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The Middle Buddha Hall of Chongming Monastery in Gaoping County, Shanxi Province is an existing wooden construction from the early period of the Northern Song Dynasty, and predates the treatise on architecture Yingzao Fashi. Its unusual main components of the dougong and the roof construction are a continuation of the style from the Tang Dynasty, which provides valuable examples for the study of the development of wooden structure in China. In the summer of 2018, a German-Chinese survey and research team measured the dougong in the northeast of the Middle Buddha Hall in detail by using 3D scanning and the technique of Structure from Motion. The surveying work and the documentation helped to further study the dougong and the roof construction of the Hall., 山西省高平市崇明寺中佛殿是现存北宋早期的木构建筑，早于宋《营造法式》。中佛殿面阔三间，进深六椽，柱头施双杪双下昂七铺作里转六铺作并偷心。其铺作主要构件与屋架结构形制独特，延续唐风，为研究木结构发展提供了具有价值的实例。2018年夏，由中德共同组建的测绘研究小组通过使用三维扫描与照片建模等技术，对中佛殿东北方向的转角铺作、补间铺作与柱头铺作进行了精细测量。使用测量所得的点云模型进而生成测绘底图，为每朵铺作分别绘制了反映构件现状的正视图、侧视图和底视图。同时，测绘小组还采集了大量照片与视频资料。测绘与记录工作为研究中佛殿铺作的尺寸和形制，屋架的结构特点奠定了基础。本文才得以对中佛殿的铺作与屋架形式进行总结。, e-Forschungsberichte, 3 (2020)

Mitmach- und Entdeckerbücher zur ostasiatischen Archäologie 3

Although broomcorn and foxtail millet are among the earliest staple crop domesticates, their spread and impacts on demography remain controversial, mainly because of the use of indirect evidence. Bayesian modelling applied to a dataset of new radiocarbon dates derived from domesticated millet grains suggests that after their initial cultivation in the crescent around the Bohai Sea ca. 5800 cal yr BC (median date), the crops spread discontinuously across eastern Asia. In northern China, millet-based agriculture expanded westward only with a delay of ca. 1000 years between neighbouring regions, but supported a quasi-exponential population growth from 6000 to 2000 cal yr BC. Domesticated millet reached Kazakhstan ca. 2300 cal yr BC from where it was brought East again and introduced to Xinjiang together with wheat, barley, sheep/goat and cattle ca. 1900 cal yr BC. Even the Korean peninsula is relatively near to the area of millet’s initial domestication, its cultivation there did not start until ca. 3700 cal yr BC, i.e. after a time lag of about 2000 years. From Korea millet was taken to Japan ca. 1000 cal yr BC by peasants who kicked-off millet and rice agriculture at the easternmost isles of the Eurasian continent., e-Forschungsberichte des DAI, Fasc.1 (2020)

The people of Oglachty in South Siberia: What place did they have in the history of Eurasia in the early first millennium AD? When a shepherd fell into an old grave pit on the banks of the Yenisei River in 1902 and Alexander Adrianov uncovered another sixteen graves in the following year, research began in Oglachty that still offers as many challenges as it did a hundred years ago. This is due to the unusual treatment of the deceased that was not previously practiced in this region, the grave goods and their age. Our project aims to improve the precision of the determined age of grave no. 4 in Oglachty, in order to understand the emergence of new cultural phenomena in southern Siberia and ultimately to be able to connect it with the overall mechanism of the formation processes in East Asia during the early first millennium AD. In this first work report we present the main features of the finding and outline the open research questions., e-Forschungsberichte, 2 (2020)

e-Forschungsberichte, Faszikel 1 (2019), Our archaeological and environmental research in Hokkaido region continued 2017 and 2018 with analyses of botanical macro-remains from Hamanaka 2 site and the pollen archive from RK12 core (Lake Kushu) on Rebun Island. Most important results are the finds of barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare) dating 375���293 cal yr BC (95 % confidence interval) and 440���890 cal yr AD (68 % confidence interval). The recovered seed assemblages mark the oldest well-documented evidence for the use of barley in the Hokkaido region and the north-eastern limit of prehistoric barley dispersal. The archaeobotanical data together with the results of a detailed pollen analysis of contemporaneous sediment layers from nearby Lake Kushu point to low-level food production which qualifies the people of Late and Epi Jomon culture and Okhotsk culture as members of the long-term and spatially broader Holocene hunter-gatherer complex of the Japanese archipelago. Despite a large body of studies and numerous theoretical debates, the question of how to differentiate between hunter-gatherer and farming economies persists reflecting the wide range of dynamic subsistence strategies used by humans up to modern times. Our studies contribute to the ongoing discussion of this important issue.

