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The velocity sensitivity effect of coalbed methane would be directly affected to the gas production effect of coalbed methane well. In development process of the well, the variation of fine coal production content would be presented in a certain degree. Based on the division of the "five stage and three pressure" in the coalbed methane development, the paper analyzed the production tendency and fine coal production quantity variation of over 70 wells within Fanzhuang Block of Qinshui Basin and discussed the response features between the velocity sensitivity effect of coal reservoir and coalbed methane well production capacity. The results showed that the velocity sensitivity effect during the water drainage period was mainly affected by the dropping rate of the dynamic liquid level. When the dynamic liquid level initially dropped to the location near the seam, there would be a high fine coal occurred period. In the gas and water phase flow stage, the fine coal settling rate would be faster than the water drainage stage and the migration distance would be relatively shorter. In the stable production period, the gas flow would cause the fine coal in vibration locally, the velocity sensitivity influence effect would be weak generally and coal matrix shrinking would increase seam permeability improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) on sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Methods The MRI findings of 21 patients with clinically proved probable sCJD were analyzed retrospectively and the characteristics were summarized especially in DWI. Results 1) All 21 cases of sCJD were shown abnormal in DWI, which appeared as linear hyperintensity signals in cerebral cortex and patchy hyperintensity in caudate nucleus and (or) lenticular nucleus. 2) The abnormal signals were most commonly seen in cerebral cortex accompanied with the basal ganglia (16 cases, 76.19%). Besides, there were 3 cases of cortex involvement (14.29%) and 2 cases of basal ganglia involvement (9.52% ). Among the lesions in cerebral cortex, the frontal and parietal lobes were affected more commonly (15 cases, 78.95%, 13 cases, 68.42%) than the temporal and occipital lobes (12 cases, 63.16%, 9 cases, 47.37%). 3) DWI was superior to T1WI, T2WI and FLAIR imaging sequences. The abnormal signals in DWI were accompanied by decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. 4) During the follow-up in 5 patients, the range and intensity of high signal changed in DWI, and only one case presented reduced range of abnormal signal. Conclusions sCJD manifests characteristic changes on DWI, which should be suggested as an essential tool for diagnosing sCJD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the structural changes of cerebral gray and white matter in patients with semantic dementia (SD), and to promote the knowledge of its pathological changes and mechanisms. Methods Sixteen SD patients and 17 normal controls were scanned with a 3.0T MR scanner and the whole brain three-dimensional high-resolution structural images and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) images were acquired. The gray matter density and fractional anisotropy (FA) values of white matter fiber tracts were analyzed by professional statistical softwares or packages respectively. The statistical analysis of gray matter density and FA values between 2 groups were processed by two sample t test, and the statistical threshold were set as P < 0.001, Voxel > 338 and P < 0.001, Voxel > 103 respectively. Results Compared with the healthy controls, SD patients appeared significantly reduced gray matter density in bilateral temporal lobes, particularly in temporal pole. In addition, SD group showed more areas with grey matter loss in the left cerebral hemisphere, including the left inferior temporal gyrus, left supramarginal gyrus, left inferior parietal gyrus and left middle frontal gyrus. SD group also showed an obviously lower FA value in bilateral white matters of temporal lobe, including bilateral uncinate fasciculus, left cingulum (hippocampus) and bilateral fronto-occipital fasciculus. The abnormal areas of gray matter and white matter showed a high consistency in their anatomical connection. Conclusions The study helps to reveal the pathological and anatomical basis of semantic dementia, and provides objective evidence for understanding the pathogenesis of semantic dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rehmannia glutinosa, a traditional Chinese medicine herb, is unable to grow normally in a soil where the same species has recently been cultivated. The biological basis of this so called “replanting disease” is unknown, but it may involve the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are known to be important regulators of plant growth and development. High throughput Solexa/Illumina sequencing was used to generate a transcript library of the R. glutinosa transcriptome and degradome in order to identify possible miRNAs and their targets implicated in the replanting disease. A total of 87,665 unigenes and 589 miRNA families (17 of which have not been identified in plants to date) was identified from the libraries made from a first year (FP) and a second year (SP) crop. A comparison between the FP and SP miRNAs showed that the abundance of eight of the novel and 295 of the known miRNA families differed between the FP and SP plants. Sequencing of the degradome sampled from FP and SP plants led to the identification of 165 transcript targets of 85 of the differentially abundant miRNA families. The interaction of some of these