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Purpose: The World Heritage Convention has reached a milestone, and this year, in 2022, it is celebrating its 50th anniversary. The aim of this article is to review whether and how the goals of the strategic action plan (SAP) for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (2012–2022) have been reached. Design/methodology/approach: This article starts by considering the outcomes for three of the SAP goals, dealing with protection and management; the credibility of the World Heritage List and sustainable development, using additional information from the final implementation report of the SAP (UNESCO, 2021a), which provides key performance indicators and the implementation status for each goal and associated outcomes. This article then compares and contrasts available data, trends and examples to provide more in-depth analyses of the implementation of the three goals. Data have been gathered from my own research and from the work of other academics and practitioners. Findings: The article finds several key positive changes, including the recent revisions of the Operational Guidelines to include provisions from the 2015 UNESCO Policy on World Heritage and Sustainable Development. However, a number of concerning or worsening trends relating to the protection and management of the World Heritage List, its increasing lack of credibility and sustainable development make it difficult to conclude that the implementation of the goals has been positive. The article concludes with suggestions for addressing these issues. Originality/value: This paper fills a gap, as not much has yet been published on the state of implementation of the Convention at 50 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region has been experiencing a vibrant economy with heavy investment in higher education as an economic development driver. Being home to over 630 million people and more than 7,000 higher education institutions (HEIs) and over 12 million students, it was critical to evaluate the role of cross-border higher education in the region. This study aimed to investigate the factors and motivations contributing to the success and efficacy of cross-border higher education in the ASEAN region. Additionally, it sought to examine the impact of cross-border education on the development of global citizenship. A quantitative study was conducted using secondary data from the repositories of the World Bank and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). Data was analyzed using descriptive visualizations and regression analysis. Results indicated variations in HEIs investments, with Brunei having the least. Many students moved from the ASEAN region to seek higher education in other regions, with Vietnam having the highest number of 137,022 students. The majority of these ASEAN countries have more than 10,000 higher education students' abroad. The United States, Australia, and Japan were the significant destinies of students from the ASEAN region. Government expenditure on tertiary education, gross domestic product (GDP), tertiary school enrolment, and GDP growth rate were found to have a significant influence on cross-border higher education mobility. Policy recommendations were the development of international collaborations, cross-border partnerships, and cross-national harmonization to enhance the partnership and mobility of higher education students in the ASEAN region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article explores the trajectory of vernacular architectural documentation and preservation in China, including both notable successes and unfortunate failures. While the documentation and preservation of monuments of the past have a long-recorded history, the story of the 'discovery', documentation, and preservation of vernacular sites—individual structures as well as building complexes—is less known. This essay presents how 'outsiders'—mainly intrepid academics within China—travelled to out-of-the-way villages and towns after 1949 to find historic structures that were known to local residents but not to the broader world, even within China. Tragically, their findings were unpublished for decades. During politically charged periods, there was an orgy of calamitous destruction of countless vernacular buildings, an astonishing loss caused by the abandonment, renovation for alternative uses, and even razing of historic residences, temples, lineage halls, bridges, and walls in both rural and urban areas. Despite these enormous losses, many today marvel at the abundance of seemingly 'historic' structures that are still standing. This essay examines the roots of this apparent contradiction. Rural revitalisation has become a national issue for China in recent decades. In support of this initiative, an extraordinary amount of successful historic preservation work in villages has been accomplished. Today, unlike in the past, heritage protection focuses on broader village landscapes rather than on individual buildings. The challenges of preserving architectural sites are centred around issues of restoration versus recreation as well as redevelopment, that is, demolition followed by reconstruction. The commodification of heritage through the acceleration of tourism continues to have both positive and negative impacts. Judgements about authenticity often continue to be at odds with investors' need to recoup costs and ensure ongoing profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, Japanese rice wine, sake, exports to international countries have developed tremendously. Recently, in particular, sake exports are increasing in both volume and unit value due to factors such as the registration of Japanese cuisine as an intangible cultural heritage of UNESCO in 2013 and the economic situations including the rapid depreciation of Japanese yen. However, there are no studies which investigated sake exports via empirical methods as far as we know. In this study, we constructed hierarchical Bayesian models and analyzed unbalanced panel datasets on the export of Japanese sake to China, Hong Kong SAR China, Singapore, Taiwan and the US by using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and an ancillary-sufficiency interweaving strategy (ASIS) as the first empirical study of Japanese sake export. As a result, it was found that the trends in export volume and unit value to China, Hong Kong SAR China, Singapore and the US were significantly positive. In addition, although Taiwan had a negative trend before UNESCO registration, the trend became positive after its registration. