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61. CONFUSING HISTORY

Author

Williams, Robert C.

Subjects
History
Abstract

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2303.2010.00545.x Byline: ROBERT C. WILLIAMS (1) Keywords: history; historiography; philosophy; postmodernism Abstract: ABSTRACT This compendium of fifty essays by international philosophers examines history from the point of view of its cognate disciplines, historiography and the philosophy of history. The authors often use the terms history, the past, and historiography interchangeably. Essays are grouped in four broad categories: basic problems, major fields, philosophy and sub-fields of historiography, and classical schools and philosophers of history. The book provides useful insights, some dated by the fashion of postmodernism. The essays are largely independent of one another, and may be read in any order. The volume will be of interest to philosophers, historians, and social scientists with a theoretical bent. Author Affiliation: (1)Center Lovell, ME

Published
2010

64. Highway construction data collection and treatment in preparation for statistical regression analysis

Author

Williams, Robert C., Hildreth, John C., and Vorster, Michael C.

Subjects
Weather -- Influence, Industrial project management -- Methods, Project management -- Methods, Regression analysis -- Methods, Road construction -- Management, Company business management, Construction and materials industries, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology
Abstract

Currently, there is not an understanding of the project factors having a statistically significant relationship with highway construction duration. Other industry sectors have successfully used statistical regression analysis to identify and model the project parameters related to construction duration. While the need is seen for such work in highway construction, there are very few studies which attempt to identify duration-influential parameters and their relationship with the highway construction duration. The purpose of this work is to describe the highway construction data needed for such a study, identify a data source, collect early-design project data, and prepare the data for statistical regression analysis. The Virginia Department of Transportation is identified as the optimal data source. The data collected include historical contract and project level parameters. To prepare for statistical regression analysis, the contract duration collected is converted to construction duration by a seasonal adjustment process which removes historically typical nonworking days. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000112 CE Database subject headings: Statistics; Data collection; Regression analysis; Highways and roads; Construction management; Seasonal variations; Weather conditions.

Published
2009

65. Female genital cutting and mother's age at birth are associated with the sex of offspring in Africa

Author

Martin, John F. and Williams, Robert C.

Subjects
Female circumcision, Biological sciences, Sociology and social work
Abstract

Female genital cutting (FGC) is widespread in Africa. Its short and long term medical consequences are widely reported. Here we report that FGC is associated with and may contribute to increases in the sex ratio at birth (Odds Ratio = 1.019; 95% C.I. = 1.007, 1.032) while mother's age at birth is inversely associated with probability of male birth (Odds Ratio = 0.998; 95% C.I. = 0.997, 0.999) in a generalized linear, logistic model with the probability of a male birth the dependent variable and eight potential explanatory variables applied to 413,384 births in 22 African countries. While these two associations are statistically significant, their odds ratios are close to 1.0 and they only slightly decrease the null deviance of the model. Therefore sex determination in these data is still a mostly stochastic process determined by the random variation in X or Y sperm production, transport, and conception.