e-Forschungsberichte, Faszikel 1 (2018), Directly dated bread wheat caryopses from six key archaeological sites in Shandong and Liaoning Peninsula and the application of Bayesian modelling to the newly obtained and a systematic collection of published data were used to reconstruct the chronology of wheat appearance in different regions of China. The results do not support the hypothesis of a progressive spread of wheat farming from West to East China, but instead corroborate transmission to lower Yellow River elites around 2600 BC as an exotic good through cultural interaction with the Eurasian steppe along north-south routes.

e-Forschungsberichte, Faszikel 3 (2015), On Hokkaido Island, the northernmost island cluster of the Japanese archipelago, humans started to make clay vessels already about 9000 years BC. However, their use of pottery was not related to sedentary lifestyle and crop cultivation only started several millennia later. Hunter-gatherer communities with specialization on coastal seafood were common until historical periods, even until very recent times. The trajectory from use and management of natural resources to food production seems very different from what we know of other world regions. The aim of our research is to find out under which environmental and climate conditions the earliest inhabitants of Northern Japan developed which strategies of resource utilization. Networks of good exchange and ritual monuments receive special attention.

e-Forschungsberichte, Faszikel 3 (2015), The architecture of the empire Liao (907���1125) belongs to the oldest preserved wood constructions in China. The buildings embody valuable information on the development of the classical Chinese sacral architecture. They also contain sculptures and wall paintings of extraordinary importance. The Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage already documented and restored one of the most famous temples, the Dule Temple, located between Peking and Tianjin. To make this authentic medieval building complex known in Germany is one of the concerns of the Beijing Branch of the German Archaeological Institute. In the Fengguo Temple complex in Liaoning Province measures of restoration and preservation of the unique wood construction and wall paintings are urgently needed. On invitation of the local heritage protection authorities the team visited the Fengguo Temple and jointly developed a tentative work plan.

e-Forschungsberichte, Faszikel 3 (2015), The Educational Material on East Asian Archaeology is a supplementary offer for teachers and students to be used in subjects as German language, geography, history or art. It can be used as comprehensive topic area for project weeks or single themes can be selected to deepen or practice certain aspects. Two topical booklets are available: ���The Great Walls of China��� (48 pages) and ���The Silk Roads��� (64 pages). Additionally, we provide one manual for each topic (24 and 32 pages) which contains spreadsheets and supplementary information for teachers. Digital versions of booklets and manuals are available for free download at www.bridging-eurasia.org.

e-Forschungsberichte, Faszikel 3 (2016), The well-preserved outfit of a ca. 40 year old horse rider who was excavated at Yanghai burial site near Turfan, Autonomous Region of Uyghur Xinjiang, P.R. China, provides the unique opportunity to study 3000 year old textile structures and manufacturing techniques. By in-depth research and confirmation through experimental reconstruction of garments we discovered twill, kilim and a particular type of weft twining (Taniko) have been applied in producing the man���s trousers. We paid special attention to plaited bands which served to close the garments: waist belt and bands for fastening the boots. First tests showed that intertwined sprang might have been used. Our results corroborate that techniques were intentionally chosen to produce a certain functionally and aesthetically desired material quality and ornament.

e-Forschungsberichte, Faszikel 3 (2016), Rebun Island with Hamanaka and Funadomari among the 43 documented archaeological sites and the environmental archive stored in the Lake Kushu sediment proves to be one of the key areas to study the interplay between ecology, climate and human activities. A set of 57 radiocarbon dates of the RK12 core (Lake Kushu) demonstrates that it represents a continuous environmental archive covering the last c. 17,000 years. The RK12 pollen record reflects distinct vegetation changes. After c. 1100 cal. BP, arboreal pollen percentages decrease, possibly linked to intensified usage of wood during the Okhotsk and Ainu culture periods. Plant macrofossil analysis shows use of various wild plants and also domesticated barley during the Okhotsk and Ainu periods.