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Japanese sake has been booming worldwide, though the degree may vary from country to country. Especially, we found that the UNESCO registration of Japanese food, Washoku, has significant effects on booming sake exports both in terms of volume and unit value. Finally, we divided the sake export data by regional customs offices in charge and conducted a detailed analysis on regional heterogeneity in sake exports. From the results, we found there were some different trends among regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study delves deeply into the historical contexts of the countries involved, examining how the idea of cultural heritage and its protection under international law has changed through the years and in various social, economic, and political climates. When preserving cultural assets under public international law, we also consider the humanitarian aspect of this phenomenon. The study examines whether people and groups limit a state's power to act beyond limitations imposed by other states and international organizations. This research further examines the role of international human rights laws in this setting, the preservation of the individual's connection to cultural products, and whether or not an individual becomes a significant player in international law. The study's findings provide conclusive evidence of the pivotal catalytic role that UNESCO and similar international organizations play in the worldwide preservation of cultural heritage. UNESCO is the principal venue for monitoring whether or not states are adhering to international protection principles. Whether or not UNESCO can be effective without ratification processes for cultural preservation has to be investigated more deeply. The study's findings indicate that protecting cultural assets involves a wide range of aspects, including the rights and responsibilities of governments and the rights of cultures. In addition, our research suggests that the ever-evolving international legal system can improve its framework, which is relevant to preserving cultural treasures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Second World War, the rebuilding of Europe was envisioned not only in terms of bricks and mortar, but also books. Between November 1942 and December 1945, the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education repeatedly met in London to discuss the role of culture and education in postwar reconstruction. One of the projects it led to was The European Inheritance (1954), a multi-authored publication that was meant to communicate as impartially as possible the history of Europe and its influence on the world. The CAME meetings have so far rarely been studied and are usually perceived as having laid the groundwork for the creation of the far more influential United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (November 1945). This paper instead argues that CAME and the activities that ensued from it deserve to be studied in their own right. The European Inheritance, in particular, provides a prism through which to analyse the slow transition from the 'imperial internationalism' of the early twentieth century to a burgeoning postcolonial world order, alongside which new forms of European intergovernmental cooperation emerged. Furthermore, the vicissitudes of this history book provide insights into the cultural ambitions and the international position Britain was seeking for itself during and shortly after the Second World War. As chairman of the commission in charge of this project, the classicist and political theorist Ernest Barker reveals the moral, intellectual and pragmatic motivations and negotiations that steered the production of this book through the push and pull of national and internationalist interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 1960s, the Ford Foundation funded numerous projects in Turkey, primarily concerning science education and science policy. Related to the post-Sputnik debates on "scientific manpower needs," and modernisation theory's emphasis on "industrialising elites" in the developing world, these projects were the products of an intellectual bandwagon comprising scientists and experts commonly working with transnational organisations like the OECD and UNESCO. Characterising the need in terms influenced by this trend, the Ford Foundation's representative in Turkey proposed establishing a special high school for students gifted in the sciences. Analysing the process of the establishment of this school, this article explores how Turkish scientists connected to the same networks participated in the Foundation's initiatives to advance their status, and examines the broad political and economic factors that the Foundation's "non-ideological" interest in education for scientific manpower overlooked, leading to the mixed results of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the devastation of the northern Iraqi city of Mosul by the Islamic State, various foreign actors launched initiatives to reconstruct the heritage sites of the city. However, such efforts are underpinned by assumptions about how local people value their heritage, how they perceive its destruction, whether they view reconstruction as a priority and the extent to which they support foreign-led efforts to rebuild their heritage. This article holds these assumptions up to empirical scrutiny via an original survey of 1600 Mosul residents and their attitudes towards heritage. The results hold four key implications for current and future heritage projects in Mosul, namely that while residents want to see heritage sites reconstructed, they prefer that heritage reconstruction not be privileged over humanitarian aid, development and peace building; includes the rebuilding of their local religious sites as much as iconic and/or non-religious sites and transforms sites into new and more useful structures to the community, and while they acknowledge the work of foreign actors, they want agency and control over the future of their heritage. The article concludes by noting that such findings hold important implications for future foreign-led heritage