Published
2008

67. List of Contributors

Author

Acree, Terry E., primary, Aguera, Evelyne, additional, Ahola, Johanna K., additional, Almstätter, Isabella, additional, Alves, Andréa A.R., additional, Amigo, José M., additional, Amrein, Thomas M., additional, Andriot, Isabelle, additional, Antonczak, Serge, additional, Asma, Renske, additional, Athes, Violaine, additional, Aubin, Elodie, additional, Audebert, Alain, additional, Béno, Noelle, additional, Baggenstoss, Juerg, additional, Baiamonte, Irene, additional, Baines, David A., additional, Barbe, Jean-Christophe, additional, Barros, António S., additional, Barros, Elisabete B.P., additional, Batenburg, Max, additional, Beisert, Beata, additional, Benet, Lu, additional, Berdeaux, Olivier, additional, Bernhardt, Jörg, additional, Billmayer, Silvia, additional, Bin, Qing, additional, Birch, Anja N., additional, Bishara, Sandra, additional, Blanch, Consol, additional, Blanco, Domingo, additional, Blank, Imre, additional, Boerrigter-Eenling, Rita, additional, Boisard, Lauriane, additional, Bormann, Sebastian, additional, Bou-Maroun, Elias, additional, Boulanger, Renaud, additional, Brandão, Tiago, additional, Breme, Katharina, additional, Brennecke, Stefan, additional, Brockhoff, Anne, additional, Brondel, Laurent, additional, Brown, Keith, additional, Brunerie, Pascal, additional, Bucci, Remo, additional, Buchhaupt, Markus, additional, Bueno, Mónica, additional, Buettner, Andrea, additional, Cabio’ch, Geoffroy, additional, Cacho, Juan, additional, Cadwallader, Keith R., additional, Callejón, Raquel M., additional, Mar Campo, Maria, additional, Cartier, Charlotte, additional, Carvalho, Beatriz, additional, Castro Alves, Victor C., additional, Cayot, Nathalie, additional, Chabanet, Claire, additional, Chaintreau, Alain, additional, Chambault, Adeline, additional, Charlier, Landry, additional, Chassemont, Claire, additional, Chetschik, Irene, additional, Hee Cho, In, additional, Christlbauer, Monika, additional, Claeys Bouuaert, Thomas, additional, Coic, Solenn, additional, Collin, Sonia, additional, Concejero-Pardos, Belén, additional, Coureaud, Gérard, additional, Courter, Chris, additional, Culleré, Laura, additional, Curtin, Chris D., additional, Cypriani, Marie-Louise, additional, Czerny, Michael, additional, Dacremont, Catherine, additional, D’Aloise, Antonio, additional, Daltoé, Marina M., additional, Darriet, Philippe, additional, Davidek, Tomas, additional, de Jong, Catrienus, additional, De La Fuente, Arancha, additional, Degenhardt, Andreas, additional, Dekkers, Renske, additional, Déléris, Isabelle, additional, Deprêtre, Nicolas, additional, Dermiki, Maria, additional, de Revel, Gilles, additional, Desforges, Neil C., additional, Dijkstra, Annereinou, additional, Dobravalskytė, Diana, additional, Dodson, Andrew T., additional, Donadel, Jossiê Z., additional, Dosne, Thibaut, additional, Du, Xiaofen, additional, Dunemann, Frank, additional, Dussort, Pierre, additional, Stephen Elmore, J., additional, Engel, Karl-Heinz, additional, Escalona-Buendia, Hector B., additional, Escudero, Ana, additional, Espitia-Lopez, Josefa, additional, Etschmann, Maria M.W., additional, Féron, Gilles, additional, Ferreira, Vicente, additional, Festring, Daniel, additional, Fiorucci, Sébastien, additional, Fischer, Ulrich, additional, Fisk, Ian D., additional, Floquet, Pascal, additional, Franco-Luesma, Ernesto, additional, Frank, Stephanie, additional, Frapolli, Sophie, additional, Frauendorfer, Felix, additional, Frey, Peter, additional, Fritsch, Stephanie, additional, Gürbüz, Ozan, additional, Ganß, Sebastian, additional, Garruti, Deborah S., additional, Gassenmeier, Klaus, additional, Gerbaud, Vincent, additional, Giaccio, Joanne, additional, Gil, Ana M., additional, Glabasnia, A., additional, Gohr, André, additional, Golebiowski, Jérôme, additional, Gomes, Bruna L., additional, Goncalves, Liseth, additional, Gourrat-Pernin, Karine, additional, Gouttefangeas, Cécile, additional, Gracia-Moreno, Elisa, additional, Graham, Julie, additional, Gray, David