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Auranus quilombola sp. nov. Araújo-da-Silva & DaSilva Auranus sp. DeSouza et al. 2017: 20, 21, Fig, 3A. Type material: BRAZIL. Ceará: Guaramiranga, Parque das Trilhas, ~ 900 m. a.s.l., 06.iv.2011, Araujo-da-Silva, L.P. et al. leg. 1♂ holotype (UFPB-OP901); idem, 9♂ 8♀ 6juv. paratypes (UFPB-OP299). Other paratypes. Guaramiranga, Parque das Trilhas, 01.vi.2018, Da Silva, M.B. et al. leg. 9♂ 8♀ 6 juv. (UFPB-OP893); Guaramiranga, Trilha da Cachoeira do Urubu, 05.iv.2011, Araujo-da-Silva, L.P. et al. leg., 9♂ 8♀ 1juv. (UFPB-OP302); Baturité, Reserva Particular Patrimônio Natural Sítio Palmeiras, 750 m. a.s.l., 03.iv.2011, Araujo-da-Silva, L.P. et al. leg., 10♂ 10♀ 4juv. (UFPB-OP022); idem, 6♂ 3♀ (MNRJ59055); Baturité, Fazenda do Dr. Antônio Carlos (CE-356), 04.iv.2011, Araujo-da-Silva, L.P. et al. leg., 11♂ 11♀ 3juv. (UFPB-OP268); idem, 6♂ 3♀ (MZSP76644); Pacoti, Hotel Chalé Nosso Sítio, ~ 760 m. a.s.l., 25.iv.2015, Da Silva, M.B. et al. leg., 3♂ 5♀ 2 juv. (UFPB-OP894) idem, 1♂ (UFPB-OP902); Pacoti, Forquilha (CE-253), ~ 900 m. a.s.l., 26.iv.2015, Da Silva, M.B. et al. leg., 1♂ 1♀ (UFPB-OP953); Itapipoca, Mata de São João, 03.vi.2018, De Souza, A.M. et al. leg., 6♂ 1♀ 1 juv. (UFPB-OP895); Itapipoca, Quilombo Nazaré, 840 m. a.s.l., Nóbrega, F.A.S. et al. leg., 1♂ 2♀ (UFPB-OP804); Pacatuba, Serra da Aratanha, trilha ao lado do Parque das Andreas, ~ 350 m. a.s.l., 15.ii.2013, Costa, A. et al. leg., 3♂ 6♀ (UFPB-OP119); Pacatuba, Serra da Aratanha, 07.iv.2011, Da Silva, M.B. et al. leg., 27♂ 13♀ 4 juv. (UFPB-OP896); Maranguape, Serra da Pirapora (Sítio Europa), ~ 450 m. a.s.l., 08.iv.2011, Araujo-da-Silva, L.P. et al. leg., 40♂ 19♀ 1 juv. (UFPB-OP897); Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Brejo de Altitude, ~ 700 m. a.s.l., 27.i.2014, Sampaio, C., Saraiva, N.E. V., Da Silva M.B. leg., 6♂ 10♀ (UFPB-OP172); Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Rio Gameleira, 840 m. a.s.l., 27.i.2014, Sampaio, C., Saraiva, N.E. V., Da Silva, M.B. leg., 2♂ 3♀ (UFPB-OP189); idem, 5♂ 5♀ (UFPB-OP162); Ubajara, Cachoeira Bica do Vitalino, 813 m. a.s.l., 25.x.2011, De Souza, A.M., Araújo, E.S., Vilarinho, N. leg., 16♂ 19♀ (UFPB-OP218); Ubajara, Cachoeira Bica do Vitalino, 813 m. a.s.l., 26.x.2011, De Souza, A.M. et al. leg., 8♂ 3♀ (UFPB-OP225); Ubajara, Bica do Vitalino, 25.x.2011, Vilarinho, N. et al. leg., 2♂ 1♀ (UFPB-OP226); Ubajara, Trilha do Portão Planalto, 838 m. a.s.l., 27.x.2011, Araujo, E. et al. leg., 1♂ (UFPB-OP227); Ubajara, Sítio do Alemão, 891 m. a.s.l., 23.x.2012, De Souza, A.M. et al. leg., 1♂ (UFPB-OP228); Ubajara, Gruta do Morcego Branco e Gruta de Ubajara, ~ 520 m. a.s.l., 22.x.2011, De Souza, A.M. et al. leg., 4♂ 7♀ (UFPB-OP231); Ubajara, Trilha da Samambaia, 900 m. a.s.l., 30.iv.2018, Silvino, A.C.S. et al. leg., 5♂ 1♀ (UFPB-OP694); Ubajara, Trilha da Samanbaia, 1.v.2018, Silvino, A.C.S. et al. leg., 4♂ 4♀ 1 juv. (UFPB-OP714). Diagnosis: Similar to A. hehu by the presence of two ventral rows of tubercles in tibia IV. It can be distinguished from A. hehu and A. parvus due to the presence of one large, dorso-ectal, apical tubercle and one ventro-ectal, apical tubercle on its patella. It differs from A. hehu, A. leonidas, and A. parvus in having an undivided area II. It differs from A. tepui and A. leonidas in having a row of granules on the lateral margins of its dorsal scutum. Etymology: “ quilombola ” is a Brazilian Portuguese name for a person who lives in a quilombo, a settlement inhabited by black slaves after they escaped from their exploitative landlords where their descendants continue to live. Q uilombos are a symbol of black resistance. The fungus-harvestmen interactions were observed at the Quilombo Nazaré. quilombola is used here as an indeclinable noun in apposition. Description: Male holotype (Col. UFPB-OP901), (Fig. 1–2, 4A). Dorsum: Prosoma with six tubercles; ocularium smooth; dorsal scutum rectangular, iota sensu (Kury & Medrano, 2016); lateral margin with a row of small tubercles from coxa III to the posterior margin; area I divided by a median groove, with two tubercles each half; area II undivided with seven tubercles; area III undivided, with one pair of large spines, with apexes slightly curved backwards, posterior row with four tubercles; posterior margin with five tubercles; free tergite I with five tubercles; free tergite II with seven tubercles; free tergite III with seven tubercles; anal operculum with two rows, anterior row with four small tubercles, posterior row with three small tubercles. Venter: Coxa I–II with two rows of small setiferous tubercles equidistant; III–IV with sparsely placed, small, setiferous tubercles; posterior margin with one row of medium, setiferous tubercles; free sternites with a row of small granules. Chelicera: robust in males, segment I with three dorsal tubercles, ectal larger; II with median strong tubercle, 15 juxtaposed minute teeth, and four median distal teeth, and III with two tubercles (a basal large one and a median strong one) and two distal