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The Ascomycete Ophiostoma novo-ulmi threatens elm populations worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenicity and virulence are still largely uncharacterized. As part of a collaborative study of the O. novo-ulmi-elm interactome, we analyzed the O. novo-ulmi ssp. americana transcriptomes obtained by deep sequencing of messenger RNAs recovered from Ulmus americana saplings from one resistant (Valley Forge, VF) and one susceptible (S) elm genotypes at 0 and 96 h post-inoculation (hpi). Transcripts were identified for 6424 of the 8640 protein-coding genes annotated in the O. novo-ulmi nuclear genome. A total of 1439 genes expressed in planta had orthologs in the PHI-base curated database of genes involved in host-pathogen interactions, whereas 472 genes were considered differentially expressed (DEG) in S elms (370 genes) and VF elms (102 genes) at 96 hpi. Gene ontology (GO) terms for processes and activities associated with transport and transmembrane transport accounted for half (27/55) of GO terms that were significantly enriched in fungal genes upregulated in S elms, whereas the 22 GO terms enriched in genes overexpressed in VF elms included nine GO terms associated with metabolism, catabolism and transport of carbohydrates. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified three modules that were significantly associated with higher gene expression in S elms. The three modules accounted for 727 genes expressed in planta and included 103 DEGs upregulated in S elms. Knockdown- and knockout mutants were obtained for eight O. novo-ulmi genes. Although mutants remained virulent towards U. americana saplings, we identified a large repertoire of additional candidate O. novo-ulmi pathogenicity genes for functional validation by loss-of-function approaches.

Our work in the area of synthesis of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on organic N-oxides led to the crystallization of pyridine-4-carboxamidoxime N-oxide. Herein we report the first crystal structure of the title compound, C6H7N3O2 [systematic name: (Z)-4-(N′-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)pyridine N-oxide]. The hydroxycarbamimidoyl group is essentially coplanar with the aromatic ring, r.m.s.d. = 0.112 Å. The compound crystallizes in hydrogen-bonding layers built from the formation of strong O—H...O hydrogen bonds between the oxime oxygen atom and the oxygen atom of the N-oxide, and the formation of N—H...O hydrogen bonds between one amine nitrogen atom and the N-oxide oxygen atom. These combined build R34(24) ring motifs in the crystal. The crystal structure has no π–π interactions.

Our work in the area of synthesis of tris indole compounds as a potential chelator led to the synthesis and crystallization of ethyl 1H-indole-2-carboxylate, C11H11NO2, an indole that was synthesized by the thionyl chloride reaction of 1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid, followed by dissolution in ethanol. The molecular packing exhibits a herringbone pattern with the zigzag running along the b-axis direction; the compound crystallizes as a hydrogen-bonded dimer resulting from O...H—N hydrogen bonds, between the indole N—H group and the keto oxygen atom, which build centrosymmetric R22(10) ring motifs in the crystal.

Background: Executive function (EF) plays a critical role in academic outcomes in typically developing children, but the contribution of EF to academic performance in Down syndrome (DS) is less well understood. This study evaluated differences in early academic foundations between primary school aged children with DS and non-verbal mental-age matched typically developing (TD) children. Additionally, the contribution of EF domains to academic outcomes was evaluated in each group. Method: Participants with DS (n = 29) and mental-age matched TD participants (n = 23) were administered the Woodcock Johnson-III NU Tests of Academic Achievement, as well as a laboratory-based EF battery, including measures of working memory, shifting, inhibition and object-planning. Results: Findings indicated a difference in early academic foundations profile between children with DS and mental-age matched TD children. Patterns of EF contributions towards academic outcomes were also observed across groups. Conclusions: Aspects of EF are critical to academic achievement in DS but differentially so relative to typical development. Implications for educational instruction are discussed.

Herpes simplex and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) can have similar clinical presentations due to overlapping lesional morphology. We describe the unusual case of a BCC masquerading as herpes labialis due to a possible false-positive Tzanck smear. The confounding diagnosis led to a failed trial of valacyclovir and subsequent loss of the patient for 1 year before the lesion was biopsied and diagnosed as a BCC. This case report highlights the importance of careful inspection of herpetic lesions and that further investigation should be pursued if the etiology is uncertain or if the treatment is not yielding the expected results.

