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El presente artí­culo explora el discurso del campo del Derecho a través del estudio de solemnes, evaluaciones orales ampliamente utilizadas en su enseñanza en Chile. La investigación se fundamenta en la Lingüística Sistémico Funcional (LSF) y su propósito es identificar patrones discursivos ideacionales clave en un grupo de solemnes bien evaluadas, a partir del sistema de figura planteado por Hao (2015). Este sistema distingue teórica y metodológicamente de manera más explí­cita los recursos experienciales discursivo-semánticos de los léxicogramaticales, abordados desde el sistema de transitividad. El análisis permite identificar, por un lado, un predominio de figuras orientadas a la construcción de entidades técnicas del campo del Derecho y las relaciones entre ellas en las solemnes. Por otro lado, se observa un grupo de figuras de orden más dinámico, que se orientan a construir las formas de razonamiento que son propias de este campo. Metodológicamente, el sistema de figuras aparece como una herramienta de análisis productiva para el estudio de campos especializados en español desde una perspectiva sistémica.

Semantically, a predicate is not always filled in by verbs. This study aims to discover and describe the predicate category and the number of arguments each predicate has in the Indonesian language. This study's data were taken from informants and the daily newspaper 'Bali Post'. The collected data were analyzed by applying deductive and inductive approaches. The result shows that Indonesian's predicate can be filled in by verb and non-verb categories: noun, adjective, preposition, and numeral. The predicate of the Indonesian sentences can be classified into the valency-one predicate, valency-two predicate, and valency-three predicate. Besides, there are several intransitive and transitive predicates in the Indonesian language, followed by a clause. Each of those finding is explained in detail in this article.

Using the theory of transitivity system within Systemic Functional Linguistics as the theoretical basis and the white paper named Fighting COVID-19: China in Action, which was published by the Chinese government on June 7, 2020 as the corpus, with the help of corpus analysis tool, UAM Corus Tool 3, this paper uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the construction of China’s national image. The results show that the frequency of material processes is extremely high, which is 88.26%, while existential processes and behavioral processes occupy only an extremely small proportion, 0.73% and 0.09% respectively. Relational processes are in the second rank, 5.34%. The frequencies of verbal processes and mental processes are similar, accounting for 2.97% and 2.6% respectively. Through a detailed analysis of the six transitivity processes, a national image that advocates “people supremacy”, selfless collectivism, with strong executive ability and mobilization, and a great responsibility in the international society is found to be constructed. This paper lays a foundation for further studying China’s national image in the path of SFL. It also sheds some light on the construction of China’s image in the official government document.

The existing works usually assume that fuzzy preference relations (FPRs) exhibit additively reciprocal property. In this study, we investigate the situation that FPRs have no additively reciprocal property and address its implication to decision making under uncertainty. First, the considered situation is captured by proposing the novel concept of additively reciprocal property breaking (ARPB) for FPRs. It is proved that FPRs with ARPB, interval additive reciprocal preference relations (IARPRs) and intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations (IFPRs) are transformed each other. Second, the equivalence between FPRs with ARPR and additive reciprocal matrices (ARMs) is defined by keeping the inconsistency level unchanged. An optimization model is proposed to adjust an FPR without weak transitivity to an ARM with weak transitivity. Third, a novel decision making model is developed by considering weak transitivity of FPRs as the minimum requirement of rational choices. A new algorithm is elaborated on where decision information could be expressed as FPRs with ARPR, IARPRs and IFPRs, respectively. Finally, numerical results are reported to show the advantages of the developed model by comparing with the existing ones. The observations reveal that the concept of ARPB offers a novel understanding for uncertainty in decision information.

This paper analyses diachronic changes which result from metaphorical extension. Its aim is to assess whether such semantic shifts may lead to further semantic and syntactic differentiation between the verb senses and whether they can be described as shifts away or towards prototypical transitivity (cf. Hopper & Thompson 1980). It focusses on changes the verb derail underwent in the 19th and 20th centuries. In a corpus-based analysis, it utilises CART trees and a random forest to determine which syntactic and semantic properties differentiate literal and metaphorical uses of derail. Results reveal a syntactic shift from transitive to intransitive in the older literal construction which hardly affects the younger metaphorical one. This indicates that differentiation can be an epiphenomenon of semantic shifts.