International audience; Rebun Island with Hamanaka and Funadomari among the 43 documented archaeological sites and the environmental archive stored in the Lake Kushusediment proves to be one of the key areas to study the interplay between ecology, climate and human activities. This paper focuses on the potential ofpalaeobotanical records from Rebun Island for improving the chronological control and understanding of late Quaternary climate changes and habitationenvironments of northern hunter-gatherers in the Hokkaido Region of Japan. A set of 57 radiocarbon dates of the RK12 core (Lake Kushu) demonstratesthat it represents a continuous environmental archive covering the last c. 17,000 years. The RK12 pollen record reflects distinct vegetation changesassociated with the onset of the lateglacial warming about 15,000 cal. yr BP and the cold climate reversal after c. 13,000 cal. yr BP. The onset of the currentHolocene interglacial after c. 11,700 cal. yr BP is marked by a major spread of trees. The middle Holocene (c. 8000–4000 cal. yr BP) is characterized bya major spread of deciduous oak in the vegetation cover reflecting a temperature increase. A decline of oak and spread of fir and pine is recorded at c.2000 cal. yr BP. After c. 1100 cal. yr BP, arboreal pollen percentages decrease, possibly linked to intensified usage of wood during the Okhotsk and Ainuculture periods. The results of diatom analysis suggest marshy or deltaic environments at the RK12 coring site prior to c. 10,500 cal. yr BP and a brackishlagoon between c. 10,500 and 7000 cal. yr BP. A freshwater lake developed after 6500 cal. yr BP, likely reflecting sea level stabilization and formationof the sand bar separating the Kushu depression from the sea. Plant macrofossil analysis shows use of various wild plants and also domesticated barleyduring the Okhotsk and Ainu periods.

e-Forschungsberichte, Faszikel 1 (2014), Under the title ���Silk Road Fashion: Clothes as a means of communication in the 1st millennium BC, Eastern Central Asia���, a joint German-Chinese group of researchers are investigating garments excavated from modern Xinjiang, Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China. Various disciplines are working together within contemporary state of knowledge concerning the quality of the material, means of processing and the use of resources. The practical intent of the documentation and research results lies in the development of sustainable techniques enabling the physical preservation of cultural relics in Xinjiang and its virtual accessibility worldwide. The Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage is responsible for organizing the education and training of restorers involved in the search for and conservation of all material in China.

Past research has greatly improved our understanding of palaeoenvironmental changes in the Lake Baikal Region, but at the same time has indicated intra-regional variations in this vast study area. Here we present a new AMS-dated late glacial-middle Holocene (ca. 13,500-4000 cal. yr BP) pollen record from Lake Ochaul (54 degrees 14'N, 106 degrees 28'E; altitude 641 m a.s.l.) situated in the less-studied area of Cis-Baikal and compare reconstructed vegetation and climate dynamics with the published environmental history of Trans-Baikal based on the pollen record from Lake Kotokel (52 degrees 47'N, 108 degrees 07'E; altitude 458 m a.s.l.). Although both records show comparable major long-term trends in vegetation, there are considerable differences. Around Ochaul the landscape was relatively open during the Younger Dryas stadial, but forest vegetation started to spread at the late glacial/Holocene transition (ca. 11,650 cal. yr BP), thus ca. 1000 years earlier than around Kotokel. While in both regions taiga forests spread during the early and middle Holocene, the marked increase in Scots pine pollen in the Kotokel record after ca. 6800 cal. yr BP is not seen in that from Ochaul, where birch and coniferous taxa, such as Siberian pine, larch, spruce and fir, dominate, indicating different environmental conditions and driving forces in both study regions. However, the pollen data from Ochaul emphasizes that the Cis-Baikal area also saw a continuous increase in forest cover and in the proportion of conifers over birch trees and shrubs during the early-middle Holocene, which may have contributed to a decrease in the number of large herbivores, the main food resource of the Early Neolithic hunter-gatherer groups. This and rather abrupt reorganization of atmospheric circulation, which affected atmospheric precipitation distribution resulting in thicker and longer-lasting snow cover, may have led to a collapse of Early Neolithic Kitoi populations ca. 6660 cal. yr BP followed by a cultural "hiatus" in the archaeological records during the Middle Neolithic phase (ca. 6660-6060 cal. yr BP). The results stress the importance of sub-regional palaeoenvironmental studies and the need for a representative network of well-dated, high-resolution sediment archives for a better understanding of environmental changes and their potential impacts on the hunter-gatherer populations in the archaeologically-defined micro-regions.

Archaeological radiocarbon dating in coastal northern Hokkaido is challenged by the marine reservoir effect and the scarcity of materials with terrestrial carbon sources. This has contributed to gaps and general uncertainty in the timing of the region's culture-historical periods. The Late Holocene site of Hamanaka 2 on Rebun Island, featuring a stratified shell midden context with excellent preservation of organic remains, provides an ideal setting for addressing this issue. A Bayesian chronological model was deployed to study the timing of the site using a series of radiocarbon-dated macrobotanical samples. This resulted in narrowed-down estimated age-ranges in eight of thirteen phases examined, providing the site with a more accurate radiocarbon chronology than before. These temporal data were consequently integrated with local palaeoecological evidence, revealing synchrony between cultural chronology and human-induced landscape transformations. The study demonstrates that the technique should permit more efficient building of archaeological chronologies in similar maritime environments.