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Flexible thermoelectric materials play an important role in smart wearables, such as wearable power generation, self-powered sensing, and personal thermal management. However, with the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), higher standards for comfort, multifunctionality, and sustainable operation of wearable electronics have been proposed, and it remains challenging to meet all the requirements of currently reported thermoelectric devices. Herein, we present a multifunctional, wearable, and wireless sensing system based on a thermoelectric knitted fabric with over 600 mm·s−1 air permeability and a stretchability of 120%. The device coupled with a wireless transmission system realizes self-powered monitoring of human respiration through an mobile phone application (APP). Furthermore, an integrated thermoelectric system was designed to combine photothermal conversion and passive radiative cooling, enabling the characteristics of being powered by solar-driven in-plane temperature differences and monitoring outdoor sunlight intensity through the APP. Additionally, we decoupled the complex signals of resistance and thermal voltage during deformation under solar irradiation based on the anisotropy of the knitted fabrics to enable the device to monitor and optimize the outdoor physical activity of the athlete via the APP. This novel thermoelectric fabric-based wearable and wireless sensing platform has promising applications in next-generation smart textiles.

Many advertising campaigns and agencies are now seeking help from radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology to promote their products and events across the world. Marketing agencies are deploying RFID technology as the prices of RFID tags are comparatively low than the other mediums. Marketers and advertisement planners, with using modern technologies to produce many advertising ideas, try hard to attract the attention of the targeting huge audiences and get their curiosity. Radio-frequency identification (RFID), one of the most popular technologies, uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a tiny radio transponder, a radio receiver and transmitter. RFID tags have already been used in several areas, including: the libraries, identity cards, ads and it can be also used in tracking cars, monitoring and selling goods.... etc. Battersea Dogs & Cats Home used a new technique in outdoor advertising using radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology as a simple idea will be examined as “case study”. The ‘Looking for you’ campaign used RFID tags and has launched an interactive digital advert between the receiver and the charity by which a personalized interactive messages were used to guide people and motivate positive values inside their hearts, asking them to adopt pets.

Abstract Pressure monitoring in various organs of the body is essential for appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In almost all situations, monitoring is performed in a hospital setting. Technological advances not only promise to improve clinical pressure monitoring systems, but also engage toward the development of fully implantable systems in ambulatory patients. Such systems would not only provide longitudinal time monitoring to healthcare personnel, but also to the patient who could adjust their way-of-life in response to the measurements. In the past years, we have developed a new type of piezoresistive pressure sensor system. Different bench tests have demonstrated that it delivers precise and reliable pressure measurements in real-time. The potential of this system was confirmed by a continuous recording in a patient that lasted for almost a day. In the present study, we further characterized the functionality of this sensor system by conducting in vivo implantation experiments in nine female farm pigs. To get a step closer to a fully implantable system, we also adapted two different wireless communication solutions to the sensor system. The communication protocols are based on MICS (Medical Implant Communication System) and BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) communication. As a proof-of-concept, implantation experiments in nine female pigs demonstrated the functionality of both systems, with a notable technical superiority of the BLE.

Based on the complexity and metrological requirements of temperature calibration within the rotor of a medical low-temperature centrifuge, a wireless temperature calibration device for medical centrifuges has been designed and developed. The temperature probe is integrated into the centrifuge tube, and the entire device can be placed inside the rotor of the centrifuge, allowing for the measurement and analysis of the actual temperature of the test solution inside the centrifuge tube under dynamic rotation conditions. Furthermore, the force situation during dynamic calibration is analyzed and performance tested. The calibration device can consistently and dependably achieve dynamic temperature data acquisition under high-speed conditions of medical low-temperature centrifuges, facilitating dynamic temperature calibration within the centrifuge rotor and offering support for centrifuge temperature control processes.