teeth; inter chela space present. Pedipalp: long and thin; coxa long, with two ventral and three dorsal (one mesal and two ectal) tubercles; trochanter inflated, with a ventral tubercle; femur smooth, slightly curved inwards at the base; setation: left tibia, ectal: IIiIi, mesal: IIiIi; right tibia, ectal: IIiIi, mesal: IIIIi; left tarsus, ectal: iIiIi, mesal: IiIii; right tarsus, ectal: iIiI, mesal: IiIii. Legs: coxa I–II with two tubercles, anterior and posterior; II with a strong, posterior tubercle fused with the anterior one, at the apex near the lateral margin of the scutum; III with anterior tubercle fused at apex to the posterior one of coxa II; IV with three dorsal, sparsely placed tubercles; trochanter I–IV with each with four ventral, sparsely placed tubercles, basal one larger; II and III with two minute apical tubercles (pro and retrolateral) and two dorsoapical posterior tubercles; II with a minute basal retrolateral tubercle; III with a dorso-apical anterior tubercle; IV with two dorso-apical and two dorso-ectal tubercles small and similar in size, and two large tubercles (pro and retrolateral); femora with tubercles organized in five rows (two ventral, two dorsal, and one retrolateral) and two dorso-apical tubercles; III with two ventral rows of tubercles, increasing in size apically; IV with a retrolateral row of large, basal tubercles, a ventro-ectal row of tubercles extending throughout the femur, a ventro-mesal row with tubercles extending from basal third to the apex; ventro-ectal apical large pointed tubercle; patella I and II unarmed; III with two dorso-apical tubercles, one large pointed and the other reduced; IV with two dorso-apical tubercles larger than those of femur IV and one large ventro-ectal, apical tubercle; tibia I–III with dorsal and ventral rows of small tubercles; IV with two rows of pointed ventral tubercles, increasing in size towards the apex; metatarsus I unarmed; II–IV with a pair of ventro-apical large and strong setae; tarsal process present, with one-third the size of the claws; claws smooth; tarsal segmentation: 7, 14, 6, 7. Penis (Fig. 2): Calyx short and thin, more curved apically. Malleus wide and swollen, clearly separated from the calyx; chaetotaxy: MS A: A1 inserted latero-dorsally on malleus, A2–A3 inserted laterally on malleus; MS B: reduced; MS C: two-three pairs cylindrical, curved, and sharp, placed laterally on calyx; MS D: reduced; MS E: reduced; glans membranous, stylus long, dorsally curved, with a wide apex forming a keel; dorsal process long and thin; truncus inflated distally with a constriction on the apex, separated from malleus. Coloration: General brown. Prosoma dark brown with lighter spots; abdominal scutum dark brown with lighter sulci. Pedipalps and chelicerae yellowish with dark reticulation on dorsal palps, tibia, and tarsus. Coxae and trochanters of legs orange with lighter apexes, other segments of legs brown. Free tergites dark with orange stripes. Measurements: Length of dorsal scute: 3.47; width of dorsal scute: 3.24; interocular distance: 1.51; length of pedipalp: 7.13; length of leg I: 12.44; leg II: 26.77; leg III: 18.06; leg IV: 24.83. Variation in males (n=10): Length of dorsal scute: 3.26–3.89; width of dorsal scute: 2.73–3.41; interocular distance: 0.95–1.62; length of pedipalp: 7.13–8.23; length of leg I: 11.52–14.63; leg II: 24.75–31.14; leg III: 16.88– 22.04; leg IV: 22.35–31.35. Pedipalp setation: tibia mesal: IiiIi, IIiII, IiiIi, ectal: IiiIi, IiiII, IIiII, IIiIi; tarsus mesal: IiIiIi, iiIiIi, IiIii, Iiiii, ectal: iIiiiIii, iIiiiIiii, iIiiiIiI, iIiii, iIiIiiiI, iIiIii, iIiIi. Tarsal segmentation: 6–7, 14–17, 6–7, 6–7. Sexual dimorphism: Visible with respect to size of chelicerae and armature of legs. Females have smaller chelicerae, and their legs are less armed in comparison to males, and absence of rows of ventral tubercles on tibia IV in the females. Variation in females (n = 12): Length of dorsal scute: 3.27–3.92; width of dorsal scute: 2.69–3.74; interocular distance: 0.89–1.55; length of pedipalp: 6.46–7.77; length of leg I: 10.28–12.28; leg II: 22.79–27.59; leg III: 15.43– 19.6; leg IV: 20.46–25.69. Pedipalp setation: tibia mesal: IiiIi, IIiIIi, IIiII, IIiIi, ectal: IIiIi, IIiII, IiiIi; tarsus mesal: IiIiIi, ectal: iIiiiIi, iIiiiIii, iIiiIi. Tarsal segmentation: 7, 14–17, 5–6, 6–7. Type locality: BRAZIL. Ceará. Guaramiranga. Parque das Trilhas (4.25 ° S, 38.93 ° W) Geographic distribution (Fig. 3): BRAZIL. Ceará (Baturité, Guaramiranga, Itapipoca, Maranguape, Pacatuba, Pacoti, Ubajara). Montane and submontane humid forests (brejos de altitude) of Baturité, Maranguape, Aratanha, Uruburetama, and Ibiapaba mountain slopes. Field note: Auranus quilombola sp. nov. is found abundantly in all the localities from where the specimens were collected (there are no quantitative data, but its abundance is reflected in the high numbers of deposited specimens; refer to “ Type Material” above). The individuals are very quick and agile, a distinct behavior when compared to harvestmen species in general.