We provide an additive utility representation for any complete and transitive preference over menus of alternatives. The representation makes it seem as if a sophisticated individual takes into account the state dependent payoffs of two individuals that have to consume the same alternative from the menu but may have inconsistent preferences in some of the subjective states. We also consider special cases including when only one state is needed. Furthermore, we find upper bounds on the minimal number of subjective states needed for the representation.

The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is widely employed to guide the decision-maker to rank or evaluate the alternatives in decision activities. Its fuzzy set-based version, i.e., the fuzzy AHP, has also been widely studied and applied since its inception. The essential distinction between the AHP and fuzzy AHP comes from the diverse transformation methods between the linguistic and numeric judgments. In this article, we conduct a thorough comparative study between the AHP and fuzzy AHP methods in the framework of two linguistic models, i.e., the linguistic model based on the membership functions and two-tuple linguistic model. First, four AHP and three fuzzy AHP methods are revisited with the involvement of two linguistic models. Then, the comparison criteria are involved by calculating the cardinal or ordinal deviation between the original information and decision solutions, and the effects of the transitivity of the reciprocal matrix are also discussed in the comparative study. Finally, the detailed experiments along with a thorough comparative analysis are conducted based on the random and publicly available data to show the difference between the AHP and fuzzy AHP methods.

This paper begins the classification of all edge-primitive 3-arc-transitive graphs by classifying all such graphs where the automorphism group is an almost simple group with socle an alternating or sporadic group, and all such graphs where the automorphism group is an almost simple classical group with a vertex-stabiliser acting faithfully on the set of neighbours.

The transitivity of the modern world triggers new forms of interpersonal interaction. Virtual image is an important part of on-line social cognition. The present research featured factors that determine the construction of virtual personality, its psychological characteristics, functions, and patterns. The authors identified and described three groups of conditions that shape virtual personality, i.e. environmental, functional, and psychological. The latter play the most important role in the image formation process. They define relations in small groups, self-attitude, self-esteem, focus, and motivation. The authors developed a questionnaire of Substantive and Compositional Features of Virtual Personality. The study also involved the Personality in Virtual Space questionnaire and the methods of diagnostics of interpersonal relations and self-attitude. The statistical analysis of the experimental data was based on Varimax rotation. The psychological determinants appeared to be closely related to each other and were grouped into seven factors.

Fuzzy rough approximation operators are the underlying concepts in fuzzy rough set theory . There are at least two approaches to develop these primary concepts, i.e., the constructive approach and the axiomatic approach . Single axiomatic characterizations of fuzzy rough approximation operators have got tons of attention. In this paper, considering L being a GL-quantale, we will develop the theory of L -valued rough sets with an L -set as the basic universe of defining L -valued rough approximation operators. Adopting the idea of single axiomatic characterizations of fuzzy rough sets , we will present the axiomatic characterizations of L -valued upper and lower rough approximation operators on an L -set with respect to reflexive, symmetric, transitive L -valued relations on an L -set as well as their compositions. Choosing an L -set as the universe will break the rules that adopting Zadeh’s fuzzy sets as the universe. By these results, we will further provide a new framework of axiomatic research of fuzzy rough set theory.

This is a qualitative descriptive study analyzes the social process in translation model of foreign exchange service texts at Bank Negara Indonesia Surakarta. The analysis is based on Functional Systemic Linguistics, translation principles and banking policies. The objectives are to: (1) examine the translation quality models (2) explore the benefits of translation models, (3) verify the foreign exchange service text in English and Indonesia (4) know the employees ’ ability toward foreign exchange services (5) reveal the customer’s ability in understanding the transfer transactions. Data are lexicogrammatically system, cohesion and text structure. Samples were taken at Bank Negara Indonesia Surakarta, as it provides overseas services using transaction tools in English and Indonesian texts. The quality of translation is analyzed based on group, lexis, clause, mood structure, theme/rheme and transitivity system; while the benefits of translation is based on tenor enlighten ing the affect, contact and status; whereas mode focused on channels and media. The findings show that quality of translation model of foreign exchange text is stated very good and useful. It is easily understood by customers who applied foreign exchange transactions at Bank Negara Indonesia Surakarta

