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With the development of natural language processing and neural machine translation, the neural machine translation method of end-to-end (E2E) neural network model has gradually become the focus of research because of its high translation accuracy and strong semantics of translation. However, there are still problems such as limited vocabulary and low translation loyalty, etc. In this paper, the discriminant method and the Conditional Random Field (CRF) model were used to segment and label the stem and affixes of Mongolian in the preprocessing stage of Mongolian-Chinese bilingual corpus. Aiming at the low translation loyalty problem, a decoding model combining Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) was constructed. The target language decoding was performed by using the GRU. A global attention model was used to obtain the bilingual word alignment information in the process of bilingual word alignment processing. Finally, the quality of the translation was evaluated by Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) values and Perplexity (PPL) values. The improved model yields a BLEU value of 25.13 and a PPL value of − 3 8. 1. The experimental results show that the E2E Mongolian-Chinese neural machine translation model was improved in terms of translation quality and semantic confusion compared with traditional statistical methods and machine translation models based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria worldwide, it is needed to develop antibiotics-alternative strategies for the treatment of bacterial infections. This work develops a multifunctional single-component palladium nanosheet (PdNS) with broad-spectrum and highly effective bactericidal activity against MDR bacteria. PdNS exerts its endogenous nanoknife (mechanical cutting) effect and peroxidase-like activity independent of light. Under near-infrared region (NIR) light irradiation, PdNS exhibits photothermal effect to produce local heat and meanwhile possesses photodynamic effect to generate 1 O 2 ; notably, PdNS has catalase-like activity-dependent extra photodynamic effect upon H 2 O 2 addition. PdNS+H 2 O 2 +NIR employs a collectively synergistic mechanism of nanoknife effect, peroxidase/catalase-like catalytic activity, photothermal effect, and photodynamic effect for bacterial killing. PdNS+H 2 O 2 +NIR causes compensatory elevated phospholipid biosynthesis, disordered energy metabolism, increased cellular ROS levels and excessive oxidative stress, and inhibited nucleic acid synthesis in bacteria. In mice, PdNS+H 2 O 2 +NIR gives >92.7% bactericidal rates at infected wounds and almost the full recovery of infected wounds, and it leads to extensive down-regulation of proinflammatory pathways and comprehensive up-regulation of wound healing pathways, conferring elevated inflammation resolution and meanwhile accelerated wound repair. PdNS+H 2 O 2 +NIR represents a highly efficient nanoplatform for photoenhanced treatment of superficial infections., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

To investigate the effects of the combined addition of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and sucrose on the fermentation weight loss (FWL), fermentation quality, and microbial community structure of ensiled rape straw under varying packing density conditions. After harvesting, the rapeseed straw was collected, cut into 1-2 cm pieces, and sprayed with sterile water to adjust the moisture content to 60%. The straw was then divided into two groups: one treated with additives (1 × 10 5 CFU/g fresh material of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and 10 kg/t fresh material of sucrose), and the other sprayed with an equivalent amount of sterile water as the control (CK). The treated materials were thoroughly mixed and packed into silos at densities of 450, 500, and 550 kg/m 3 . FWL was recorded on days 1, 3, 6, 15, 20, and 45 of fermentation. On day 45, the samples were analyzed for fermentation quality, microbial counts, and microbial diversity. FWL increased significantly ( p < 0.05) in both the treated (LS) and control groups during fermentation. The LS group showed higher lactic acid (LA) levels ( p < 0.05) and lower ammonia nitrogen levels ( p < 0.05) compared to CK. The CK group had significantly higher ( p < 0.05) counts of Coliforms and lower bacterial counts ( p < 0.05) than LS. The dominant genera in the silage were Xanthomonas , Lactiplantibacillus plantarum , and Lentilactobacillus . In the LS group, the relative abundances of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus ranged from 16.93% to 20.43% and 15.63% to 27.46%, respectively, with their combined abundance being higher than in CK. At a packing density of 500 kg/m 3 , the relative abundances of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus in the LS group were significantly higher ( p < 0.05) than in CK. Increasing packing density and applying additives to rape straw silage effectively reduced FWL, improved fermentation quality, boosted the relative abundance of beneficial lactic acid bacteria, and decreased the presence of undesirable bacteria such as Enterobacter and Bacillus .

Although advances in protein assembly preparation have provided a new platform for drug delivery during tissue engineering, achieving long-term controlled exosome delivery remains a significant challenge. Diffusion-dominated exosome release using protein hydrogels results in burst release of exosomes. Here, a fibroin-based cryo-sponge was developed to provide controlled exosome release. Fibroin chains can self-assemble into silk I structures under ice-cold conditions when annealed above the glass transition temperature. Exosome release is enzyme-responsive, with rates primarily determined by enzymatic degradation of the scaffolds. In vivo experiments have demonstrated that exosomes remain in undigested sponge material for two months, superior to their retention in fibrin glue, a commonly used biomaterial in clinical practice. Fibroin cryo-sponges were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. The exosome-containing sponge group exhibited better neovascularization and tissue ingrowth effects, demonstrating the efficacy of this exosome-encapsulating strategy by realizing sustained release and maintaining exosome bioactivity. These silk fibroin cryo-sponges containing exosomes provide a new platform for future studies of exosome therapy., (© 2021 The Authors.)

Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural polymer with low immunogenicity and good biocompatibility. However, most silk-based hydrogels formed through chemical or physical cross-linking are brittle, the preparation of which also inevitably introduces cytotoxic cross-linking agents. Herein, a simple strategy is presented for synthesizing SF hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties by combining γ-ray radiation with ethanol treatment. Neither toxic initiators nor chemical agents are utilized during the whole preparation procedure. For "soft" hydrogels, the compressive moduli are less than 29 kPa (SF-S hydrogels), while for "tough" hydrogels, the compressive moduli are between 1.21 and 2.41 MPa (SF-D hydrogels). Specifically, γ-ray radiation makes SF form uniform and stable chemical cross-linking sites within and between molecular chains, resulting in "soft" and highly elastic SF hydrogels. The physical cross-linking via ethanol treatment leads to the self-assembly of fibroin chains, transforming those soft hydrogels to tough hydrogels. These double cross-linked SF hydrogels (SF-D hydrogels) exhibit excellent mechanical strength. Effects of various cross-linking conditions on the secondary structure, pore structure, mechanical properties, gelation degree, swelling, and in vitro degradation properties are explored. A series of cell experiments demonstrate that the SF hydrogels with different mechanical strength can stimulate the expression of specific genes of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in various differentiation directions. These results also show the application prospects in tissue engineering by customizing hydrogels for the mechanical strength of different tissues.