Abstract Nutrient remobilization during leaf senescence nourishes the growing plant. Understanding the regulation of this process is essential for reducing our dependence on nitrogen fertilizers and increasing agricultural sustainability. Our laboratory is interested in chromatin changes that accompany the transition to leaf senescence. Previously, darker green leaves were reported for Arabidopsis thaliana hac1 mutants, defective in a gene encoding a histone acetyltransferase in the CREB‐binding protein family. Here, we show that two Arabidopsis hac1 alleles display delayed age‐related developmental senescence, but have normal dark‐induced senescence. Using a combination of ChIP‐seq for H3K9ac and RNA‐seq for gene expression, we identified 43 potential HAC1 targets during age‐related developmental senescence. Genetic analysis demonstrated that one of these potential targets, ERF022, is a positive regulator of leaf senescence. ERF022 is regulated additively by HAC1 and MED25, suggesting MED25 may recruit HAC1 to the ERF022 promoter to increase its expression in older leaves.

The Goodness-of-Fit model [Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel] proposes that a child's temperament interacts with the environment to influence child outcomes. In the past, researchers have shown how the association between the quality of the teacher-child relationship in daycare and child behaviour is moderated by temperament [Vitiello, V., Moas, O., Henderson, H., Greenfield, D., & Munis, P. (2012). "Goodness of fit between children and classrooms: Effects of child temperament and preschool classroom quality on achievement trajectories." "Early Education and Development," 23, 302-322.]. Our goal was to examine how teacher-child relationship quality is associated with prosocial behaviour in preschool children and the moderating role of temperament. Information about 60 children (n = 60) in preschool daycare within Eastern Canada was provided by daycare teachers. Children were classified into temperament categories (undercontrolled, overcontrolled, and resilient) and rated on prosocial behaviour. Results revealed that temperament significantly moderates the association between teacher-child relationship and prosocial behaviour. Goodness of fit was supported, in that having a good fit between teacher-child relationship and temperament was predictive of increased prosocial behaviour. Relevance to goodness of fit is further discussed with relation to previous research.

Macrocyclic and medium‐sized ring ketones, lactones and lactams can all be made from common acryloyl imide starting materials through divergent, one‐pot cascade ring‐expansion reactions. Following either conjugate addition with an amine or nitromethane, or osmium(VIII)‐catalysed dihydoxylation, rearrangement through a four‐atom ring expansion takes place spontaneously to form the ring expanded products. A second ring expansion can also be performed following a second iteration of imide formation and alkene functionalisation/ring expansion. In the dihydroxylation series, three‐ or four‐atom ring expansion can be performed selectively, depending on whether the reaction is under kinetic or thermodynamic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex chemistry that occurs in star-forming regions can provide insight into the formation of prebiotic molecules at various evolutionary stages of star formation. To study this process, we present millimeter-wave interferometric observations of the neighboring hot cores W3(H2O) and W3(OH) carried out using the NOEMA interferometer. We have analyzed distributions of six molecules that account for most observed lines across both cores and have constructed physical parameter maps for rotational temperature, column density, and velocity field with corresponding uncertainties. We discuss the derived spatial distributions of these parameters in the context of the physical structure of the source. We propose the use of HCOOCH3 as a new temperature tracer in W3(H2O) and W3(OH) in addition to the more commonly used CH 3 CN. By analyzing the physically derived parameters for each molecule across both W3(H2O) and W3(OH), the work presented herein further demonstrates the impact of physical environment on hot cores at different evolutionary stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued expansion of the casino industry has caused increasing concern regarding the cannibalization of other industries, and in particular, state lotteries. For example, Maryland Lottery sales flattened shortly after [...]

Our work in the area of carbon-monoxide-releasing molecules led to the synthesis and crystallization of new flavone derivatives as intermediates. Herein we report the first crystal structure of the title compound, C16H12O3, a hydroxy-substituted flavone where the 2-phenyl group has been replaced by a p-tolyl group. The introduction of the 3-hydroxy group allows the formation of intermolecular O—H...O=C hydrogen bonds, used to build centrosymmetric R22(10) ring motifs in the crystal.

In the title compound, C5H3ClN2O3 (systematic name: 2-chloro-4-nitropyridin-1-ium-1-olate), the nitro group is essentially coplanar with the aromatic ring, with a twist angle of 6.48 (8)°. The molecular packing exhibits a herringbone pattern with the zigzag running along the b axis; here, there are no short contacts, hydrogen bonds, or π–π interactions.