The present study investigates the effect of the social variable, such as gender on language use in British novels. Precisely, it attempts to achieve the following aims: (1) Identifying the influence of the social variable, like gender on the linguistic choices of language used in British novels; (2) Finding out the differences and similarities in the use of transitivity's process types in the language of the novels by the British male and female narrators; (3) comparing the language use between the two selected samples in the light of the micro and macro linguistic strategies. To achieve the aims of this study, it is hypothesized that: (1) Gender affects the linguistic choices in language of the British novels; (2) Generally, there are apparent differences and similarities between the two selected data in using some linguistic choices like material, mental, attributive-relational, and identifying-relational processes; (3) The British female narration tends to use the psychological processes more than the male one. After all tasks of data collection were accomplished, the first step in analyzing the collected data began with analyzing the language of the two British novels which the researcher dealt with in this study using three analytical models through which the eclectic model was designed so as to achieve the objectives of the current study. For the purpose of analysis, two British novels were analyzed at micro and macro levels. At micro-level, lexical features based on Halliday's (2004) model, and grammatical features based on Quirk's (1985) framework, were analyzed. This was followed by the analysis of micro-level (superstructure) based on Labov's (1972) model.

In this paper we analyse verbal reduplication in the Amondawa language, focusing on the aspectual function. We argue that verbal reduplication may be linked to Amondawa’s cultural values, such as the counting system and the event-based concept of time. We analysed 100 verbal predicates, considering: (i) transitivity (active and stative intransitive and transitive), (ii) semantic properties (state, activity, achievements and accomplishments); and (iii) morphological structure. The results suggest that, for the Amondawa, verbal reduplication presents notions of pluractionality, notably aspectual, and reflects cultural values related to their ways of counting things in the world and their conception of time. Thus, in this language/culture, it is preferable to say that this phenomenon evidences a decomposition of the event into micro-events, rather than verbal plurality. In this sense, reduplication works as a kind of aspectual marker and not as a plural mark, in the strict sense, whether in nouns or verbs.

Este artículo presenta un análisis contrastivo entre un fragmento del cuento «Continuidad de los Parques» de Julio Cortázar y la traducción al inglés realizada por Paul Blackburn para evaluar cómo se configuran los significados experienciales, circunscriptos en el enfoque tripartito de la gramática sistémico-funcional. La exploración de tales significados está comprendida dentro del sistema de la transitividad, que implica la elección de distintos tipos de procesos y de los participantes involucrados, bajo ciertas circunstancias. Los resultados arrojan luz sobre cómo el personaje principal percibe la presunta realidad que lo rodea y cómo se representan sus cambios de rol tanto en el fragmento de la lengua origen como en el de la lengua meta. A modo de conclusión, la comparación de la transitividad nos permite indagar sobre los recursos que el traductor utiliza para plasmar la sutileza y la precisión del estilo cortazariano. Pese a algunas divergencias, la traducción del fragmento retrata cabalmente la caracterización y la articulación de los contextos ficcionales del extracto original. Por último, es menester destacar que el presente análisis permitiría aventurar otros estudios de mayor alcance y también hacernos reflexionar sobre la importancia del análisis de la transitividad en otros campos, como el de la traductología y el de la formación de profesores de lenguas extranjeras.

The aim of the study is to clarify what factors and how exactly to act in market research in the transition economy of Ukraine. The hypothesis raised is the conduct of market research in a transition economy is affected by factors related to global economic trends, the state of development of marketing theory and market research in the world and in Ukraine. Their study was carried out through the use of general scientific methods of abstraction, a systematic approach to the study of socioeconomic processes and the participation of relevant theoretical concepts. Among the most relevant results is that the analysis confirms our hypothesis that the conduct of market research in the underdeveloped oligarchic transitive economy of Ukraine is influenced by three groups of factors related to the trends of the world economy, the state of development of marketing theory and market research, as well as characteristics of the transitive economy. The market research market size calculation is based on certain expert assumptions and may not fully reflect the actual situation. On the other hand, the practice of market research is influenced not only by theoretical developments but also by the state of its market. The result of the investigation makes it possible to take into account the particularities of the type of economy in transition in Ukraine.