Blockchain, the mechanism that powers the Bitcoin cryptocurrency, is seen to be both enticing and essential for providing improved security and privacy for a variety of applications in many different fields, including the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. Blockchain has therefore been viewed as a potential technology for IoT since it offers important answers for the digital currency that can handle issues with high maintenance costs, trust and security, and other issues. However, as far as we are aware, no thorough bibliometric analysis has been done in this area. Therefore, this paper has performed a bibliometric analysis of digital currency based on blockchain-enabled IoT between 2015 and 2022 by 1332 articles selected. The Web of Science (WoS), one of the most esteemed databases, served as the study's primary data source. Besides, a network of country collaboration and a network of co-occurrences for co-word analysis was created using the VOSviewer tool. The results showed that the number of cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency publications on the blockchain had been enhanced quickly since 2018. Computer science, engineering, telecommunications, commerce, economics, medicine, agriculture, and law were among the areas studied in the blockchain domain. Furthermore, China has surpassed the United States as the leading country in terms of total publications and financing for related-topic research. Regarding the total number of citations, 2016 is the most influential, and IEEE Access is the most significant and prolific journal in the number of citations and publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial cystectomy procedures for urinary bladder-related dysfunction involve long recovery periods, during which urodynamic studies (UDS) intermittently assess lower urinary tract function. However, UDS are not patient-friendly, they exhibit user-to-user variability, and they amount to snapshots in time, limiting the ability to collect continuous, longitudinal data. These procedures also pose the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections, which can progress to ascending pyelonephritis due to prolonged lower tract manipulation in high-risk patients. Here, we introduce a fully bladder-implantable platform that allows for continuous, real-time measurements of changes in mechanical strain associated with bladder filling and emptying via wireless telemetry, including a wireless bioresorbable strain gauge validated in a benchtop partial cystectomy model. We demonstrate that this system can reproducibly measure real-time changes in a rodent model up to 30 d postimplantation with minimal foreign body response. Studies in a nonhuman primate partial cystectomy model demonstrate concordance of pressure measurements up to 8 wk compared with traditional UDS. These results suggest that our system can be used as a suitable alternative to UDS for long-term postoperative bladder recovery monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era of advanced medical technology, there has been a significant increase in the utilization of wireless-based implantable medical devices (IMDs) in various biomedical applications, including health diagnosis, monitoring, recording, treatment, and other clinical concerns. It is essential to closely examine the research trends in wireless IMD topics to understand their growth trajectory. This can be achieved through the utilization of bibliometric reviews. While there are numerous experimental studies and survey papers on the topic, there is a dearth of review papers that utilize a bibliometric approach. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis to identify emerging research trends in wireless IMDs for biomedical applications for the first time. An analysis was conducted on 1,650 articles retrieved from the Scopus database from its inception until September 2023. The study used tools such as VOS Viewer to measure performance and science map parameters, and Tableau Cloud to visually enhance the analysis process. This research endeavor allowed us to analyze historical trends, influential papers, top journals, institutions, countries, and authors within this field. The top three influential journals in this field are IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, and IEEE access. The National University of Singapore is the most productive institution in terms of overall publications. The United States, China, and India make significant contributions to overall publications. Finally, we also examined the most significant keywords and current research areas within this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable devices, such as headsets and activity trackers, rely heavily on the Bluetooth and/or the Bluetooth Low Energy wireless communication standard to exchange data with smartphones or other peripherals. Since these devices collect personal health and activity data, ensuring the privacy and security of the transmitted data is crucial. Therefore, we present a dataset that captures complete Bluetooth communications—including advertising, connection, data exchange, and disconnection—in an RF isolated environment using software-defined radio. We were able to successfully decode the captured Bluetooth packets using existing tools. This dataset provides researchers with the ability to fully analyze Bluetooth traffic and gain insight into communication patterns and potential security vulnerabilities. Dataset: https://pubfaili.edi.lv/wearsecdataDataset License: CC-BY-SA [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many concepts for future generations of wireless communication systems use coherent processing of signals from many distributed antennas. The aim is to improve communication reliability, capacity, and energy efficiency and provide possibilities for new applications through integrated communication and sensing. The large bandwidths available in the higher bands have inspired much work regarding sensing in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) and sub-THz bands; however, the sub-6 GHz cellular bands will still be the main provider of wide cellular coverage due to the more favorable propagation conditions. In this paper, we present a measurement system and results of sub-6 GHz distributed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) measurements performed in an industrial environment. From the measurements, we evaluated the diversity for both large-scale and small-scale fading and characterized the link reliability. We also analyzed the possibility of multistatic sensing and positioning of users in the environment, with the initial results showing a mean-square error below 20  c m on the estimated position. Further, the results clearly showed that new channel models are needed that are spatially consistent and deal with the nonstationary channel properties among the antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of wireless sensors for real-time sensing of substrate water status and electrical conductivity could be an effective tool for precision irrigation management in soilless cultivation. In this research, the effects of timer-based (TB) compared to smart sensor-based irrigation (SB) were investigated. The highest consumption of fertilizers and water were recorded in TB, with nutrient solution and total applied water savings of 38% and 26%, respectively, in SB. The highest yield was obtained in SB treatment, with a total and marketable yield decrease of 7% in TB, with no differences in terms of the total soluble solids content, dry matter, firmness, juice pH and titratable acidity of the strawberry fruits. The higher yield, combined with water and nutrient saving in SB, allowed water use efficiency (fresh weight of marketable fruits per liter of total water applied) to be increased by 46% and nutrient productivity (fresh weight of marketable product per gram of nutrient supplied via nutrient solution) by 74%. The study confirms that sensor-based, compared to empiric fertigation management, ameliorates the sustainability of open, free-drain, soilless cultivation of strawberry, leading to better resource use without compromising crop performance and fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prototype of a printed circuit board (PCB) with radio frequency electromagnetic compatibility specifications is designed using the top-down methodology for the two-layer Internet of Things with free open-source hardware and software, using the following techniques: requirements, analysis, modular design, schematics, manufacturing and functional testing. The study of the influence of the design parameters is carried out applying the standards of the Printed Circuit Institute and the characteristics of the technological production process for a free multiplatform for wireless networks. Finally, functional tests of the universal asynchronous transmit and receive (UART) communication with the microcontroller, the radio modules, the general-purpose input and output pins, and the over-the-air (OTA) configuration are performed to program the board wirelessly, without the need of a universal serial bus (USB) interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a low-cost wireless monitoring system and describe its initial deployment on a computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool as a data acquisition (DAQ) and collection device. It employs a piezoelectric sensor that can detect and analyze signals corresponding to the deflection of the tool holder and reaction force of the cutting process. The sensor readings are acquired wirelessly to prevent interference with the cutting chip. The wireless system was constructed with commonly accessible hardware, such as the Arduino Due and nRF24L01 wireless module. A Windows Forms application can then use a serial communication interface to process and collect data. In addition, the program includes a data storage system, data processing that displays signal properties (maximum and minimum amplitudes, root mean square, and frequency), data visualization that displays data in the time and frequency domains, and an alert function through the mobile application WhatsApp. The low-cost monitoring system, with an estimated hardware cost of approximately USD 225, can achieve a sample rate of approximately 350 samples/s. The feasibility was evaluated by a comparative study. Final validation tests in the machining process demonstrated that the monitoring system exhibited good agreement with an existing DAQ device and sensor, with a maximum root-mean-square error (RMSE) of approximately 2.16% of the measured vibration