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A 3-year-old male pit bull terrier was presented for a 4-day history of progressive tetraparesis and cervical pain. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed an extradural mass within the left lateral vertebral canal extending from caudal C5 to mid-T2. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) demonstrated marked (90%) eosinophilic inflammation. A C6-7 dorsal laminectomy and C7-T2 left hemilaminectomy were done, with gross disease remaining. Histopathology revealed a large T cell lymphoma with marked eosinophilic infiltration. The dog underwent CHOP-based chemotherapy with resolution of clinical signs, with a similar course of therapy performed at recurrence 37 months after initial presentation. The dog was euthanized 39 months after presentation for multiorgan failure secondary to neutropenic sepsis and aspiration pneumonia. This represents a positive long-term response to multimodal treatment of extradural T-cell lymphoma within the vertebral canal associated with a marked CSF eosinophilia.

OBJECTIVE: To screen modulators of biogenic amine (BA) neurotransmission for the ability to cause fentanyl to decrease isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in cats, and to test whether fentanyl plus a combination of modulators decreases isoflurane MAC more than fentanyl alone. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, experimental study. ANIMALS: A total of six adult male Domestic Short Hair cats. METHODS: Each cat was anesthetized in three phases with a 1 week washout between studies. In phase 1, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane, and MAC was measured in duplicate using a tail clamp stimulus and standard bracketing technique. A 21 ng mL-1 fentanyl target-controlled infusion was then administered and MAC measured again. In phase 2, a single cat was administered a single BA modulator (buspirone, haloperidol, dexmedetomidine, pregabalin, ramelteon or trazodone) in a pilot drug screen, and isoflurane MAC was measured before and after fentanyl administration. In phase 3, isoflurane MAC was measured before and after fentanyl administration in cats co-administered trazodone and dexmedetomidine, the two BA modulator drugs associated with fentanyl MAC-sparing in the screen. Isoflurane MAC-sparing by fentanyl alone, trazodone-dexmedetomidine and trazodone-dexmedetomidine-fentanyl was evaluated using paired t tests with p < 0.05 denoting significant effects. RESULTS: The MAC of isoflurane was 1.87% ± 0.09 and was not significantly affected by fentanyl administration (p = 0.09). In the BA screen, cats administered trazodone or dexmedetomidine exhibited 26% and 22% fentanyl MAC-sparing, respectively. Trazodone-dexmedetomidine co-administration decreased isoflurane MAC to 1.50% ± 0.14 (p < 0.001), and the addition of fentanyl further decreased MAC to 0.95% ± 0.16 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Fentanyl alone does not affect isoflurane MAC in cats, but co-administration of trazodone and dexmedetomidine causes fentanyl to significantly decrease isoflurane requirement.

Antimicrobial use in food-producing animals is under increasing scrutiny due to the potential impact on the selection of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria that may be transmitted to humans by direct contact, with the food chain, or the environment. Novel data monitoring commensal E. coli from dairy farms is essential for understanding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns and their association with herd health management practices. The objectives of this study were to: 1) compare the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in the E. coli isolates from the hospital, fresh, and mid-lactation pens from 18 conventional dairy farms participating in an educational training program in antimicrobial stewardship practices in California and Ohio, and 2) to characterize the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of commensal E. coli isolated from pooled fecal pat samples before and 3 mo after participating in the educational training program. Pooled fecal pat samples were collected from the hospital pen, the fresh pen (1 to 5 DIM), and the mid-lactation pens (90 to 150 DIM) on conventional dairies in CA (n = 9) and OH (n = 9). Fecal samples were collected as part of a larger study using a quasi-experimental design that assigned farms to the training intervention group (TG; 9 per state) or the control group (CG; 3 per state). For the TG, farm worker(s) identified as having the task of diagnosis and treatment of adult cows on the farm participated in a training program on antimicrobial stewardship practices. Pooled fecal samples (n = 7) were collected at enrollment and 3 mo after completing the intervention on each of the participating farms (n = 18), followed by culture for E. coli isolation and antimicrobial sensitivity testing using the broth microdilution methodology. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between E. coli antimicrobial resistance patterns with the training intervention and farm-level factors. No effect was observed in the prevalence of resistant isolates between the control and intervention farms after the training was delivered. Isolates from the hospital pens were 2.48 (95% CI: 1.06 - 6.22, P = 0.03) and 5.61 (95% CI: 1.94 - 16.91, P < 0.001) times, more likely to be resistant to streptomycin and chloramphenicol, respectively, than isolates from the mid-lactation pens. Our findings indicate there was a higher prevalence of AMR in E. coli associated with the hospital pen within the farm, while the training program for 3 mo did not affect the prevalence of AMR in E. coli on the farms participating in the program. Further research efforts should be conducted to identify factors driving AMR at the pen level, as well as approaches that could be used to reduce the risk of disseminating AMR from sick pens to animals being housed and to other pens on the farm.

Two (male and female) 10-month-old American Staffordshire Terrier littermates presented for progressive weakness, joint contracture, and distal limb joint hyperlaxity beginning around 6 months of age. Neurological examination, serum creatine kinase activity, infectious disease titers, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and electrodiagnostic testing were performed. Muscle biopsies were collected for histopathology and immunofluorescence staining for localization of dystrophy associated proteins. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 1 affected dog. Variants were compared to a database of 671 unaffected dogs of multiple breeds. Histopathology confirmed a dystrophic phenotype and immunofluorescence staining of muscle cryosections revealed an absence of staining for collagen-6. WGS identified a homozygous 1 bp deletion in the COL6A3 gene, unique to the first affected dog. Sanger sequencing confirmed the homozygous presence of the frameshift variant in both affected dogs. This report describes the clinical features and most likely genetic basis of an Ullrich-like recessively inherited form of congenital muscular dystrophy in American Staffordshire Terriers.

BackgroundCytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) is a nucleoside analog prodrug utilized for immunomodulatory effects mediated by its active metabolite Ara-CTP. Optimal dosing protocols for immunomodulation in dogs have not been defined. Cytarabine ocfosfate (CO) is a lipophilic prodrug of Ara-C that can be administered PO and provides prolonged serum concentrations of Ara-C.ObjectivesProvide pharmacokinetic data for orally administered CO and determine accumulation and functional consequences of Ara-CTP within peripheral blood leukocytes.AnimalsThree healthy female hound dogs and 1 healthy male Beagle.MethodsProspective study. Dogs received 200 mg/m2 of CO PO q24h for 7 doses. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CO and Ara-C concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Complete blood counts, flow cytometry, and leukocyte activation assays were done up to 21 days. Incorporation of Ara-CTP within leukocyte DNA was determined by LC-MS/MS.ResultsMaximum serum concentration (Cmax ) for Ara-C was 456.1-724.0 ng/mL (1.88-2.98 μM) and terminal half-life was 23.3 to 29.4 hours. Cerebrospinal fluid: serum Ara-C ratios ranged from 0.54 to 1.2. Peripheral blood lymphocyte concentrations remained within the reference range, but proliferation rates poststimulation were decreased at 6 days. Incorporation of Ara-CTP was not saturated and remained >25% of peak concentration at 13 days.Conclusions and clinical importanceOral CO may produce prolonged serum Ara-C half-lives at concentrations sufficient to induce functional changes in peripheral leukocytes and is associated with prolonged retention of DNA-incorporated Ara-CTP. Application of functional and active metabolite assessment is feasible and may provide more relevant data to determine optimal dosing regimens for Ara-C-based treatments.

