-induced disasters, droughts, hunger, and wars that have deepened the deterioration of natural and agricultural ecosystems is the inevitable result of human pressures on nature. The changes resulting from urban development have been reflected in urban spaces through regional- and/or local-scale spatial plans. The rapid growth of urban populations has increased the needs for food, drinking water, shelter, transportation, health, and recreation services, and these have caused stress on natural and cultural resources. This study focuses on the pressures from changing and diversifying land-use decisions regarding agricultural lands as a result of the demands of the growing urban population and aims to examine the spatial planning decisions made on a medium-scale settlement in Türkiye in order to reveal the interventions in agricultural areas these plans caused. The study examines the 1/5000 scale Revised Land-Use Plan (2013) and the 1/1000 scale Revised Implementation Plan for Çukurçayır Settlement (2013) in Trabzon Province. The findings reveal indirect interventions on agricultural lands in terms of transportation-public facility relationships, population-public facility relationships, and building density decisions as well as direct interventions on these lands by changing their category of agricultural quality in these plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Global Tourism Research / Uluslararası Global turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of International Journal of Global Tourism Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bryophytes are terrestrial plants and they contain many important medical aspects. In this study, six different bryophytes (Polytrichastrum formosum, Plagiomnium cuspidatum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Sphagnum palustre, Rhizomnium punctatum and Pellia epiphylla) were collected from Trabzon, Türkiye. The effect of the extract of these bryophytes on some human pathogenic microorganisms especially causing skin diseases (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans) was investigated. The highest antimicrobial activity was obtained by P. formosum extract against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and S. epidermidis. P. epiphylla was also effective towards S. aureus, B. cereus, and S. epidermidis. No activity was obtained for C. albicans. MIC values of P. formosum, P. cuspidatum, R. punctatum, and P. epiphylla plant extracts were determined by using S. aureus, B. cereus, and S. epidermidis microorganisms. Because the plant with the lowest MIC values was P. epiphylla, soap and cream formulations were prepared using the extract of this plant. Antimicrobial properties of suspended soap/cream samples were determined against B. cereus, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis microorganisms. It was observed that both soap and cream samples containing plant extract inhibited bacterial growth more than control samples of soap and cream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Ottoman Empire, non-Muslims with the status of d̲h̲immī had the opportunity to solve their cases named civil status such as marriage, divorce, alimony, and inheritance in the community courts according to their own laws. On the other hand, they also had the right to apply to the ḳāḍī court for the aforementioned cases. In the Ottoman Empire, d̲h̲immīs applied to the ḳāḍī court mostly on social issues such as marriage, divorce, dowry, alimony, child custody, and inheritance. In Ottoman history, the significance of the ḳāḍī registers, which contain the records of the cases held at the ḳāḍī court and which is the main source on social life, economy, law and similar issues, is known to everyone. The shari'a registers belonging to the Trabzon court, which were used as the main source in this study, have reached the present day in series. According to the s̲h̲arīʿa records, it is understood that d̲h̲immī men and women applied to the ḳāḍī court for many matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, bailment, alimony, purchase-sale, and receivables-payables. In this article, the practice of using the ḳāḍī court by d̲h̲immīs in Trabzon, where Muslim and non-Muslim populations live together, is discussed. An attempt was made to clarify the reasons why d̲h̲immīs use the ḳāḍī courts instead of applying to the community courts accordaning to their own legal norms for their cases that fall within the field of private law. In the Ottoman Empire, d̲h̲immīs had the right to apply to their own community court on issues that fell in scope of ahval-i şahsiye (civil status). Furthermore, d̲h̲immīs had the right to marry, divorce, enter into debt relationship, acquire movable and immovable property and become heirs within the scope of Islamic law. While Islamic law enabled d̲h̲immīs to be subjected to their own religious law rules in some matters, it also allowed them to apply to the ḳāḍī courts. D̲h̲immīs applied to the ḳāḍī court mostly on social issues such as marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance. In this study, the applications by d̲h̲immīs to the ḳāḍī courts in subjects that fall under the private law were examined