Search

Abstract Background Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis is a powerful tool for newborn screening, and many rare inborn errors of metabolism are currently screened using MS/MS. However, the sensitivity of MS/MS screening for several inborn errors, including citrin deficiency (screened by citrulline level) and carnitine uptake defect (CUD, screened by free carnitine level), is not satisfactory. This study was conducted to determine whether a second-tier molecular test could improve the sensitivity of citrin deficiency and CUD detection without increasing the false-positive rate. Methods Three mutations in the SLC25A13 gene (for citrin deficiency) and one mutation in the SLC22A5 gene (for CUD) were analyzed in newborns who demonstrated an inconclusive primary screening result (with levels between the screening and diagnostic cutoffs). Results The results revealed that 314 of 46 699 newborns received a second-tier test for citrin deficiency, and two patients were identified; 206 of 30 237 newborns received a second-tier testing for CUD, and one patient was identified. No patients were identified using the diagnostic cutoffs. Although the incidences for citrin deficiency (1:23 350) and CUD (1:30 000) detected by screening are still lower than the incidences calculated from the mutation carrier rates, the second-tier molecular test increases the sensitivity of newborn screening for citrin deficiency and CUD without increasing the false-positive rate. Conclusions Utilizing a molecular second-tier test for citrin deficiency and carnitine transporter deficiency is feasible.

Objective: To test the effect of Banxia Xiexin Decoction (半夏泻心汤, BXD) on the contraction and relaxation of gastric smooth muscle (SM) in diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) model rats, and to explore the mechanism of BXD in the prevention and treatment of DGP through experiments of signal pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Methods: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups according to a random number table: control group, model group, high-, medium- and low-dose BXD groups (9.2, 4.6 and 1.8 g/(kg·d), respectively), and domperidone group (10 mg/(kg·d)), 10 rats per group. DGP model was established initially by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ), and was confirmed by recording gastric emptying, intestinal transport velocity and gastric myoelectric activity of rats after 2 months. Each group was treated with a corresponding drug for 4 weeks. The mRNA and protein expressions of phospholipase C (PLC), inositol triphosphate (IP3), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) dependent protein kinase G (PKG) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively, while nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP expressions were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gastric tissues were obtained from rats for primary cell culture preparation. Gastric SM cells were treated with 0.8 µmol/L of STZ or STZ plus 1,000, 500 and 200 µg/mL of BXD or STZ plus 2.5 µmol/mL of domperidone for 24, 48, 72 or 96 h, respectively. The length of gastric SM cells and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) before and after BXD treatment was measured. Results: Compared with the model group, high- and medium-dose BXD and domperidone significantly increased the expressions of PLC, IP3, NO, nNOS, cGMP and PKG in rat's gastric tissue (P<0.01). Gastric SM cells treated with BXD showed a time- and dose-dependent increase in cell viability (P<0.01). The treatment with high- and medium-dose BXD and domperidone inhibited the increase in gastric SM cells length and increased [Ca2+]i compared with the model cells (P<0.01). Conclusions: Treatment with high- and medium-dose BXD significantly attenuated STZ-induced experimental DGP in rats. The therapeutic effect of BXD on DGP rats might be associated with the PLC-IP3-Ca2+/NO-cGMP-PKG signal pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although expansion of higher education in East Asia has had a positive impact on Asian societies, it has created a number of challenges relating to accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder arising from a deficiency in N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS)., Methods: From September 2019 to October 2023, a total of 264,843 Taiwanese newborns underwent screening for MPS IVA using dried blood spots and tandem mass spectrometry., Results: Among the 95 referred infants, nine (9%) were confirmed to have MPS IVA (Group 1), 18 (19%) were highly suspected to have MPS IVA (Group 2), 61 (64%) were identified as heterozygotes of MPS IVA (Group 3), and seven (7%) were determined not to have MPS IVA (Group 4). A total of 34 different GALNS (HGNC:4122) gene variants were identified through our MPS IVA newborn screening program. The most prevalent variant was c.857C>T p.(Thr286Met), found in 33 cases (29%), followed by c.953T>G p.(Met318Arg) in 22 cases (19%). Intravenous enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) was initiated in five patients at ages ranging from 0.3 to 1.7 years. The estimated incidence of MPS IVA in this screening program was 3.4 per 100,000 live births., Conclusions: Due to the progressive nature of MPS IVA, an early diagnosis facilitated by newborn screening and prompt initiation of ERT before irreversible organ damage occurs may result in improved clinical outcomes., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