miRNAs with their target(s) is likely to form an important part of the molecular basis of the replanting disease of R. glutinosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) technique was adopted to study the dynamic changes of bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil of continuously cropped Rehmannia glutinosa L. The results showed that the Shannon diversity index, Margalef index, and similarity index of bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil all decreased in the order of control > one-year cropping > two-year continuous cropping. Under continuous cropping, the proportion of dominant bacterial species declined obviously. In one-year cropping soil, the class Bacilli of phylum Firmicute dominated the bacteria community; while in two-year continuous cropping soil, the class Epsilonproteobacteria of phylum Proteobacteria became dominant. Continuous cropping of R. glutinosa decreased the bacteria species, and simplified the bacterial community structure. The changes of bacterial community diversity under continuous cropping of R. glutinosa led to the disorder of the functions of bacterial community, and thereby, the destruction of the ecological balance in rhizosphere soil, which might be one of reasons causing the obstacles of continuous cropping of R. glutinosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• RgPALs involve in some phenolic biosynthesis of R. glutinosa. • RgPAL overexpression increases allelopathic phenolic release in R. glutinosa roots. • RgPALs activate the phenolic/phenylpropanoid pathway. • RgPAL overexpression might promote the replanting disease development. Rehmannia glutinosa production is affected by the replanting disease, which involves autotoxic harm mediated by specific endogenous allelochemicals in root exudates. Many phenolics that act as allelochemical agents are mostly phenylpropanoid products of secondary metabolism in plants. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first enzyme that catalyses the deamination of l -phenylalanine for entrance into the phenylpropanoid pathway. PAL family genes have been isolated and functionally characterized in many plant species. However, PAL family genes involved in phenolic biosynthesis remain largely uncharacterized in R. glutinosa. Here, we identified and characterized four PAL family genes (RgPAL2 to RgPAL5) in the species whose sequences exhibited highly conserved domains of PALs according to in silico analysis, implying their potential function in phenolic biosynthesis. Overexpression of RgPALs in R. glutinosa enhanced phenolic production, verifying that RgPAL family genes participate in phenolic biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, we found that the release of several allelopathic phenolics from the roots of RgPAL -overexpressing transgenic R. glutinosa increased, implying that the RgPAL s positively promote their release. Importantly, under continuous monoculture stress, we found that the RgPAL transgenic plants exhibited more significant autotoxic harm than did non-transgenic (WT) plants by activating the phenolics/phenylpropanoid pathway, indicating that RgPAL family genes function as positive regulators of the replanting disease development in R. glutinosa. This study revealed that RgPAL family genes are involved in the biosynthesis and release of several phenolics and positively control the replanting disease development in R. glutinosa , laying a foundation for further clarification of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of Rehmannia glutinosa which as a large quantity of traditional Chinese medicine is significant. However, the land must be given up after one season of R. glutinosa cultivation or replanted after a period of 8-10 years because of the severe continuous cropping obstacles. MicroRNAs is a class of endogenous non-coding small RNAs, which participate in regulation of physiological activities by target mRNA cleavage or translational repression in plants. In recent years,studies on the role of miRNAs in plants have made significant progresses,especially in medicinal plants．MiRNAs from some different medicinal plant species have been identified with regulatory effects．When plants are exposed to environmental stress, miRNAs act on stress-related genes and initiate stress-resistance mechanisms in the body against adverse factors. R. glutinosa is also a kind of environmental stress. It is conducive to deciphering the molecular mechanism of continuous cropping obstacles for us by researching miRNAs. This article reviews the production of miRNAs, mechanism, research approaches and characteristics of resisting the environmental stresses in plants, the development trends and future prospect of R. glutinosa miRNAs research., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Although consecutive monoculture problems have been studied for many years, no effective treatments are currently available. The complexity of systems triggered the formation of consecutive monoculture problems was one major cause. This paper elaborated the physiological and ecological mechanisms of consecutive monoculture problem formation based on the interaction relationship among multiple factors presented in the rhizosphere soil of consecutive monoculture plants. At same time, in this paper the multiple interactions among cultivated medicinal plants, autotoxic allelochemicals and rhizosphere microbial were proposed to be most important causes that derived the formation of consecutive monoculture problem. The paper also highlighted the advantage of 'omics' technologies integrating plant functional genomics and metabolomics