Auranus Mello-Leit��o, 1941 Auranus Mello-Leit��o 1941: 441; Pinto-da-Rocha 1995: 196; Pinto-da-Rocha 1997: 263; Kury 2003: 228; Pinto-da-Rocha & Tourinho 2012: 1, 10, 11, figs 12, 13, 24, 25; Kury & Villarreal 2015: 12, 29, 30, 32, 40; Colmenares et al. 2016: 117, 118, 119, 122, 124, 125, figs 120, 121, 123, 126, 127; DeSouza et al. 2017: 20, 21, fig, 3A; Villarreal et al. 2019: 986, 987. Species included. Auranus parvus (Mello-Leit��o 1941; type species), Auranus hehu (Pinto-da-Rocha & Tourinho 2012), Auranus leonidas (Colmenares et al. 2016), Auranus tepui (Pinto-da-Rocha & Tourinho 2012), Auranus xerxes (Colmenares et al. 2016), and Auranus quilombola sp. nov., Published as part of Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, Ara��jo-Da-Silva, Luiz Paulo, Vasconcellos-Neto, Jo��o, Sobczak, Jullyana Cristina Magalh��es Silva Moura, Fonseca, Emily Oliveira, N��brega, Francisco Ageu De Sousa, Pires, Joedson Castro, Arruda, Italo Diego Paiva, Dasilva, Marcio Bernardino & Sobczak, Jober Fernando, 2021, First record of the interaction between the arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula and a new species of harvestman Auranus (Stygnidae) narrowly endemic to the Brazilian rain forest, pp. 403-414 in Zootaxa 5071 (3) on page 405, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5071.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5723796, {"references":["Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1941) Opilioes coligidos por Antenor Leitao de Carvalho no Tapirapes. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 1, 435 - 442.","Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (1995) Redescription of Stenostygnus pusio Simon and synonymy of Caribbiantinae with Stenostygninae (Opiliones: Laniatores, Biantidae). Journal of Arachnology, 23, 194 - 198.","Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (1997) Systematic review of the Neotropical family Stygnidae (Opiliones, Laniatores, Gonyleptoidea). Arquivos de Zoologia, 33, 163 - 342. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2176 - 7793. v 33 i 4 p 163 - 342","Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, Volumen especial monografico, 1, 1 - 337.","Pinto-da-Rocha, R. & Tourinho, A. L. (2012) Two new genera, ten new species and new records of Amazonian Stygnidae Simon, 1879 (Opiliones: Laniatores). Zootaxa, 3340 (1), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3340.1.1","Kury, A. B. & Villarreal, O. (2015) The prickly blade mapped: establishing homologies and chaetotaxy for macrosetae of penis ventral plate in Gonyleptoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 17, 1 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12225","Colmenares, P. A. Porto, W. & Tourinho, A. L. (2016) Taxonomic notes on the genus Auranus (Opiliones, Laniatores, Stygnidae), with description of two new species. Zootaxa, 4103, 117 - 129. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.2.2","DeSouza, A. M., DaSilva, M. B. & Carvalho, L. S. (2017) Opilioes Laniatores do Semiarido: grandes achados taxonomicos com o pouco que se conhece. In: Bravo, F. (Eds.), Artropodes do Semiarido II: biodiversidade e conservacao. Metis Producao Editorial, Sao Paulo, pp. 7 - 27.","Villarreal, O., Azara, L. N. & Kury, AB. (2019) Revalidation of Obidosus Roewer, 1913 and description of two new cavedwelling species of Protimesius Roewer, 1913 from Brazil (Opiliones: Stygnidae). Journal of Natural History, 53, 965 - 989. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2019.1620893"]}

Orientador: Keith Spalding Brown Junior Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: Estudou-se a dinâmica populacional dos adultos de cinco espécies de Ithomiinae residentes no Horto Florestal de Sumaré, Estado de São Paulo (¿22 GRAUS¿ 49¿ Sul e '$7 GRAUS¿ 17¿ Oeste) que constitui uma formação vegetal produzida pelo homem. As estimativas dos tamanhos populacionais destas borboletas, pelo método de captura-marcação-recaptura, foram feitas pelo índice de Lincoln-Petersen e pelo Método de Jolly-Seber. As populações de Mechanitis polymnia, Mechanitis lysimnia e Hypothyris ninonia apresentam dinâmicas populacionais bastante semelhantes. Reproduzem-se e crescem durante a estação chuvosa, reduzindo e / ou interrompendo seus períodos reprodutivos durante o inverno seco, época em que estas espécies miméticas coloridas se concentram em bolsões, atingindo os maiores níveis populacionais. A população de Dircenna dero é pequena e bastante móvel, não se concentrando em bolsões. Esta espécie se reproduz principalmente nas áreas mais abertas do Horto Florestal, durante o outono e o inverno. A quinta espécie de Ithomiinae, Mcclungia salonina, vive restrita nas áreas do bolsão. Sua dinâmica populacional é bastante diferente das outras espécies. Este ithomiíneo se reproduz principalmente no verão e no início do outono, atingindo os maiores níveis populacionais em maio. A partir deste período a população decresce a níveis muito baixos, permanecendo assim durante o inverno e a primavera... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital Abstract: A study was made on the adult population dynamics of five species of ithomiine butterflies present at the Sumaré Forestry Station (Horto Florestal de Sumaré), state of São Paulo, Brazil (¿22 GRAUS¿ 49¿ S, ¿47 GRAUS¿ 17¿ W) in modified vegetation. Estimates of population parameters were obtained through mark and recapture data using the Lincoln-Petersen index and the Jolly-Seber Method. Population of Mechanitis polymnia, Mechanitis lysimnia and Hypothyris ninonia demonstrated very similar seasonal patterns in their population dynamics. Populations reproduce and grow during the rainy season, this being interrupted during the dray winter months when these brightly colored mimetic species aggregate in ¿pochets¿ and reach their largest population sizes. In constrast, Dircenna dero disperses greatly, has small population sizes and does not concentrate in dry-season aggregations. This species reproduces principally in open areas of the Horto Florestal during the fall and winter. The population of the fifth ithomiine species, Mcclungia salonina, is restricted to the moist woods where Mechanitis and Hypothyris form their winter aggregations. Its population dynamics differs considerably from that of the other species. The population builds up during summer and the beginning of fall reaching its greatest density in May. After this time, the population falls to very low levels which are maintained during the winter and spring... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations Mestrado Ecologia Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