This study explored the effects of 4-hydroxy-2(3H)-benzoxazolone(HBOA) on the proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells and its molecular mechanism. The L3.6 cells cultured in vitro were treated with HBOA of 0-1.0 mmol·L~(-1). The cell viability was detected by the cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) method, and the half inhibitory concentration(IC&#95;(50)) was analyzed to determine the drug concentration and time. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted microscope and by acridine orange(AO) staining. The ability of proliferation and self-renewal were evaluated through live cell counting and colony formation experiments. The cell cycle progression and cell apoptosis rate were detected by flow cytometry. The morphology of cell apoptosis was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The mRNA expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA), cyclinA1, cyclinA2, cyclin dependent kinase 2(CDK2), and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A(P21) were determined by qPCR. The level of reactive oxygen species(ROS), lipid peroxide, and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured by flow cytometry. The activity of protein kinase B(Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR) signaling pathway was detected by Western blot. Compared with the control group, the cells treated with HBOA exhibited a significant decrease in viability. Then the optimal concentration and intervention time of HBOA were determined to be 0.4 mmol·L~(-1), 0.6 mmol·L~(-1), and 48 h. Compared with the control group, groups with HBOA of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1 )and 0.6 mmol·L~(-1) showed a significant suppression in cell proliferation and colony formation ability, down-regulated mRNA of PCNA, cyclinA1, cyclinA2, and CDK2, up-regulated P21 mRNA, S-phase cell cycle arrest, and increased cell apoptosis rate. There was an appearance of apoptotic bodies, increased ROS and lipid peroxide, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential(with a significant decrease in 0.6 mmol·L~(-1) group), and down-regulated p-Akt and p-mTOR proteins. The results show that HBOA inhibits the proliferation of pancreatic cancer L3.6 cells and induces cell apoptosis, which may be related to the increase in reactive oxygen species and the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway.

Perineural invasion and neurogenesis are frequently observed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and link to poor outcome. However, how neural factors affect PDAC prognosis and the underlying mechanism as well as counteracting therapeutic are still unclear. In silico systematic analysis was performed with PROGgene to identify potential neural factor and its receptor in pancreatic cancer. In vitro assays including migration, invasion, 3D recruitment, and gemcitabine resistance were performed to study the effect of neuron-derived neurotensin (NTS) on pancreatic cancer behavior. Orthotopic animal study was used to validate the in vitro findings. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to confirm the results from in silico to in vivo . Expression of NTS and its receptor 1 (NTSR1) predicted poor prognosis in PDAC. NTS synthetic peptide or neuron-derived condition medium promoted pancreatic cancer invasiveness and recruitment in 2D and 3D assays. NTS-induced effects depended on NTSR1 and PI3K activation. GDC-0941, a clinically approved PI3K inhibitor, counteracted NTS-induced effects in vitro . Inhibition of NTSR1 in pancreatic cancer cells resulted in decreased tumor dissemination and diminished PI3K activation in vivo . NTS boosted gemcitabine resistance via NTSR1 in pancreatic cancer. Our results suggest that neural cell-secreted NTS plays an important role in promoting PDAC., Competing Interests: None., (AJCR Copyright © 2024.)