by using the s̲h̲arīʿa records of Trabzon in the first half of the XVIII. century. In the Ottoman Empire, individuals could apply to the court directly to resolve their legal issues, and sometimes they had the right to be represented in the court through their representatives. Those who did not or could not come to the court for different reasons made their applications through the attorneys. There was no limit on representation by an attorney in court. In the classical period of the Ottoman Empire, there was a practice of Muslims performing marriage contracts in the presence of a ḳāḍī or by a religious official with the permission of the ḳāḍī. Non-Muslim clerics, who were officially appointed for d̲h̲immīs, had been given the power to carry out marriage procedures. However, despite this privilege, the d̲h̲immīs sometimes performed their marriage in a ḳāḍī court. What are the reasons for the d̲h̲immīs to use the ḳāḍī court for divorce rather than marriage? This question can be answered differently according to time and place. It should be said in the first place that it was very easy to divorce by agreement in the kadi court. The attribution of sanctity to marriage in Christianity made divorce difficult. The strict and conservative attitude of the Christian legal norms regarding divorce should have directed the d̲h̲immīs to the ḳāḍī court. The d̲h̲immīs are not subject to the rules of Islamic law in their contracts. However, they have the right to bring disagreement arising from such contracts to the ḳāḍī court. The d̲h̲immīs often used the ḳāḍī court for property sales or leasing of real estate. Although it is a private law area, the d̲h̲immīs used the ḳāḍī court from time to time for inheritance sharing. The d̲h̲immīs preferred the ḳāḍī court in inheritance cases because Islamic inheritance law was more advantageous for them (especially for women). The d̲h̲immīs also used the ḳāḍī court for alimony. Alimony valuation was made in court on the condition that alimony needs of the children with decedent father were paid from their father's inheritance. One of the reasons why d̲h̲immīs use the court is related to the foundation issues. One of the reasons for non-Muslims to use the ḳāḍī court is conversion. Those who chose Islam as the new religion registered this stuation by applying to the ḳāḍī court. There are many records on this subject that are reflected in the documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) can successfully image the buried archaeological findings depending on changes in the electromagnetic features of the researched materials. The GPR survey in the Akçakale (Kordyle) castle built in the 13th century was presented in this study. The castle is located at Akçakale district of Trabzon province on the Eastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. The key focus of this research is to investigate whether there are archaeological findings in the inner area of the castle with GPR. For this purpose, GPR data were collected by using 250 and 500 MHz antennas at 95 transects within grid lengths ranging 30-50m in the study area. Anomalies considered to be important by evaluating the filtered data were marked on a sketch where the measurement lines are located. On this sketch, the overlapping areas of the anomalies obtained from the data in different directions on the measurement lines were shown by ellipses with red-cut as priority possible anomaly areas. Possible archaeological structures were been successfully determined from 2D and 3D images obtained GPR data in the study area. As a result, it has been suggested that archaeological excavations which will be planned in the study area should be conducted by considering these areas. After the excavations, archaeological findings which are compatible with anomalies were found in the studied area. Thus, it was seen that successful results were obtained with the GPR method in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Destination is one of the most important elements of tourism. The fact that quality, price and diversity of the goods and services produced and offered by a destination are at a high level indicates the competitiveness and position of this destination in comparison with other destinations. Comparative advantage of a region is one of the main reasons for visitors to a destination. Destination superiority consists of elements such as the natural resources of the destination, cultural resources, infrastructure and superstructure. The development of a destination depends on the coordination of tourism stakeholders. A destination can increase tourist satisfaction by providing its supply resources to tourists at a qualified level, and thus the number of tourists increases. This study aims to create an information system for destination management by referring to the comparison method. The destination comparison provides concrete information, and therefore it can also provide clear information for the planning of cities. In relation to this, this study provides a comparison of the provinces of Gümüşhane and Trabzon. The data obtained with secondary data sources were systematized and tabulated, and the elements constituting the