features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of our study was to investigate skin conditions when wearing and removing a novel wireless non-adhesive cardiorespiratory monitoring device for neonates (Bambi-Belt) compared to standard adhesive electrodes. Study Design: This was a prospective study including preterm neonates requiring cardiorespiratory monitoring. Besides standard electrodes, the infants wore a Bambi Belt for 10 consecutive days. Their skin conditions were assessed using Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and the Neonatal Skin Condition Score (NSCS) after daily belt and standard electrode removal. The ∆TEWL was calculated as the difference between the TEWL at the device's location (Bambi-Belt/standard electrode) and the adjacent control skin location, with a higher ∆TEWL indicating skin damage. Results: A total of 15 infants (gestational age (GA): 24.1–35.6 wk) were analyzed. The ΔTEWL significantly increased directly after electrode removal (10.95 ± 9.98 g/m2/h) compared to belt removal (5.18 ± 6.71 g/m2/h; F: 8.73, p = 0.004) and after the washout period (3.72 ± 5.46 g/m2/h vs. 1.86 ± 3.35 g/m2/h; F: 2.84, p = 0.09), although the latter did not reach statistical significance. The TEWL was not influenced by prolonged belt wearing. No significant differences in the NSCS score were found between the belt and electrode (OR: 0.69, 95% CI [0.17, 2.88], p = 0.6). Conclusion: A new wireless non-adhesive device for neonatal cardiorespiratory monitoring was well tolerated in preterm infants and may be less damaging during prolonged wearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed a novel wireless, passive pressure-sensing method functional at cryogenic temperatures (−196 °C). The currently used pressure sensors are inconvenient and complicated in cryogenic environments for their weak low-temperature tolerances and long wires for power supply and data transmission. We propose a novel pressure-sensing method for cryogenic applications by only using low-temperature-tolerant passive devices. By innovatively integrating a magnetoresistor (MR) on a backscattering antenna, the pressure inside a cryogenic environment is transferred to a wirelessly obtainable return loss. Wireless passive measurement is thus achieved using a backscattering method. In the measurement, the pressure causes a relative displacement between the MR and a magnet. The MR's resistance changes with the varied magnetic field, thus modulating the antenna's return loss. The experimental results indicate that our fabricated sensor successfully identified different pressures, with high sensitivities of 4.3 dB/MPa at room temperature (24 °C) and 1.3 dB/MPa at cryogenic temperature (−196 °C). Additionally, our method allows for simultaneous wireless readings of multi sensors via a single reading device by separating the frequency band of each sensor. Our method performs low-cost, simple, robust, passive, and wireless pressure measurement at −196 °C; thus, it is desirable for cryogenic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This effort develops and uses a smart stick to help blind individuals walk more safely and avoid hazards. This research paper involved to develop smart stick for blind people to help them to walk safely by avoiding obstructions, and at emergency conditions sent their location to person in charge like a doctor or relatives to help them accordingly. Three ultrasonic sensors are used in the proposed device’s architecture to detect obstructions at three different heights, low, mid, and high obstructions using speaker to alert the blind person. An emergency message with the location of the blind person’s phone is sent through a mobile app to the doctor or person in charge whenever the designed smart stick’s emergency button is touched, or the stick is dropped down. The Arduino Uno platform, Bluetooth model, MPU-6050 3-axis gyroscope as a position sensor, and microSd card module has been used to effectively implement the stick. At the testing stage, the device gave good results. The user received notifications in the form of voice messages and vibrations from the smart stick when it detects things or obstacles in front of them. Additionally, even though they cannot directly activate it, the automated emergency condition has been detection and activated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A power amplifier (PA) is the most essential and crucial block for effective wireless communication in radio frequency (RF) frontend. PAs are employed to amplify the input signal to the appropriate output power level while consuming less DC power and producing high efficiency. Furthermore, current PA designs in nano or micro scales complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology have inherent limitations, including the hot electron effect and oxide breakdown. According to the literature, the performance of the PA directly influences the efficiency of any transmitter. The main purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive overview, analysis, and quantitative comparison of the most promising RF PA architectures that have previously reported. The key focus of reviewed articles is PAs that were implemented using scalable CMOS technology with adequate output power for portable wireless devices at 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical band and 5G frequency ranges. The presented comparative study may help future work on wireless RF devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Pulse Decomposition Analysis (PDA) uses integration of the systolic area of a distally transmitted aortic pulse as well as arterial stiffness estimates to compute cardiac output. We sought to assess agreement of cardiac output (CO) estimation between continuous pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) guided thermodilution (CO-CCO) and a wireless, wearable noninvasive device, (Vitalstream, Caretaker Medical, Charlottesville, VA), that utilizes the Pulse Decomposition Analysis (CO-PDA) method in postoperative cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit. Methods: CO-CCO measurements were compared with post processed CO-PDA measurements in prospectively enrolled adult cardiac surgical intensive care unit patients. Uncalibrated CO-PDA values were compared for accuracy with CO-CCO via a Bland-Altman analysis considering repeated measurements and a concordance analysis with a 10% exclusion zone. Results: 259.7 h of monitoring data from 41 patients matching 15,583 data points were analyzed. Mean CO-CCO was 5.55 L/min, while mean values for the CO-PDA were 5.73 L/min (mean of differences +- SD 0.79 ± 1.11 L/min; limits of agreement − 1.43 to 3.01 L/min), with a percentage error of 37.5%. CO-CCO correlation with CO-PDA was moderate (0.54) and concordance was 0.83. Conclusion: Compared with the CO-CCO Swan-Ganz, cardiac output measurements obtained using the CO-PDA were not interchangeable when using a 30% threshold. These preliminary results were within the 45% limits for minimally invasive devices, and pending further robust trials, the CO-PDA offers a noninvasive, wireless solution to complement and extend hemodynamic monitoring within and outside the ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative for sustainable energy production has necessitated the significant expansion of renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems. The utilization of real-time monitoring and data analysis is imperative to enhance the efficiency and performance of photovoltaic systems. This abstract presents developing and deploying a wireless monitoring system for a photovoltaic system. The system utilizes a Raspberry Pi device connected to a WiFi network and an SD card for data storage to enable remote monitoring and management of PV systems. The proposed monitoring system comprises a Raspberry Pi equipped with sensors to measure various parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and the ambient conditions of the solar panels; the monitoring system can be remotely accessible through the wireless capabilities of the Raspberry Pi, which are activated by establishing a connection to an existing WiFi network. The proposed configuration facilitates the placement of the monitoring station in any desired location, hence eliminating the requirement for intricate wiring connections. These real-time data enable solar system managers to quickly identify anomalies, anticipate breakdowns, and optimise energy production. The paper presents a wireless monitoring system with a cost-effective and scalable solution for monitoring photovoltaic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digitalization of agriculture is rapidly changing the way farmers do business. With the integration of advanced technology, farmers are now able to increase efficiency, productivity, and precision in their operations. Digitalization allows for real-time monitoring and management of crops, leading to improved yields and reduced waste. This paper presents a review of some of the use cases that digitalization has made an impact in the automation of open-field and closed-field cultivations by means of collecting data about soils, crop growth, and microclimate, or by contributing to more accurate decisions about water usage and fertilizer application. The objective was to address some of the most recent technological advances that are leading to increased efficiency and sustainability of crop production, reduction in the use of inputs and environmental impacts, and releasing manual workforces from repetitive field tasks. The short discussions included at the end of each case study attempt to highlight the limitations and technological challenges toward successful implementations, as well as to introduce alternative solutions and methods that are rapidly evolving to offer a vast array of benefits for farmers by influencing cost-saving measures. This review concludes that despite the many benefits of digitalization, there are still a number of challenges that need to be overcome, including high costs, reliability, and scalability. Most of the available setups that are currently used for this purpose have been custom designed for specific tasks and are still too expensive to be implemented on commercial scales, while others are still in their early stages of development, making them not reliable or scalable for widespread acceptance and adoption by farmers. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the current state of digitalization in agriculture and its impact on sustainable crop production and food security, this review provides insights for policy-makers, industry stakeholders, and researchers working in this field.