projects in (post-)conflict environments where mass human suffering and heritage destruction has taken place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children and young people today are growing up in an increasingly urban, technical, virtual and ecologically precarious world, leaving many feel disconnected from nature yet anxious about its degradation at the same time. Two distinct bodies of knowledge – namely youth human-nature relationships and youth eco-anxiety – are concerned with the former and the latter respectively. Through a narrative literature review, we bring these fields together and explore their interaction. We demonstrate that the dominant responses of facilitating nature exposure and encouraging environmental action risk counteracting each other and ultimately fail to address the root cause of children and young people's experiences. We further show that emerging responses in both fields are overcoming these limitations by turning towards a reimagination of humanity's relationship with nature, providing a holistic way forward. We conclude by discussing barriers restricting the expansion of such approaches and opportunities for future research to contribute to dismantling these barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin des bibliothèques de France is the property of ENSSIB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CS is the property of Rafael Silva Vega and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fiordland National Park is a UNESCO world heritage site that draws hundreds of thousands of visitors every year. An oil spill in this area could impact the visitation to not only Milford Sound, but to all of Fiordland National Park and the lower South Island. This study examined the impacts on the recreational value of Fiordland National Park under three oil spill scenarios in Milford Sound. Using a combined approach of travel cost and contingent behaviour methods revealed a consumer surplus of a visit to Fiordland National Park of NZD 534.76 and NZD 1,449.28 per person, with and without accommodation respectively. This leads to an aggregate consumer surplus estimate ranging from NZD 427.8–1,159.4 million for Fiordland National Park based on pre-COVID visitor numbers. The three oil spill scenarios represented small, medium, and large-scale oil spills, limiting various water-based activities at each step. This showed that for each increase in oil level, there was a decrease of NZD 164.10 and NZD 923.73 per person with and without accommodation respectively. This leads to an estimated minimum decrease of the welfare of visitors by 30.7–63.7 percent, or a decrease of NZD 131.3–734.0 million in the annual recreational value. Aggregate annual recreational value estimates ranging from NZD 427.8 million – NZD 1.6 billion pre-COVID19. An oil spill occurring in Milford Sound demonstrated a minimum annual recreational value decrease of NZD 131.3 million over five years. These results demonstrate the need for appropriately funded prevention and preparedness policies to minimize possible damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the influence of accreditations on tourism demand, namely, World Heritage List (WHL) designations and Geographical Indications (GIs). The analysis examines Italian data at the NUTS3 level spanning from 1999 to 2019. Contribution of the study is two-fold. Firstly, by utilizing a Difference-in-Differences model in conjunction with Propensity Score Matching (PSM-DiD), the study evaluates the impact of jointly recognizing both accreditations as a binary treatment (yes/no). Secondly, by employing Generalised Propensity Score Matching (GPSM) for continuous treatment, the study gauges how the impact of the two accreditations is contingent on the number of recognitions (consistency). These impact assessments concern both domestic and international tourists. Conclusions highlight the positive effects, encompassing tourism arrivals, overnight stays, and tourist expenditures, associated with both the combined recognition (PSM-DiD) and the consistency of accreditation (GPSM). These findings support the implementation of place-based policies promoting diverse local assets, notably cultural heritage and agri-food excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation of 20th-century architectural heritage presents unique challenges due to the modern materials and construction techniques used by pioneering architects. This paper investigates the preservation challenges of iconic architectural works exposed to water environments, focusing on Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright and the Boa Nova Tea House by Álvaro Siza Vieira. These structures, situated in natural settings with significant exposure to water, serve as case studies for examining conservation methods and their broader implications. This study explores archival documents, interviews with conservation experts, and literature reviews to highlight the main degradation phenomena related to the impact of environmental conditions on the material's integrity. Despite limited specific data on monitoring and maintenance, this research underscores the importance of ongoing conservation efforts. Fallingwater's case highlights the necessity of restoration techniques, while the Boa Nova Tea House illustrates minimal intervention strategies to maintain authenticity. This study concludes that the effective conservation of 20th-century built heritage necessitates a balance between preserving original design intents and adapting to environmental challenges. It emphasizes the need for innovative conservation strategies, adherence to international guidelines, and the establishment of comprehensive management and monitoring plans to safeguard the integrity and authenticity of culturally significant architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rehabilitating heritage buildings is a common practice in developed countries. In contrast, developing countries experiencing conflict lack the financial support and qualified experts to restore heritage buildings. This article focuses on the restoration of the al-Khader building in the Gaza Strip, part of a UNESCO project aimed at preserving historical buildings. This study aims to explore the challenges and impacts of the adaptive reuse of the al-Khader building as a children's library for the local community and to explore the