A., additional, Groeneschild, Chantalle, additional, Gros, Jacques, additional, Guggenbühl, Barbara, additional, Guichard, Elisabeth, additional, Guillemin, Hervé, additional, Gunata, Ziya, additional, Hancock, Robert D., additional, Handoko, Dody D., additional, Hansen, Åse S., additional, Hartmann, Beate, additional, Haseleu, Gesa, additional, Hausch, Bethany J., additional, Hazelwood, Lucie A., additional, He, Juan, additional, Heinlein, Anja, additional, Hempfling, Katrin, additional, Hernandez-Orte, Purificación, additional, Herrero, Paula, additional, Hilmer, Jens-Michael, additional, Hixson, Josh L., additional, Hofmann, Thomas, additional, Hogekamp, Hermen, additional, Hort, Joanne, additional, Hory, Chantal, additional, Hufnagel, Jan-Carlos, additional, Ibàñez, Carlos, additional, Ibarra, Dominique, additional, Innerhofer, Georg, additional, Jacob-Lopes, Eduardo, additional, Jacquet, Nathalie, additional, Jiang, Deshou, additional, Jones, Lewis L., additional, Jung, Rainer, additional, Kähne, Fenja, additional, Kallio, Heikki P., additional, Kaloya, Sukhraj, additional, Kelderer, Markus, additional, Kennedy, Orla B., additional, Kerler, Josef, additional, Kersch-Counet, Christine, additional, Kessler, Artur, additional, Kindel, Günter, additional, Klein, Dorothee, additional, Kohlenberg, Birgit, additional, Korichi, Mourad, additional, Kort, Miriam, additional, Koschinski, Stefan, additional, Krammer, Gerhard E., additional, Kreißl, Johanna K., additional, Kurtz, Anne J., additional, Kusbiantoro, B., additional, Kwasniewski, Misha T., additional, Laaksonen, Oskar A., additional, Labouré, Hélène, additional, Lafarge, Céline, additional, Lagemann, Annika, additional, Landrieu, Eric, additional, Lardschneider, Ewald, additional, Lavin, Edward H, additional, Lawless, Harry T., additional, Le Bail, Patricia, additional, Le Fur, Yves, additional, Luc Le Quéré, Jean, additional, Leclercq, Catherine, additional, Leite, Selma G.F., additional, Leitner, Erich, additional, Ley, Jakob P., additional, Lieben, Pascale, additional, Liebig, Margit, additional, Linforth, Robert S.T., additional, Lopez, Ricardo, additional, Lorjaroenphon, Yaowapa, additional, Lubbers, Samuel, additional, Lubian, Elisabetta, additional, Lytra, Georgia, additional, Müller, Jakob, additional, Magalhães, Hilton Cesar R., additional, Magrì, Andrea D., additional, Magrì, Antonio L., additional, Mahattanatawee, Kanjana, additional, Mallia, Silvia, additional, Mantzouridou, Fani, additional, Maraval, Isabelle, additional, Marco, Pedro, additional, Marini, Federico, additional, Marshall, James W., additional, Martens, Marty, additional, Mateo-Vivaracho, Laura, additional, May, Bianca, additional, Mayr, Christine M., additional, Medina, Ana Luisa, additional, Meier, Roberto, additional, Mendez-Iturbe, Daniel, additional, Messner, Christine, additional, Methven, Lisa, additional, Meyerhof, Wolfgang, additional, Moncayo, Liliana, additional, Morakul, Sumallika, additional, Morales, Maria Lourdes, additional, Moretton, Cédric, additional, Mort, Emily S., additional, Moser, Mireille, additional, Mottram, Donald S., additional, Mouret, Jean-Roch, additional, Mueller, Stefan, additional, Murat, Chloé, additional, Nalli, Stefano M., additional, Nardo, Nicoletta, additional, Negishi, Osamu, additional, Negishi, Yukiko, additional, Nicoli, Stefano, additional, Nicolle, Pamela, additional, Nigay, Henri, additional, Nijssen, Ben, additional, Nizet, Sabrina, additional, Novotny, Ondrej, additional, Obst, Katja, additional, Olachea-Martínez, Francisco J., additional, Oliveira, Alcilucia, additional, Ontanón, Ignacio, additional, Orth, Anne-Marie, additional, Pabi, Nicole, additional, Paetz, Susanne, additional, Paoletti, Flavio, additional, Paraskevopoulou, Adamantini, additional, Paravisini, Laurianne, additional, Parker, Jane K., additional, Paterson, Alistair, additional, Paula Barros, Elisabete B., additional, Peña, Francisco, additional, Peck, Jim, additional, Peeters, Florence, additional, Peiró, Pere, additional, Penha, Maria