BackgroundPhosphorylated neurofilament heavy, a marker of neuroaxonal damage, is increased in horses with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy. However, the temporal dynamics of this biomarker during the post-natal risk period are not understood.ObjectiveTo measure serum and cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated neurofilament heavy concentrations in juvenile foals across the post-natal window of susceptibility for equine neuroaxonal dystrophy.Study designCase-control in vivo experimental study.MethodsConcentrations of phosphorylated neurofilament heavy were measured using frozen serum and cerebrospinal fluid collected from 13 foals raised in a vitamin E deficient environment from 1 to 6 months of age. Four of these foals were produced by equine neuroaxonal dystrophy-affected dams, developed clinical signs consistent with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy and had a diagnosis confirmed by histopathology. The remaining nine foals, produced by healthy mares, were vitamin E depleted and remained clinically healthy. An additional cohort of foals, produced by healthy mares, were supplemented with vitamin E (α-tocopherol; α-TOH) from birth and sampled similarly.ResultsSerum α-TOH concentrations were significantly higher in vitamin E supplemented healthy foals. Serum phosphorylated neurofilament heavy concentrations did not differ significantly between groups at any time point. Cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated neurofilament heavy concentrations increased with age in healthy vitamin E depleted foals (p

Mitochondria are central to metabolism and are the primary energy producers for all biosynthesis. The objective of this study was to determine if the mitochondrial enzyme activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in heifers were associated with ADG, reproductive outcomes, first lactation milk production and survival. Twenty-three Holstein and 23 Jersey heifer calves were enrolled, and blood and body weight data were collected at 1, 2, 8, 36, 52 and 110 wk of age. Respiratory and fecal scores were recorded daily for the first 30 d of life. Milk production data were collected from herd management software through first lactation and health events were tracked to the fourth lactation on surviving animals. Mitochondrial isolation and enzyme activities for citrate synthase, complex I, complex IV, and complex V were determined using kits from Abcam. Data were analyzed using GLM and the Logistic procedure of SAS (Version 9.4). Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to determine if calf mitochondrial enzymatic activity and covariate health indices (fecal and respiratory scores, number of treatments, hematology) were associated with ADG (8, 36, 52 and 110 wk), lactation performance (milk yield, fat yield, solids yield, ECM, 305ME and relative value) and reproduction (age at first service, age at first conception, age at first calving and number of services). For Holsteins and Jerseys, mitochondrial enzyme activities and health indices were correlated to all ADG and milk production outcomes (R2 ≥ 0.63, and R2 ≥ 0.45, respectively). Reproduction outcomes were correlated with bodyweight gain, mitochondrial function and red blood cell traits for Holsteins and Jerseys (R2 ≥ 0.47, and R2 ≥ 0.55, respectively). Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine if early life enzymatic activity impacted survival outcomes in the herd. Calves below the median for complex V enzyme activity at 1 wk were more likely to be removed from the herd compared with calves above the median by lactation 1, 2, 3 and 4 (odds ratio = 4.7, 7.7, 7.0 and 6.9, respectively). Calves below the median for the difference in hematocrit from 2 to 1 wk were more likely to be removed from the herd compared with calves above the median by lactation 1, 2, 3 and 4 (odds ratio = 13, 10, 5.2 and 4.7, respectively). These findings suggest that predictions of cow performance could be improved by considering the impact of early life mitochondrial enzymatic activity and health indices.

Published radiotherapy results for spinal nephroblastomas in dogs are limited. In this retrospective longitudinal study (1/2007-1/2022), five dogs with a median age of 2.8 years received post-operative 3D conformal, conventional fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT) with 2-4 fields (parallel-opposed with or without two hinge-angle fields), for an incompletely resected nephroblastoma. Clinical findings prior to surgery included one or more of the following: pelvic limb paresis (5), faecal incontinence (2), flaccid tail (1), non-ambulatory (2) and deep pain loss (1). All masses were located between T11 and L3 and surgically removed via hemilaminectomy. Dogs received 45-50 Gray (Gy) in 18-20 fractions, and no dogs received chemotherapy post-radiation. At analysis, all dogs were deceased, with none lost to follow-up. The median overall survival (OS) from first treatment to death of any cause was 3.4 years (1234 days; 95% CI 68 days-upper limit not reached; range: 68-3607 days). The median planning target volume was 51.3 cc, with a median PTV dose of 51.4 Gy and median D98 = 48.3 Gy. Late complications or recurrence was difficult to fully determine in this small dataset; however, some degree of ataxia persisted throughout life in all dogs. This study provides preliminary evidence that post-operative radiotherapy may result in prolonged survival times dogs with spinal nephroblastomas.

BackgroundMany dog owners alter their dog's nutritional regimen after a diagnosis of cancer. There are limited data as to specific changes made and reasons behind these changes.Hypothesis/objectivesTo collect updated and detailed data on changes made by owners to their dog's diet and supplements after a cancer diagnosis.AnimalsResponses were collected from a survey of dog owners who brought their dogs to the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital's Oncology Service for the first time after a cancer diagnosis. Dogs with recurrence or presenting for a second type of cancer were excluded.MethodsEligible owners were surveyed between December 2020 and March 2022. The survey contained 62 questions regarding diet, supplement use, and treats, and how these were altered after a cancer diagnosis. Responses were matched to medical record data.ResultsOne hundred twenty-eight surveys were retained for analysis, including 120 respondents that completed the survey. In response to a cancer diagnosis, 54.8% (95% CI; 45.7%-63.8%) of owners altered diets or supplements or both. The most common informational resource for dog diets was veterinarians (53.9%). Usage of home-prepared foods significantly increased after a cancer diagnosis (P = .03). There was no significant difference in commercial diet usage before or after a diagnosis (P = .25). Joint support products were the most common supplements given both before (37.4%) and after (35.0%) diagnosis.Conclusions and clinical importanceMany dog owners alter their dog's nutritional intake after a cancer diagnosis. These owners should be provided information relating to commonly observed alterations, including home-prepared foods and supplements.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to characterize the clinical and histopathologic features of oral eosinophilic lesions in cats.Animals38 client-owned cats.MethodsThe medical records database was searched for cats diagnosed with histologically confirmed eosinophilic oral lesions from 1997 to 2022. Information such as medical history, lifestyle factors, clinical presentation, and radiographic and histopathologic features was included for 38 client-owned cats. Response to treatment and long-term follow-up was also recorded.ResultsThe most affected site was the tongue, with approximately half of the affected cats showing signs of oral discomfort and difficulty eating or breathing. Ulcerative lesions were common, with two-thirds of patients showing more than 1 site affected. Histological samples had a classic appearance, whereas some had an atypical appearance characterized by degenerate collagen clusters associated with multinucleated giant cells. A significant association between lesion location, clinical signs, and prognosis was also found, with patients with palatal lesions being more likely to show respiratory signs and less likely to respond to treatment. Finally, treatment response was observed in most cases within 2 months of commencing therapy combining antimicrobial, and immunosuppressive treatment.Clinical relevanceThe results of this study demonstrate the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of cases of oral eosinophilic lesions in cats. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for a multimodal approach to treatment which should include antibacterial therapy. Of no less importance is that other systems may be affected in these patients, warranting a multidisciplinary approach to their management.