impact of this project on sustainable development and its importance locally, as well as the role of this building restoration and rehabilitation through Quintuple Helix dimensions. Qualitative methodology was used, including field observation and interviews, to present the project stages during restoration in 2016. The interviews were conducted with library users, employees, and visitors to evaluate their experience in 2019. The research revealed that the restoration process faced several challenges, including a lack of experience and professional workers in conservation work. Despite challenges, the building's transformation positively affected heritage preservation and the local community, aligning with 11 Sustainable Development Goals—directly with 7 goals (SDGs 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, and 17) and indirectly with 4 goals (SDGs 1, 5, 9, and 13). The findings emphasise the role of the library's rehabilitation in contributing to the success of the Quintuple Helix in economic and civil society systems and the need to enhance the consideration of government, education, and environmental systems. Finally, this project, which external donors funded, increased awareness among local people of the importance of heritage buildings. Unfortunately, due to the ongoing conflict in Gaza, the current status of the building is unknown. This study, therefore, serves as necessary documentation of the building as it was in 2023 and prior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On May 26, 2023, the Kinabalu UNESCO Global Geopark obtained the UNESCO Global Geopark status, and it was awarded the UNESCO Triple Crown recognition, making it the third geopark globally to receive this honour. Kinabalu UNESCO Global Geopark is located in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, and it is the nation's second geopark site. Our study aims to investigate the mediating effect of support for geopark development on the relationship between economic, sociocultural benefits, and perceived costs of geopark development on community well-being. A total of 301 participants, including those from the Kinabalu UNESCO Global Geopark's three areas of Kota Marudu, Ranau and Kota Belud, participated in the study. The findings indicate that community well-being is positively impacted by economic, sociocultural, and support for geopark development. Moreover, the support for geopark development mediates the relationship between economic and socio-cultural benefits towards community well-being. However, the study reveals that perceived costs of geopark development does not have significant effect on both relationships. Our study suggests that the local community recognizes the benefits of Kinabalu UNESCO Global Geopark in the form of income generation and opportunities for employment. However, because the geopark is still in an early stage of development, it is possible that the local community has not yet become aware of its negative aspects. The study proposes thorough and comprehensive guidelines and policies to be put in place to ensure the sustainability of the geopark regions as well as to continuously improve community well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Arqueologia is the property of Revista de Arqueologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En el presente artículo, utilizando los procedimientos de estudio de caso, la observación cualitativa, la aplicación del modelo TRIC y la metodología de las 20 Barreras Culturales en la Comunicación y 5 Dimensiones de Creatividad (20BCC-5DCR), se analiza el concepto de Ciudad MIL bautizado por la UNESCO en 2018, un paradigma que puede servirse de un sistema de 13 indicadores y 262 métricas y que contempla al ciudadano como eje central. Se caracteriza por la integración de las ciudades físicas y digitales, así como por la superación de las barreras culturales a la comunicación, por lo que se relaciona con el constructo de las Tecnologías de la Relación, la Información y la Comunicación (TRIC) y sus dimensiones consiguientes. Como metodología de análisis, llevamos a cabo un estudio de caso de la aplicación de los parámetros de Ciudades MIL y TRIC a dos centros piloto: el proyecto Soñar contigo, en La Habana (Cuba), y El Gancho Coworking, en Zaragoza (España). Como principal conclusión, comprobamos que este tipo de lugares tienen como finalidad superar las barreras culturales de la comunicación y convertirse en espacios relacionales en los que convergen la multidiversidad y las diferentes dimensiones TRIC, principalmente la axiológica, la emocional y la emprendedora. Esos puntos pueden servir, además de como referentes experimentales vivos, como locales de irradiación en la práctica del paradigma de las Ciudades MIL en territorios urbanos.

The heritage of mankind, as defined by Unesco, is considered to be a common asset for all humanity, threatened by armed conflict, even if the dangers to archaeological and architectural heritage remain manifold. After its instrumentalization by the Syrian Baathist regime, the destruction by Daech of Palmyra’s archaeological heritage, perceived as a symbol of both Western civilization and the national identity of the Syrian state, is thus destined to shock Westerners, just as the use of Palmyra was envisaged by the Syrian state in the construction of the Syrian national novel.

El 7 de junio de 2024, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) proclamó al año 2025 como el Año Internacional de la Ciencia y la Tecnología Cuánticas (AIQ2025), como resultado de largas gestiones científicas y diplomáticas que comenzaron en octubre de 2021, por iniciativa de la Unión Internacional de Física Pura y Aplicada. Este artículo da cuenta de los orígenes, los preparativos y el significado de la declaración del AIQ2025, y ofrece una reflexión sobre las negociaciones diplomáticas llevadas a cabo. La celebración del centenario de los primeros avances de la mecánica cuántica moderna brinda una valiosa oportunidad para crear conciencia sobre la importancia de la ciencia y la tecnología cuánticas en nuestras vidas y su impacto transformador en la sociedad. De ahí la necesidad de que cada país desarrolle capacidades propias en este terreno, tanto científicas como tecnológicas y productivas, para contribuir al avance científico y, al mismo tiempo, aprovechar sus beneficios en pro de la sociedad y del desarrollo nacional.