Flávia A., additional, Pepin, Liesbeth, additional, Perez, M., additional, Pérez-Cacho, Pilar Ruiz, additional, Petersen, Mikael A., additional, Peterson, Devin G., additional, Pfaffl, Michael W., additional, Pinto, Náyra O.F., additional, Pischetsrieder, Monika, additional, Plyer, Daniel, additional, Poette, Julie, additional, Poisson, Luigi, additional, Ponne, Carina, additional, Poonlaphdecha, Janchai, additional, Poplacean, Iulia, additional, Puputti, Sari, additional, Qannari, El Mostafa, additional, Qian, Michael C., additional, Queiroz, Maria I., additional, Rabillier, Jean-Marc, additional, Raffo, Antonio, additional, Rauhut, Doris, additional, Reichelt, Katharina V., additional, Reifschneider, Francisco J.B., additional, Renault, Anne, additional, Repoux, Marie, additional, Resconi, Virginia C., additional, Rezende, Claudia M., additional, Rivera, Felipe M., additional, Rochat, Sabine, additional, Rodrigues, João A., additional, Rojas, José M., additional, Roques, S. Sandrine, additional, Rouseff, June, additional, Rouseff, Russell L., additional, Ruiz, Daniel, additional, Ruiz-Teran, Francisco, additional, Runge, Christa, additional, Rytz, Andreas, additional, Saadi, Khaled, additional, Sablayrolles, Jean-Marie, additional, Sacks, Gavin L., additional, Sahin, Hilal, additional, Saint-Eve, Anne, additional, Salles, Christian, additional, San Juan, Felipe, additional, Sandell, Mari A., additional, Sandgruber, Stefanie, additional, Santos, Andriéli B., additional, Schäfer, Uwe, additional, Schüttler, Armin, additional, Schaal, Benoist, additional, Schaller, Jean-Pierre, additional, Schieberle, Peter, additional, Schmarr, Hans-Georg, additional, Schmidt, Christina, additional, Schoen, Eric, additional, Scholtes, Caroline, additional, Schrader, Dirk, additional, Schrader, Jens, additional, Schrampf, Eva, additional, Schwab, Wilfried, additional, Schwager, Hugo, additional, Sefton, Mark A., additional, Seilwind, Stefan, additional, Sémon, Etienne, additional, Siegmund, Barbara, additional, Silamba, I., additional, Silva Ferreira, António C., additional, Sinding, Charlotte, additional, Skelton, Susan, additional, Smogrovicova, Daniela, additional, Solà, Josep, additional, Soldevilla, Hortensia Galán, additional, Soles, Rollin, additional, Söllner, Kerstin, additional, Souchon, Isabelle, additional, Stangl, Andreas, additional, Starkenmann, Christian, additional, Steinhaus, Martin, additional, Evelyn Stelzl, M., additional, Stephan, Andreas, additional, Stettner, Georg, additional, Strube, Andrea, additional, Suess, Barbara, additional, Suwankanit, Chutipapha, additional, Swanepoel, Karen M., additional, Talbot, Matthew D., additional, Talou, Thierry, additional, Tarrega, Amparo, additional, Taylor, Andrew, additional, Taylor, Dennis K., additional, Thomas, E., additional, Thomas, Karin, additional, Thomas-Danguin, Thierry, additional, Tissot, Emeline, additional, Toldam-Andersen, Torben, additional, Topin, Jérémie, additional, Torres-Moreno, Miriam, additional, Torri, Aiana F., additional, Tournier, Carole, additional, Trautzsch, Stephan, additional, Tromelin, Anne, additional, Troncoso, Ana M., additional, Úbeda, Cristina, additional, Ulrich, Detlef, additional, Varming, Camilla, additional, Venskutonis, Petras Rimantas, additional, Venturini, Maria E., additional, Verde-Calvo, Jose Ramon, additional, Villmann, Carmen, additional, van der Velden, Rob, additional, Wüst, Matthias, additional, Wagner, Roger, additional, Walsh, Stuart, additional, Wansink, Brian, additional, Wassink, Anne-Marie, additional, Wessjohann, Ludger, additional, Whitaker, Vance, additional, Hanny Wijayaa, Christofora, additional, Williams, Robert C., additional, Wittlake, Rüdiger, additional, Wollmann, Nadine, additional, Yang, Baoru, additional, Yang, Nicole, additional, Yu, Lu, additional, Yvan, Niclass, additional, Yven, Claude, additional, Zapata, Julián, additional, Zepka, Leila Q., additional, and Ziegler, Herta, additional