Perineural invasion and neurogenesis are frequently observed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and they are associated with a poor prognosis. Axon guidance factor semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A) is upregulated in PDAC. However, it remains unclear whether cancer-derived SEMA3A influences nerve innervation and pancreatic tumorigenesis. In silico analyses were performed using PROGgene and NetworkAnalyst to clarify the importance of SEMA3A and its receptors, plexin A1 (PLXNA1) and neuropilin 2 (NRP2), in pancreatic cancer. In vitro assays, including migration, neurite outgrowth, and 3D recruitment, were performed to study the effects of SEMA3A on neuronal behaviors. Additionally, an orthotopic animal study using C57BL/6 mice was performed to validate the in vitro findings. Expression of SEMA3A and its receptors predicted worse prognosis for PDAC. Cancer-derived SEMA3A promoted neural migration, neurite outgrowth, and neural recruitment. Furthermore, SEMA3A-induced effects depended on PLXNA1, NRP2, and MAPK activation. Trametinib, an approved MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, counteracted SEMA3A-enhanced neuronal activity in vitro . Inhibition of SEMA3A by shRNA in pancreatic cancer cells resulted in decreased neural recruitment, tumor growth, and dissemination in vivo . Our results suggested that cancer-secreted SEMA3A plays an important role in promoting neo-neurogenesis and progression of PDAC., Competing Interests: None., (AJCR Copyright © 2023.)

This work aimed to clarify the potential regulating effects of Qufeng Xuanfei formula (QFXF) on airway neurogenic inflammation and its underlying target signal pathway. Guinea pig model of airway hyperergy (AHR) was used. The relative susceptibility of major proteins to airway neurogenic inflammation was assessed using Western blot immunoassay followed by being separated by SDS-PAGE. Compared to the model group, QFXF of all concentrations effectively depressed the capsaicin enhanced cough in guinea pigs and the peak values of airway resistance significantly decreased. The results illustrated that QFXF alleviated cough symptom in guinea pigs and reduced airway neurogenic inflammation when compared to AHR model group. Airway inflammation and damage, as well as the levels of NGF, SP and c-Fos in QFXF decreased the most in the high-dose group. The mechanism of antitussive activity may be associated with reducing airway inflammation. QFXF displayed effect on chronic cough through reducing the levels of neuropeptides, attenuating airway inflammation and promoting recovery from disease to decrease the airway neuro sensitivity, suggesting that the potential mechanism may be related to Ras/ERK/c-Fos pathway.

Importance: Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested a neuroprotective effect of remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), which involves repeated occlusion/release cycles on bilateral upper limb arteries; however, robust evidence in patients with ischemic stroke is lacking., Objective: To assess the efficacy of RIC for acute moderate ischemic stroke., Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, open-label, blinded-end point, randomized clinical trial including 1893 patients with acute moderate ischemic stroke was conducted at 55 hospitals in China from December 26, 2018, through January 19, 2021, and the date of final follow-up was April 19, 2021., Interventions: Eligible patients were randomly assigned within 48 hours after symptom onset to receive treatment with RIC (using a pneumatic electronic device and consisting of 5 cycles of cuff inflation for 5 minutes and deflation for 5 minutes to the bilateral upper limbs to 200 mm Hg) for 10 to 14 days as an adjunct to guideline-based treatment (n = 922) or guideline-based treatment alone (n = 971)., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was excellent functional outcome at 90 days, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 1. All end points had blinded assessment and were analyzed on a full analysis set., Results: Among 1893 eligible patients with acute moderate ischemic stroke who were randomized (mean [SD] age, 65 [10.3] years; 606 women [34.1%]), 1776 (93.8%) completed the trial. The number with excellent functional outcome at 90 days was 582 (67.4%) in the RIC group and 566 (62.0%) in the control group (risk difference, 5.4% [95% CI, 1.0%-9.9%]; odds ratio, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.05-1.54]; P = .02). The proportion of patients with any adverse events was 6.8% (59/863) in the RIC group and 5.6% (51/913) in the control group., Conclusions and Relevance: Among adults with acute moderate ischemic stroke, treatment with remote ischemic conditioning compared with usual care significantly increased the likelihood of excellent neurologic function at 90 days. However, these findings require replication in another trial before concluding efficacy for this intervention., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03740971.