El artículo explora las similitudes espirituales entre el Camino de Santiago, en Europa, y los antiguos caminos Qin-Shu, en China, dos importantes rutas de peregrinaje que han sido reconocidas como patrimonio cultural inmaterial por la UNESCO. A pesar de las diferencias geográficas y culturales, ambas rutas comparten el propósito de conectar a las personas con la espiritualidad y la memoria histórica. Los autores analizan cómo estas rutas trascienden su función inicial de transporte o comercio, convirtiéndose en símbolos de identidad, fe y autodescubrimiento. Además, se subraya la importancia de la relación con la naturaleza y el entorno en estos caminos, así como su capacidad de generar una profunda transformación espiritual en los peregrinos.

El territorio incluido en el Geoparque Volcanes de Calatrava. Ciudad Real, declarado por UNESCO en 2024, se extiende por las áreas centrales de la provincia de Ciudad Real (Castilla-La Mancha, España) e incluye una gran riqueza geológica en la que sus protagonistas son los volcanes del Campo de Calatrava. Dentro de una estrategia conjunta de valorización de todo tipo de recursos territoriales como la que caracteriza a los geoparques globales UNESCO, nos centramos, en este caso, en aquellos derivados de las actividades mineras, tipificados dentro del patrimonio industrial minero que son de gran interés. Ellos nos permiten identificar dos paisajes culturales mineros: el conformado por las mineralizaciones de cinabrio-mercurio en la zona de Almadén y Almadenejos y el del carbonífero en Puertollano. Esta iniciativa se une a la de otros geoparques globales que incluyen geositios vinculados con el legado minero en Europa (Terra Vita, Idrija, Copper Coast...) y en España (Cabo de Gata-Níjar, Villuercas-Ibores-Jara, Las Loras...) reforzando, con ello, su oferta geoturística.

El artículo analiza las propuestas socioeducativas para la región presentes en los documentos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (Unesco) –desde fines de 1980 hasta principios del siglo XXI– en relación con la garantía del derecho a la educación, así como en su vinculación con las propuestas de mejora de la calidad y evaluación como condiciones para promover el progreso colectivo e individual. Para ello, se identifican las medidas vinculadas con la erradicación del analfabetismo como uno de los pilares de las agendas de desarrollo de los organismos internacionales en la actualidad, así como los desafíos prioritarios a escala global, destacando su relevancia para mejorar la calidad educativa en América Latina y la importancia de su medición a través de programas de evaluación estandarizados.

The emergence of generative AI in education introduces both opportunities and challenges, especially in student assessment. This paper explores the transformative influence of generative AI on assessment practices, drawing from recent training workshops conducted with educators in the Global South. It examines how AI can enrich traditional assessment approaches by fostering critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration. The paper introduces innovative frameworks, such as AI-resistant assessments and the Process-Product Assessment Approach, which emphasize evaluating not only the final product but also the student’s interaction with AI tools throughout their learning journey. Additionally, it provides practical strategies for integrating AI into assessments, underscoring the ethical use and preservation of academic integrity. Addressing the complexities of AI adoption, including concerns around academic misconduct, this paper equips educators with tools to navigate the intricacies of human-AI collaboration in learning settings. Finally, it discusses the significance of institutional policies for guiding the ethical use of AI and offers recommendations for faculty development to align with the evolving educational landscape.

La ética periodística ha entrado en los espacios de discusión pública como uno de los temas de mayor importancia en el momento político actual. La dura competencia que los medios tradicionales han mantenido con los nuevos actores digitales y con los grandes poderes fácticos e ideológicos que los sostienen ha llevado a que las nociones de ética en general, de moral en particular y de deberes concretos en el accionar diario, se diluyan en una marea de intereses privados que en muchas ocasiones son directamente contrarios al bien general. Se impone por tanto una tarea de reflexión sobre las visiones éticas que históricamente han guiado el ejercicio periodístico y sobre las visiones éticas que las realidades del siglo XXI reclaman.

La Educación para la Ciudadanía Mundial (ECM) ha evolucionado como un enfoque holístico para desarrollar una comunidad global comprometida con el desarrollo sostenible. Esta investigación evalúa su aplicación en dos fases: una histórica, explorando su evolución desde los inicios de la Unesco hasta hoy, y otra centrada en los resultados actuales de informes de la Unesco sobre la ECM en su aplicación en leyes, planes de estudio, evaluación y formación. Se concluye que, pese a su reciente consolidación en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, la ECM está en una etapa inicial en la acción política. Aunque la mayoría de los países muestran compromiso, se necesitan mayores esfuerzos en todas las áreas evaluadas para una integración más sólida y efectiva.