Published
2014
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68. Controlling Magnetic Anisotropy in a Zero-Dimensional S = 1 Magnet Using Isotropic Cation Substitution

Author

Manson, Jamie L., primary, Curley, Samuel P. M., additional, Williams, Robert C., additional, Walker, David, additional, Goddard, Paul A., additional, Ozarowski, Andrew, additional, Johnson, Roger D., additional, Vibhakar, Anuradha M., additional, Villa, Danielle Y., additional, Rhodehouse, Melissa L., additional, Birnbaum, Serena M., additional, and Singleton, John, additional

Published
2021
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73. Spatial-mode control of vertical-cavity lasers with micromirrors fabricated and replicated in semiconductor materials

Author

Nikolajeff, Fredrik, Ballen, Todd A., Leger, James R., Gopinath, Anand, Lee, Tzu-Chen, and Williams, Robert C.

Subjects
Cavity resonators -- Research, Gallium arsenide semiconductors -- Optical properties, Lasers -- Mirrors, Astronomy, Physics
Abstract

Micromirrors were fabricated in gallium phosphide by mass transport to provide spatial-mode control of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL's). The concave mirrors were used in an external-cavity configuration to provide spatial filtering in the far field. Single-mode cw lasing was demonstrated in 15-[[micro]meter]-diameter VCSEL's with currents as high as 6 times threshold. The fabrication process was extended to micromirrors in gallium arsenide by use of a replication and dry-etch transfer process.

Published
1999

75. Vegetable Fermentation

Author

Eifert, Joell, Boyer, Renee R., Williams Robert C., and Virginia Cooperative Extension

Subjects
fermentation products, Vegetables, fermentation wastes, fermentation
Abstract

Everything one would want to know about fermenting vegetables including the chemical components, methods, how each method works, and what materials to work with P 0220

Published
2020

76. Cyberbiosecurity: A New Perspective on Protecting US Food and Agricultural System

Author

Duncan, Susan E., Reinhard, Robert, Williams, Robert C., Ramsey, A. Ford, Thomason, Wade E., Lee, Kiho, Dudek, Nancy, Mostaghimi, Saied, Colbert, Edward, Murch, Randall Steven, Agricultural and Applied Economics, Animal and Poultry Sciences, Biological Systems Engineering, Food Science and Technology, Hume Center for National Security and Technology, School of Public and International Affairs, and Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station

Subjects
cyber biosecurity, food, cyber security, bio economy, plant, animal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, biosecurity, agriculture
Abstract