Objective: To report the influence of heavy metals in the onset of cancer, thus describing the main metals that hold this possibility, also citing the types of cancers commonly caused by exposure to these metals. Methodology: This is a literature review of a descriptive and qualitative nature about the influence of heavy metals on cancer. The study was carried out from December 2020 to February 2021, by analyzing the databases: Pubmed, SciELO and Lilacs. The search and selection of materials were carried out based on previously established inclusion and exclusion criteria, which totaled 48 materials, these published between the years 2000 to 2021, thus composing the present study. Results and discussion: Even in low concentrations, exacerbated exposure to heavy metals promotes chronic inflammation, which triggers oxidative stress, and subsequently the process of carcinogenesis. Among the main metals involved in the carcinogenesis process, we can mention: copper, mercury, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, silver and lead. Regarding the types of cancers affected by continued exposure to these metals, there are: lung, skin, ovary, breast, stomach, prostate, brain and larynx cancers. Conclusion: Heavy metals have a great influence on the process of carcinogenesis, which is intrinsically linked to sequenced exposure and bioaccumulation of these elements. Numerous are heavy metals with the potential to trigger the development of cancers, which reflects in the variability of tissues and organs affected and the diversity of tumors in humans. Objetivo: Informar la influencia de los metales pesados en la aparición del cáncer, describiendo así los principales metales que tienen esta posibilidad, citando también los tipos de cánceres comúnmente causados por la exposición a estos metales. Metodología: se trata de una revisión de la literatura de carácter descriptivo y cualitativo sobre la influencia de los metales pesados en el cáncer. El estudio se realizó de diciembre de 2020 a febrero de 2021, mediante el análisis de las bases de datos: Pubmed, SciELO y Lilacs. La búsqueda y selección de materiales se realizó en base a criterios de inclusión y exclusión previamente establecidos, los cuales totalizaron 48 materiales, estos publicados entre los años 2000 a 2021, componiendo así el presente estudio. Resultados y discusión: Incluso en concentraciones bajas, la exposición exacerbada a metales pesados promueve la inflamación crónica, que desencadena el estrés oxidativo y, posteriormente, el proceso de carcinogénesis. Entre los principales metales involucrados en el proceso de carcinogénesis, podemos mencionar: cobre, mercurio, cobalto, níquel, cadmio, cromo, arsénico, plata y plomo. En cuanto a los tipos de cánceres afectados por la exposición continua a estos metales, se encuentran: cánceres de pulmón, piel, ovario, mama, estómago, próstata, cerebro y laringe. Conclusión: Los metales pesados tienen una gran influencia en el proceso de carcinogénesis, que está intrínsecamente ligado a la exposición secuenciada y bioacumulación de estos elementos. Numerosos son los metales pesados con el potencial de desencadenar el desarrollo de cánceres, lo que se refleja en la variabilidad de los tejidos y órganos afectados y la diversidad de tumores en los seres humanos. Objetivo: Relatar a influência dos metais pesados no acometimento do câncer, descrevendo assim, os principais metais detentores dessa possibilidade, citando ainda, os tipos de cânceres comumente ocasionados pela exposição a esses metais. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão da literatura de natureza descritiva e qualitativa acerca da influência dos metais pesados no acometimento do câncer. O estudo foi realizado no período de dezembro de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021, mediante análise nas bases de dados: Pubmed, SciELO e Lilacs. A busca e seleção dos materiais foram realizadas baseando-se em critérios de inclusão e exclusão previamente estabelecidos, o que totalizou 48 materiais, estes publicados entre os anos de 2000 a 2021, compondo assim o presente estudo. Resultados e discussão: Mesmo em baixas concentrações, a exposição exacerbada aos metais pesados promove inflamação crônica, o que desencadeia o estresse oxidativo, e subsequentemente, o processo de carcinogênese. Dentre os principais metais envolvidos no processo de carcinogênese, pode-se citar: o cobre, mercúrio, cobalto, níquel, cádmio, cromo, arsênio, prata e o chumbo. No que se remete aos tipos de cânceres acometidos pela exposição continuada a esses metais, tem-se: os cânceres de pulmão, pele, ovário, mama, estômago, próstata, cérebro e laringe. Conclusão: Os metais pesados apresentam grande influência no processo de carcinogênese, o que está intrinsicamente vinculado a exposição sequenciada e bioacumulação destes elementos. Numerosos são os metais pesados com o potencial de desencadear o desenvolvimento de canceres, o que reflete na variabilidade de tecidos e órgãos afetados e a diversidade de tumores aos seres humanos.

