Search

The water balance model of the Scheldt and Meuse basins will be used in order to perform low flow forecasts and calculate climate change scenarios. Within the current subtask is investigated which is the most appropriate hydrological model for the sub catchments of the water balance model of the Scheldt basin in order to meet this prerequisite. This sub report describes the calibration and evaluation of the VHM model, a lumped conceptual model for continuous rainfall-runoff simulation (Willems P., 2014) developed by the Hydraulics Division in KU Leuven in Belgium.The optimization during calibration is performed based on an automatic procedure, followed by a visual control. During the optimization routine the parameter sets are selected based on 2 criteria: (1) absolute error on cumulated total flow at each time step, and (2) logarithmic Nash-Sutcliff efficiency. The first criterion aims to model the global flow pattern, the latter focuses mainly on the low flows.Overall, the performance of the calibrated VHM models is similar compared to the other lumped rainfall-runoff models already calibrated: PDM, NAM and WETSPA. The summarized results for each of the gauged sub catchments within the study area, allow the user to get insight in the performance of the VHM model for each of the involved sub catchments. Based on this information and the evaluation of the NAM, PDM and WETSPA models, the user can make a well-grounded decision on which model to use for the considered objective., Title : FHR reports. Flanders Hydraulics Research: Antwerp Volume : 00_162_4-4 Issue : Pagination : XII, 85 + 326 p. app.

The water balance model of the Scheldt basin will be used in order to perform low flow forecasts and calculate climate change scenarios. Within the current subtask is investigated which is the most appropriate hydrological model for the sub catchments of the water balance model of the Scheldt basin in order to meet this prerequisite. This sub report describes the recalibration and evaluation of NAM models, which are part of the MIKE 11 software package (DHI, 2009).The optimization during calibration is performed based on an automatic procedure, followed by a visual control. During the optimization routine the parameter sets are selected based on 2 criteria: (1) absolute error on cumulated total flow at each time step, and (2) logarithmic Nash-Sutcliff efficiency. The first criterion aims to model the global flow pattern, the latter focuses mainly on the low flows.Overall, the performance of the updated NAM models, is substantially improved compared to the original NAM models. The summarized results for each of the gauged sub catchments within the study area, allow the user to get insight in the performance of the NAM model for each of the involved sub catchments. Based on this information and the evaluation of the PDM, VHM and WETSPA models, the user can make a well-grounded decision on which model to use for the considered objective., Title : FHR reports. Flanders Hydraulics Research: Antwerp Volume : 00_162_4-1 Issue : Pagination : IX, 71 + 244 p. app.

In the framework of the water allocation projects there are four hydrological models (NAM, PDM,VHM and WETSPA) calibrated for the region of Flanders. The aim of the models is to generate the flows needed as input in the basin model in other to analyze water allocation problems and generate strategies. It is also expected to use the hydrological models to analyze possible impacts of climate variability in the context of water allocation. To realize that, the models are forced with projected climate variables that are frequently out of the range of the data used in the calibration process. Thus models are force to extrapolate conditions for which the parameterization is or may not be optimal. This may bring errors in the projection of climate effects. The problem assessing the performance of the models is that there is not data available in the future to compare with.The aim of this document is to present the proposed approach for testing the capacity of the calibrated hydrological models to project the climate change effects in the context of water allocation for Flanders. The proposed testing framework combine the use of historical data through an adapted form of Differential Split Sample test (Refsgaard et al., 2014) with and approach that use the relative change of statistical properties of flows between historical data and the projected data (van Steenbergen and Willems, 2012). To assess the model we use a robustness criteria based on a Log Nash-Sutcliffe, BIAS on cumulative volumes and relative changes based on Q50/Q90 estimated from the duration curve., Title : FHR reports. Flanders Hydraulics Research: Antwerp Volume : 00_162_4-6 Issue : Pagination : IX, 29 + 63 p. app.