Our national data and infrastructure security issues affecting the "bioeconomy" are evolving rapidly. Simultaneously, the conversation about cyber security of the U.S. food and agricultural system (cyber biosecurity) is incomplete and disjointed. The food and agricultural production sectors influence over 20% of the nation's economy ($ 6.7T) and 15% of U.S. employment (43.3M jobs). The food and agricultural sectors are immensely diverse and they require advanced technologies and efficiencies that rely on computer technologies, big data, cloud-based data storage, and internet accessibility. There is a critical need to safeguard the cyber biosecurity of our bio economy, but currently protections are minimal and do not broadly exist across the food and agricultural system. Using the food safetymanagement Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point systemconcept as an introductory point of reference, we identify important features in broad food and agricultural production and food systems: dairy, food animals, row crops, fruits and vegetables, and environmental resources (water). This analysis explores the relevant concepts of cyber biosecurity from food production to the end product user (such as the consumer) and considers the integration of diverse transportation, supplier, and retailer networks. We describe common challenges and unique barriers across these systems and recommend solutions to advance the role of cyber biosecurity in the food and agricultural sectors. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, VA Published version The authors acknowledge the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, VA for financial support for publishing this manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge Michael J. Stamper, Data Visualization Designer and lecturer at the University Libraries, Data Services at Virginia Tech, for his contributions to the figures.

Published
2019

77. Genetic admixture and gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans

Author

Tseng, Marilyn, Williams, Robert C., Maurer, Kurt R., Schanfield, Moses S., Knowler, William C., and Everhart, James E.

Subjects
Gallbladder diseases -- Genetic aspects, Mexican Americans -- Physiological aspects, Diseases -- Causes and theories of causation, Heredity -- Research, Anthropology/archeology/folklore
Abstract

Gallbladder disease is a common source of morbidity in the Mexican American population. Genetic heritage has been proposed as a possible contributor, but evidence for this is limited. Because gallbladder disease has been associated with Native American heritage, genetic admixture may serve as a useful proxy for genetic susceptibility to the disease in epidemiologic studies. The objective of our study was to examine the possibility that gallbladder disease is associated with greater Native American admixture in Mexican Americans. This study used data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and was based on 1,145 Mexican Americans who underwent gallbladder ultrasonography and provided usable phenotypic information. We used the GM and KM immunoglobulin antigen system to generate estimates of admixture proportions and compared these for individuals with and without gallbladder disease. Overall, the proportionate genetic contributions from European, Native American, and African ancestries in our sample were 0.575, 0.390, and 0.035, respectively. Admixture proportions did not differ between cases and noncases: Estimates of Native American admixture for the two groups were 0.359 and 0.396, respectively, but confidence intervals for estimates overlapped. This study found no evidence for the hypothesis that greater Native American admixture proportion is associated with higher prevalence of gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans. Reasons for the finding that Native American admixture proportions did not differ between cases and noncases are discussed. Improving our understanding of the measurement, use, and limitations of genetic admixture may increase its usefulness as an epidemiologic tool as well as its potential for contributing to our understanding of disease distributions across populations. KEY WORDS cholelithiasis; genetics; admixture; Mexican-American

Published
1998

78. Reviews

Author

O'Connor, Timothy E., Murphy, John W., Riser, John, Nemeth, Thomas, and Williams, Robert C.

Published
1995
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79. Reviews

Author

Williams, Robert C., Anellis, Irving H., and Seddon, Fred

Published
1994
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81. Worker Health, Hygiene, and Training to Satisfy the Requirements of the FSMA Produce Safety Rule

Author

Food Science and Technology, Strawn, Laura K., Williams, Robert C., Boyer, Renee R., Vermaak, Stuart, Food Science and Technology, Strawn, Laura K., Williams, Robert C., Boyer, Renee R., and Vermaak, Stuart

Abstract

The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Produce Safety Rule (PSR) establishes science-based minimum standards for the safe growing, harvesting, packing, and holding of produce on farms. Operations covered under the FSMA PSR must meet standards for worker training, health and hygiene. Produce operators (e.g., growers, packers) subject to the PSR will need to comply with the new worker health, hygiene and training requirements. The need for a training curriculum to assist produce operators who are covered under the FSMA PSR is needed for compliance. This training curriculum includes all required standards outlined in subpart D including visual representations of personal health and hygiene; as well as, content to confidently train farm and packinghouse workers. This training curriculum was presented to >20 Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE) agents and specialists in a train-the trainer model, who also evaluated the curriculum. As a result of the train-the trainer sessions, the curriculum has been refined by incorporation of VCE agent and specialist feedback, and is ready for use by stakeholders and extension educators nationwide. The training is currently available in English and Spanish, and is best taught using technology (e.g., Microsoft PowerPoint), but can be taught without technology (e.g., using printed aids). Overall, this curriculum will assist stakeholders in obtaining FSMA PSR compliance specific to subpart D in approximately <1 h, and can be taught directly by produce operators or through extension educators.