Introdution: The new coronavirus is called SARS-CoV-2, however it causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). This virus is easily transmitted from person to person through contact with contaminated surfaces, as well as through aerosols, this according to the World Health Organization (WHO), but it is non-definitive evidence, and which is likely to be more propitious in places with poor ventilation and crowding. It results from symptoms such as: fever, cough, fatigue, dyspnoea, loss of smell and taste; and less frequent headache, throat and diarrhea. Objective: to analyze the association between worsening comorbidities, age and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methodology: this research is of qualitative / quantitative property, with an exploratory and descriptive attribute, fostered through secondary data extracted from scientific articles from indexing sources, in the year 2016, 2018 and 2020, with language: English, Spanish and Portuguese. Results: it aims to understand the disease through statistical data through the amount of death by COVID-19, age group, the most prominent comorbidity, the most notified sex, and comparisons between deaths in Brazil due to neoplasms (breast, prostate) and deaths from cardiomyopathies, diabetes, obesity, COVID-19 and unspecified SRAG. Final considerations: Therefore, the best ways to prevent this pathology is social isolation, and to avoid possible agglomerations, since the gradual growth of deaths by COVID-19 has a great relationship both with the present comorbidities and with advanced age, therefore, people at risk should redouble their care. Introducción: El nuevo coronavirus se llama SARS-CoV-2, sin embargo, causa el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS). Este virus se transmite fácilmente de persona a persona a través del contacto con superficies contaminadas, así como a través de aerosoles, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), pero es una evidencia no definitiva, y es probable que sea más propicio en lugares con mala ventilación y hacinamiento. Es el resultado de síntomas como: fiebre, tos, fatiga, disnea, pérdida del olfato y del gusto; y dolor de cabeza, garganta y diarrea menos frecuentes. Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre el empeoramiento de las comorbilidades, la edad y la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Metodología: esta investigación es de propiedad cualitativa / cuantitativa, con atributo exploratorio y descriptivo, fomentada a través de datos secundarios extraídos de artículos científicos de fuentes de indexación, en los años 2016, 2018 y 2020, con idioma: inglês, español y portugués. Resultados: tiene como objetivo comprender la enfermedad a través de datos estadísticos a través de la cantidad de muertes por COVID-19, grupo de edad, la comorbilidad más destacada, el sexo más notificado y las comparaciones entre muertes en Brasil por neoplasias (mama, próstata) y muertes por miocardiopatías, diabetes, obesidad, COVID-19 y SRAG no especificado. Consideraciones finales: Por tanto, la mejor forma de prevenir esta patología es el aislamiento social, y evitar posibles aglomeraciones, ya que el crecimiento paulatino de las muertes por COVID-19 tiene una gran relación tanto con las comorbilidades actuales como con la edad avanzada, por tanto, las personas en riesgo deben redoblar su atención. Introdução: O novo coronavírus é chamado de SARS-CoV-2, contudo causa a Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG). Este vírus é transmitido facilmente de pessoa para pessoa por meio de contato com superfícies contaminadas, como também por meio de aerossóis, isso de acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), mas são evidências não definitivas, e que provavelmente sejam mais propícias em locais com pouca ventilação e aglomeração. Decorre de sintomas como: febre, tosse, fadiga, dispneia, perda de olfato e paladar; e menos frequente dor de cabeça, garganta e diarreia. Objetivo: analisar a associação entre agravamento das comorbidades, idade e infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Metodologia: esta pesquisa é de propriedade qualitativa/quantitativa, de atributo exploratório e descritivo, fomentados por meio de dados secundários extraídos de artigos científicos de fontes de indexação, no ano de 2016, 2018 e 2020, dispostos de idioma: inglês, espanhol e português. Resultados: possui o intuito de compreender a doença através de dados estatísticos por meio da quantidade de óbitos por COVID-19, faixa etária, a comorbidade que mais se sobressai, o sexo mais notificado, e comparações entre os óbitos no Brasil por neoplasias (mama, próstata) e óbitos por cardiomiopatias, diabetes, obesidade, COVID-19 e SRAG-não especificada. Considerações finais: Portanto, as melhores formas de se precaver desta patologia é o isolamento social, e evitar possíveis aglomerações, já que o crescimento gradativo de óbitos pela COVID-19 possui grande relação tanto com as comorbidades presentes, como com a idade avançada, por isso, pessoas de risco devem redobrar os seus cuidados.