Vibration-based Condition Monitoring (CM) is an essential tool for identifying potential defects in industrial machinery. However, the implementation of an efficient CM system often necessitates the use of high-cost accelerometers with a large bandwidth. To address this challenge, this study introduces a low-cost CM sensor composed of an ultrasonic MEMS microphone - SPH0641LU and an ADXL1002 MEMS accelerometer. The combination of these two sensor types allows for comparative analysis of the captured data. The SPH641LU microphone is capable of detecting audible vibration signals with a frequency range up to 80 kHz, while the ADXL1002 accelerometer can measure vibrations up to 21 kHz. In addition a three axis ultra low power accelerometer is included, allowing measurement of unbalance or rotating speed, below 200Hz. Moreover, the sensor is designed to operate on battery power and provides the capability for raw data transmission via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or the transmission of pre-processed features from the raw data using LoRaWAN.

There is an increasing demand for high-performance data center networks with resilient connectivity to support modern applications. Current approaches often lack robustness, particularly when seamlessly integrating wired and wireless technologies. To address this challenge and enhance flexibility, resilience, and programmability in data center architecture protocols, we propose the Versatile Resilience Packet Ring (VRPR) protocol. VRPR leverages a dual-connectivity approach to manage network traffic efficiently. It is implemented alongside P4-enabled network adapters on servers, allowing them to seamlessly utilize both wired and wireless links. Servers can choose the optimal link type based on load and potential interference. In case of a wired link failure, servers can seamlessly transition to wireless links, minimizing downtime and ensuring application availability. VRPR’s rapid recovery times further enhance network robustness. The protocol integrates seamlessly with P4, a programmable network architecture. This enables efficient packet duplication, rerouting, and fault tolerance mechanisms within the VRPR framework. The P4-based approach allows for the integration of security measures like flow entry verification and additional security checks, ensuring robust protection of sensitive data within the network. VRPR signifies a significant advancement in data center networking, supporting data rates up to 100 Gbp/s and sub-microsecond latencies. VRPR, with its focus on resilience and security, positions itself as a potential cornerstone technology for future data center networks. As VRPR evolves, its adoption holds the promise of reshaping data center networking paradigms by offering unparalleled performance and resilience.