Published
2020

82. Reviews

Author

O'Connor, Timothy E., Davison, R. M., Riser, John, Williams, Robert C., Pereira, N. G. O., Murphy, John W., and Anellis, Irving H.

Published
1993
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86. Unusual HLA-B alleles in two tribes of Brazilian Indians

Author

Belich, Monica P., Madrigal, J. Alejandro, Hildebrand, William H., Zemmour, Jacqueline, Williams, Robert C., Lus, Roberto, Petzl-Erler, Maria Luiza, and Parham, Peter

Subjects
Guaranis (South American native people) -- Genetic aspects, South American native peoples -- Brazil, Human genetics -- Research, HLA histocompatibility antigens -- Genetic aspects, Genetic polymorphisms -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Published
1992

87. Native American mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that the Amerind and the Nadene populations were founded by two independent migrations

Author

Torroni, Antonio, Schurr, Theodore G., Yang, Chi-Chuan, Szathmary, Emoke J.E., Williams, Robert C., Schanfield, Moses S., Knowler, William C., Lawrence, Dale N., Weiss, Kenneth M., and Wallace, Douglas C.

Subjects
Mitochondrial DNA -- Analysis, Native Americans -- Genetic aspects, Population genetics -- Research, Human beings -- Migrations, Human evolution -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

A mitochondrial DNA analysis was conducted on the Amerind and Nadene populations of native American Indians. Detailed restriction pattern analysis revealed four distinct lineages constituting all native American populations. Each lineage could be identified by a particular mutation, which can be used as a genetic marker for these populations. Sequence divergence analysis also showed that the Amerind and the Nadene populations originated from separate founder populations, with the Amerind sequence data revealing an older lineage. The findings also revealed the possibility of a third source of mtDNA in American Indians.

Published
1992

89. Genetic variation in Arizona Mexican Americans: estimation and interpretation of admixture proportions

Author

Long, Jeffrey C., Williams, Robert C., McAuley, Joan E., Medis, Robin, Partel, Rosalinda, Tregellas, W. Michael, South, Susan F., Rea, Ann E., McCormick, Steven B., and Iwaniec, Urszula

Subjects
Arizona -- Demographic aspects, HLA histocompatibility antigens -- Research, Mexican Americans -- Genetic aspects, Human genetics -- Research, Ethnic groups -- Genetic aspects, Anthropology/archeology/folklore
Abstract

Mexican Americans are a numerous and fast growing ethnic population in the United States. Yet little is known about their genetic structure. Since they are a hybrid, it is of interest to identify their parental populations and to estimate the relative contributions of these groups. This information is relevant to historical, biomedica, and evolutionary concerns. New genetic typings on 730 Arizona Mexican Americans for the HLA-A, HLA-B, ABO, Rh, MNSs, Duffy, Kidd, and Kell loci are presented here and they are used to estimate ancestral contributions. We considered both a dihybrid model with Amerindians and Spaniards as proposed ancestors, and a trihybrid model with Amerindians, Spaniards, and Africans as proposed ancestors. A modified weighted least squares method that allows for linkage disequilibrium was used to estimate ancestral contributions for each mode. The following admixture estimates were obtained: Amerindian, 0.20 [+ or -] 0.04; Spaniard, 0.68 [+ or -] 0.06; and African, 0.03 [+ or -] 0.02. The interpretation of these results with respect to Amerindian and Spanish ancestry is straightforward. African ancestry is strongly supported by the presence of a marker of African descent, Fy, despite the fact that the standard error of the estimate is as large as the estimated admixture proportion. An evaluation of the sensitivity of these results to a number of variables is presented: 1) our choices of ancestral allele frequencies, 2) the possibility of selection at HLA and the blood groups, and 3) genetic drift in Mexican Americans.