Vietnam has 11 Biosphere Reserves (BRs) designated by UNESCO where evaluation of management effectiveness plays an important role to promote sustainability for these areas. We propose a set of indicators suitable to Vietnam's social-ecological conditions based on the IUCN concepts of management effectiveness and the consultation dialogues with relevant BR stakeholders. This set includes 58 indicators, 20 headline indicators according to 6 management elements of BR: Context, Planning, Inputs, Process, Outputs and Outcomes. Management effectiveness value is divided into 5 levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100) and thereafter categorised into 4 ranges according to the corresponding value (Very low: 0–25 points; Low: 25–50 points; Average: 50–75 points; High: 75–100 points) with the higher the value, the greater the effectiveness. Based on the indicators, we evaluated the management effectiveness of Cu Lao Cham-Hoi An BR (designated in 2009). The results of evaluating management effectiveness for this BR have determined that the overall management effectiveness for the whole BR is 78.2 out of 100 scores, equivalent to high management effectiveness. Results for management elements: element 1 (Context-85.8 score), element 2 (Planning-83.5 score), element 3 (Inputs-73.4 score), element 4 (Process-76.3 score), element 5 (Outputs-68.3 score) and element 6 (Outcomes-81.9 score). Although the indicators presented a useful analysis of management effectiveness in this particular case, owing the diversity of BRs in Vietnam in terms of socio-ecological conditions, total area, governance model and administration, caution should be applied in the treatment and/or selection of these indicators for all BR cases and the 58 indicators should be used as a guide for each specific BR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intangible cultural heritage is an invaluable treasure for all human beings worldwide. In 2009, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) inscribed the Chinese Cantonese Opera, also known as Yueju in Chinese Pinyin, on the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The awareness of inheriting Yueju is not uncommon, but advancing methods to involve more young generations in this art form is still necessary. In this study, we focused on Yueju videos on Bilibili, a cultural community and video website popular among the younger generation. Through quantitative and qualitative research, we explored the types of Yueju videos that would have a significant spreading effect. The 1916 Bilibili videos related to Yueju were collected using Python crawler technology. We analyzed each video using seventeen variables. The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) forms the theoretical foundation of this research. We constructed the Yueju transmission model with two persuasive routes based on this model. The research methods mainly comprised regression analysis, multi-factor ANOVA, and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). We invited thirty-one experts to assess the importance hierarchy of those video factors and calculate the weight coefficient using AHP. This study demonstrated the central route concerning the causal relationship between video recognition and spreading effect through regression analysis. Additionally, this research identified the optimal combination of 8 video factors using multi-factor ANOVA in the peripheral route. In this study, we focused on the niche of Yueju video transmission on Bilibili. This research utilized the ELM and hybrid methods to obtain the statistical results. Then, we developed appropriate macro-level and micro-level strategies for transmitting Yueju culture, particularly those aimed at the younger generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent to which Cultural and Creative Industries (CCIs), as policy concepts, are globalized, has been a matter of debate. This paper engages with the debate while seeking to move beyond the binary division of global and local scales of analysis. Empirically, it examines the emergence and politics of CCIs in Vietnam, with a focus on its connection with the implementation of the UNESCO 2005 Convention. The paper explores the complexity of the policy translation process, which shows the degrees to which neoliberal ideas can be translated in a post-socialist context. It also examines the role of UNESCO and questions the consistency of its position against the commodification of culture. Conceptually, it brings together different approaches to policy translation from language studies, Science and Technology Studies (STS), and postcolonial studies. The paper suggests that this interdisciplinary framework can further the understanding of both paradigmatic and pragmatic dimensions of policy travel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the ideal twenty-first century learner as discursively produced in recent future-oriented documents published by the OECD and UNESCO. Drawing inspiration from Bacchi's question 'What is the problem represented to be?', we identify a constellation of interrelated discourses that together craft an image of a post-political, resilient, empathic, bio-perfected, transhuman learner. This learner is conditioned to endure, adapt and adjust to ongoing socio-political conditions and crises, rather than to contest, resist, or alter them. We argue that this portrayal is reflective of a deepening ideological alignment between the OECD and UNESCO – organisations that have traditionally held divergent views on the purpose and value of education. We conclude by advocating for the reinvigoration of subjectivities that prioritise political agency, defined as the capacity to act upon and transform the existing social order and power structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNESCO's relatively high prestige across East Asia has spurred intensifying efforts by governments to use its imprimatur to legitimate official narratives of the past and visions of the future. This article focuses on China's use of UNESCO as an arena for competitive national 'branding' in the education field, especially relating to STEM and AI. We analyse the Chinese state's engagement with UNESCO's education work in the context of shifts in budgetary and political influence within the organisation, and of a growing 'securitisation' of education within China itself. We show how Chinese engagement with UNESCO's educational agenda