as well as microbial macro-omics in understanding the multiple factor interaction under a particular ecological environment. Additionally, taking R. glutinosa as an example, the paper reviewed the molecular mechanism for the formation of R. glutinosa consecutive monoculture problem from the perspective of the accumulation of allelopathic autotoxins, the rhizosphere microecology catastrophe and theresponding of consecutive monoculture plants. Simultaneously, the roles of mutilple 'omics' technologies in comprehending these formation mechanism were described in detail. This paper provides finally a new insight to solve systematically the mechanism of consecutive monoculture problem formation on molecular level., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Aim: To investigate effects of perirenal space blocking (PSB) on gastrointestinal function in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP)., Methods: Forty patients with SAP were randomly allocated to receive PSB or no PSB (NPSB). All the SAP patients received specialized medical therapy (SMT). Patients in the PSB group received PSB + SMT when hospitalized and after diagnosis, whereas patients in the NPSB group only received SMT. A modified gastrointestinal failure (GIF) scoring system was used to assess the gastrointestinal function in SAP patients after admission. Pain severity (visual analog scale, 0 to 100) was monitored every 24 h for 72 h., Results: Modified GIF score decreased in both groups during the 10-d study period. The median score decrease was initially significantly greater in the PSB group than in the NPSB group after PSB was performed. During the 72-h study period, pain intensity decreased in both groups. The median pain decrease was significantly greater in the PSB group than in the NPSB group at single time points. Patients in the PSB group had significantly lower incidences of hospital mortality, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and pancreatic infection, and stayed in the intensive care unit for a shorter duration. However, no difference in terms of operation incidence was found between the two groups., Conclusion: PSB could ameliorate gastrointestinal dysfunction or failure during the early stage of SAP. Moreover, PSB administration could improve prognosis and decrease the mortality of SAP patients.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of pediatric hemophilia in single center over the decade., Methods: A retrospective study was conducted with 520 hemophilic children hospitalized in our medical center between January 2002 and December 2012., Results: All the patients were male including 438 hemophilia A (HA) and 82 hemophilia B (HB). There were significant differences in APTT between severe and mild- to moderate hemophilia (P<0.05). In pediatric HA and HB, delay time of diagnosis were 1.42 and 1.17 year, respectively. Children of 7-12 years were the largest population of visiting a doctor, and the spontaneous bleeding episode was the main cause. The most common hemorrhage site was soft tissue in early childhood, but joint was increasingly affected with age as children growth. All bleeding sites and frequencies were not associated with plasma factor level of patient (P>0.05). Knee and anKle were mainly involved in early child, while elbow and shoulder were involved increasingly in later childhood. Additionally, in HA and HB, inhibitor occurrence were 8.9%(19/214) and 12.8%(5/39), inducing 78.9%(15/19) and 40.0%(2/5) of high titer inhalator, and antiHCV-positive rate were 2.8%(11/397) and 2.5%(2/79), respectively., Conclusion: Our data highlights that delay in diagnosis and blood-borne infections were significantly reduced over the decade, but the development of inhibitor still remains a major challenge with wide-scale usage of factor in replacement therapy.

Objective: Based on previous study, authors used the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique to construct the forward and reverse subtractive cDNA libraries of consecutive monoulture Rehmannia glutinosa. Five genes related with consecutive monoculture problem of R. glutinosa were chosen from the each of two subtractive libraries. And their spatiotemporal expression was measured in order to explore the functions in consecutive monoculture problem of R. glutinosa., Method: Using the real-time quantitative PCR, we tested the relative expression values of the genes in different development stages and tissues of normal growth (one-year culturing) and consecutive monoculture (two-year culturing) R. glutinosa., Result: The five genes (calcium-dependent protein kinase, s-adenosyl-methionine synthetase, Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, methyltransferase, calpain), which were chosen from the forward library had high expression in consecutive monoculture R. glutinosa, especially in root, and were hardly expression in normal growth R. glutinosa. On the contrary, the other five genes (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA replicase, DNA-directed RNA polymerase IIa, cyclin D, RNA binding protein) chosen from the reverse library had high expression in one-year R. glutinosa, but were down regulated or shut down in consecutive monoculture R. glutinosa., Conclusion: The key genes, which regulate inessential metabolism parthway (such as cyclin D, DNA-directed RNA polymerase IIa), were restrained or shut down in consecutive monoculture R. glutinosa. Calcium and ethylene signaling might played key roles in the formation of consecutive monoculture problem, resulting in disturbing normal metabolic process and syndrome of disease in R. glutinosa appeared in turn.

