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Gene expression has inherent stochasticity resulting from transcription's burst manners. Single-cell snapshot data can be exploited to rigorously infer transcriptional burst kinetics, using mathematical models as blueprints. The classical telegraph model (CTM) has been widely used to explain transcriptional bursting with Markovian assumptions. However, growing evidence suggests that the gene-state dwell times are generally non-exponential, as gene-state switching is a multi-step process in organisms. Therefore, interpretable non-Markovian mathematical models and efficient statistical inference methods are urgently required in investigating transcriptional burst kinetics. We develop an interpretable and tractable model, the generalized telegraph model (GTM), to characterize transcriptional bursting that allows arbitrary dwell-time distributions, rather than exponential distributions, to be incorporated into the ON and OFF switching process. Based on the GTM, we propose an inference method for transcriptional bursting kinetics using an approximate Bayesian computation framework. This method demonstrates an efficient and scalable estimation of burst frequency and burst size on synthetic data. Further, the application of inference to genome-wide data from mouse embryonic fibroblasts reveals that GTM would estimate lower burst frequency and higher burst size than those estimated by CTM. In conclusion, the GTM and the corresponding inference method are effective tools to infer dynamic transcriptional bursting from static single-cell snapshot data.

The construction of water conservancy projects not only brings benefits such as flood control and disaster reduction but also has many effects on the habitat and reproduction of local aquatic organisms. Taking the reach from Xuzhuang Station to Gaocun Station in the lower Yellow River as an example, this paper discusses the effect of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir on the habitat of Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio). By constructing a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, coupled with a habitat suitability model of the spawning ground of Yellow River carp, the weighted usable area (WUA) of the Yellow River carp habitat was calculated, and the spatial distribution of the habitat suitability index (HSI) in the reach was analyzed to evaluate habitat quality before and after the construction of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. The results showed that the Xiaolangdi Reservoir had a negative effect on the habitat of Yellow River carp, resulting in the reduction of the spatial distribution of HSI, a decrease in WUA by 45.53%, and a decrease in habitat quality. The construction of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir reduced or even eliminated flow pulses in the downstream reach, but had little effect on the suitability index of water depth and velocity. However, the suitability index of water level rise was significantly reduced, which is not conducive to the spawning activities of aquatic organisms and has a negative effect on habitat. The results of this study will provide a reference for ecological restoration in this region.

As an important oil and gas-bearing area in the Tarim Basin, the Halahatang Area has great potential for resource exploration. However, the research on oil and gas sources and the filling period of the Lower Paleozoic Ordovician is still limited. In this study, the organic geochemical analysis of source rocks, the simulation technology of hydrocarbon generation evolution basin, the distribution characteristics of fluid inclusions, and the measurement of uniform temperature are used and combined with the stable isotope of natural gas and the characteristics of oil-source biomarkers, and the process of oil and gas accumulation is restored. The results show that: ①The Cambrian source rock is the main contributor to Ordovician crude oil in the Halahatang Area, and its crude oil shows the characteristics of lightweight, rich chain hydrocarbons, and poor aromatic hydrocarbons. The composition of C7 compound shows the advantage of n-heptane, which belongs to type I kerogen. The biomarker compounds show the characteristics of high content of long-chain tricyclic terpane and high Ts/Tm values, and the crude oil is considered to be a highly mature sapropelic kerogen source oil. ②The carbon isotopes of methane and ethane of Ordovician natural gas in the Halahatang Area are light (from −35.6 to −29.5‰), showing obvious characteristics of sapropelic gas. ③There are three stages of the oil and gas accumulation process in Ordovician reservoirs in the Halahatang Area. In the middle and late Caledonian periods, the source rock reached the hydrocarbon generation threshold and began to generate oil. The late Hercynian period was the main accumulation period, and the Himalayan period was dominated by dry gas filling. ④The crude oil generated in the Middle-Late Caledonian periods migrated along the faults and conductive layers and finally accumulated in the high parts of the structure in the north. The migration of oil and gas in the late Hercynian period was limited by the bitumen produced by early biodegradation. Since the asphalt plugging condensate gas has almost failed to cause gas invasion from the reservoir, the Ordovician reservoir still maintains the characteristics of crude oil-associated gas, forming an oil and gas reservoir with a gas cap.

The evaluation of reservoirs is of great importance in exploration practices, and reservoir distribution is dependent on multiple geological factors. The carbonate platform of the fourth member (Z2dn4) of the Dengying Formation (Z2dn) in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area (GMA) was uplifted above sea level during episode II of the Tongwan movement and underwent prolonged karstification by meteoric freshwater in the terminal Sinian, leading to a strong heterogeneity in reservoirs. Paleogeomorphology reflects hydraulic gradients that can affect the intensities of surface karstification and may be approximated by terrain slope gradients. Karst products (especially solution vugs and caverns) exist prevailingly in the Z2dn4; their development mirrors the extents of internal dissolution. Based on paleogeomorphological reconstruction using the elevation method, the slope angles of single boreholes were calculated through the digital elevation model (DEM). In accordance with single-borewell Fullbore Formation MicroImager (FMI) logging data, four electrofacies (host rock, vug, fracture, and cave) were identified in boreholes possessing FMI data. The identified electrofacies were matched with corresponding conventional logging curves to obtain the training data. A model generalized for other boreholes without FMI data was established with the random forest algorithm and the thicknesses of the four electrofacies in each borehole were determined to characterize the extent of karstification. Slope gradients and electrofacies thicknesses, together with multiple physical parameters of reservoirs in boreholes, were utilized for factor analysis. Four factors were obtained and fused into one comprehensive score based on their ratios of variance proportions. The favorability of reservoirs was described by the comprehensive scores of each borehole. These analyses showed that the most advantageous reservoirs are distributed in the vicinity of the platform margin in the west of the GMA, where they enjoy several benefits. Deposition of porous mound-shoal complexes occurs predominantly in the platform margin where large-scale caves are more developed in the mixing karst zone of seawater and freshwater. Meanwhile, the transmeridional lateral migration of hydrocarbons from the regional hydrocarbon-generating center abutting the west of the GMA contributes to earlier entrapment and accumulation in the mound-shoal complexes in the platform margin.