destination were classified into six headings. By interpreting the classified data, it was aimed to determine the state of the two destinations. For the tourism development of Gümüşhane, promotion activities should be emphasized with an organization to be created with the participation of all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Planlama is the property of TMMOB Sehir Plancilari Odasi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Praxis of Otorhinolaryngology / Kulak Burun Boğaz Uygulamaları is the property of Official Journal of ENT-HNS Society of Istanbul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun başkenti Konstantinopolis’in 1204’te Latinler tarafından işgali, devletin yeni bir merkezden idare edilmesi zorunluluğunu doğurmuştu. Bu merkezlerden biri olan Trabzon’da, Komnenos hanedanlığından Aleksios ve David tarafından yeni bir devletin temeli atıldı. Kentte 13. yüzyılda süren imar faaliyetinde duvar resimleri, taş süslemeler ve yer mozaikleriyle zengin dekorasyona sahip birkaç kilise inşa edildi. Bu yapılar ve dekorasyonları Konstantinopolis’in mimari ve sanatsal üslubunun devamıdır. Trabzon yapılarının döşemelerinde, başkent ve başkent etkisini yansıtan yapılarda benzerlerini gördüğümüz geometrik kompozisyonlar yer alır. Bu bağlamda, Ayasofya Kilisesi’nin döşemeleri başkent üslubunu yansıtan iyi bir örnektir. Döşeme kilisenin naosunda, ana kubbeyi taşıyan dört sütun arasındaki 6.20 metrekarelik bölümde yer alır. Döşemenin merkezinde daire biçimli bir omphalion bulunmaktaydı. Levha 1860’larda yerinden sökülerek bir süre Kromni’deki Meryem’in Doğumu Kilisesi’nde tutulmuştu. 1924’te Karadeniz bölgesinden ayrılan Rumlar tarafından omphalion Selanik’e götürüldü. Aziz Georgios Rotondu’nun arkeolojik koleksiyonunda korunan eser, sonradan bugünkü yerine, Selanik’teki Bizans Kültürü Müzesi’ne taşındı. Bu çalışmanın amacı omphalionun kayıp olmayıp, yerinden söküldüğünü bilim dünyasına duyurmak ve Bizans yer döşemelerinde benzerini başka yerde görmediğimiz, omphaliondaki “tavşan avlayan kartal” tasvirinin ikonografisi ve köken sorununu ele almaktır. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızda, Antik Çağdan ve Bizans Dönemi’nden farklı eser gruplarındaki kartal, avcı kartal konulu paralel tasvirler yardımıyla genel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.

Competition is a key factor for firms to hold on in the markets, and the key to this lock is innovation. The basis of innovation is knowledge and learning. Knowledge and learning skills builds through a cumulative processes. Clusters serve as a pool for this accumulation, and are the production base of knowledge and learning.Our study aims to determine the knowledge channels and learning processes required for innovation activities of firms. For this, it was chosen the symbolic knowledge-based Trabzon jewelry cluster that have a natural cluster property. In addition, it is another aim of the study to determine difference between these channels with the innovation level of firms. The data obtained through surveys were analyzed both descriptively and statistically with SPSS. According to the results, firms in the clustering perform their innovation processes through local and non-local connections. The importance of these connections varies according to the level of innovation of firms. Firms with a high level of innovation use local knowledge more often. The study target to contribute to the literature, analyzing the local and non-local connections of knowledge and learning processes in a traditional cluster.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the water quality characteristics of Karadere River. For this purpose, physical parameters, major anion-cation and trace element analyzes were carried out by performing surface water sampling in Karadere River. In order to determine the hydrochemical properties, two periods of surface water sampling were carried out in October-2020 and April-2021. The physical properties, major anion and cation analysis results of the water samples were evaluated according to the World Health Organization WHO, TS266 (Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption) and Water Pollution Control Regulation. Water types in Karadere surface water were determined as Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Na-HCO3. It has been determined that Karadere surface water is suitable for drinking water in terms of this physical parameters and major anions-cations according to WHO and TS266 Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption. According to the Water Pollution Control Regulation, all parameters were determined to be in I and II water class. When examined in terms of pollution, it is seen that Karadere surface water is in IV class water class according to NO2 content. It has been determined that the Al and Fe values of the rainy period in terms of trace element contents are above the limit values defined in the TS266 Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption. It has been determined that Karadere surface water can be used in agricultural activities in all plants except for plants that are sensitive to sodium and in plants that need moderate salt.