The water balance model of the Scheldt and Meuse basins will be used in order to perform low flow forecasts and calculate climate change scenarios. Within the current subtask is investigated which is the most appropriate hydrological model for the sub catchments of the water balance model of the Scheldt basin in order to meet this prerequisite. This sub report describes the calibration and evaluation of the PDM model, a lumped conceptual model for continuous rainfall-runoff simulation (Moore, 2007) developed by the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.The optimization during calibration is performed based on an automatic procedure, followed by a visual control. During the optimization routine the parameter sets are selected based on 2 criteria: (1) absolute error on cumulated total flow at each time step, and (2) logarithmic Nash-Sutcliff efficiency. The first criterion aims to model the global flow pattern, the latter focuses mainly on the low flows.Overall, the performance of the calibrated PDM models, is as good if not better compared to the other lumped rainfall-runoff models already calibrated: NAM. The summarized results for each of the gauged sub catchments within the study area, allow the user to get insight in the performance of the PDM model for each of the involved sub catchments. Based on this information and the evaluation of the NAM, VHM and WETSPA models, the user can make a well-grounded decision on which model to use for the considered objective., Title : FHR reports. Flanders Hydraulics Research: Antwerp Volume : 00_162_4-3 Issue : Pagination : XV, 86 + 293 p. app.

In order to correctly simulate the water availability in the Albert Canal and the Campine Canals, it is important to correctly simulate the flow in the Meuse river. The river is the source for this vast canal system. If it is possible to simulate the hydrology of the Meuse basin, it will be possible to model the water balance of the canal system for a period of over 40 years. The modelling has been done using the NAM software (©DHI).The Meuse catchment is split up in 11 sub catchments. One big catchment of the Meuse itself upstream from Profondeville, 7 catchments of different scale of the tributaries downstream of Profondeville and 3 smaller catchments representing the ungauged area downstream Profondeville. Except for the catchment upstream from Profondeville, the catchments are calibrated separately to find an optimal parameter set. To assess the parameters for modelling the upstream catchment, the latter was split in 5 sub catchments which were calibrated separately. However, for the purpose of the water availability modelling of the Albert Canal and Campine canals, the area upstream from Profondeville is simulated by using the parameters of the biggest sub catchment (i.e. the French part of the Meuse catchment).The optimization during calibration is performed based on an automatic procedure, followed by a visual control. During the optimization routine the parameter sets are selected based on 2 criteria: (1) absolute error on cumulated total flow at each time step, and (2) logarithmic Nash-Sutcliff efficiency. The first criterion aims to model the global flow pattern, the latter focuses mainly on the low flows. In general the simulation of the hydrology of the Meuse catchment gives fairly good results bearing in mind that it is used for simulations on a regional scale., Title : FHR reports. Flanders Hydraulics Research: Antwerp Volume : 00_162_4-2 Issue : Pagination : X, 36 + 78 p. app.

El caso de la devolución de los aportes hechos al FONAVI (Exp. No. 03283-2007- PA/TC) consistió un hito sin precedente en la historia electoral reciente del Perú (2010) pues involucró la aprobación de un proyecto de ley de iniciativa ciudadana a través del mecanismo del referéndum. Sin embargo, para llegar a dicho evento, los promotores de dicha iniciativa tuvieron que afrontar una controversia contra la autoridad electoral, el Jurado Nacional de Elecciones del Perú, a fin de determinar si su propuesta se encontraba acorde a la Constitución del país. Para ello, el TC tuvo que esclarecer la naturaleza de la contribución al FONAVI para determinar si este se trataba en verdad de un tributo o no a fin de establecer la procedencia de su devolución si tal concepto no era tributario. A pesar de la carencia de elementos que explícitamente permitan identificar a un tributo como tal, el TC tuvo que razonar en base a qué elementos son los que lo caracterizan y que tal razonamiento sea acorde con el orden constitucional. Para ello, en su sentencia expuso por qué la contribución al FONAVI no podría tener materia tributaria. En el presente trabajo se pretende realizar una exposición de tales elementos y su justificación para vincular una obligación pública como de naturaleza tributaria o no. Por ello, se expondrán los fundamentos del Derecho Constitucional Tributario y parámetro de interpretación del TC Trabajo de investigación