ObjectiveTo objectively measure the current demographic makeup of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) diplomates and to develop a survey tool to be used as a metric to measure future changes in the ACVS demographic profile.Sample737 ACVS diplomates.MethodsA 14-item electronic survey was sent to 2,199 ACVS diplomates between August 25 and September 9, 2021, via email. Survey items included demographic information as well as perceptions about the ACVS and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). Responses were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed.ResultsThe survey response rate was 34% (737/2,199). The median age category among respondents was 45 to 54. The median years in practice as a diplomate was 11 to 15. The majority of respondents identified as white/Caucasian and heterosexual, with male and female respondents being similarly represented. Most respondents identified English as their first language. Few considered themselves first-generation college graduates or identified as disabled. Many respondents considered DEI to be an important initiative to promote in the ACVS.Clinical relevanceFindings suggested that the majority of ACVS respondents are supportive of DEI efforts. This study also serves as an objective analysis that can be reassessed in the future to determine the success of such initiatives.

A 10-year-old, female spayed Labrador Retriever was referred for acute hepatopathy and urinary retention. Blood work from the initial presentation (day 0) revealed a severe, mixed hepatopathy. Over the course of the patient’s hospitalization, the patient developed liver insufficiency. Urine was submitted for toxicological screening and revealed detection of a trace concentration of alpha-amanitin. The patient was treated supportively for alpha-amanitin intoxication and was discharged from the hospital on day 8, with most biochemical parameters being markedly improved. The patient was persistently hyporexic at the time of discharge. On day 15, at a recheck appointment, the patient had lost 2.4 kg and liver enzymology revealed improved values. On day 24, the patient was presented for anorexia and vomiting and had lost another 2.3 kg. Blood work and endocrinological testing at that time were consistent with hypoadrenocorticism. The patient was started on glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. At day 106, the patient was doing well clinically while receiving monthly mineralocorticoids and daily glucocorticoids. This case report is the first to describe the chronological association between alpha-amanitin-induced liver dysfunction and the subsequent development of adrenal insufficiency in a dog.

Primates live in a variety of social groupings and vary in the expression of species-typical behaviors depending upon social conditions. Coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) are pair-bonding, territorial primates often used to study neurobiology and social behavior in captivity at the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC). At the center, titi monkeys are housed in cages of standardized size. However, the number of cages--and thus families--per room varies based upon the room size (small or large). Anecdotal evidence suggests titi monkeys behave differently in the two different room sizes. To empirically test this, we measured rates of pair-bonding related affiliation in 23 pairs of titi monkeys. We predicted that monkeys in small rooms would show higher rates of affiliation compared to large rooms. We used a between- and within- subjects design in which all subjects moved from either small to large or large to small rooms. Affiliative behavior was recorded via bihourly instantaneous scan samples. We found that titi monkey pairs affiliated significantly more in small rooms compared to large rooms (partial R2 = 0.1468, t(33) = -3.729, p-value < .0005). We also confirmed that the presence of offspring negatively impacts pair affiliation rates (partial R2 = 0.2240, t(33) = -0.181, p-value = 0.0011). The results of this study suggest that titi monkey pair behavior is influenced by room size, and thus the number of neighboring groups. Management decisions should consider the implications that housing may have on the results of social behavior research.

Practical relevanceFeline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a debilitating disease for cats and a challenge for veterinarians and cat caregivers alike. Recent literature indicates that the disease is immune-mediated in nature and likely associated with a chronic viral infection in patients with higher alpha diversity of their subgingival microbiome. The immune-mediated nature of FCGS includes both local as well as systemic effects, and the transcriptomic analysis of affected patients supports these findings.Treatment optionsLocalized therapy in the form of surgical extraction of all, or nearly all, teeth continues to be the mainstay of treatment. For cats that do not respond to surgical management, medical management, in the form of immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy, remains an option. Analgesia is of fundamental importance. Immunomodulation utilizing mesenchymal stromal cell therapy provides an alternative treatment avenue for refractory patients and likely targets the chronic viral infection present in this disease. The potential for treatment stratification and use of novel systemic treatment options may be revealed as the molecular pathways involved in this disease are better described.AimsThis review outlines current and emerging concepts linking available science pertaining to FCGS and clinical management of the disease.Evidence baseThe article draws on the best evidence base at this juncture and is also driven by the authors' collective experience of working on the disease for over a decade.

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a painful, immune-mediated, oral mucosal inflammatory disease in cats. The etiology of FCGS remains unclear, with evidence pointing potentially toward a viral cause. Full-mouth tooth extraction is the current standard of care, and cats that are non-responsive to extraction therapy may need lifelong medical management and, in some cases, euthanasia. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (adMSCs) have been demonstrated to have advantages in the treatment and potentially the cure of non-responsive FCGS in cats. Therefore, adMSCs have attracted a series of ongoing clinical trials in the past decade. AdMSC therapy immediately after full-mouth tooth extraction was not explored, and we postulate that it may benefit the overall success rate of FCGS therapy. Here, we aim to summarize the current knowledge and impact of adMSCs for the therapeutic management of FCGS and to suggest a novel modified approach to further increase the efficacy of FCGS treatment in cats.

BackgroundAwareness of prescribing practices helps identify opportunities to improve antibiotic use (AU).ObjectivesTo estimate AU prevalence in dogs and cats in U.S. veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) and identify antibiotic drugs commonly prescribed, indications for use, and evidence of bacterial infection.AnimalsMedical record data were collected from dogs and cats examined at 14 VTHs.MethodsData were collected from VTH medical records of dogs and cats examined by primary care, urgent care, emergency and critical care, internal medicine, and surgery services on a single day during August 13-September 3, 2020. Data included signalment; clinical service; inpatient or outpatient status; clinical conditions; diagnostic tests; evidence of bacterial infection; intended reason for AU; name and route of antibiotics prescribed.ResultsOf 883 dogs and cats, 322 (36.5%) were prescribed at least 1 antibiotic. Among 285 antibiotics administered systemically intended for treatment of infection, 10.9% were prescribed without evidence of infection. The most common class of antibiotics presribed for systemic administration was potentiated penicillin for dogs (115/346, 33.3%) and cats (27/80, 33.8%). For dogs and cats, first-generation cephalosporins (93/346, 26.9% and 11/80, 13.8%, respectively) and fluoroquinolones (51/346, 14.7% and 19/80, 23.8%, respectively) was second or third most-prescribed. Common AU indications included skin, respiratory, and urinary conditions, and perioperative use.Conclusions and clinical importanceCollaborative data collection provides a sustainable methodology to generate national AU prevalence estimates and bring attention to areas requiring additional research and detailed data collection. These efforts can also identify practice improvement opportunities in settings where future veterinarians are trained.

Disease caused by the archetypical amdoparvovirus (APV), Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV), has been well studied, but APV infections in other carnivores are poorly understood. Skunk amdoparvovirus (SKAV), one of a handful of newly discovered APVs, is apparently species-specific in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) and has a high prevalence across North America. We have evaluated the infection status and viral tissue distribution in a cohort of 26 free-ranging California skunks from a single rehabilitation facility who were euthanized due to poor prognosis for recovery from neurologic disease. SKAV was detected in the majority of this cohort, and virus was associated with a spectrum of lesions including tubulointerstitial nephritis, meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, and arteritis. Affected tissue and patterns of inflammation were partially overlapping with those of AMDV infection but were notably distinct in the kidney.