Objective: To better understand the acquired factor V (FV) inhibitors., Methods: The clinical features, laboratory manifestations, treatment options and prognosis of 3 cases were reported and related literature were reviewed., Results: All the 3 patients were older than 50 years without family history and related disease. Their clinical manifestations included spontaneously mucous bleeding, hematuria, epistaxis and encephalic bleeding. Laboratory test showed prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The FV levels decreased and the presence of FV inhibitor was confirmed by Bethesda method. All patients were treated with glucocorticoid and immunosuppressive agents. The haemorrhages of two patients stopped but their coagulation test and FV level recovered slowly. One patient died from encephalic bleeding., Conclusions: Acquired FV inhibitor is a rare coagulation disorder with variable clinical symptoms. Immunosuppressive agents are effective to eliminate the inhibitors. The prognosis of acquired FV inhibitors seemed to be strictly related to the basic disease.

In this paper, T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) technique was adopted to study the dynamic changes of bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil of continuously cropped Rehmannia glutinosa L. The results showed that the Shannon diversity index, Margalef index, and similarity index of bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil all decreased in the order of control > one-year cropping > two-year continuous cropping. Under continuous cropping, the proportion of dominant bacterial species declined obviously. In one-year cropping soil, the class Bacilli of phylum Firmicute dominated the bacteria community; while in two-year continuous cropping soil, the class Epsilonproteobacteria of phylum Proteobacteria became dominant. Continuous cropping of R. glutinosa decreased the bacteria species, and simplified the bacterial community structure. The changes of bacterial community diversity under continuous cropping of R. glutinosa led to the disorder of the functions of bacterial community, and thereby, the destruction of the ecological balance in rhizosphere soil, which might be one of reasons causing the obstacles of continuous cropping of R. glutinosa.

'Bright Yellow 2' ('BY-2') tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) suspension cells could not proliferate even with proper 2, 4-D concentration (0.6 mg/L) in the medium, when the initial cell density is low. However, the cells could divide and grow normally if conditioned medium (CM) was added to the medium, and the rate of proliferation of cells was proportional to the quantities of CM supplied. The same results were obtained, when the CM was replaced by synthesized phytosulfokine-alpha (PSK-alpha), a sulfated pentapeptide, PSK-alpha was found in CM of 'BY-2' cells by MS identification. From the significant linear relationship between rate of cell proliferation (measured by OD600 value) and concentrations (0.05 nmol/L-10 micromol/L) of PSK-alpha, it can be seen that the 'BY-2' suspended cells are the ideal plant material for bioassay of PSK-alpha. This result suggests that the PSK-alpha might be involved in promoting the proliferation of 'BY-2' suspension cells.

Objective: To investigate the functional activation patterns during two types of visual search tasks in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with functional MRI, and probe the neuro-anatomic basis of visual attention., Methods: 13 patients with AD and 13 sex and age-matched healthy subjects participated in the experiment designed with two visual search tasks. The first was a "pop-out" single feature task, detecting a vertical target among horizontal distractors, and the second was a conjunction task where the target was defined by conjunction of feature (color and orientation) and the performance depended on some shifting of attention. The fMRI data were collected by Siemens 1.5 T Sonata magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system and analyzed by Statistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM 99) to generate the activation map., Results: AD patients had a particular impairment in the conjunction task but not in the single-feature task. Although both groups revealed overlapping networks engaged in the conjunction tasks including the superior parietal lobule (SPL), frontal and occipitotemporal cortical regions (OTC), primary visual cortex and some subcortical structures, the most pronounced difference between them was found in bilateral SPL (more activities in the controls) and right OTC (more activities in the patients). The difference between the 2 groups was small in the pop-out condition., Conclusion: AD particularly affects those mechanisms controlling spatial shifts of attention. Some additional remote activation (ventral visual stream and temporal lobe) can be interpreted as dynamic reallocating of brain functional resource.

Objective: To explore mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis G virus (HGV) co-infection and the influence factors., Methods: Antihepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) and anti-hepatitis G virus (anti-HGV) antibodies were detected by third generation enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HCV RNA and HGV RNA were detected by fluorogenic quantitative-PCR (FQ-PCR)., Results: Totally 4506 common pregnant women were tested positive of serum anti-HCV. In these women, 878 were detected of serum anti-HGV, and 10 of them were found with both HCV RNA and HGV RNA positivities. In their 11 infants, two were positive for HCV RNA, and two were positive for HGV RNA. In these 4 infected infants, three were delivered by birth canal, one was delivered by cesarean section. All four were fed by breast-feeding. Three mother's ALTs were abnormally high before delivery., Conclusions: Hepatitis C and G virus co-infection does not increase the rate of mother-to-infant transmission. Birth canal delivery, breast-feeding and high alanine aminotransferase before delivery are high risk factors for mother-to-infant transmission of HCV and HGV co-infection.