A permutation group $G\le\operatorname{Sym}(\Omega)$ is said to be $2$-closed if no group $H$ such that $G

In this paper, we first prove that the connected cubic edge-transitive bi-Cayley graphs over a generalized dihedral group have girth 6. Using this, a complete classification is given of these graphs.

This paper is a comparative study of the covert attitudinal meaning implicated in the transitivity system of Hanban’s and British Council’s 2017 annual reports. The dominant domain of inquiry is restricted to a comparison of entities that function as Agent and verbs that serve as Process in the clause. The analysis reveals that in organizational discourse material process is the primary subcategory of the transitivity system that invokes positive evaluation from putative readers and enacts self-identity and relations to the material world. Hanban constructs itself as an initiative and active participant in the global cultural events by adopting more processes that stress the ‘physical’ change it brings to the ecosocial world; however, the British Council portrays itself as an indispensable and significant contributor to the transformative shift of the world by deploying more processes that stress the ‘chemical’ change it makes to the ecosocial world. This study corroborates that material process verbs are scaled on a cline of invocation. Even the most seemingly ‘factual’ descriptive verb can invoke positive or negative evaluation of the appraised target in specific contexts. Moreover, the study cautions us against cultural stereotypes and biases towards discourse which is more conservative and constrained in terms of evaluative explicitness.

In this article, we investigate $2$-$(v,k,\lambda)$ designs with $\gcd(r,\lambda)=1$ admitting flag-transitive automorphism groups $G$. We prove that if $G$ is an almost simple group, then such a design belongs to one of the seven infinite families of $2$-designs or it is one of the eleven well-known examples. We describe all these examples of designs. We, in particular, prove that if $\mathcal{D}$ is a symmetric $(v,k,\lambda)$ design with $\gcd(k,\lambda)=1$ admitting a flag-transitive automorphism group $G$, then either $G\leq A\Gamma L_{1}(q)$ for some odd prime power $q$, or $\mathcal{D}$ is a projective space or the unique Hadamard design with parameters $(11,5,2)$., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1904.10518

This article concerns the study of mixed Pareto-lexicographic multiobjective optimization problems where the objectives must be partitioned in multiple priority levels (PLs). A PL is a group of objectives having the same importance in terms of optimization and subsequent decision making, while between PLs a lexicographic ordering exists. A naive approach would be to define a multilevel dominance relationship and apply a standard EMO/EMaO algorithm, but the concept does not conform to a stable optimization process as the resulting dominance relationship violates the transitive property needed to achieve consistent comparisons. To overcome this, we present a novel approach that merges a custom nondominance relation with the Grossone methodology, a mathematical framework to handle infinite and infinitesimal quantities. The proposed method is implemented on a popular multiobjective optimization algorithm (NSGA-II), deriving a generalization of it called by us PL-NSGA-II. We also demonstrate the usability of our strategy by quantitatively comparing the results obtained by PL-NSGA-II against other priority and nonpriority-based approaches. Among the test cases, we include two real-world applications: one 10-objective aircraft design problem and one 3-objective crash safety vehicle design task. The obtained results show that PL-NSGA-II is more suited to solve lexicographical many-objective problems than the general purpose EMaO algorithms.

Let X be a C1+ vector field on a compact Riemannian manifold M with dimension d ≥ 3. Let Λ be a transitive singular hypebolic set with positive volume. We show that Λ = M and Λ is a uniformly hyperbolic set without singularities.