The aim of this study was to investigate the harmful effects of acute hypoxia on mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus and the underlying mechanism. Mouse model of acute hypoxia was constructed by using a sealed glass jar. Laser speckle contrast imaging was used to detect the changes of cerebral blood flow after different time duration of hypoxia. Total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kits were used to detect oxidative stress in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect neuroinflammatory response of microglia in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. One-step TUNEL method was used to detect neuronal apoptosis. The results showed that, compared with non-hypoxia (0 min hypoxia) group, 30 min hypoxia group exhibited decreased cerebral blood flow, higher percentage of CD68 + /Iba1 + microglia, and increased neural apoptosis in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Compared with 30 min group, 60 min hypoxia group showed significantly decreased cerebral blood flow, increased MDA content in the cortex, as well as greater percentage of CD68 + /Iba1 + microglia and neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These results suggest that acute hypoxia damages brain tissue in a time-dependent manner and the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are important mechanisms.

Incense burning is common in Asian countries due to the religious beliefs. Environmental exposure to incense burning smoke is a potential risk factor for tumor development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Eastern Asia ethnic origin is strongly associated the clinical benefits of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in NSCLC patients. However, the impact of the oriental custom of incense burning on the cancer progression and the EGFR TKI-sensitivity of NSCLC remains unclear. Our results showed that long-term exposure to incense burning extract (IBE) increases the cellular proliferation with S phase accumulation and the motility activity of NSCLCs. Interestingly, IBE enhances EGFR signaling activity without affecting its genetic status, and increases the cellular sensitivity of NSCLC cell lines to EGFR TKIs. Auramine, a yellow dye for making incense sticks, was identified as a residual composition in the burning incense smoke, and showed similar EGFR TKI-sensitizing effects. Furthermore, IBE or auramine transcriptionally induce EGFR ligand amphiregulin (AREG) expression for the enhancement of EGFR activity. Neutralization of AREG reduced the viability of IBE-treated cells. These results indicated that exposure to incent smoke may enhance NSCLC progression and their sensitivity to EGFR TKIs through increasing their oncogenic addiction to AREG-induced EGFR signaling., Competing Interests: None.

Objective: To investigate the performance of high frequency ultrasound in the assessment of skin thickness in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc)., Methods: The study included 82 SSc (SSc group) and 67 healthy volunteers (control group) from 2014 to 2016. The skin thickness at bilateral middle fingers and forearms,anterior chest and abdominal wall was measured using high frequency ultrasound. All the patients with SSc underwent the modified rodnan skin score (mRSS) over 17 anatomical sites by an experienced dermatologist. The differences in age,sex,height,body mass,body mass index (BMI) and skin thickness between SSc patients and healthy controls were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the performance of high frequency ultrasound in the differentiation of SSc from healthy skin,and the correlation of mRSS with skin thickness were analyzed., Results: SSc patients and healthy controls shared similar demographic features (age,sex ratio,height,body mass,BMI) ( P >0.05). Skin thickness values in SSc patients were increased significantly at fingers and forearms compared with healthy controls ( P <0.05). The area under the curve ( AUC ) was 0.938, 0.905, 0.608, 0.586, 0.398, 0.321 at right and left finger,right and left forearm,chest and abdominal wall. Among them, AUC >0.9 of right and left fingers can be used for diagnosis,The skin thickness cut-off value for determining the diagnosis of SSc were as follows: 1.35 mm at the right finger with 84.1% sensitivity and 95.5% specificity,1.26 mm at the right forearm with 86.6% sensitivity and 89.6% specificity,respectively. Skin thickness increased significantly with mRSS. The correlation of total mRSS scores with total skin thickness was 0.599 ( P <0.001),and the correlation of local mRSS score with local skin thickness were 0.400-0.623 ( P <0.001),with the highest correlation coefficient at right finger and the lowest at abdomen., Conclusion: High frequency ultrasound may reflect extent of skin involvement of SSc,and skin thickness assessed with high frequency ultrasound appeared to be highly specific and sensitive at fingers., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition).)