Trabzon-Değirmendere Valley is the third holy place for the Orthodox after Jerusalem and Hagion Oros (the Holy mountain). This study intends, through a field work, to trace and document the places of worship built by non-Muslims in Hamsiköy Valley, which is a branch of Değirmendere Valley that had the densest non-Muslim population, not included in the current literature or not made subject to comprehensive determinations and analyses. On-site determination and documentation studies were carried out in the study by tracing down the Non-Muslim places of worship situated in Hamsiköy Valley. Coordinates of these buildings were established, measurements were conducted whether the building/remnant was existing, schematic plans were drawn and photographs were taken. Inventory forms were generated in accordance with the information obtained. The building/remnants were processed on maps and their locations/positions were documented and their interrelations and the topography of the area was exhibited. A total number of 47 non-Muslim worship places were identified in Hamsiköy Valley in the current literature. Only 14 of these 47 buildings were located during the land study and 19 more buildings that could not be matched with the 47 buildings in the literature were identified during the field work. Hamsiköy Valley which is a branch of Değirmendere Valley, extending from the center of Maçka to Zigana in the south defines the spatial boundaries of the research. While the beginning of the period in question commences with conquest of Trabzon by the Ottoman, the temporal boundary of the study is drawn by the 19th century when extensive rights were granted to non-Muslims and then Turkish-Greek population exchange that took in 1923. This study was conducted for tracing down the places of worship built by non-Muslims in the past in Hamsiköy Valley in Trabzon. These non-Muslim buildings, for which there is not enough information about their current situation despite references in the literature, were identified on site, their coordinates were determined, their sketches were drawn, photographed and taken into inventory.

People living together with nature wanted to be protected from the cold of winter and the sun of summer and felt the need to cover their body. This need for covering has continued to be applied as a requirement of religion and has reached the present day by changing according to religion and cultural influences. With the emergence of the concept of fashion, changing clothing needs continue to exist by diversifying and enriching. In this study, it has been tried to follow the reflections of the elements of clothing and adornment, which have first been used as a need and then as a means of selling, showing and promoting oneself, in the vocabulary. In the study, vocabulary elements related to women's clothing and adornment and the words used for these were determined from the studies on the field of dialect and folklore about Trabzon, especially from "Derleme Sözlüğü", and these words were classified according to which part of the body they are used for. Occasionally, a comparison was made with Dîvânü Lügâti't-Türk the first known dictionary of Turkish and Mukaddimetü'l Edeb. The identified words were given under the title of dictionary following the conclusion of the study. While the dictionary was being prepared, the different names used for the same concept and the words that have emerged with the sound changes which have developed depending on the dialect characteristics of the region were included at the beginning of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roman Empire, dominated by Trabzon and its environs in the first century BC. and made various administrative arrangements in the region. After the division of the Roman Empire, Trabzon and its surrounding areas came under Byzantine rule, and administrative arrangements were made depending on the military and political developments on the eastern border of the empire. Sassanid wars that continued throughout the VI. century and the Muslim Arab threat that began in the middle of the same century forced the Byzantine rulers to take some military and administrative measures. From the VII. century, the empire's administrative structure underwent a fundamental change and the theme system became the basis of the administrative structure in Anatolia and the Balkans. The city of Trabzon, first connected to Armeniakon theme and then became the center of the Khaldia within the theme system. This study aims to evaluate the administrative structure of Trabzon and its surroundings during the Byzantine Empire. In the study, the administrative arrangements made during the Byzantine rule in the region and the effect of these arrangements on the administrative structure of the region will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spaces must be designed in accordance with certain design principles for people to feel comfortable. In accordance with that, building ventilation is particularly important during hot periods to ensure thermal