Advertisements are onerous ways of representing the identity of producers and consumers who are both agents of social life, and mobile telecommunication advertisement is not an exception. However, this has not attracted sufficient attention in linguistic studies. This study investigates the bidirectional framing of the identities of telecommunication service providers and the subscribers in twelve MTN and GLO advertisements, aired on popular mainstream television stations between 2014 and 2017. These were downloaded from youtube, where they are trended as unsolicited adverts to reach millions of users. The qualitative analytical approach was adopted, using transitivity, in the systemic functional linguistic (SFL) framework, as theory, to analyse transcribed texts from the advertisements. The findings show that copywriters use material, mental, verbal, relational and existential processes to frame service providers as welfarists, supremacists and benefactors/beneficiaries, and the subscribers as consumerists, opportunists and beneficiaries/benefactors. The supremacist’ and welfarist’ identities are used as indexes to establish the stiff competition between and among service providers to gain more subscribers. The results also show that welfare services are initiated as basis for out-doing self and other-self services. The enthusiasm of the subscribers to use services account for their framing as ‘consumerists’ and ‘opportunists.’ The beneficiary and benefactor identities are bidirectional, as both service providers, and subscribers mutually benefit from each other in a one-to-one relation. The study concludes that transitivity processes are indelible linguistic resources used in telecommunication advertisement to bidirectionally frame the identities of service providers and subscribers, with a view to enhancing consumerism.

In this paper, for any prime $p$, we propose the notion of a $p$-transitive association scheme. This notion aims to generalize the fact that the regular module of a group algebra of a finite group has a unique trivial submodule to the case of the regular modules of modular adjacency algebras. We completely determine the $p$-transitive quasi-thin association schemes and the $p$-transitive association schemes with thin thin residue by their structure theory properties., 14 pages, typo-free version

Our hypothesis is that the past participle is a singular form in the TAM (tense-aspect-mood) linguistic system in French, in that it represents the internal time of the process on its terminal point ([R = Et]). Due to this representation of internal time, the p.p. can be related to the second argument – the patientive argument – of a direct transitive process: it is the essential element of the passive construction. Contrary to what is often written, the copula être ‘be’, is an optional element: it may serve to develop the construction in its periphrastic dimension, but it is not necessary to the passive construction itself, as the cases of the passive in the participial clause demonstrate. Moreover, the p.p. is not intrinsically resultative or processive, no more than it is active or passive: from its aspect [R = Et], it can, in interaction with different contexts, participate in the production of these different effects of meaning in discourse.

This paper aims at proposing a theoretical analysis that explains the noun incorporation process in the Tenetehára language (Tupi-Guarani). Thus, we attempt to answer the question: based on the assumptions of the Minimalist Program (cf. Chomsky, 1993, 1995), what is the formal feature responsible for motivating noun incorporation in Tenetehára? We consider two types of noun incorporation in the language under analysis, namely: (i) transitive predicates which become formally intransitive verbs as the internal argument is incorporated; and (ii) in the instances of possessive structures in internal argument positions of intransitive and transitive verbs, verbal valence is preserved, since only the possessee noun is incorporated. As for the syntax of noun incorporations, based on Baker (1988), we lay the foundation for further investigation about this morphosyntactic phenomenon within a minimalist approach (cf. Chomsky 1993, 1995). In summary, we propose that, in the Tenetehára language, the driving force responsible for the incorporation of the noun into the head of a vP is the [+non-individuated] formal feature. Este artigo tem como objetivo propor uma análise teórica que explique o processo de incorporação nominal na língua Tenetehára (Tupí-Guaraní). Assim, procuramos responder à seguinte pergunta: com base nos pressupostos do Programa Minimalista (cf. Chomsky, 1993, 1995), qual é o traço formal responsável por motivar a incorporação nominal em Tenetehára? Consideramos dois tipos de incorporação nominal na lingua em análise, a saber: (i) predicados transitivos que se tornam verbos formalmente intransitivos à medida que o argumento interno é incorporado; e (ii) instâncias de estruturas possessivas em posições de argumento interno de verbos intransitivos e transitivos, a valência verbal é preservada, uma vez que apenas o nome possuído é incorporado. Quanto à sintaxe das incorporações nominais, com base em Baker (1988), lançamos bases para futuras investigações acerca desse fenômeno morfossintático dentro de uma abordagem minimalista (cf. Chomsky, 1993, 1995). Em suma, propomos que, na língua Tenetehára, a força motriz responsável pela incorporação do nome ao núcleo de um vP é o traço formal [+não individuado].