This study aims to develop a novel "sit and reach test" flexometer device utilizing a linear potentiometer sensor to quantitatively evaluate an individual's body flexibility. The innovation in this research lies in the utilization of electronic means to measure flexibility, replacing conventional manual methods. The device employs a linear potentiometer sensor that translates analog voltage into a digital value (ADC) and subsequently converts the digital data into distance measurements in centimeters (cm). The processed data, representing the distance measurements, is wirelessly transmitted to a personal computer (PC) for automatic capture and analysis. The design considerations prioritize modernity, practicality, effectiveness, and efficiency. The experimental outcomes demonstrate the efficacy of the developed tool. The readings from the linear potentiometer sensor exhibit a high linearity, indicated by an R2 value of 0.9999. The average error percentage is minimal, measuring at 0.17%. Moreover, the device allows for direct wireless transmission of data to a PC immediately after assessing an athlete's flexibility. This study not only introduces a novel electronic approach for assessing body flexibility but also validates its accuracy and efficiency through comprehensive testing and analysis.

Channel coding plays a pivotal role in ensuring reliable communication over wireless channels. With the growing need for ultra-reliable communication in emerging wireless use cases, the significance of channel coding has amplified. Furthermore, minimizing decoding latency is crucial for critical-mission applications, while optimizing energy efficiency is paramount for mobile and the Internet of Things (IoT) communications. As the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications is currently in operation and 5G-advanced is on the horizon, the objective of this paper is to assess prominent channel coding schemes in the context of recent advancements and the anticipated requirements for the sixth generation (6G). In this paper, after considering the potential impact of channel coding on key performance indicators (KPIs) of wireless networks, we review the evolution of mobile communication standards and the organizations involved in the standardization, from the first generation (1G) to the current 5G, highlighting the technologies integral to achieving targeted KPIs such as reliability, data rate, latency, energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, connection density, and traffic capacity. Following this, we delve into the anticipated requirements for potential use cases in 6G. The subsequent sections of the paper focus on a comprehensive review of three primary coding schemes utilized in past generations and their recent advancements: low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, turbo codes (including convolutional codes), and polar codes (alongside Reed-Muller codes). Additionally, we examine alternative coding schemes like Fountain codes (also known as rate-less codes), sparse regression codes, among others. Our evaluation includes a comparative analysis of error correction performance and the performance of hardware implementation for these coding schemes, providing insights into their potential and suitability for the upcoming 6G era. Lastly, we will briefly explore considerations such as higher-order modulations and waveform design, examining their contributions to enhancing key performance indicators in conjunction with channel coding schemes.

UMBRELLA (A Living Laboratory: https://www.umbrellaiot.com/) is an open, large-scale IoT ecosystem deployed across South Gloucestershire, UK. It is intended to accelerate innovation across multiple technology domains. UMBRELLA is built to bridge the gap between existing specialised testbeds and address holistically real-world technological challenges in a System-of-Systems (SoS) fashion. UMBRELLA provides open access to real-world devices and infrastructure, enabling researchers and the industry to evaluate solutions for Smart Cities, Robotics, Wireless Communications, Edge Intelligence, and more. Key features include over 200 multi-sensor nodes installed on public infrastructure, a robotics arena with 20 mobile robots, a 5G network-in-a-box solution, and a unified backend platform for management, control and secure user access. The heterogeneity of hardware components, including diverse sensors, communication interfaces, and GPU-enabled edge devices, coupled with tools like digital twins, allows for comprehensive experimentation and benchmarking of innovative solutions unviable in lab environments. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of UMBRELLA’s multi-domain architecture and capabilities, making it an ideal playground for Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial IoT (IIoT) innovation. It discusses the challenges in designing, developing and operating UMBRELLA as an open, sustainable testbed and shares lessons learned to guide similar future initiatives. With its unique openness, heterogeneity, realism and tools, UMBRELLA aims to continue accelerating cutting-edge technology research, development and translation into real-world progress.

In wireless sensor networks, sensing tags are battery powered, which also limits the battery life. Therefore, it is particularly important to study self powered sensing tags. At present, passive wireless identification systems can achieve self powered communication through tags. However, wireless power supply sensing systems have problems such as low efficiency and short communication distance. To reduce the power consumption of sensing tags and improve the efficiency of sensing systems, a passive wireless low-power hydrogen concentration sensing system is designed. To further reduce the power consumption of sensing tags, a passive wireless magnetic field intensity sensing system is developed. In addition, to solve the low efficiency of multiple sensing labels in wireless power supply sensing systems, an efficient anti-collision algorithm based on dynamic binary query trees is designed. According to the research results, in the cold start indoor environment, the energy collection rate of the sensing tag designed in the research was 0.081mJ/s, and the energy collection efficiency was 25.7%. In single/dual sensor mode, the maximum values of sensing error were 2.1% and 5.2%, respectively. The maximum recognition time of the anti-collision algorithm based on dynamic multi base query tree was 2.78s, and the minimum value was 1.31s. The research results can provide methodological and technical support for the improvement of wireless power supply sensing systems, expanding the application range of wireless power supply sensing systems.