comfort. In this study, the effect of ventilation realized using a wind tower on the thermal quality of a classroom was investigated. In the study, two popular models (unidirectional and multidirectional wind tower) were studied, and the model that provided more ergonomic ventilation to sitting users based on climate conditions of the province of Trabzon (Turkey) during the month of August was determined. The more efficient model was studied further. Some dimensional changes in width, height, and shelf height were applied to it to find a model that provided more comfort for the used thermal conditions. The models were modelled and simulated using ANSYS FLUENT. Velocity distributions were generated to ease the interpretation of the results. With the calculated average wind speeds in different regions in the classroom, the thermal sensation in the space was evaluated. Furthermore, the thermal perception of users of the retained model was evaluated by entering thermal comfort parameter values calculated for the relevant region into the CBE thermal comfort tool available online. The change in the dimensional features of the wind tower had an impact on wind tower performance. Ventilation provided by wind towers under the thermal conditions of Trabzon in August often caused thermal discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aim is to determine the plant species used in ethnoveterinary medicine in Trabzon province (Turkey). The collected data were analyzed using informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL), which inform from quantitative indices. A total of 47 plants belonging to 33 families were found used in ethnoveterinary. The most dominant families were Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae, and Fabaceae. The highest ICF was recorded for respiratory tract ailments and urinary tract ailments (1.0) followed by poisonings (0.93) and wounds (0.83). The high FL values were Ficus carica (92%) for warts, Vicia cracca (87%) for milk production, and Plantago major (83%) for wounds. Ethnoveterinary uses of Valeriana alliariifolia and Pennisetum glau cum were recorded for the first time in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian Caucasian army occupied a considerable territory of the Ottoman empire during the First World War from 1915 until the withdrawal of the Russian military forces in 1918, after Soviet Russia's acceptance of the victory of the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk. The Russian military, the Russian administration in the Caucasus, the Russian Foreign Ministry and the Ministry of Agriculture had differing views on the future of the occupied territories regarding their annexation to the Russian empire. Officially the area was declared to be 'Areas of Turkey Occupied in Accordance with the Law of War', in which the Russian occupying powers had the right to implement all policies to ensure public order but also had to respect the laws in force in the country. Despite the lack of a policy of immediate annexation, several factors led to a quick transformation of Ottoman territory into a Russian territory. The Ottoman state had lost several important cities in the course of the Balkan wars in 1912–13 which also rapidly lost their Ottoman characteristics. The transformation of Ottoman cities in the Balkans was driven by nationalist policies and accompanied by ethnic cleansing of Muslim populations. The transformation that happened in the territory under the occupation of Russian Caucasian Army was an imperial transformation as will be analysed in this article, using a case study of the coastal Ottoman city of Trabzon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pontus Rum İmparatoru II. Aleksios Komnenos (1297-1330) tarafından desteklenen George Chioniades, İstanbul’dan Trabzon’a gelerek bilimsel ve kültürel çalışmalara katılmıştır. Astronomi alanında bilgisini artırmak için 1295 yılında İlhanlıların başkenti olan Tebrîz’e gitmiş ve Şemseddîn el-Vâbkanavî el-Buharî’nin ders halkasına katılmıştır. İki yıl Tebrîz’de kalmış ve el-Vâbkanavî’den astronomi dersleri almıştır. Tebrîz’de kaldığı sırada Arapça ve Farsçayı öğrenmiştir. 1299 (veya 1300) yılında astronomi içerikli eserler ile birlikte Trabzon’a ve daha sonra İstanbul’a geri dönmüştür. Chioniades’in Tebrîz’den getirerek Rumcaya çevirdiği eserlerin başında Abdurrahman el-Hâzinî’ye ait Zîc-i Sencerî, Nasîrüddîn et-Tûsî’nin koordinatörlüğünde yazılan Zîc-i İlhanî, Abdülkerim el-Fahhad’ın yazdığı Zîc-i ‘Alâ’i (Tablolarla Alâ’î’nin Astronomik El Kitabı) adlı eseri ve Şemseddîn el-Vâbkanavî el-Buharî’nin usturlaba ilişkin risalesi bulunmaktadır. 1310-1314 yılları arasında piskopos olarak Tebrîz’e ikinci kez giden Chioniades, İlhanlıların İslamiyet’i kabulü sonrasında geri dönmek zorunda kalmıştır. İlhanlı astronomisinin Bizans ve Avrupa astronomisini etkilemesinde önemli bir rolü oynamıştır. Özellikle ‘Tûsî Çifti’ni’ Bizans ve Venedik üzerinden Avrupa’ya Nikolas Kopernik’e ulaştırması Güneş merkezli yeni evren modelinin oluşmasına ortam oluşturmuştur.