Some find it plausible that a sufficiently long duration of torture is worse than any duration of mild headaches. Similarly, it has been claimed that a million humans living great lives is better than any number of worm-like creatures feeling a few seconds of pleasure each. Some have related bad things to good things along the same lines. For example, one may hold that a future in which a sufficient number of beings experience a lifetime of torture is bad, regardless of what else that future contains, while minor bad things, such as slight unpleasantness, can always be counterbalanced by enough good things. Among the most common objections to such ideas are sequence arguments. But sequence arguments are usually formulated in classical logic. One might therefore wonder if they work if we instead adopt many-valued logic. I show that, in a common many-valued logical framework, the answer depends on which versions of transitivity are used as premises. We get valid sequence arguments if we grant any of several strong forms of transitivity of ‘is at least as bad as’ and a notion of completeness. Other, weaker forms of transitivity lead to invalid sequence arguments. The plausibility of the premises is largely set aside here, but I tentatively note that almost all of the forms of transitivity that lead to valid sequence arguments seem intuitively problematic. Still, a few moderately strong forms of transitivity that might be acceptable lead to valid sequence arguments, although weaker statements of the initial value claims avoid these arguments at least to some extent.

Presidents are considered as caring and sensitive fathers of their nations whose words of condolences are usually needed in times of grief. One medium through which they express their condolences is through the delivery of tributes to eulogize the dead and sympathize with bereaved families. There is therefore the need to examine how presidents employ the faculties of language to eulogize the dead in their tributes. Premised on the transitivity framework postulated by Halliday and Matthiessen, the present study investigates the use of transitivity patterns in Ghanaian presidential tributes to unearth various experiences and also unveil the implicit relationships that exist between politicians and traditional rulers. The sample for the study is composed of four tributes delivered by Akuffo Addo, Mahama, Kufour and Rawlings to the late Queen Mother of the Ashanti Kingdom, Nana Afia Kobi Serwaa Apem II. The data were manually coded using the consensual coding strategy. The results indicate a preponderant use of relational processes to identify the unique qualities possessed by the late Queen Mother which further unveil the varied relationships between her and the presidents. Other process types such as material, mental, verbal and behavioural processes are used to construe the positive actions carried out by the late Queen Mother during her lifetime, activate the minds and emotions of mourners and sympathizers regarding the loss, posthumously project the late Queen Mother as a legend who needs to be modelled after and present a collective purgation of emotions of pain and agony. The study concludes that, despite the apolitical status of traditional rulers, they still have a latent but cordial relationship with politicians. Citation:Mwinwelle, P., Duah, I. and Ernest Mensah, S. (2021). Eulogising the Dead: A Systemic Functional Exploration of Tributes Delivered by Ghanaian Presidents. International Journal of Technology and Management Research (IJTMR), Vol. 6 (2): Pp.38-58. Received: April 15, 2020Accepted: September 1, 2021

We present a number of alternative ways of handling transitive binary relations that commonly occur in first-order problems, in particular equivalence relations, total orders, and transitive relations in general. We show how such relations can be discovered syntactically in an input theory, and how they can be expressed in alternative ways. We experimentally evaluate different such ways on problems from the TPTP, using resolution-based reasoning tools as well as instance-based tools. Our conclusions are that (1) it is beneficial to consider different treatments of binary relations as a user, and that (2) reasoning tools could benefit from using a preprocessor or even built-in support for certain types of binary relations.

We establish a sufficient condition for a continuous map, acting on a compact metric space, to have a Baire residual set of points exhibiting historic behavior (also known as irregular points). This criterion applies, for instance, to a minimal and non-uniquely ergodic map; to maps preserving two distinct probability measures with full support; to non-trivial homoclinic classes; to some non-uniformly expanding maps; and to partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms with two periodic points whose stable manifolds are dense, including Ma\~n\'e and Shub examples of robustly transitive diffeomorphisms. This way, our unifying approach recovers a collection of known deep theorems on the genericity of the irregular set, for both additive and sub-additive potentials, and also provides a number of new applications., Comment: 14 pages, revised and improved version of previous preprint "Minimality and irregular sets"