Published
1991

91. Near-ideal molecule-based Haldane spin chain

Author

Williams, Robert C., primary, Blackmore, William J. A., additional, Curley, Samuel P. M., additional, Lees, Martin R., additional, Birnbaum, Serena M., additional, Singleton, John, additional, Huddart, Benjamin M., additional, Hicken, Thomas J., additional, Lancaster, Tom, additional, Blundell, Stephen J., additional, Xiao, Fan, additional, Ozarowski, Andrew, additional, Pratt, Francis L., additional, Voneshen, David J., additional, Guguchia, Zurab, additional, Baines, Christopher, additional, Schlueter, John A., additional, Villa, Danielle Y., additional, Manson, Jamie L., additional, and Goddard, Paul A., additional

Published
2020
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92. Functional and morphological stasis during molecular evolution

Author

Williams, Robert C.

Subjects
DNA -- Measurement, Chemical evolution -- Research, Mus -- Genetic aspects, Globulin -- Composition, Human genetics -- Research, Nucleotide sequence -- Research, Anthropology/archeology/folklore
Abstract

The evolutionary distance between two sets of proteins was estimated using the techniques of Miyata and Yasunaga (1980) and Kimura (1980). Human [[Beta.sub.2]]-microglobulin was compared with the homologous murine molecule, while human and equine [alpha]-globin were similarly treated. It was found that a large amount of molecular evolution has occurred in [[Beta.sub.2]]-microglobulin since its deivergence from the common ancestor of mice and humans. Kimura's estimate of evolutionary distance, K, is 0.353, while those of Miyata and Yasunaga are [K.sub.s] = 0.708 and [K.sub.A] = 0.171. The respective values for human and equine, [alpha]-globin are 0.152, 0.293, and 0.084. In spite of this molecular evolution, it is shown that murine [[Beta.sub.2]]-microglobulin can effect the expression of HLA class I antigens on the surface of human-mouse hybrid cells and that the tertiary structures of human and equine deoxyhemoglobin are nearly identical. These observations are discussed in the light of Kimura's theory of neutral ellalic drift.

Published
1990

93. Effect of Climate Policies on Labor Markets in Developing Countries : Review of the Evidence and Directions for Future Research

Author

Hafstead, Marc, Williams, Robert C., III, Golub, Alexander, Meijer, Siet, Narayanan, Badri G., Nyamweya, Kevin, and Steinbuks, Jevgenijs

Subjects
LABOR MARKET, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, CLIMATE CHANGE, EMPLOYMENT, CLIMATE POLICY
Abstract

This study surveys one of the critical welfare aspects of contemplating climate policies in developing countries and their potential effect on workers and labor markets. The existing body of evidence finds that climate policies will likely cause a significant reduction of jobs in fossil-fuel industries. These industries make up a relatively small share of total employment, even in fossil-fuel-intensive countries. Therefore, the effect on aggregate employment will likely be small, especially over the long term, since there will be offsetting gains in other industries. However, most of the literature ignores the key features of developing country labor markets and may significantly misrepresent the dynamics of labor market adjustment to climate policies.

Published
2018

98. Operational Amplifiers

Author

Wilkins, Charles L., Perone, Sam P., Klopfenstein, Charles E., Williams, Robert C., Jones, Donald E., Wilkins, Charles L., Perone, Sam P., Klopfenstein, Charles E., Williams, Robert C., and Jones, Donald E.

Published
1975
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99. Bibliography

Author

Wilkins, Charles L., Perone, Sam P., Klopfenstein, Charles E., Williams, Robert C., Jones, Donald E., Wilkins, Charles L., Perone, Sam P., Klopfenstein, Charles E., Williams, Robert C., and Jones, Donald E.

Published
1975
Full Text
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