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Entomopathogenic nematodes(EPN) which is recognized as a kind of potential biological control material have been paid more and more attention in recent years. In the present study, we selected tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum) as the object to study the effects of EPN (Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora)on the development of root-knot nematodes and aphid (Myzus persicae), and on the parasitism of aphid parasitoid (Aphidius gifuensis) in tobacco. The results showed that (1)Under the condition of the artificial removal of aphids, the number of egg per plant was significantly lower under the EPN treatments than control treatment(PS. carpocapsae treatment than the other treatments(PH. bacteriophora cadaver treatment were 89.6 individual·plant-1 and 0.996 g·plant-1, 99.8 individual·plant-1 and 3.258 g·plant-1, 76.6 individual·plant-1 and 1.643 g·plant-1, respectively, indicating that EPN treatment could decrease the number of aphids per mass; (3)On the first three observation dates, the number of aphid mummies was significantly lower under S. carpocapsae cadaver treatment than H. bacteriophora cadaver treatment. The results indicated that EPN treatments in tobacco could affect the development of root-knot nematode, and had impact on the development of aphids and the activities of aphid parasitoid by "bottom-up" approach, and these effects were affected by the species of EPN.

Additional file 6: Table S3. miRNA targeting prediction of TaMYC gene family

Table S1. Summary of COI or COI-like genes in different plants. Table S2. Specific primers for TaCOI genes for qRT-PCR. Table S3. Promoter sequences of TaCOI genes. Table S4. Protein sequences, CDS sequences, and genomic sequences of TaCOI and COI or 12 COI-like loci in various plants. (DOCX 241 kb)

To overcome the hysteresis of a tip/tilt mirror(TTM)in an adaptive optical system and to improve its linearity and control precision,this paper researches the nonlinear effects of the TTM.A compensation method based on the frequency-dependent Mutified-Prandtl-Ishlinskii(MPI)model is proposed for online adaptive inverse compensation of the hysteresis nonlinearity of the TTM.By combining with PID feedback control algorithm,an adaptive inverse feedforward composite control algorithm is proposed.In which,the adaptive inverse feedforward overcomes the hysteresis curve changes due to the frequency factors,and the PID algorithm improves the overall control performance.A second-order model of the TTM is established to estimate the output of the TTM system,which solves the reference signals of the MPI model,avoids adding extra feedforward sensors,and ensures the utilization of light energies.Experiment results indicate that this algorithm effectively solves the problemof hysteresis nonlinearity of the TTM,the 15 Hz hysteresis ratio of the TTM fells from 24.28% to1.17%,and the linearity is improved by about 95%.As compared with the traditional PID algorithm,the control precision has increased by about 60%.It concludes that this composite control algorithm can compensate the hysteresis nonlinearity of the TTM effectively,and the control precision of the TTM is improved in adaptive optical systems.

A liquid-phase microextraction technique was developed using ultrasound-assisted emulsification solidified floating organic drop microextraction (USAE-SFODME) combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for the extraction and determination of trace cadmium in water samples. Microextraction efficiency factors, such as extraction solvent type and extraction volume, time, temperature, pH, the amount of the chelating agent, and salt effect, were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, an enrichment factor of 81.0 was obtained for 6.0 mL of water sample. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 10-450 mg L-1 with a detection limit of 0.66 µg L-1. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for ten replicate measurements of 20 and 300 µg L-1 of Cd were 3.34% and 2.42%, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was assessed either by determination of Cd in a certified reference material of water or by addition-recovery experiments Uma técnica de microextração em fase líquida foi desenvolvida para a extração e determinação de quantidades traço de íons cádmio em amostras de água. A emulsificação-microextração assistida por ultrasom através da gota orgânica flutuante solidificada (USAE-SFODME) foi empregada para a extração e a espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (FAAS) foi empregada para a determinação de Cd. Foram investigados e otimizados os fatores que influenciam na eficiência da técnica de microextração, tais como tipo e volume de solvente, tempo, temperatura, pH, quantidade do agente quelante e efeito da concentração de cloreto de sódio. Usando as condições otimizadas, um fator do enriquecimento de 81,0 foi obtido para um volume de 6,0 mL de amostra de água. A curva analítica de calibração mostrou-se linear no intervalo de 10-450 µg L-1 com um limite de detecção (LOD) igual a 0,66 µg L-1 de Cd. Os desvios padrão relativos (RSD) para dez replicatas de soluções contendo 20 e 300 µg L-1 de Cd foram 3,34% e 2,42%, respectivamente. O método proposto foi avaliado pela determinação de Cd em material de referência certificado de água ou através de experimentos de adição e recuperação