Ultra-wideband radio signals have been the subject of study for several decades. They are used to solve problems of communications and ranging. Measuring the strength (power) of a radio signal is a technically simple way to estimate the distance between the emitter and the receiver of the signal. However, the conditions of signal propagation have a significant impact on the power of the received signal. This work is relevant because chaotic radio pulses are a relatively new type of carrier in wireless technologies, and actual knowledge about the change in signal power in different types of premises is relatively small, so such a study is necessary. In this paper, we study the variation in signal power with distance for chaotic ultra-wideband radio pulses under various propagation conditions. Using experimental measurements in several outdoor (field, roadside) and indoor (corridors, conference room, office) environments, we investigate the effect of propagation conditions on ultra-wideband chaotic radio signals and determine the limits within which the dependence of the calculated power on distance can be approximated by a power law. For this purpose, the results of experimental measurements of the received signal power (a total of about 17.5 M values) were accumulated and analyzed. The accuracy of distance measurement that can be achieved in different conditions is compared and analyzed. It was found that for a 9.5 dBm signal, the range of distances at which the average accuracy is only 15–50 cm when using a power law is 5–7 m indoors and 10–15 m outdoors.

One aspect of reproducibility in preclinical research that is frequently overlooked is the physical condition in which physiological, pharmacological, or behavioural recordings are conducted. In this study, the physical conditions of mice were altered through the attachments of wireless electrophysiological recording devices (Neural Activity Tracker-1, NAT-1). NAT-1 devices are miniaturised multichannel devices with onboard memory for direct high-resolution recording of brain activity for >48 h. Such devices may limit the mobility of animals and affect their behavioural performance due to the added weight (total weight of approximately 3.4 g). The mice were additionally treated with saline (control), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK801 (0.85 mg/kg), or the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor blocker scopolamine (0.65 mg/kg) to allow exploration of the effect of NAT-1 attachments in pharmacologically treated mice. We found only minimal differences in behavioural outcomes with NAT-1 attachments in standard parameters of locomotor activity widely reported for the open field test between the drug treatments. Hypoactivity was globally observed as a consistent outcome in the MK801-treated mice and hyperactivity in scopolamine groups regardless of NAT-1 attachments. These data collectively confirm the reproducibility for combined behavioural, pharmacological, and physiological endpoints even in the presence of lightweight wireless data loggers. The NAT-1 therefore constitutes a pertinent tool for investigating brain activity in, e.g., drug discovery and models of neuropsychiatric and/or neurodegenerative diseases with minimal effects on pharmacological and behavioural outcomes.