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of paeoniflorin against PM2.5-induced damage in BEAS-2B cells and explore the possible mechanism., Methods: With a factorial design, this study was performed to observe the protective effects of different doses of paeoniflorin against PM2.5-induced BEAS-2B cell growth inhibition and the effects of paeoniflorin on the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell cultures., Results: Exposure to increased PM2.5 concentrations caused significant decrease in the cell survival rate (P<0.05) with a clear dose-response relationship (r=-0.759, P<0.05). Treatment of the cells with paeoniflorin significantly attenuated PM2.5-induced inhibition of BEAS-2B cell survival (P<0.05), but the effect of paeoniflorin was not dose-dependent (P>0.05). PM2.5 exposure also significantly increased the contents of MDA and intracellular ROS (P<0.05), and paeoniflorin obviously antagonized these effects of PM2.5., Conclusion: Paeoniflorin can protect BEAS-2B cells from PM2.5-induced growth inhibition, and the mechanism might be related to the anti-oxidant effects of paeoniflorin.

Objective: To compare the ultrasonic features of enthesitis between psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis vulgaris., Methods: A total of 39 patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA group), 60 with psoriasis vulgaris (non-PsA group) and 60 healthy people (control group) participated in this study. They were examined by two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound on the entheses of bilateral femoral quadriceps tendons, patella tendons, Achilles tendons, plantar fasciae, common flexor tendons and common extensor tendons., Results: About 45% (27 cases) healthy controls had enthesitis, with Achilles tendons and femoral quadriceps tendons being most likely affected. No blood flow signal was observed on the affected sites. About 63% (38 cases) of non-PsA patients had enthesitis, with Achilles tendons and femoral quadriceps tendons being most likely affected. Blood flow signals were observed on 4 affected sites. More than 84% (33 cases) PsA patients had enthesitis, with all locations being likely affected but mostly on Achilles tendons, femoral quadriceps tendons, and plantar fasciae. Blood flow signals were observed on 18 affected sites. The differences in prevalence of enthesitis were statistically significant (PsA group>non-PsA group>control group, all P <0.01), although the differences in tendon hypoechogenicity and enthesophytes among the groups showed no statistical significance. PsA and non-PsA patients were more likely to have tendon thickening than the controls (both P <0.01); but no difference appeared between PsA and non-PsA patients. PsA patients had higher prevalence of intratendinous calcifications, bony erosions and color Doppler signals than non-PsA patients and the controls (all P <0.01)., Conclusion: Enthesitis in healthy people and non-PsA patients are most likely to affect Achilles tendon and femoral quadriceps tendons. By contrast, Achilles tendons, femoral quadriceps tendon and plantar fascia are more likely to be affected in patients with PsA. PsA patients have high prevalence of enthesitis and are more likely to have intratendinous calcifications, bony erosions and color Doppler signals.

Objective: To investigate the effect of low-selenium diet on the liver and kidneys of rats and explore the role of macrophage polarization into M1 and M2 phenotypes in liver and kidney injuries., Methods: Twenty-four rats (12 female and 12 male) were randomly divided into control group and low-selenium group and fed with normal chow (dietary selenium of 0.18 mg/kg) and low-selenium diet (dietary selenium of 0.02 mg/kg) for 109 days. After the feeding, the rats were sacrificed for HE staining to observe liver and kidney pathologies, and immunohistochemistry was performed for analyzing CCR7, CD206, CD163-positive cell numbers in the liver and kidneys., Results: The rats in low-selenium group showed severer fibrosis in the liver and kidney than the control group. In either male or female rats in low-selenium group, CCR7 and CD206 expressions in the liver were comparable with those in control group, but CD163 expression was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05 for both female and male rats). In the kidney, the proximal tubule showed a slightly higher while the distal tubule showed a slightly lower CCR7 expression in low selenium group than in the control group (P>0.05). In low-selenium group, a significantly lower CD163 expression in the distal tubule and a significantly higher CD206 expression in the proximal tubule were noted as compared with the control group (P<0.05 in both female and male rats). Compared with the control rats, the male rats in low-selenium group, but not the female rats, showed a significantly lower CD163 expression in the proximal tubule of the kidney (P<0.05); the female but not the male rats in low-selenium group show a higher CD206 expression in the distal tubule (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Low-selenium diet can cause liver and kidney fibrosis in rats and may inhibit macrophage activation into the M2 phenotype.