Coğrafik ve stratejik konumunun sağladığı, doğu ve batı arasında ticari ve askeri, kara ve deniz bağlantısının merkezi olma rolü ile Trabzon, merak duygusuyla hareket eden birçok seyyahın gezi güzergâhında yerini almıştır. Bu metin, Trabzon kentini, yabancı bir ziyaretçinin gözlemlerinden daha fazlasını içeren, kendileri de Trabzonlu olmaları nedeniyle aynı zamanda deneyimleyen seyyahların gözünden anlamayı hedeflemektedir. Trabzon doğumlu olan Aşık Mehmed (16.yy), Minas Bıjışkyan (19.yy) ve Şakir Şevket (19.yy) ile babası Trabzonlu olan İsmail Safa’nın (19.yy), kentin tarihi, yapıları, kitabeleri, sokakları, pazar ve mahalleleri, demografik yapısı ve halkın gündelik yaşamına ilişkin aktardıkları, zaman zaman birbiri ile çelişip zaman zaman örtüşen ve/veya birbirini tamamlayan bilgiler karşılaştırılarak değerlendirilmiştir. İsmail Safa’nın manzum eseri kentin fiziksel dokusu konusunda net bilgiler vermediği için çalışma kapsamında kullanılamamıştır. Seyahatnamelerde yer alan bilgilerin değerlendirilmesi temelde kentin fiziki dokusunu anlamaya yöneliktir. Bu nedenle seyyahların metinleri, kentin tarihsel olarak bulunduğu yer-topografyası ile fiziki dokusunun parçası olan liman, dini-askeri-ticari-sivil yapılar ve bu dokunun tamamlayıcısı mahalleler üzerine odaklanarak ele alınmıştır. Üç seyyahın verdiği bilgiler toplu olarak değerlendirildiğinde; Aşık Mehmed ve Şakir Şevket, ağırlıklı olarak kentin Osmanlı Dönemi dokusuna dikkat çekerken, Şakir Şevket ile aynı dönemi anlatmasına karşın Bıjışkyan ağırlıklı olarak Osmanlı öncesi veya Osmanlı dönemi gayrimüslim yapılarına vurgu yapar. Seyyahların yaşadıkları dönem ve sahip oldukları kimliklerinin (dini, siyasi, mesleki vb.) izleri metinlerde takip edilebilmektedir. Bu bağlamda seyyahlar memleketlerini kendi yaşam perspektifinden anlatırken, farklı hikâyelere ulaşmamıza, doğru bilinenlerin sorgulanmasına olanak tanımış, pek çok kaynakta bahsedilmeyen, varlığını bildiğimiz ancak takibini yapamadığımız, fiziki tanımlamanın mümkün olmadığı pek çok yapı/yere ilişkin betimlemeler ile önemli bilgi eksikliğinin tamamlanmasını sağlanmıştır.