Coronaviruses are viruses with simple RNA, whose family can be subdivided into alpha, beta, gamma and delta-coronavirus, which result in infectivity in animals and humans. SARS-CoV-2 has several mechanisms that contribute to its entry and pathogenicity in humans, using the S glycoprotein, which binds to ECA II in the host cell and uses it as an apparatus for replication, as an aid. This paper aims to describe characteristics and comparability between coronaviruses, reports on their virulence factor, clinical data presented by the infected, as well as the main forms of diagnosis, emphasis on molecular tests and the collaboration of imaging for a better prognosis, in addition to citing important intervention measures and describe the importance of these interventions under the large number of cases. This study is a literature review, in which articles indexed in the databases were selected: Pubmed, Scielo and Lilacs, using the terms as descriptors: Coronavirus infections; Covid-19; Virology; Diagnostic Imaging. Where, after content analysis proposed by Bardin (2008) and Minayo (2001) and selection, a total of 37 articles were elected, between the years 2019 and 2020. In conclusion, studies have shown the effectiveness of including intervention measures in combating the new Coronavirus, as well as in other respiratory transmission pathologies. RT-PCR is a very sensitive laboratory technique, which is used for viral detection. The use of imaging tests has contributed to greater reliability in the results. Los coronavirus son virus con RNA simple, cuya familia se puede subdividir en alfa, beta, gamma y delta-coronavirus, lo que resulta en infecciosidad en animales y humanos. El SARS-CoV-2 tiene varios mecanismos que contribuyen a su entrada y patogenicidad en humanos, utilizando la glucoproteína S, que se une a ECA II en la célula huésped y la usa como un aparato para la replicación, como una ayuda. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir características y comparabilidad entre coronavirus, informes sobre su factor de virulencia, datos clínicos presentados por los infectados, así como las principales formas de diagnóstico, énfasis en pruebas moleculares y la colaboración de imágenes para un mejor pronóstico, además de citar medidas de intervención importantes y describen la importancia de estas intervenciones en el gran número de casos. Este estudio es una revisión de la literatura, en la cual se seleccionaron artículos indexados en las bases de datos: Pubmed, Scielo y Lilacs, utilizando los términos como descriptores: infecciones por Coronavirus; COVID-19; Virología; Diagnóstico por imagen. Donde, después del análisis de contenido propuesto por Bardin (2008) y Minayo (2001) y su selección, se eligieron un total de 37 artículos, entre los años 2019 y 2020. En conclusión, los estudios han demostrado la efectividad de incluir medidas de intervención para combatir el nuevo Coronavirus, así como en otras patologías de transmisión respiratoria. RT-PCR es una técnica de laboratorio muy sensible, que se utiliza para la detección viral. El uso de pruebas de imagen ha contribuido a una mayor fiabilidad en los resultados. Tem-se como coronavírus, vírus possuintes de RNA simples, cuja família, pode ser subdividida em alfa, beta, gama e delta-coronavírus, os quais, resultam na infectividade de animais e seres humanos. O SARS-CoV-2, apresenta vários mecanismos que contribuem para a sua entrada e patogenicidade no ser humano, utilizando como auxílio, a glicoproteína S, esta, que se liga a ECA II na célula hospedeira e a usa como aparato para replicação. Este trabalho, objetiva descrever características e comparabilidade entre os coronavírus, informes sobre seu fator de virulência, dados clínicos apresentados pelos infectados, bem como as principais formas de diagnóstico, ênfase aos testes moleculares e a colaboração da imagenologia para um melhor prognóstico, além de citar importantes medidas de intervenção e descrever sobre a importância destas intervenções sob o grande número de casos. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão de literatura, onde foram selecionados artigos indexados nas bases de dados: Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs, utilizando como descritores os termos: Infecções por coronavírus; Covid-19; Virologia; Diagnóstico por Imagem. Onde, após análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (2008) e Minayo (2001) e seleção, foram eleitos um total de 37 artigos, entre os anos de 2019 e 2020. Em conclusão, estudos tem mostrado a eficácia da inclusão de medidas de intervenção no enfrentamento do novo Coronavírus, bem como em outras patologias de transmissão por via respiratória. O RT-PCR é uma técnica laboratorial muito sensível, sendo esta, utilizada para a detecção viral. O uso de exames de imagem tem contribuído para uma maior confiabilidade nos resultados.

Craspedisia cornuta (Keyserling, 1891) Figures 1���7 Umfila cornuta Keyserling, 1891: 222, pl. 8, fig. 163 (Male holotype from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, deposited in The Natural History Museum, London, not examined; G��1di, 1892: 5: 233. Craspedisia cornuta: Simon, 1894: 580, fig. 587; Levi & Levi, 1962: 60, figs 275���280; Levi, 1963: 177, figs 27���31. Note. The type has not been examined, but the figures presented by Keyserling (1891, fig. 163) and Levi (1963, figs 27���31) allow the species to be identified with certainty. We also emphasize that so far is the only species of the genus that occurs in Brazil. Material examined. BRAZIL. S��o Paulo: Assis, Esta����o Ecol��gica de Assis (22��34���S, 50��24���W), 1M, 25���30.XI.2002, Equipe Biota coll. (MCN 41264); Jundia��, Reserva Biol��gica da Serra do Japi (23��13���53.1���S 46��56���08.6���W), 1F, V /2016 ��� I/2017 (IBSP 215575); 1F, V /2016 ��� I/2017 (IBSP 215576); 1M 1F, V /2016 ��� I/2017 (IBSP 215577); 1F, V /2016 ��� I/2017 (IBSP 215578); 1F, V /2016 ��� I/2017 (IBSP 215579); 2F, V /2016 ��� I/2017 (IBSP 215580); 1F, V /2016 ��� I/2017 (IBSP 215581); 1F, V /2016 ��� I/2017 (IBSP 215582); 1M, V /2016 ��� I/2017 (IBSP 215583); 1M, V /2016 ��� I/2017 (IBSP 215584); 1F, V /2016 ��� I/2017 (IBSP 215585); 2F, XI/2016 (IBSP 215586); 1F, XI/2016 (IBSP 215587); 1M, XI/2016 (IBSP 215588); 1F, XI/2016 (IBSP 215590); 1M, XI/2016 (IBSP 