We show generic $C^\infty$ hyperbolic flows (Axiom A and no cycles, but not transitive Anosov) commute with no $C^\infty$-diffeomorphism other than a time-t map of the flow itself. Kinematic expansivity, a substantial weakening of expansivity, implies that $C^0$ flows have quasi-discrete $C^0$-centralizer, and additional conditions broader than transitivity then give discrete $C^0$-centralizer. We also prove centralizer-rigidity: a diffeomorphism commuting with a generic hyperbolic flow is determined by its values on any open set., 18 pages

Separation events differ in lexicalisation patterns (Talmy 2000) and in argument realisation (Levin and Rappaport Hovav 2005) cross-linguistically. There are different types of separation events. “Cutting” and “breaking” events involve a non-reversible change in object integrity and have been systematically researched cross-linguistically in recent times (Guerssel et al 1985; Bohnemeyer 2008; Majid et al. 2008; Schaefer and Egbokhare 2012). In this paper, some of the generalisations that have been made concerning CUT and BREAK verbs are tested based on data from Tafi, a Ghana-Togo Mountain language. I investigate the morpho-syntactic properties of Tafi CUT and BREAK verbs in relation to a suggested generalisation by Guerssel et al. that BREAK verbs have a transitive/intransitive argument structure and participate in the causative/inchoative alternation; while CUT verbs are transitive and they are not expected to occur without their external argument. The types of events referred to by the CUT and BREAK verbs and the combinatorial capacity of the individual verbs are also explored. Based on an analysis of stimulus-elicitations and spontaneous language performances recorded in the field, I show that the Tafi verb bhui ‘cut’ can be used in an intransitive/resultative construction in which the theme, the internal argument, occurs as the subject. Drawing on the behaviour of bhui ‘cut’ I interrogate the explanations that have been offered in the literature with respect to such deviations from the generalisation. I argue that the verb argument alternation potential of a verb depends on the verb semantics as well as the type of (internal) argument it collocates with. Moreover, I explore the semantic interpretations of the verb when it combines with non-typical objects such as ‘water’. I show that such patterns and collocations such as ‘the water cut’ = ‘the water stopped running’, ‘cut a village’ = ‘establish a village’ are areal in nature (cf. Huttar et al. 2007).

Moothathu [Colloq. Math. 120 (2010), pp. 127–138] proved that multi-transitivity, weakly mixing and Δ-transitivity are equivalent for minimal homeomorphisms. In this paper, we extend this result to...

Enabling constraints are bottom up causes which create the possibility of the existence of a system. Disabling constraints reduce the degrees of freedom and narrow the choices of the system which are structural, functional, meaningful relations that assign executive roles to the component parts. In this paper, we discuss causality as enabling and disabling constraints in order to critique the absurdity of transitivity in causal relations. If downward causation is viewed as causation by constraints, we argue that it will not face the absurdity of self-causation which is incurred because of the transitivity principle. In the process of self-organization, organizationally new structures are created from the lower level subcomponents of the system. Such self-organizing systems can be broadly considered as sui-generis and transcend the transitivity principle by causally influencing its subcomponents. These higher level systemic constraints that causally influence the components in a self-organizing system without violating any physical laws via causal constraints are termed as Downward Causation.

A reductive characterization of arc-transitive circulants was given independently by Kovacs in 2004 and the first author in 2005. In this paper, we give an explicit characterization of arc-transitive circulants and their automorphism groups . Based on this, we give a proof of the fact that arc-transitive circulants are all CI-digraphs.

Most diseases have more than two interventions or treatment methods, and the application of network meta-analysis (NMA) studies to compare and evaluate the superiority of each intervention or treatment method is increasing. Understanding the concepts and processes of systematic reviews and meta-analyses is essential to understanding NMA. As with systematic reviews and meta-analyses, NMA involves specifying the topic, searching for and selecting all related studies, and extracting data from the selected studies. To evaluate the effects of each treatment, NMA compares and analyzes three or more interventions or treatment methods using both direct and indirect evidence. There is a possibility of several biases when performing NMA. Therefore, key assumptions like similarity, transitivity, and consistency should be satisfied when performing NMA. Among these key assumptions, consistency can be evaluated and quantified by statistical tests. This review aims to introduce the concepts of NMA, analysis methods, and interpretation and presentation of the results of NMA. It also briefly introduces the emerging issues in NMA, including methods for evaluation of consistency.

