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The aim of this research is to develop and test in a simulation environment an advanced model-based control solution for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. A nonlinear model-predictive control (NMPC) strategy is proposed to maximize the active catalytic surface area at the cathode catalyst layer to increase the available reaction area of the stack and to avoid starvation at the catalyst sites. The PEMFC stack model includes a spatial discretization that permits the control strategy to take into account the internal conditions of the system. These internal states are estimated and fed to the NMPC via a nonlinear distributed parameters observer. The air-fed cathode of the PEMFC simulation model includes a two-phase water model for better representation of the stack voltage. The stack temperature is regulated through the use of an active cooling system. The control strategy is evaluated in an automotive application using a driving cycle based on the New European Driving Cycle profile as the case study.

© 20xx IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., The aim of this research is to develop and test in a simulation environment an advanced model-based control solution for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. A nonlinear model-predictive control (NMPC) strategy is proposed to maximize the active catalytic surface area at the cathode catalyst layer to increase the available reaction area of the stack and to avoid starvation at the catalyst sites. The PEMFC stack model includes a spatial discretization that permits the control strategy to take into account the internal conditions of the system. These internal states are estimated and fed to the NMPC via a nonlinear distributed parameters observer. The air-fed cathode of the PEMFC simulation model includes a two-phase water model for better representation of the stack voltage. The stack temperature is regulated through the use of an active cooling system. The control strategy is evaluated in an automotive application using a driving cycle based on the New European Driving Cycle profile as the case study., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

This paper compares two Nonlinear Distributed Parameter Observers (NDPO) for the observation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). Both NDPOs are based on the discretisation of distributed parameters models and they are used to estimate the state profile of gas concentrations in the anode and cathode gas channels of the PEMFC, giving detailed information about the internal conditions of the system. The reaction and water transport flow rates from the membrane to the channels are uncertainties of the observation problem and they are estimated throughout all the length of the PEMFC without the use of additional sensors. The first observation approach is a Nonlinear Disturbance Observer (NDOB) for the estimation of the disturbances in the NDPO. In the second approach, a novel implementation of a High-Order Sliding-Mode (HOSM) observer is developed to estimate the true value of the states as well as the reaction terms. The proposed observers are tested and compared through a simulation example at different operating points and their performance and robustness is analysed over a given case study, the New European Driving Cycle.

In this paper a methodology for the estimation of the Electrochemically active Surface Area (ECSA) of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is developed. Specifically, the ECSA in the Cathode Catalyst Layer (CCL) is estimated, which makes it possible to quantify the amount of active platinum (Pt) in the CCL. In order to estimate the ECSA, the internal conditions of the PEMFC have to be known. A model-based observer for the distributed parameter dynamics is designed. From the observation of the distributed states, the ECSA can be estimated as well. With the aim of representing the most relevant phenomena that affects the PEMFC voltage, the simulation model includes a two-phase water model and the effects of liquid water on the CCL. The results of the methodology are discussed in a simulation environment using the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) as a case study.

© . This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, This paper compares two Nonlinear Distributed Parameter Observers (NDPO) for the observation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). Both NDPOs are based on the discretisation of distributed parameters models and they are used to estimate the state profile of gas concentrations in the anode and cathode gas channels of the PEMFC, giving detailed information about the internal conditions of the system. The reaction and water transport flow rates from the membrane to the channels are uncertainties of the observation problem and they are estimated throughout all the length of the PEMFC without the use of additional sensors. The first observation approach is a Nonlinear Disturbance Observer (NDOB) for the estimation of the disturbances in the NDPO. In the second approach, a novel implementation of a High-Order Sliding-Mode (HOSM) observer is developed to estimate the true value of the states as well as the reaction terms. The proposed observers are tested and compared through a simulation example at different operating points and their performance and robustness is analysed over a given case study, the New European Driving Cycle., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 20xx IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., In this paper a methodology for the estimation of the Electrochemically active Surface Area (ECSA) of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is developed. Specifically, the ECSA in the Cathode Catalyst Layer (CCL) is estimated, which makes it possible to quantify the amount of active platinum (Pt) in the CCL. In order to estimate the ECSA, the internal conditions of the PEMFC have to be known. A model-based observer for the distributed parameter dynamics is designed. From the observation of the distributed states, the ECSA can be estimated as well. With the aim of representing the most relevant phenomena that affects the PEMFC voltage, the simulation model includes a two-phase water model and the effects of liquid water on the CCL. The results of the methodology are discussed in a simulation environment using the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) as a case study., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

In this paper, a nonlinear distributed parameter observer (NDOP) is developed for the estimation of the internal condi-tions of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In particular, the estimation of the internal concentration values for different gas species is studied. A novel high order sliding mode (HOSM) estimation technique, based on a distributed parameter model of a PEMFC is developed to reconstruct the internal variables. The observer includes the estimation of the reaction and water transport terms, which are considered as disturbances of the PEMFC estimation model. Since the approach is based on a distributed parameter model representation of the PEMFC, the observer is capable of reconstruct the full internal profile of the estimated variables. The performance and robustness of the proposed observation technique is tested through a simulation example around different operation points., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

In this paper a nonlinear state observer based on a distributed parameter model is proposed for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The estimation technique is implemented using a model-based nonlinear observer with a nonlinear disturbance observer in parallel. To implement the model, a finite element discretisation is performed to take advantage of the boundary conditions of the problem and also to apply lumped systems theory in the observer synthesis procedure. By means of this double observation technique it is possible to reconstruct the gases concentrations internal states in the gas channels of the PEMFC in the presence of disturbances. The reaction rates and water transport terms that cross the membrane are considered as unknown unmatched disturbances of the model, henceforth the implementation of a disturbance observer to estimate them. Simulation results of the proposed solution are provided and discussed., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author’s final draft)

In this paper, a nonlinear distributed parameter observer (NDOP) is developed for the estimation of the internal condi-tions of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In particular, the estimation of the internal concentration values for different gas species is studied. A novel high order sliding mode (HOSM) estimation technique, based on a distributed parameter model of a PEMFC is developed to reconstruct the internal variables. The observer includes the estimation of the reaction and water transport terms, which are considered as disturbances of the PEMFC estimation model. Since the approach is based on a distributed parameter model representation of the PEMFC, the observer is capable of reconstruct the full internal profile of the estimated variables. The performance and robustness of the proposed observation technique is tested through a simulation example around different operation points.

In this paper a nonlinear state observer based on a distributed parameter model is proposed for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The estimation technique is implemented using a model-based nonlinear observer with a nonlinear disturbance observer in parallel. To implement the model, a finite element discretisation is performed to take advantage of the boundary conditions of the problem and also to apply lumped systems theory in the observer synthesis procedure. By means of this double observation technique it is possible to reconstruct the gases concentrations internal states in the gas channels of the PEMFC in the presence of disturbances. The reaction rates and water transport terms that cross the membrane are considered as unknown unmatched disturbances of the model, henceforth the implementation of a disturbance observer to estimate them. Simulation results of the proposed solution are provided and discussed.