ObjectivesTo investigate if hepatitis A virus cell receptor 1/kidney injury molecule 1 (HAVCR1/KIM1) in urine is detectable concurrently with increases in serum creatinine concentrations in horses receiving a recommended dose of phenylbutazone (PBZ) for 7 days.DesignPreliminary study.MethodsTen clinically healthy horses with normal physical examination and laboratory work were randomly assigned to PBZ or placebo groups (5 each). The PBZ group received PBZ at 4.4 mg/kg mixed with corn syrup orally every 12 hours. The placebo group received corn syrup orally every 12 hours. Both groups were treated for 7 days. Kidney ultrasonography was performed, and venous blood and urine samples were collected prior to commencement and at the end of treatment. Samples from 1 additional healthy horse, 3 horses with acute kidney failure, and 1 horse with chronic kidney failure were also evaluated.ResultsNone of the 10 horses had detectable HAVCR1/KIM1 in urine at baseline. Serum creatinine concentrations in placebo group did not increase, and HAVCR1/KIM1 was undetectable in urine. At the end of treatment, 3 of 5 horses receiving PBZ developed increases in serum creatinine of >26.5 μmol/L (>0.3 mg/dL), and HAVCR1/KIM1 was detectable in urine, despite normal findings on kidney ultrasonography in all horses.ConclusionsHAVCR1/KIM1 is detectable in urine and is associated with increases in serum creatinine concentrations of >26.5 μmol/L in horses following treatment with PBZ for 7 consecutive days. Thus, HAVCR1/KIM1 might aid in the early detection of acute kidney injury in horses.

BackgroundDual antithrombotic treatment (DAT) with clopidogrel and rivaroxaban sometimes is prescribed to cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at risk of thromboembolism. To date, no studies have evaluated their combined effects on platelet function.Objectives/hypothesisEvaluate the safety of DAT in healthy cats and compare, ex vivo, platelet-dependent thrombin generation and agonist-induced platelet activation and aggregation in cats treated with clopidogrel, rivaroxaban, or DAT. We hypothesized that DAT would safely modulate agonist-induced platelet activation and aggregation more effectively than single agent treatment.AnimalsNine apparently healthy 1-year-old cats selected from a research colony.MethodsUnblinded, nonrandomized ex vivo cross-over study. All cats received 7 days of rivaroxaban (0.6 ± 0.1 mg/kg PO), clopidogrel (4.7 ± 0.8 mg/kg PO), or DAT with defined washout periods between treatments. Before and after each treatment, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- and thrombin-induced platelet P-selectin expression was evaluated using flow cytometry to assess platelet activation. Platelet-dependent thrombin generation was measured by fluorescence assay. Platelet aggregation was assessed using whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry.ResultsNo cats exhibited adverse effects. Of the 3 treatments, only DAT significantly decreased the number of activated platelets (P = .002), modulated platelet activation in response to thrombin (P = .01), dampened thrombin generation potential (P = .01), and delayed maximum reaction velocity (P = .004) in thrombin generation. Like clopidogrel, DAT inhibited ADP-mediated platelet aggregation. However, rivaroxaban alone resulted in increased aggregation and activation in response to ADP.Conclusion and clinical importanceTreatment combining clopidogrel and rivaroxaban (DAT) safely decreases platelet activation, platelet response to agonists, and thrombin generation in feline platelets more effectively than monotherapy with either clopidogrel or rivaroxaban.

Disorders of sexual development (DSD) are associated with atypical chromosomal, gonadal, or phenotypic sex. It is likely that the number of cases of DSD are underestimated in the equine population. Monorchidism in the horse is very rare. This case report describes the clinical assessment of a phenotypic mare with stallion-like behavior which led to the diagnosis of a DSD. A 4-year-old Quarter Horse mare presented in good body condition, with normal external genitalia for a mare, and normal mammary glands with two bilaterally symmetric teats. No uterus, cervix, or gonads were detected on transrectal palpation. Transrectal ultrasonography revealed a single gonad in the right dorsal abdomen with the morphologic appearance of a testicle. Presurgical hormonal evaluation revealed elevated serum testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations. The right gonad was successfully removed via standing exploratory laparoscopy and submitted for histopathology. No gonad was identified on the left side during laparoscopy. Histopathologic examination confirmed that the excised gonad was a testicle. Cytogenetic and molecular analysis revealed a 64,XY, SRY-positive chromosomal constitution. Hormonal evaluation 5 weeks after surgery revealed low serum testosterone and AMH levels. A diagnosis of monorchidism was based on ultrasound examination, laparoscopic exploration of the abdomen, removal of a single gonad, and a subsequent decrease in serum testosterone and AMH concentrations to basal levels. In summary, a combination of clinical signs, endocrine evaluation, chromosomal and molecular analysis, and histopathology can be used in the diagnosis of DSD conditions.

BackgroundSleep insufficiency is a worldwide affliction with serious implications for mental and physical health. Occupational factors play a large role in determining sleep habits. Healthcare workers are particularly susceptible to job-mediated sleep insufficiency and inadequate rest in general. Little is published on sleep practices among veterinarians, and overall recognition of the impacts of inadequate rest within the veterinary profession is poor.Objectives and proceduresThis review describes occupational factors affecting sufficiency of rest and recovery, reviews veterinary-specific and relevant adjacent literature pertaining to sleep patterns, and discusses potential solutions for addressing occupational schedules contributing to sleep insufficiency and inadequate rest. Online databases were searched to extract contemporary literature pertaining to sleep, insufficient rest, and occupational factors, with a focus on veterinary medicine and other healthcare sectors.ResultsOccupational factors leading to inadequate rest among healthcare workers include excessive workloads, extended workdays, cumulative days of heavy work hours, and after-hours on-call duty. These factors are prevalent within the veterinary profession and may contribute to widespread insufficient rest and the resulting negative impacts on health and well-being among veterinarians.Conclusion and clinical relevanceSufficient sleep quantity and quality are critical to physical and mental health and are negatively affected by many aspects of the veterinary profession. Critical review of current strategies employed in clinical practice is essential to promote professional fulfillment, health, and well-being among veterinarians.

BackgroundAbnormal or undesired mare behaviours are often assumed to be associated with ovarian abnormalities.ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the incidence of abnormal behaviours and their association with concentrations of one or more ovarian hormones associated with a granulosa cell tumour (GCT).Study designRetrospective descriptive.MethodsA total of 2914 hormonal profile samples submitted with the words behave, behaviour, or behaving in the submission history were analysed. The association between reported abnormal behaviours and concentrations of testosterone, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibins and inhibin-B were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using a Chi-squared test of association.ResultsOf the 2914 cases that were submitted due to behaviour issues, 2506 (86%) did not have any of the measured hormones reach GCT-like concentrations. The remaining 408 cases had either one (63%), two (25.5%), or three (11.5%) hormones with concentrations consistent with those from confirmed GCT cases. Testosterone had the lowest percent of GCT-like values among the cases (7.7%), compared with AMH (9.4%), inhibins (9.6%) and inhibin B (8.7%). Stallion-like behaviour was significantly associated with increased concentrations of all four hormones. In contrast, aggression, oestrous and other abnormal behaviours were significantly less likely to be associated with increased concentrations of the hormones.Main limitationsRetrospective study, using sample submission history.ConclusionOverall, the abnormal behaviours among mares, except the stallion-like behaviour, were not associated with increased ovarian hormones. These results highlight the common misassumption about the involvement of the ovaries in 'abnormal behaviours' or 'undesirable behaviours' of mares.