215591); 1M 1F, XI/2016 (IBSP 215592); 1F, XI/2016 (IBSP 215596); 1F, XI/2016 (IBSP 215597), all collected by G. Villanueva; S��o Paulo (23��33���01���S��� 46��38���02���W),1M, 1986, no coll. (IBSP 27388); (Campus USP), 1M, 27/XI/2001, F.S. Cunha coll. (IBSP 32134); (Campus Instituto Butantan), 1M, 02/XII/2010, A.D. Brescovit coll. (IBSP 210147); Paran��: Tijucas do Sul (25��55���41���S��� 49��11���56���W), Lagoa, Morro do Cabral, 1M, VII/2000, J. Ricetti coll. (IBSP 39029); Guarapuava, Est��ncia Santa Clara (25��40���S��� 52��01���W), 1M 1F, 22.XI.1987, A. D. Brescovit coll. (MCN 17125); Jundia�� do Sul, Fazenda Monte Verde (23��26���S��� 50��16���W), 1M 1F, 23.XI.1987, A.D. Brescovit coll. (MCN 17184); Rio Grande do Sul: Derrubadas, Parque Estadual do Turvo (27��8���44���S��� 53��53���10���W), 27���31.X.2003, 1M 1F, R. Ott et al. coll. (MCN 37781); Santa Maria (29��41���02���S��� 53��48���25���W), Campus Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 1M 1F, 12. VI.2000, L. Indrusiak coll. (MCN 37876); Triunfo (29��56���34���S��� 51��43���04���W), Parque Copesul de Prote����o Ambiental, 1M 1F, 12.I.1989, A.B. Bonaldo coll. (MCN 18084); Diagnosis. Craspedisia cornuta resemble C. spatulata from Dominican Republic, but can be distinguished by embolus rectangular and shorter and smallest conductor while in C. spatulata the embolar base is rounded; embolus longer and largest conductor (see Levi, 1963, fig. 33; Fig. 4 C���H). If compared with the Chinese Craspedisia longioembolia, the proboscis in this species is very short and the distal area of embolus long and filiform (see Yin et al., 2003, figs 2���3, 5). The females of both other species, C. spatulata and C. longioembolia are unknown. Description. Male (IBSP 215592). Coloration of specimen still dead in alcohol: dorsally orange carapace with distal cephalic black area (Fig. 1 A���B), ventrally with endites, labium and sternum greyish. Legs with yellowish coxae, trochanters and base of femurs, remaining dark gray (Fig. 1D). Abdomen gray with four rounded dorsal black spots and ventrally gray (Fig.1A). Carapace oval, covered with long hairs on prosomal pits and excavated base, thoracic groove deep and transversal, in the posterior third, posteriorly with large and stridulatory plate subrectangular, covering the pedicel, with more than 50 longitudinal grooves on the plate. Eyes in a projected cephalic area (Fig. 1B), with median anterior eyes slightly larger than the others (Figs 2 A���B, G���H). Proboscis thick, fingerlike, curved down, covered with long bristles throughout, inserted in the median region of the clypeus, below the AME, of which it is separated by a diameter (Figs. 2 B���F). Clypeus projected on the chelicerae, with differentiated border and split in the median region (Fig. 2D, F). Chelicerae with three teeth on anterior margin (one teeth in Levi, 1963) (Fig. 3A). Endites truncated, with serrula presenting almost 30 small teeth in a row. Labium rounded, fused to sternum. Sternum tuberculate, covered with long hairs (Fig. 3B). Slender legs, with three claws, anterior with six ventral teeth, median elongated, smooth and curved, and false claws represented by 3���5 hairs (Fig. 3C); trichoboth- ria with rounded base, circular aperture and long hair (Fig. 3D), distributed in two rows on the dorsal area of legs I���IV; tarsal organ rounded, smooth with circular aperture (Fig. 3 G���H) and chemosensitive setae as in female. Abdo- men with large ventral plate, which ends before the spinnerets, furrowed in the posterior third, where it houses two furrowed areas, where are the epiandric fusules (Figs 3E, legs; 3F, cymbium). Colulus small and triangular (Fig. 3F). Male palp: short tibiae, enlarged distally with elongate setae, and a dorsal basal, rounded trichobothria (Figs. 4 A���B). Cymbium oval, with Theridiid cymbial hook elongated (Fig. 4E, H). Subtegulum canoe-shaped, supporting the tegulum and distal structures (Figs 4C, E) and presenting a globose retrolateral projection (Fig. 4H). Tegulum large, projected posteriorly and conic at tip, with tegular apophysis conical, behind the embolus (Fig. 4 E���F); median apophysis originating behind the embolus, distally flattened; pedunculate conductor, with distal area flattened, supporting the tip of embolus; embolus thick, longitudinally sulcated, with large and subquadrate base, having convex striations in the median area, (Figs 4 C���H). Female. Coloration (from IBSP 215592) as in male, except distal area of tibia and metatarsus I���II darker and abdomen black, with small black spots; and epigynal plate orange as the anterior and lateral plates (Fig. 1 D���F).. Carapace covered with less long hairs on prosomal pits and concentered in the cephalic area, stridulatory plate subrectangular, with less longitudinal grooves on the plate that the male (Figs 5 A���C). Clypeus and eyes (Fig. 5C) as in male, proboscis absent (Fig. 1D). Chelicerae short, with two teeth on anterior margin (Fig. 5D). Endites, serrula and sternum as in male (Figs 5 E���G). Labium largest the male, fused to sternum (Fig. 5E). Legs as in males, with three claws, anterior hairs and false claws of the legs I���II not impregnated with possible sap of plant material (Fig. 6F) and posteriors legs III���IV with hairs and false claws covered by this material (Fig. 6 D���E). Trichobothria with rounded base, circular aperture and long hair (Fig. 6A), distributed in the leg as in male (Fig. 6 A���B); tarsal organ capsuled, smooth with circular aperture (Fig. 5H) and chemosensitive setae smooth and elongated (Fig. 6C). Abdomen with ventral plate lesser than male, circular anteriorly and having laterally with a group of hard spines, probably to rub in the stridulatory plate (Fig 7 A���C). Colulus oval and elongated at tip (Fig. 7D). Epigynum with ventral plate larger than long, subrectangular (Fig. 7E) or semicircular (Fig. 7F), with ample anterior opening. Internally with globose spermathecae, short copulatory ducts united at base, elongated fertilizations ducts and large inner area of the atrium (Fig. 8 A���B; see Levi, 1963, fig. 28). Natural History. Craspedisia cornuta individuals are found in tree trunks of Piptadenhia gonoacantha (Mart.) JF Macbr. (Fabaceae), Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae), and Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. (Rutaceae) in