Summary: A fully integrated fluxgate magnetometer has been developed to monitor motor current in a finger exoskeleton device. The use of a fluxgate sensor can provide more accurate and natural movement of the fingers, as well as reducing the weight and complexity of the exoskeleton design. The sensor we developed incorporates several advanced features that provide enhanced sensitivity and accuracy compared to existing state‐of‐the‐art sensors. These features include a fluxgate frontend readout circuit with chopping stabilization technology, which achieves a gain of 14.3 V/T, a low noise density of 4.5 nT/√Hz, and a wide measurement range of ±1.5 mT. The gain variation of the sensor is only 1.5% at an 850 kHz bandwidth, and it has a wide dynamic current range from 0.005 mA to 100 A. The sensor also features an integrated 2.4 GHz wireless circuit for easy data transmission. The use of a fluxgate sensor in monitoring motor torque in the proximal interphalangeal joint can provide more precise and natural finger movement and reduce the weight and complexity of the exoskeleton design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camera Based Interactive Systems have found their application in various fields of human activity, such as education, industry, entertainment, healthcare, public order, etc. It could be noted that in the characteristics of such a system, certain shortcomings or weaknesses could be highlighted. To reduce these weaknesses, a new model, based on digital communication devices in the wideband radio frequency spectrum is proposed. The technology used is ultrawideband based, through the construction of a wireless sensor network. This paper proposes a model of an ultra-wideband wireless sensor-based interactive system that implements the spatial orientation approach and the precise local positioning approach. A synthesis of the new model comprises four phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, the compactness of wireless systems has made possible the utilization of wearable patch antennas in plenty of programs and is currently one of the quickest developing technologies around the globe. In general, many of the wearable patch antennas use textile material as their substrate. In commercial terms, the available textile materials and their properties has a far larger influence on the functionality of wearable antennas. These antennas are intended to be a component for the clothing which can fulfill various communication applications such as mobile computing, tracking, public safety and navigation. The wearable antennas which use textiles as their substrate often has a lower dielectric constant compared to some others for its efficiency. The latest studies on such antennas have sparked significant interest regarding the usage of wireless body are network (WBAN) applications. This study discusses recent advancements in the area of antennas which can be worn, including their designs, materials employed, and effective results for diverse wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly sensitive surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors have recently been recognized as a promising tool for various industrial and medical applications. However, existing SAW sensors generally suffer from a complex design, large size, and poor robustness. In this paper, we develop a simple and stable delay line ultra-high frequency (UHF) SAW sensor for highly sensitive detection of temperature. A Z-shaped delay line is specially designed on the piezoelectric substrate to improve the sensitivity and reduce the substrate size. Herein, the optimum design parameters of extremely short-pitch interdigital transducers (IDTs) are given by numerical simulations. The extremely short pitch gives the SAW sensor ultra-high operating frequency and consequently ultra-high sensitivity. Several experiments are conducted to demonstrate that the sensitivity of the Z-shaped SAW delay line sensor can reach up to 116.685°/°C for temperature detection. The results show that the sensor is an attractive alternative to current SAW sensing platforms in many applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote patient monitoring is a critical component of digital medicine, and the COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted its importance. Wearable sensors aimed at noninvasive extraction and transmission of high-fidelity physiological data provide an avenue toward at-home diagnostics and therapeutics; however, the infrastructure requirements for such devices limit their use to areas with well-established connectivity. This accentuates the socioeconomic and geopolitical gap in digital health technology and points toward a need to provide access in areas that have limited resources. Low-power wide area network (LPWAN) protocols, such as LoRa, may provide an avenue toward connectivity in these settings; however, there has been limited work on realizing wearable devices with this functionality because of power and electromagnetic constraints. In this work, we introduce wearables with electromagnetic, electronic, and mechanical features provided by a biosymbiotic platform to realize high-fidelity biosignals transmission of 15 miles without the need for satellite infrastructure. The platform implements wireless power transfer for interaction-free recharging, enabling long-term and uninterrupted use over weeks without the need for the user to interact with the devices. This work presents demonstration of a continuously wearable device with this long-range capability that has the potential to serve resource-constrained and remote areas, providing equitable access to digital health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we have proposed a design which functions as a completely solar powered wireless weather station. The model is developed in such a way that it can be operated remotely and the output reading values are displayed on an easy to read LCD display with numeric values. The weather station is completely wireless as it incorporates a remote station with sensors to keep track of the weather powered by a solar panel and a base station to record and read weather data and in true terms to make it wireless. Base station can relay weather data as well as values to the hand held devices via internet. The remote station consists of sensors to measure rainfall, temperature and relative humidity level which are important weather parameters for our farmer friends with a design to optimize cost and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity of developing a secure communication system that safeguards privacy and sensitive data against hacker attacks and eavesdroppers is now widely acknowledged. This necessitates the creation of solutions that not only deal with security issues but also shouldn't slow down our system. Most security systems rely on randomness generators to establish safe communication; more randomness equals more security. Random generators are essential to the encryption process. In this research, a design and implementation process for a novel random generator based upon Lorenz chaotic signals is presented. NIST's Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Generators for Cryptographic Applications has been used to evaluate the proposed chaotic random generator CRN, and the findings have been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the safety and feasibility of wireless thoracoscope in thoracic surgery. A retrospective analysis was made of all the clinical data of 90 patients with thoracoscope lung resection, from April to August 2021, Shanghai changzheng hospital thoracic minimally invasive center. Compared the thoracoscope preparation time, picture resolution, picture delay, surgeon comfort level, assistant comfort level between the wireless thoracoscope group and wired thoracoscope group. The thoracoscopic preparation time of the wireless thoracoscope group was significantly shorter than that of the wired group (26.66 ± 6.04 vs 62.14 ± 10.07, p < 0.0001). Comfort level of the surgeon (4.64 ± 0.48 vs 3.77 ± 0.42, p < 0.001) and the comfort level of the assistant (4.85 ± 0.36 vs 3.88 ± 0.32, p < 0.001) of the wireless thoracoscope group were higher than that of the wired thoracoscope group. There were no statistically significant differences in video sharpness (4.64 ± 0.48 vs 4.74 ± 0.44, p = 0.31). Although there was one case picture delay in wireless group, it was caused by low power which could be dealt with by a good charge before surgery. The wireless thoracoscope has the advantages of short preparation time, high comfort for the surgeon and the assistant, no less than the wired thoracoscope in picture resolution and picture delay. Wireless connection is more convenient and portability, which is worthy of further application in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metals such as silver, gold, platinum, palladium, and rhodium are widely used in automotive sensors and communication devices Sensor frameworks are comprehensively conveyed in a collection of purposes going from military to environmental and helpful examination. In various applications, for instance, target following, disaster area perception and gate crasher area, metallic sensor network habitually work in unfriendly and unattended circumstances. Subsequently, there is a strong prerequisite for getting the distinguishing data and identifying readings. In remote circumstances, an enemy can see the radio traffic too as can catch or between rupt the exchanged messages. Thusly, various shows and estimations don't simply work in that frame of mind without having palatable wellbeing endeavours. Consequently, security winds up one of the critical worries while illustrating security shows in resource constrained wireless sensor networks (WsNs). The ebb and flow paper are a fair endeavour to draw in the consideration of the peruses towards the design, conventions and elements of remote sensor network on the grounds that comprehensively conveyed in a variety of purposes going from military to biological and helpful examination. The present paper is an honest attempt to attract the attention of the readers towards the architecture, protocols and functions of metallic wireless sensor network because it is broadly conveyed in an assortment of uses going from military to ecological and restorative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) have emerged as a significant research topic aimed at improving the flexibility of power distribution networks. The stability of a power distribution network may be greatly influenced by the precision and energy use of sensor node localization, especially when using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This work introduces a suggestion for a modified triangle-based localization scheme (MTBLS) with the objective of enhancing the performance of the conventional mid-normal-based localization scheme (MBLS) and the triangle-based localization method (TBLS). The aim of this study is to effectively meet the communication needs associated with smart distribution automation. The proposed strategy aims to create a triangular configuration by establishing a connection between two anchor nodes located on one side of the triangle. The RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) value is used to measure the signal strength between the two anchor nodes and the unknown node, which are positioned on the remaining two sides of the triangular configuration. The simulation was performed using the NS-2 Tool, and afterwards, the acquired outcomes were compared with the performance of the existing MBLS and TBLS algorithms. The results indicate that the use of MTBLS has resulted in improved accuracy in the localization of nodes when compared to presently available methods. In addition, there has been a significant decrease in energy consumption across the whole of the power distribution network, which has coincided with a reduction in the quantity of iterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indications of symptoms of cardiovascular disease can be seen from the level of elasticity of the arteries. The Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) method using PPG signal analysis is used to determine the level of arterial stiffness based on the time difference between pulse waves of Photoplethysmography (PPG) signal measurements. PWV measurements use a non-invasive technique using pulse sensors on the fingers and toes, the measurement data is sent wirelessly using the ESP-NOW protocol. Analysis of the measured PPG signal is used as an approach to calculating the PWV value. Realization and testing can be used to measure the pulse in BPM and classify the index of arterial stiffness using the PWV method. The results of testing on 15 test volunteers from 3 age groups showed the results of an arterial stiffness index with indications of normal, stiff and very stiff arteries. The PWV value for the 20 year old group was 4.30-6.77 cm/s, normal arterial conditions. The age group of 30-40 years has a PWV value ranging from 5.11-8.77 cm/s, normal arterial conditions. The age group of 50-60 years had PWV values in the range of 10.69-18.43 cm/s, stiff and very stiff arterial conditions. Increasing age linearly affects the increase in PWV value. An increased PWV value may indicate an increase in arterial stiffness.