In this note, we identify an over-pruning issue that occurs in the iterative deepening branch-and-bound algorithm by Tanaka and Tierney (2018). We show that this over-pruning issue is caused by an inconsistency between two dominance rules, namely, the transitive move rule and the empty stack rule, and it will in turn cause the exact algorithm to produce incorrect optimal solutions. To address this issue, we propose a new concept termed the lexicographic dominance principle, and prove that all dominance rules under the lexicographic dominance principle are mutually consistent. Finally, we re-examine all the dominance rules described in the referred paper, and present a compatible set of dominance rules to guarantee mutual consistency.

The paper introduces in social choice theory a directional distance function (DDF) that quantifies the level of inefficiency of a given allocation with respect to the utility possibilities frontier. The paper shows that the DDF has a simple geometric interpretation and involves a complete transitive preference relation. If the uility possibilities set is not convex, it is shown that the Rawls welfare function is dual (in a certain sense) to the DDF. Finally a more general class of distance functions is introduced that is shown to be closely related to a large class of welfare functions widely used in the study of economic inequality.

Recommender systems (RS) are ubiquitous and used in many systems to augment user experience to improve usability and they achieve this by helping users discover new products to consume. They, however, suffer from cold-start problem which occurs when there is not enough information to generate recommendations to a user. Cold-start occurs when a new user enters the system that we don’t know about. We have proposed a novel algorithm to make recommendations to new users by recommending outside of their preferences. We also propose a genetic algorithm based solution to make recommendations when we lack information about user and a transitive algorithm to form neighbourhood. Altogether, we developed three algorithms and tested them using they MovieLens dataset. We have found that all of our algorithms performed well during our testing using the offline-evaluation method.

The significance and influence of US Supreme Court majority opinions derive in large part from opinions' roles as precedents for future opinions. A growing body of literature seeks to understand what drives the use of opinions as precedents through the study of Supreme Court case citation patterns. We raise two limitations of existing work on Supreme Court citations. First, dyadic citations are typically aggregated to the case level before they are analyzed. Second, citations are treated as if they arise independently. We present a methodology for studying citations between Supreme Court opinions at the dyadic level, as a network, that overcomes these limitations. This methodology -- the citation exponential random graph model, for which we provide user-friendly software -- enables researchers to account for the effects of case characteristics and complex forms of network dependence in citation formation. We then analyze a network that includes all Supreme Court cases decided between 1950 and 2015. We find evidence for dependence processes, including reciprocity, transitivity, and popularity. The dependence effects are as substantively and statistically significant as the effects of exogenous covariates, indicating that models of Supreme Court citation should incorporate both the effects of case characteristics and the structure of past citations., Comment: 34 pages, 10 figures

The primary purpose of this paper is to report on the successful enumeration in Magma of representatives of the 195 826 352 conjugacy classes of transitive subgroups of the symmetric group S 48 of degree 48. In addition, we have determined that 25707 of these groups are minimal transitive and that 713 of them are elusive. The minimal transitive examples have been used to enumerate the vertex-transitive groups of degree 48, of which there are 1 538 868 366 , all but 0.1625% of which arise as Cayley graphs. We have also found that the largest number of elements required to generate any of these groups is 10, and we have used this fact to improve previous general bounds of the third author on the number of elements required to generate an arbitrary transitive permutation group of a given degree. The details of the proof of this improved bound will be published as a separate paper.

This chapter attempts to examine the discursive construction of identities and conflict management strategies in parent–child conflict narratives written by Chinese university students. The parent–child relationship is one of the most difficult yet intriguing areas of study for researchers from different fields, including communication, sociolinguistics, psychology and sociology. Research on conflict management has explored wide range of relationships and has categorized conflict management strategies based on cultural context types. In the analysis of conflict strategies, the dual concern theory was used as the framework. The strategies the students would like to use in future conflict situations also consisted of six different strategies, but the majority of them belonged to the articulating and integrating strategies. In articulating strategy, students were capable of managing their emotions and were not afraid of saying out loud what they truly felt and thought. Linguistic features, including verbal transitivity processes, were scrutinized to further examine distinct features of the conflict strategies shown in the students' papers.