BackgroundDespite substantial ramifications of insufficient sleep on mental and physical health and general well-being, many individuals are unaware of what constitutes sufficient sleep, or of the short- and long-term extent of sleep deficiency effects, including those that may not be perceived as fatigue.Objectives and proceduresThis review describes the physiology of sleep, defines healthy standards, reviews the pathophysiology and health hazards of acute and chronic sleep insufficiency, and offers concepts for improving individual sleep hygiene. Online databases were searched to extract literature pertaining to sleep, sleep insufficiency, fatigue, and health, with emphasis on literature published in the preceding 5 years.ResultsThe detrimental effects of acute and chronic sleep loss vary in their range and impact. Individuals often obtain a substandard quantity of sleep, a problem that is poorly recognized by individuals and society. This lack of recognition perpetuates a culture in which sleep insufficiency is accepted, resulting in serious and substantial negative impacts on mental and physical health.Conclusion and clinical relevanceSleep management is one of the most fundamental and changeable aspects of personal health. Improving awareness of the important physiological roles of sleep, healthy sleep habits, and the consequence of insufficient sleep is essential in promoting general well-being and mental and physical health.

Management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) fractures is challenging and is a subject of ongoing discussions and controversies in both the veterinary and human medical fields. Regardless of the management strategy, obtaining precise diagnostic imaging in the form of conventional or cone-beam computed tomography and potentially magnetic resonance imaging is pivotal for medical and surgical decision-making and prognostic purposes. The main objective of TMJ fracture management is a rapid return to normal function via restoration of pretrauma occlusion, range of motion, and masticatory function. With that in mind, it is prudent to distinguish between surgical interventions, such as condylectomy and open reduction with internal fixation, or to elect a conservative management approach. Given the diversity in TMJ fracture and patient circumstances, such as age, concomitant trauma, financial situation, and availability of expertise, the formulation of an individualized treatment plan is recommended. Knowledge of potential short- and long-term complications such as infection, malocclusion, ankylosis, fibrosis, and osteoarthritis is essential during TMJ fracture management. Importantly, as our clinical and research knowledge on managing TMJ fractures in dogs and cats grows, we rely on comparative evidence-based overviews, and inspirations from human medical experts to advance the veterinary field. Hence, this review discusses contemporary approaches to managing TMJ fractures and the outcomes in dogs and cats from a one-health perspective.

The skin and adnexa can be difficult to interpret because they change dramatically with the hair cycle throughout life. However, a variety of methods are commonly available to collect skin and perform assays that can be useful for figuring out morphological and molecular changes. This overview provides information on basic approaches to evaluate skin and its molecular phenotype, with references for more detail, and interpretation of results on the skin and adnexa in the mouse. These approaches range from mouse genetic nomenclature, setting up a cutaneous phenotyping study, skin grafts, hair follicle reconstitution, wax stripping, electron microscopy, and Köbner reaction to very specific approaches such as lipid and protein analyses on a large scale.

A multicenter observational study was conducted on early lactation Holstein cows (n = 261) from 32 herds from 3 regions (Australia, AU; California, CA; and Canada, CAN) to characterize their risk of acidosis into 3 groups (high, medium, or low) using a discriminant analysis model previously developed. Diets ranged from pasture supplemented with concentrates to total mixed ration (nonfiber carbohydrates = 17 to 47 and neutral detergent fiber = 27 to 58% of dry matter). Rumen fluid samples were collected

BackgroundA standardized protocol for electroencephalography (EEG) under standing sedation for the investigation of epilepsy in foals is needed.Hypothesis/objectivesTo evaluate a modified standardized EEG protocol under standing sedation using sublingual detomidine hydrochloride in Egyptian Arabian foals.AnimalsNineteen foals (controls, 9; juvenile idiopathic epilepsy [JIE], 10).MethodsDescriptive clinical study. Foals were classified as controls or epileptic based on history or witnessed seizures and neurological examination. Foals were sedated using sublingual detomidine hydrochloride at a dosage of 0.08 mg/kg to avoid stress associated with injectable sedation. Once foals appeared sedated with their heads low to the ground and with wide base stance (30 minutes), topical lidocaine hydrochloride was applied at the determined locations of EEG electrodes. Fifteen minutes were allowed for absorption and electrodes were placed, protected, and EEG recording performed.ResultsLevel of sedation was considered excellent with no need of redosing. The EEG recording lasted from 27 to 51 minutes and provided interpretable data. Epileptic discharges (ED) were noted predominantly in the central-parietal region in 9 of 10 epileptic foals. Photic stimulation triggered ED in 7 of 10 epileptic foals and in none of the controls. Foals were not oversedated and recovered uneventfully.Conclusions and clinical importanceSublingual detomidine hydrochloride is a safe, painless, simple, and effective method of sedation for EEG recording in foals. Sublingual sedation allowed the investigation of cerebral electrical activity during states of sleep and arousal, and during photic stimulation for the investigation of epilepsy in foals.

BackgroundBacterial urinary tract infections have been associated with comorbidities and increased antimicrobial resistance over time.ObjectiveTo identify bacterial species, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance.AnimalsThree hundred sixty-three positive urine cultures from 308 cats.MethodsBacterial species and antimicrobial susceptibility data from positive aerobic bacterial urine cultures from cats with growth of ≥103 colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) were included. Medical records were reviewed, and bacteriuria was classified as sporadic bacterial cystitis, recurrent bacterial cystitis or subclinical bacteriuria (SBU). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate antimicrobial resistance risk factors.ResultsA total of 444 bacterial isolates from 363 bacteriuric episodes were identified. Escherichia coli (52%) and SBU (59%) were the most common organism and classification, respectively. When compared to other classifications of bacteriuria, Enterococcus spp. were more likely to be isolated from SBU episodes (P 90% susceptible designation to all bacteria isolated highlighting the importance of performing urine culture and susceptibility testing, particularly for cats with recurrent bacterial cystitis.

BackgroundPyothorax, an accumulation of inflammatory fluid in the pleural space, is often caused by foreign body inhalation in dogs, whereas the etiology in cats can be more difficult to discern.ObjectiveCompare clinical, microbiologic findings, and etiology in cats and dogs with pyothorax.AnimalsTwenty-nine cats and 60 dogs.MethodsMedical records of cats and dogs diagnosed with pyothorax from 2010 to 2020 were reviewed. Clinical findings, fluid analysis, and microbiologic results were retrieved.ResultsAntimicrobials had been administered to equal proportions of cats and dogs before fluid sampling (45% and 47%). Groups did not differ in age or total protein concentration or percentage neutrophils in pleural fluid, but effusion cell count was significantly higher in cats than in dogs (P = .01). Neutrophils containing intracellular bacteria were identified in more cats (27/29, 93%) than dogs (44/60, 73%; P = .05). Penetrating damage to the thorax was implicated as the cause of pyothorax in equal percentages of cats (76%) and dogs (75%). Etiology could not be determined in 2 cats and 1 dog. Cats had higher numbers of bacterial isolates per patient (median, 3) than dogs (median, 1; P = .01) and anaerobes were isolated more often in cats (23/29, 73%) than in dogs (27/60, 45%; P = .003).Conclusions and clinical importancePyothorax had similar etiologies in cats and dogs. Cats had higher fluid cell counts, higher numbers of bacterial isolates identified per patient, and intracellular bacteria detected more commonly than did dogs.

BackgroundLymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) and low-grade intestinal T cell lymphoma (LGITL) are common diseases in older cats, but their diagnosis and differentiation remain challenging.ObjectivesTo summarize the current literature on etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of LPE and LGITL in cats and provide guidance on the differentiation between LPE and LGITL in cats. To provide statements established using evidence-based approaches or where such evidence is lacking, statements based on consensus of experts in the field.AnimalsNone.MethodsA panel of 6 experts in the field (2 internists, 1 radiologist, 1 anatomic pathologist, 1 clonality expert, 1 oncologist) with the support of a human medical immunologist, was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer-reviewed literature and complement it with consensus recommendations.ResultsDespite increasing interest on the topic for clinicians and pathologists, few prospective studies were available, and interpretation of the pertinent literature often was challenging because of the heterogeneity of the cases. Most recommendations by the panel were supported by a moderate or low level of evidence. Several understudied areas were identified, including cellular markers using immunohistochemistry, genomics, and transcriptomic studies.Conclusions and clinical importanceTo date, no single diagnostic criterion or known biomarker reliably differentiates inflammatory lesions from neoplastic lymphoproliferations in the intestinal tract of cats and a diagnosis currently is established by integrating all available clinical and diagnostic data. Histopathology remains the mainstay to better differentiate LPE from LGITL in cats with chronic enteropathy.

Sibling female and male Chihuahuas were evaluated for a 9-month history of tachypnea that failed to respond to fenbendazole, doxycycline, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and prednisone. Physical examination identified tachypnea, hyperpnea, and harsh bronchovesicular lung sounds. Fundic examination disclosed diffuse chorioretinitis, manifested as multifocal chorioretinal granulomas in the female dog and occasional chorioretinal scars in the male dog. Thoracic radiographs indicated moderate to severe interstitial to broncho-interstitial infiltrates in both dogs. Serum and urine antigen and antibody testing in the female dog failed to identify infectious agents, but cytologic assessment of hepatic lymph node, liver, and splenic aspirates identified Pneumocystis trophozoites. Infection was confirmed in both dogs by 28S rRNA PCR sequencing from multiple tissue samples. The female dog responded well to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but the male dog was euthanized because of liver failure, presumably related to antimicrobial treatment.

BackgroundThe addition of calcium to resuscitation fluids is a common practice in horses, but studies evaluating the effects of calcium supplementation are limited. In healthy horses, decreases in heart rate and changes in serum electrolyte concentrations have been reported.HypothesisCalcium gluconate administration at a rate of 0.4 mg/kg/min to eliminated endurance horses with metabolic problems will affect heart rate, gastrointestinal sounds, and serum electrolyte concentrations.AnimalsEndurance horses eliminated from the Tevis Cup 100-mile (160 km) endurance ride for metabolic problems and requiring IV fluid therapy were eligible.MethodsSixteen horses were randomly assigned to receive 0.4 mg/kg/min of calcium (23% calcium gluconate solution) over 1 hour diluted in 10 L of a non-calcium containing isotonic crystalloid (CAL group) or 10 L of a non-calcium containing isotonic crystalloid (CON group). Staff members administering the fluids were blinded to treatment group. Blood samples were collected and physical examinations performed before and after treatment. Heart rates were recorded every 15 min during fluid administration. Data were compared using 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables.ResultsCalcium was associated with lower heart rates 45 min after starting the infusion (P = .002). Gastrointestinal sounds were less likely to improve in the calcium group compared with the control group (P = .005). An increase in plasma phosphorus concentration (P = .03) was associated with calcium administration.ConclusionsIntravenous calcium supplementation to endurance horses eliminated from competition after development of metabolic problems may decrease heart rate but impairs improvement in gastrointestinal sounds.

A 6-year-old female spayed German Shepherd mixed-breed dog was presented for treatment of a frontal lobe mass diagnosed on MRI, after an acute onset of generalized seizures and behavior changes. Computed tomography of the head was performed for radiation therapy planning and revealed concurrent cribriform plate lysis without nasal sinus invasion, and focal lysis of the left ventrolateral cranial fossa. Histopathology of the mass obtained via surgical excision was consistent with a grade I fibrous meningioma. The dog had a good outcome following surgery and radiation therapy.

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical signs, electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, treatment, and outcome in a dog after successful resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest (OHCA) induced by pentobarbital intoxication.Case summaryA 10-year-old, male intact Jack Russell Terrier was referred for management of refractory status epilepticus and presented dead on arrival. After 7 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, return of spontaneous circulation was achieved, but the dog remained comatose, apneic, and lacked brainstem reflexes on neurological examination 6 hours following resuscitation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed polioencephalomalacia consistent with prolonged epileptiform activity, and EEG was initially concerning for electrocerebral inactivity. Following supportive care that included short-term mechanical ventilation, the dog made a full recovery and was discharged from the hospital alive 7 days postresuscitation. It was later revealed that the dog had been administered an unknown amount of pentobarbital during transportation, which likely contributed to the OHCA, clinical, and EEG findings.New information providedThis is the first report to describe the full recovery and hospital discharge of a dog suffering OHCA and the first description of EEG findings in a clinical veterinary patient following cardiopulmonary arrest and successful resuscitation. Factors likely contributing to successful patient outcome and potential benefits and limitations of EEG in monitoring postcardiac arrest patients are discussed.

Hydatid disease is a neglected zoonotic parasitic disease caused by cysts of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Canids, especially domestic dogs, are definitive hosts of the parasite and are the most pragmatic targets for control programs. A governmental dog deworming campaign was established in 1979 to control hydatidosis in southern Chile, which succeeded in reducing the prevalence of canine echinococcosis in Tierra del Fuego province from 68.4% (in 1978) to 1.2% (in 2002). In 2004, however, the program was dismantled to reduce costs, and since then, no follow-up echinococcosis monitoring has been conducted. We surveyed 356 domestic dogs and interviewed owners or workers at 45 ranches in Chilean Tierra del Fuego during the summer of 2015-2016. Faecal flotation was employed to detect Taeniidae eggs, and PCR was used to test faecal samples for Echinococcus granulosus. Taeniidae eggs and Echinococcus sp. DNA were detected in the faeces of 45.4% (147/324) and 6.9% (23/331) of dogs, respectively. Infrequent dog deworming and the presence of culpeo foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus) were significant predictors of the prevalence of Echinococcus sp. DNA and Taeniidae eggs. Furthermore, the presence of introduced chilla foxes (Lycalopex griseus), the municipality, and several operational characteristics of ranches (number of sheep, frequency of sheep slaughter, number of dogs, frequency of removal of dog faeces, feeding of dogs with sheep viscera) were also predictive of the prevalence of Taeniidae eggs. Our findings reveal an ongoing risk of echinococcosis with pathogen maintenance in ranch dogs in Chilean Tierra del Fuego, and in the absence of adequate control programmes, there is a tangible risk of re-emergence of hydatid disease as a public health concern.

Free-living amoebae are rare causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals around the globe. Because the route of exposure and clinical progression of disease caused by different species of amoebae may vary in people and animals, determining the species of amoeba present is important. We describe here a fatal infection by the free-living amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris in a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). The 17-y-old patient had a rapid clinical decline after a peracute onset of severe lethargy, dull mentation, and anorexia. Autopsy did not identify a cause of death. Histology revealed inflammation associated with amoebic trophozoites in the brain, lungs, and iris of one eye. These amoebae were confirmed to be B. mandrillaris based on a PCR assay and sequencing. Although there are subtle morphologic differences between cyst stages of Acanthamoeba spp., B. mandrillaris, and Naegleria fowleri when present and identified on routine staining, other modalities, including PCR, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry, are typically utilized to confirm the pathogen involved in these cases. We review the reports of balamuthosis in animals.