reflects both domestic political considerations and the 'major country diplomacy' of Xi Jinping, as manifested in the 'Belt and Road Initiative' and intensifying strategic competition with the USA. We conclude by discussing the implications of rising Chinese influence within the organisation for UNESCO's capacity for articulating a coherent and consistently humanistic vision for education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Kingdom (UK) lacks a uniform approach to safeguarding intangible cultural heritage (ICH) such as language. The UK ratified the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in June 2024. In the absence of any UK-wide ICH framework, various approaches to safeguarding ICH have been taken at nation-level and at the level of (usually individual) museums, libraries and heritage groups. ICH can bring tangible heritage to life and give objects meaning and enhance the dynamic of cultural heritage. However, although language is included in the UNESCO Convention, to the extent that it is a “vehicle” of ICH, only recently have some museums and other organizations started to exhibit language. This article sets out our research findings from a pilot study undertaken in 2022 where we engaged with heritage sector professionals to identify how their organizations currently work with language heritage. Participants in our study voiced concerns that language heritage can be hard to encapsulate. We outline the challenges and successes of language heritage work, as well as the support that professionals felt they needed to undertake further work to enable them to engage with the public and local communities in order to safeguard this important aspect of ICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food supply chains face increasing demands for transparency and sustainability. The Digital Product Passport (DPP), under development in the European Union, can contribute to this purpose by sharing relevant product information with all stakeholders. This research aims to develop a digital twin-based architecture for DPPs and design a prototype for GEOfood products that includes environmental, social, and economic sustainability. Our methodology follows the design science research paradigm. The work was conducted in cooperation with a UNESCO Global Geopark and the GEOfood seal, which certifies food production in regions with unique geological relevance protected by UNESCO. The results include (1) an architecture for digital twin-based DPPs and (2) the design of a DPP prototype for GEOfood products. A formative evaluation was conducted through qualitative interviews with industry experts. Our contribution also includes the integration of social and economic dimensions into the DPP, extending the traditional focus on environmental sustainability data and exemplifying its adoption in supply chains of certified products. Practitioners may find our results inspiring for digital infrastructures capable of real-time monitoring and automatic generation of DPPs that adhere to the tenets of circular economy and human-centric production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper delves into the fusion of artificial intelligence (AI) and emotional intelligence (EQ) by analyzing the frameworks of international sustainability agendas driven by UNESCO, WEF, and UNICEF. It explores the potential of AI integrated with EQ to effectively address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a focus on education, healthcare, and environmental sustainability. The integration of EQ into AI use is pivotal in using AI to improve educational outcomes and health services, as emphasized by UNESCO and UNICEF's significant initiatives. This paper highlights the evolving role of AI in understanding and managing human emotions, particularly in personalizing education and healthcare. It proposes that the ethical use of AI, combined with EQ principles, has the power to transform societal interactions and decision-making processes, leading to a more inclusive, sustainable, and healthier global community. Furthermore, this paper considers the ethical dimensions of AI deployment, guided by UNESCO's recommendations on AI ethics, which advocate for transparency, accountability, and inclusivity in AI developments. It also examines the World Economic Forum's insights into AI's potential to revolutionize learning and healthcare in underserved populations, emphasizing the significance of fair AI advancements. By integrating perspectives from prominent global organizations, this paper offers a strategic approach to combining AI with EQ, enhancing the capacity of AI systems to meaningfully address global challenges. In conclusion, this paper advocates for the establishment of a new Sustainable Development Goal, SDG 18, focused on the ethical integration of AI and EQ across all sectors, ensuring that technology advances the well-being of humanity and global sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building information modeling (BIM) can greatly improve the management and planning of historic building conservation projects. However, implementing BIM in the heritage has many challenges, including issues with modeling irregular features, surveying data occlusions, and a lack of predefined libraries of parametric objects. Indeed, surface features can be manually distinguished and segmented depending on the level of human involvement during data scanning and BIM processing. This requires a significant amount of time and resources, as well as the risk of making too subjective decisions. To address these bottlenecks and improve BIM digitization of building geometry, a novel deep learning based scan-to-HBIM workflow is used during the recording of the historic building in historic Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The proposed workflow enables access to laser scanner and unmanned aerial vehicle imagery data to create a complete integrated survey using high-resolution imagery acquired independently at the best position and time for proper radiometric information to depict the surface features. By employing deep learning with orthophotos, the method significantly improves the interpretation of spatial weathering forms and façade degradation. Additionally, an HBIM library for Saudi Hijazi architectural elements is created, and the vector data derived from deep learning-based segmentation are accurately mapped onto the HBIM geometry with relevant statistical