ranges ranging from 0.5m��� 1.7 m height (n = 55) in forest areas. Its distribution in the trunks is not random, occurring more frequently in places where there are shelter structures such as loose bark or protuberances and moss coverings along the trunk, which act as a rain protection roof (Fig. 9A, F). The webs are star shaped with anterior aperture (Fig. 9 B���D). The web is slightly inclined from the base towards the shelter (Fig. 2A). Craspedisia cornuta has nocturnal habits, remaining in this period in the trunk, outside the web. During the day, they are sheltered in the back part of the web (Fig. 9E). The webs are usually found in lichen and moss-lined trunks (Fig. 9). Adult individuals were found mainly in the summer, in the months of December and January (Fig. 10), a period of higher rainfall where lichens and mosses are lush. According to Paquin & Dup��rr�� (2001), the reproductive period of a spider species population is determined by the peak abundance of adult males. Thus we understand that the population of C. cornuta presents a spring and summer stenochronic phenological pattern with a very marked period of activity of adult spiders in a defined period of the year���according to the classifications of Tretzel (1954) and Paquin & Dup��rr�� (2001). This phenological pattern where sexually active males are available for a few months has also been recorded in other spider populations in the temperate (Merrett 1967) and Neotropical regions (Villanueva-Bonilla & Vasconcellos-Neto 2016; Villanueva-Bonilla et al. 2018). In the case of autumn 2016, some remaining adult females from the previous summer were still found (Fig. 10), probably individuals who had less pressure for predators or fluctuating climatic conditions in the region. One aspect that caught our eye when examining SEM images of the nails of the legs was the presence of a hardened substance covering the false claws and distal bristles to the legs. These characteristics were observed only in the legs III���IV of the females (Fig. 5 D���E), being absent in the legs I���II (Fig. 5F), as well as in the legs of the males where we did not observe these inlays (Fig. 2C). We suspect that the substance could be sap of lichens or mosses, where females usually build their refuges and remain largely hidden. Distribution. Known from the Rio de Janeiro, S��o Paulo, Paran�� and Rio Grande do Sul states in Brazil (Fig. 11)., Published as part of Brescovit, Antonio D., Vasconcellos-Neto, Jo��o & Villanueva-Bonilla, German Antonio, 2020, Notes on the " Pinocchio-cobweb-spider " Craspedisia cornuta (Keyserling, 1891) from southeastern of Brazil (Theridiidae, Pholcommatinae), pp. 211-224 in Zootaxa 4750 (2) on pages 212-221, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4750.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3707362, {"references":["Levi, H. W. (1963) The spider genera Cerocida, Hetschkia, Wirada and Craspedisia (Araneae: Theridiidae). Psyche, 70, 170 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1963 / 85397","Yin, C. - M., Griswold, C. E., Bao, Y. - H. & Xu, X. (2003) A new species of the spider genus Craspedisia from the Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan, China (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 12 (8), 383 - 384.","Paquin, P. & Duperre, N. (2001) On the distribution and phenology of Argyrodes fictilium (Araneae, Theridiidae) at its northern limit of North America. Journal of Arachnology, 29 (2), 238 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / 0161 - 8202 (2001) 029 [0238: OTDAPO] 2.0. CO; 2","Tretzel, E. V. (1954) Reife- und Fortpflanzungszeit bei Spinnen. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 42, 634 - 691. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00406636","Merrett, P. (1967) The phenology of spiders on heath land in Dorset. Journal of Animal Ecology, 36 (2), 363 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1969. tb 01704. x","Villanueva-Bonilla, G. A. & Vasconcellos-Neto, J. (2016) Population dynamics and phenology of the wall crab spider Selenops cocheleti Simon, 1880 (Araneae: Selenopidae) in Southeastern Brazil. Studies of Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 51 (3), 215 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650521.2016.1234848","Villanueva-Bonilla, G. A., Safuan-Naide, S. & Vasconcellos-Neto, J. (2018) Population dynamics and phenology of two congeneric and sympatric lynx spiders Peucetia rubrolineata Keyserling, 1877 and Peucetia flava Keyserling, 1877 (Oxyopidae). Journal of Natural History, 52, 361 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2018.1433339"]}

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das famílias de himenópteros parasitoides em área de mata atlântica da Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (23°13' 52,24"S, 46°56'09,00" O), Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram coletados 1.300 himenópteros parasitoides de oito superfamílias e de 23 famílias. A coleta foi realizada durante cinco dias utilizando-se armadilha Malaise, armadilha Moericke e varredura na vegetação. As famílias de maior abundância relativa foram: Diapriidae (45,92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) e Platygastridae (6,15%). Quatorze famílias tiveram abundância relativa inferior a 1%. Foram registrados na área estudada espécimes de Perilampidae (0,62%) e de Pelecinidae (0,15%). Este estudo é o segundo levantamento da fauna de himenópteros parasitoides na Serra do Japi. This study aimed at surveying the families of parasitic Hymenoptera in the area of the Atlantic Forest in Reserva Municipal Serra do Japi (23°13' 52,24"S, 46°56'09,00" W), Jundiai, São Paulo, Brazil. There, 1,300 hymenoptera parasitoids of eight superfamilies and 23 families were collected. The collection was performed for five days using Malaise trap, Moericke trap and “Sweeping" in the Vegetation. Families with the highest relative abundance were: Diapriidae (45.92%), Braconidae (15,00%), Ichneumonidae (12,92%) and Platygastridae (6,15%). Fourteen families showed relative abundance below 1%. Te study area registered specimens of Perilampidae (0,62%) and Pelecinidae (0,15%). Tis work represents the second survey of the hymenoptera parasitoid fauna in Serra do Japi.