BackgroundThe behavior of the comprehensive circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) before to the onset of congestive heart failure remains largely unexplored.Hypothesis/objectivesThe classical and alternative RAS activity and aldosterone concentrations will be significantly higher in dogs with American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stage B2 MMVD compared to normal dogs and dogs with ACVIM stage B1 MMVD.AnimalsOne-hundred seventeen client-owned dogs (normal = 60; B1 = 31; B2 = 26).MethodsProspective observational study. Angiotensin peptides (AP) and aldosterone concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Angiotensin converting enzymes 1 and 2 (ACE, ACE2) and renin activity surrogates were calculated from AP concentrations. Equilibrium dialysis (ED) and immediate protease inhibition (PI) methods of AP quantification were compared in 14 healthy dogs.ResultsCore RAS activity and aldosterone concentrations did not differ among the 3 groups. However, the balance between the alternative and classical RAS differed, with dogs with stage B2 MMVD having significantly higher ACE2 activity surrogate (ACE2surr ) when compared to normal dogs (adjusted P = .02; ratio of medians for ACE2surr [B2:normal], 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-2.6). The ED and PI methods of AP quantification were highly correlated (AngI, r = .9, P

BackgroundUltrafiltration is performed to alleviate fluid overload in dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI) undergoing intermittent hemodialysis (IHD).ObjectivesTo describe prescription patterns for ultrafiltration in dogs receiving IHD for AKI and risk factors for ultrafiltration-related complications.AnimalsSeventy-seven dogs undergoing 144 IHD treatments between 2009 and 2019.MethodsMedical records of dogs receiving IHD for AKI were reviewed. The initial 3 IHD treatments in which ultrafiltration was prescribed were included. Ultrafiltration-related complications were defined as those requiring an intervention such as transient or permanent discontinuation of ultrafiltration.ResultsMean fluid removal rate per treatment was 8.1 ± 4.5 mL/kg/h. Ultrafiltration-related complications occurred in 37/144 (25.7%) of treatments. Hypotension was rare (6/144, 4.2% of treatments). No ultrafiltration-related complications resulted in deaths. The mean prescribed fluid removal rate per treatment was higher in dogs with ultrafiltration-related complications than without (10.8 ± 4.9 mL/kg/h vs 8.8 ± 5.1 mL/kg/h, respectively; P = .03). The mean delivered fluid removal rate per treatment was significantly lower in dogs with UF-related complications compared to those without complications (6.8 ± 4.0 mL/kg/h vs 8.6 ± 4.6 mL/kg/h, respectively; P = .04). Variables associated with ultrafiltration-related complications (P

BackgroundAmphotericin-B (AmB) is an essential medication for the treatment of life-threatening systemic mycoses but the incidence and risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) after its administration are not known in dogs.ObjectiveDetermine the incidence of and risk factors for AKI in dogs receiving AmB.AnimalsFifty-one client owned dogs receiving AmB for the treatment of systemic mycoses.MethodsRetrospective study. Signalment, potential risk factors, AKI development (creatinine ≥0.3 mg/dL from baseline), drug formulation (deoxycholate [AmB-D] or lipid complex [ABLC]), dose, and treatment duration were recorded. The probability of an AKI diagnosis was evaluated using a log-rank test. The incidence of AKI and odds ratios were calculated for potential risk factors.ResultsIncidence of AKI was 5/12 (42%) for dogs receiving AmB-D and 14/39 (36%) for dogs receiving ABLC. Of the 19 dogs that developed AKI, 16 (84%) continued treatment after a pause in the planned dosing protocol. Fifty percent of dogs received a cumulative dose of 6.9 mg/kg for AmB-D and 22.5 mg/kg for ABLC (P

ObjectiveThis review discusses the scientific evidence regarding effects of insufficient rest on clinical performance and house officer training programs, the associations of clinical duty scheduling with insufficient rest, and the implications for risk management.Study designNarrative review.MethodsSeveral literature searches using broad terms such as "sleep deprivation," "veterinary," "physician," and "surgeon" were performed using PubMed and Google scholar.ResultsSleep deprivation and insufficient rest have clear and deleterious effects on job performance, which in healthcare occupations impacts patient safety and practice function. The unique requirements of a career in veterinary surgery, which may include on-call shifts and overnight work, can lead to distinct sleep challenges and chronic insufficient rest with resultant serious but often poorly recognized impacts. These effects negatively impact practices, teams, surgeons, and patients. The self-assessment of fatigue and performance effect is demonstrably untrustworthy, reinforcing the need for institution-level protections. While the issues are complex and there is no one-size-fits-all approach, duty hour or workload restrictions may be an important first step in addressing these issues within veterinary surgery, as it has been in human medicine.ConclusionSystematic re-examination of cultural expectations and practice logistics are needed if improvement in working hours, clinician well-being, productivity, and patient safety are to occur.Clinical significance (or impact)A more comprehensive understanding of the magnitude and consequence of sleep-related impairment better enables surgeons and hospital management to address systemic challenges in veterinary practice and training programs.

BackgroundThe ability to detect bacteriuria in dogs with a point-of-care test might improve medical care and antimicrobial stewardship.Hypothesis and objectiveA rapid immunoassay (RIA; RapidBac) will provide acceptable sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of bacteriuria.AnimalsForty-four client-owned dogs with a clinical indication for urinalysis and aerobic bacterial urine culture.MethodsProspective study. Urine, collected by cystocentesis, was submitted for urinalysis and culture at a diagnostic laboratory. Owners completed an enrollment questionnaire regarding their dogs' clinical signs. The RIA was performed according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Results were compared to culture.ResultsForty-four urine specimens were evaluated from 44 dogs. The sensitivity and specificity of the RIA test to detect bacteriuria compared to urine culture were 81.8% (95% CI, 65.7%-97.9%) and 95.5% (95% CI, 86.8%-99.9%), respectively. For cultures yielding ≥103  CFU/mL, sensitivity increased to 90.0% (95% CI, 76.9%-100%) and specificity was similar at 95.2% (95% CI, 86.1%-99.9%). Malodorous urine, bacteriuria, and pyuria were more likely to be present in dogs with positive RIA or urine culture results compared to dogs with negative results.Conclusions and clinical importanceThe RIA was easy to perform and had good sensitivity and excellent specificity in this group of dogs. The RIA might be a useful screening test for decision-making regarding antimicrobial therapy in dogs with a clinical indication for urine culture. Consideration could be given to amending the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Disease definition of bacterial cystitis as the presence of signs of lower urinary tract disease together with positive culture or a positive RIA.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to define the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression pattern of the equine ocular surface and amniotic membrane using a targeted qPCR approach and 3'Tag-sequencing. It will serve as a reference for future studies of ocular surface innate immunity and amniotic membrane therapies.ProceduresA targeted qPCR approach was used to investigate the presence of orthologs for three of the most highly expressed beta-defensins (DEFB1, DEFB4B, and DEFB103A) of the human ocular surface and amniotic membrane in equine corneal epithelium, conjunctiva, and amniotic membrane. 3'Tag-sequencing was performed on RNA from one sample of corneal epithelium, conjunctiva, and amniotic membrane to further characterize their AMP expression.ResultsEquine corneal epithelium, conjunctiva, and amniotic membrane expressed DEFB1, DEFB4B, and DEFB103A. DEFB103A was expressed at the highest amounts in corneal epithelium, while DEFB4B was most highly expressed in conjunctiva and amniotic membrane. 3'Tag-sequencing from all three tissues confirmed these findings and identified expression of five additional beta-defensins, 11 alpha-defensins and two cathelicidins, with the alpha-defensins showing higher normalized read counts than the beta-defensins.ConclusionsThis study identified AMP expression in the equine cornea and conjunctiva, suggesting that they play a key role in the protection of the equine eye, similar to the human ocular surface. We also determined that equine amniotic membrane expresses a substantial number of AMPs suggesting it could potentiate an antimicrobial effect as a corneal graft material. Future studies will focus on defining the antimicrobial activity of these AMPs and determining their role in microbial keratitis.