For efficient, controllable, and secure communication, different technologies are integrated with sixth-generation (6G) networks. Backscatter communication (BackCom) is an energy harvesting communication technology which is very efficient for 6G networks and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. For seamless and controllable signal propagation, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is particularly effective which provides better signal quality through its electronically controlled smart beamforming techniques. This article provides an overview and research directions regarding promising RIS-assisted BackCom. A secured RIS-assisted BackCom for seamless, reliable, and efficient communication is also presented in this study. The research findings reveal that when we deploy RIS-assisted BackCom, the channel gain, data transmission rate, and energy efficiency of the signal reflecting surfaces are all substantially enhanced.

Abstract Background Compared to traditional fetal heart rate monitoring (FHR) for the outpatients in clinic, remote FHR monitoring shows real-time assessment of fetal wellbeing at home. The clinical function of remote FHR monitoring in pregnant wome in outpatient is still unclear. Objective To explore the feasibility of remote FHR self-monitoring in singleton pregnant women from southern China. Study design This prospective cohort study was conducted at one tertiary center in southern China. Pregnant women used a mobile cardiotocogram device to measure the FHR at least once a week until delivery in the remote group. For the control group, pregnant women underwent traditional FHR monitoring once a week in the outpatient clinic. The rate of cesarean section, risk of postpartum hemorrhage and adverse neonatal outcomes were compared between the two groups. All the pregnant women completed a questionnaire survey to evaluate their acquisition of remote FHR self-monitoring. Results Approximately 500 women were recruited in the remote FHR self-monitoring group (remote group), and 567 women were recruited in the traditional FHR monitoring group (control group). The women in the remote FHR monitoring group were more likely to be nulliparous (P

In the current era of 4.0 technology, there are many quadcopter applications for testing and usability in life) to monitor the surrounding environment while operating and navigate through the GCS depending on the purpose made. Therefore, the operation of the drone is controlled directly by the operator through certain communication networks such as remote control or automatically through devices that have been previously programmed. This is necessary in order to make it easier to move the drone and monitoring can be done through operator directions or image processing. Image Processing in the form of a QR Code that can provide directions to the drone so that navigation can run smoothly. Research using how the camera detects QR Code will give directions to the drone to navigate to make movements following the QR Code directions in a sequence of numbers so that the final result in the form of video can be viewed via GCS and camera via IP CAM. The results of this study indicate that the drone can detect QR Code and opencv also successfully translates pixels is a distance of 5 meters and navigating based on pixel size with more than 100 pixels, the drone can move automatically to a certain destination. With a distance of 1 meter, it produces 100 pixels on the x-axis and 108 pixels on the y-axis, while for the furthest distance from the QR Code, which is 5 meters, it produces 50 pixels on the x-axis and 80 pixels on the y-axis.

This comprehensive article explores the massive MIMO (M-MIMO) design and its associated concepts, focusing on the seamless integration requirements for Beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G networks. Addressing critical aspects such as RF chain reduction, pilot contamination, cell-free MIMO, and security considerations, this article delves into the intricacies of M-MIMO in the evolving landscape of B5G. Moreover, the emerging MIMO concepts in this article include AI-enabled M-MIMO three-dimensional beamforming, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, visible light communication, and THz spectrum utilization. This review highlights the challenges and open research issues, including Narrow Aperture Antenna Nodes, Plasmonic Antenna Arrays, Integrated Sensing with M-MIMO, and the application of federated learning in M-MIMO systems. By examining these cutting-edge developments, this article aims to advance knowledge in the field and inspire future research directions in the exciting realm of B5G and 6G networks.