parameters. The findings give stakeholders an effective tool for identifying the types, nature, and spatial extent of façade degradation to investigate and monitor the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Interventions are essential for the management of built heritage because they extend the lifespan of buildings and enable them to be enjoyed by multiple generations. International organisations and institutions, such as UNESCO and ICOMOS, have adopted doctrinal documents over time, stimulating best practices in built heritage management worldwide. Although these documents are often referenced in academic work, they are seldom systematically researched. Which interventions are referenced or omitted? Are they defined? What trends are noted in the understanding of best practices as interventions? Design/methodology/approach: This research consists of a systematic content analysis of nine international doctrinal documents, which were selected from nearly seventy international doctrinal documents—mainly adopted by UNESCO and ICOMOS. The main aim is to reveal and compare the concepts used for reference interventions and further use the definitions to reveal and discuss the relationships between them. The trends of these interventions being used were determined based on the frequency of mentions per intervention term in the selected documents. Findings: Regarding the definition of the intervention concepts, there are three main findings. First, instead of being treated as a single concept, 'conservation' has been presented as an umbrella concept for other interventions and thus has been the most popular concept since the first version (1992) of the New Zealand Charter was implemented. In contrast, 'preservation' remains a single concept, among the highest scales, to maintain the integrity of built heritage, including use. Second, 'repair' was found to play a paradoxical role between 'restoration' and 'reconstruction', which created divergent opinions in the documents. Third, since the notions of 'use' have expanded from the functions of monuments (International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites: The Venice Charter, 1964) to the 'associations of places' (The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, with associated Guidelines and Code on the Ethics of Co-existence, 1999; The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 2013), which include activities, traditional habits, accessibility, etc., the complexity of mentioning different forms of 'use' has led to some (re)interventions, such as 'adaptation', 'adaptive reuse', and 'rehabilitation', being put into grey areas and used interchangeably. Originality: This research advances the current understanding of intervention concepts and their relationships, as well as differences and similarities in definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1964 Venice Charter aims at the physical preservation of monuments, including in the scope of protection also the related territorial and urban context. In the case of historic urban agglomerations such aims are not easy to achieve, especially in the absence of measures capable of directing measures and strategies that are compatible with the purposes of protection and functional to the needs of contemporaneity, understood as a plurality of spheres and activities, harshly challenged by overtourism and ongoing economic and social changes. Venice, understood here as a case study for questioning the future of historic cities, suffers particularly from these phenomena, and, in this sense, the Association of International Private Committees for the Preservation of Venice drew up in 2021, with the participation of various institutions and scholars, the Proposal for a Venice Charter for Urban Culture, which aims to help bridge the gap related to socio-economic guidelines and measures, which are essential today to preserve the historic cities1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of the potential, competencies and behaviors of entrepreneurs during their university professional training. The methodology was mixed longitudinal. A sample of 237 students was followed for three years in three universities belonging to the city of Barranquilla- Colombia and Puebla- Mexico with annual quantitative measurement through surveys and qualitative measurement through interviews. The results indicated that self-efficacy for entrepreneurship was reinforced over time in both sexes. After the third year, only 32% of the men and 18.9% of the women had completed a business creation initiative. We conclude that university education has played an ambivalent role in reinforcing some entrepreneurial competencies, but significantly moderating initial entrepreneurial dreams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective is to examine student dropout in higher education during the post-pandemic era, using a scoping review methodology of the available literature from 2020 to 2024. The study focuses on identifying the causes, impacts and mitigation strategies of dropout in a global context that has been deeply affected by the COVID-19 crisis. The novelty lies in its focus on new dimensions such as: impact of online learning, mental health and inequality in access to technology. The research is justified in addressing an issue for higher education institutions, providing an analysis that informs the formulation of more adaptive and resilient educational policies. This article makes a significant contribution to the Educational Sciences by providing a comprehensive view of student dropout and its implications, which enriches the educational field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyze the importance of legal education in relation to the impact of AI for the science of law, taking into account that, currently in Peru, AI is already being implemented within the Superior Courts of Justice. The methodology used had a qualitative approach, with a descriptive scope, of a basic type. The key informants were 2 judges, 2 prosecutors, 2 systems engineers and 1 member of the Peruvian National Police. The results demonstrated the importance of the use of artificial intelligence, as well as the risks of a mechanism of compliance with deadlines for the granting of conflicting resolutions. The conclusions specified that AI could be presented as a consultative alternative to the lawyer's legal function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]