This study aimed to evaluate the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features of ureteral tuberculosis (UTB) and ureteral malignant tumour and to explore its application value in the differentiation of UTB from ureteral tumour. The ultrasound (US) and CEUS imaging features of 33 and 12 cases of pathologically confirmed UTB and ureteral malignant tumour, respectively, were retrospectively evaluated, and echo of the ureteral wall, abnormal echo of the lumen, degree of ureteral dilation and CEUS patterns of the two diseases were statistically analysed. The results revealed that the lumen echo of UTB was hyperechoic or anechoic, whereas that of ureteral tumour lesions was hypoechoic (χ2 = 28.22, P < 0.001). The wall echo of the obstruction site differed between the two diseases; in UTB, the ureteral wall was thickened but the outer wall remained intact, whereas in ureteral tumour, both the malignant tumour wall and outer wall were irregular (χ2 = 30.25, P < 0.001). CEUS of UTB revealed nonenhancement or heterogeneous enhancement in the lumen, whereas that of ureteral tumours revealed significant homogeneous enhancement (χ2 = 30.25, P < 0.001). Thus, CEUS can reveal lesion microcirculation and be used to evaluate blood supply characteristics in the lesion, indicating that it has high potential for differentiating the two diseases.

Dry eye disease is a complex ophthalmic disorder that consists of two main subtypes, aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE) and evaporative dry eye disease (EDED). Due to the complex underlying physiology, human dry eye disease can be difficult to model in laboratory animal species. Thus, the identification and characterization of a spontaneous large animal model of dry eye disease is desirable. Dogs have been described as an ideal spontaneous model of ADDE due to the similar pathophysiology between dogs and humans. Recently, EDED and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) have been increasingly recognized and reported in dogs. These reports on EDED and MGD in dogs have identified similarities in pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and diagnostic parameters to humans with the comparable disorders. Additionally, the tests that are used to diagnose EDED and MGD in humans are more easily applicable to dogs than to laboratory species due to the comparable globe sizes between dogs and humans. The reported response of dogs to EDED and MGD therapies are similar to humans, suggesting that they would be a valuable preclinical model for the development of additional therapeutics. Further research and clinical awareness of EDED and MGD in dogs would increase their ability to be utilized as a preclinical model, improving the positive predictive value of therapeutics for EDED and MGD in both humans and dogs.

The production of vaccines in plant cells, termed plant-made pharmaceuticals or molecular farming, is a promising technology for scalable production. Compared to mammalian cell lines, like Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) or bacterial cells, plants can be grown with less cost on a large scale to make vaccines antigens and therapeutics affordable and accessible worldwide. An innovative application of this alternative system is the production of vaccines in edible tissues that can be consumed orally to deliver protein antigen without any further processing. In this project, we report stable expression of amino acid sequences corresponding to the TM-1 gene of Mycoplasma gallisepticum as a candidate vaccine antigen against Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in chickens using wheat seed's tissues as a production host. Molecular and immunoblotting analysis confirmed the ubiquitous expression of a recombinant 41.8-kDa protein with an expression level of 1.03 mg/g dry weight in the endosperm tissues. When orally delivered, the plant-made vaccine was effective in terms of developing antibody response in animal model i.e., chicken without any detectable weight loss. Two doses of orally delivered plant-made TM-1 vaccine candidate elicited the immune response and protective effect against MG virus challenge at the level comparable to commercially available inactivated vaccine against CRD. Our study demonstrates that plant-made vaccines are not only safe but also scalable and cost-effective with prolonged stability at room temperature.

The Wellness Ready Test (WRT) is a lateral flow, stall-side assay that measures equine insulin in whole blood and requires validation before recommending clinical use. We evaluated intra- and inter-assay precision and linearity and compared the WRT with a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Tested concentrations ranged from 695 pmol/L (100 μIU/mL). For 20 replicates at each insulin level, intra-assay CVs of the WRT for insulin were 13.3%, 12.9%, and 15.3% at low (139-278 pmol/L; 20-40 μIU/mL), intermediate (278-417 pmol/L; 40-60 μIU/mL), and high (>417 pmol/L; >60 μIU/mL) concentrations, respectively. For 10 replicates at each level (3 assay lots), inter-assay CVs were 15.9%, 11.0%, and 11.7%, respectively. In the weighted linear regression of 5 measured insulin concentrations against expected concentrations, R2 = 0.98, slope = 1.02, and y-intercept = 14.4 pmol/L (2.08 μIU/mL). The Spearman correlation coefficient (rs) was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.85-0.94) between the WRT and RIA; the WRT = f(RIA) Passing-Bablok regression yielded the fit, y = 1.005x + 24.3 pmol/L (3.50 μIU/mL). The WRT result averaged 10.4% higher than the RIA result, with targeted bias of 25.9, 26.1, and 26.7 pmol/L (3.74, 3.76, and 3.84 μIU/mL) for cutoffs used to diagnose insulin dysregulation of 312, 347, and 451 pmol/L (45, 50, and 65 μIU/mL). Assay clinical sensitivities, specificities, and accuracies determined at the 3 selected clinical cutoffs and using the RIA as gold standard were 87-95%, 92-96%, and 91-95%, respectively (n = 99 samples). Observed total error was 28.4-30.4%. The WRT had acceptable precision, excellent linearity, and good association with the RIA.

BackgroundCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is highly labile and delayed processing might alter results of analysis.Hypothesis/objectivesTo determine the effects of time and addition of autologous serum on cytological evaluation of CSF.AnimalsTen client-owned adult horses requiring euthanasia.MethodsProspective study. Serum and CSF were collected from each horse before and within 10 minutes after euthanasia. CSF samples were divided into 15 aliquots (2 mL each); 1 aliquot was submitted for routine CSF analysis within 60 minutes of collection. Four drops of autologous serum were added to 7 of the aliquots, and stored at 4°C (serum group); the remaining 7 samples were stored unaltered at 4°C (control group). Total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and cell morphology score were done at T4, T8, T12, T24, T48, T72, and T96 hours after collection. Protein concentration was measured in the control group at T0 and T96 hours.ResultsThe cell morphology scores were significantly different in the control group at T48 (median 2, range 0-4), T72 (2, 0-4), and T96 (3, 0-4) in comparison to T0 (1). No change was observed in the serum group. TNCC remained stable over time in both groups. No statistically significant difference in CSF protein concentration was found between T0 and T96.Conclusions and clinical importanceThe addition of autologous serum to an aliquot of CSF sample before shipping improves the preservation of cell morphology up to 96 hours after collection.