Background: Pathogenesis and effective therapeutics of chronic pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis remain uncertain., Purpose: To investigate the effects of sulfasalazine (SF) on pancreatic inflammation and fibrogenesis., Methods: Chronic pancreatic injury in rats was induced by diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and interfered by SF through intraperitoneal injection. The rats were divided into five groups: group N, normal control group, rats were treated with dilated water only; group DS1, rats received SF (10 mg/kg) 2 hours before DDC treatment; group DS2, rats were treated with DDC and then SF (100 mg/kg, twice a week); group DS3, rats were treated with DDC, then SF (100 mg/kg, thrice a week); and group DDC, rats were treated with DDC only. Pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis were determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Sirius red staining. The genes and proteins related to NF-κB pathway and fibrogenesis including NF-κB/p65, TNF-α, ICAM-1, α-SMA, and Con 1 were detected by immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting., Results: Rats in the DDC and DS1 groups showed the highest histological scores after DDC treatment, but the scores of DS2 and DS3 groups decreased significantly when compared with the DDC group. Sirius red staining showed collagen formation clearly in DDC and DS1 rats rather than in DS2 and DS3 rats. NF-κB/p65, ICAM-1, and α-SMA were strongly expressed in DDC and DS1 rats, while DS2 and DS3 rats showed mild to moderate expression by immunohistochemistry. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed increased levels of NF-κB/p65, ICAM-1, TNF-α, α-SMA, and Con 1 mRNA in DDC and DS1 rats in comparison to normal controls. The mRNA levels of these molecules in DS2 and DS3 rats were significantly lower than those in DS1 and DDC rats. Western blotting demonstrated that the NF-κB/p65, ICAM-1, and α-SMA expressions in pancreatic tissues of the rats of the DDC group were more clear than those of the normal control, DS2, and DS3 rats., Conclusion: SF inhibits pancreatic inflammation and fibrogenesis via NF-κB signaling pathway.

The biological drug of the calf-blood dialysate has various pharmacological effects. It can promote the oxygen and glucose uptake for the hypoxia cells, and has beneficial effects on the malfunction of the blood circulation and trophic disturbances in the brain, and the impairment of peripheral blood circulation. Furthermore, it is favorable to wound healing and can regulate the central nervous system. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a main active ingredient of the biological drug. In this report, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor has been developed with β-CD-capped ZnS QDs as energy donor and 3-hydroxyflavone (3-HF) as energy acceptor. The results showed that AMP can lead to the fluorescence quenching of the FRET sensor at 526 nm, and the Stern-Volmer curve between the fluorescence quenching and the concentrations of AMP present a satisfactory linearity with the correlation coefficient of 0.996. The developed sensor has successfully applied for determination of the AMP in the biological drug.

The present paper describes the design of pellicle-milk double-layer phantom experiment. Milk solution of 40 different concentrations represents internal information of tissue, 1 to 5 pellicle which covers above the milk solution represents interference information of superficial tissue. The experiment collected 200 scattering spectral data of two positions and took the one single position spectral group as control, and then respectively predicted the milk solution concentration on bottom layer with the ratio of 3:1 through the BP neural network method. The experimental results show that single position scattering spectrum and two-position scattering spectrum both reached more than 90% training fitting rates and prediction accuracy, and the prediction accuracy of two-position scattering spectra is higher, reaching 98.41%. It was verified by the experimental results that scattering spectrum based on photon dissemination path can efficiently predict the milk solution concentration and eliminate the influence of superficial tissue for measurement of internal organization, and considering multi-position in modeling process can improve the accuracy of the prediction. This study validates the feasibility of the method for exploring internal information of tissue without damaging tissue integrity.

To improve the precision and accuracy of elements and isotopes analysis in traditional Ar-ICP, the addition of nitrogen in ICP has been widely used. The present review focused on the discussions of the basic physical and chemical properties of the Ar-N2 mixed gas inductively coupled plasma and the mechanisms of the special nature of Ar-N2 mixed gas plasma. The applications of Ar-N2 inductively coupled plasma in spectral analysis and mass spectrometry analysis in the past 40 years were summarized. The authors also give an overall outlook on the application of this technology.