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Abstract In this work, a freestanding layer-structure Se cathode, composed of alternant barrier layers and active layers, is synthesized via a facile syringe-filtration strategy. With employing the barrier layers simultaneously acting as polyselenide-interception barriers and as highly conductive current collectors, the active layers with 3D porous architecture are endowed with strong polyselenide-trapping capability and fast redox-conversion capability. Such novel Se cathode readily achieves a high Se loading up to 13.5 mg cm−2. The optimized Se cathode with a high Se loading of 4.5 mg cm−2 exhibits high specific capacity/areal capacity (794 mA h g−1/3.6 mA h cm−2), excellent cycling stability (508 mA h g−1@300 cycles), and remarkable rate capability (389 mA h g−1@800 mA g−1), which is superior to conventional Se cathodes. Graphical abstract A rationally designed freestanding layer-structure Se cathode configuration constructed with alternant active layers and barrier layers has been synthesized via a facile syringe-filtration method. Such freestanding layer-structure Se cathode handily increases Se loading as well as efficiently prevents the polyselenide diffusion, which is highly expected to pave the way for the practical implementation of high energy-density Li-Se batteries. Unlabelled Image Highlights • Freestanding layer-structure Se cathode is prepared by syringe-filtration method. • Freestanding layer-structure Se cathode has a high Se loading up to 13.5 mg cm−2. • Barrier layers play roles in confining polyselenide and reducing cell polarization. • Active layers exhibit enhanced polyselenide-trapping capability. • Freestanding layer-structure Se cathode shows high areal capacity of 3.6 mA h cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is shown to enable thick coatings for battery applications. • LiFePO 4 cathodes, filler, and binder are simultaneously coated onto 3-D current collectors. • The use of solvents, such as ethanol, with EPD overcomes limitations of NMP processing. • High areal loadings of 20 mg/cm2 with stable capacity are demonstrated using this approach. Abstract Three-dimensional (3-D) current collectors in lithium-ion batteries with high areal loading of cathode materials enables reduced packaging weight and cost compared to planar current collector materials. Here, we demonstrate the use of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) as a route to prepare thick cathode assembles in 3-D scaffolds using LiFePO 4 with areal loadings measured from 2 mg/cm2 and up to 20 mg/cm2 in conductive carbon cloth materials. Our findings demonstrate the LiFePO 4 cathodes with areal capacity up to ∼2.4 mAh/cm2 and minimal decay (<0.11%) per cycle. This emphasizes EPD as both a technique to overcome the limitations of conventional manufacturing approaches in scaling to 3-D collector architectures for improved cell-level energy density, but also a route to transition away from costly NMP processing toward cheaper, less toxic solvents, such as ethanol as is demonstrated in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new interlayer concept for the realization of high‐energy‐density LiS batteries. Disordered mesoporous carbons replicated by silica nanoparticles were partially filled with sulfur via a melt‐diffusion method. Sulfur‐impregnated disordered mesoporous carbon (DMC‐S) composites were used as an interlayer between a cathode and anode to provide additional active materials for a LiS cell. The LiS cell with the DMC‐S interlayer exhibited an approximately two‐fold increase in areal capacity compared with the control cell without an interlayer. DMC‐S composites offer the unique advantage of acting as a porous framework to accommodate active materials and suppress polysulfide diffusion. We propose that this new approach provides a viable path for the development of LiS batteries with a high‐energy density and excellent cycling stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐cost and scalable processes to fabricate Si‐based anodes with high areal capacity and excellent cycling performance remain a challenge, thereby limiting their widespread application. Herein, we report Si nanoparticles@conductive carbon framework@polymer (Si@C@P) composite electrodes, in which Si nanoparticles are homogeneously immobilized within a three‐dimensional network of conductive carbon nanofibers bound by a high‐viscosity polymer. When used as anodes for lithium‐ion batteries, the obtained Si@C@P composite electrodes deliver an initial coulombic efficiency of 83.5 % and an areal capacity of 2.0 mAh cm−2 (1152 mAh gelectrode-1), with a capacity retention about 0.8 mAh cm−2 (466 mAh gelectrode-1) after 150 discharge–charge cycles at 0.1 C. This work provides a low‐cost route for the large‐scale manufacture of Si‐based anodes with high areal capacity, which may be very significant for the development of lithium‐ion batteries with high energy density. Battery confinement: During the process of lithiation, the electrode structure can be well maintained, because the well dispersed Si nanoparticles swell within the three‐dimensional cross‐linked framework of the carbon nanofibers (CNFs). During the process of delithiation, the Si nanoparticles shrink in situ within the CNF framework. Importantly, only when Si and CNF are formed in the well‐balanced structure can the volumetric expansion of Si particles during alloying be accommodated and the interparticle electrical contact be maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, we successfully synthesize a self-supported Na 0.7 CoO 2 nanosheet arrays via the facile “sodiation and post-calcination” method. Different from the traditional high temperature solid-state technique, this facile strategy can easily maintain the novel construction of the precursor. A mass loading as high as 8 mg cm −2 is achieved for the Na 0.7 CoO 2 electrode with an initial capacity of 145.2 mAh g −1 at 1 C. Most importantly, the corresponding areal capacity for the Na 0.7 CoO 2 electrode is calculated to be 1.16 mAh cm −2 . This superb areal capacity is higher than that of the previously reported cathode materials. This special “sodiation and post-calcination” protocol mentioned in this article guarantees the high mass loading of Na 0.7 CoO 2 on Ni foam, providing a straightforward direction for engineering high-areal-capacity cathode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum nitride (MoN x ) was directly grown on 3-dimensional Ni-foam (NF) at relatively low temperature of 250 °C by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and then tested as an electrode for charge storage. The successful formation of MoN x @NF composite was confirmed by several characterization techniques. The scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed the extremely uniform and conformal coating of the MoN x on NF. The presence of NF influenced the redox-reactions in the composite and established the composite as a potential electrode for efficient charge-storage. High areal capacity (geometrical) of 130 mC/cm 2 was achieved at a current density of 2 mA/cm 2 . The excellent cyclic stability reflected the conducting nature of the composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essential key to enhance the redox chemistry of battery-type materials is to construct rational design of nanoarchitectures with high electrochemical activity. Herein, we reported a hierarchical composite consisting of bilayered nickel hydroxide carbonate nanoplates-decorated nanoflowers on nickel foam (NHC NPs@NFs/Ni foam) via a facile homogeneous precipitation method for use as an effective cathode in hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs). Under controlled growth time (4 h), the bilayered NHC NPs@NFs with hierarchical alignment were spontaneously crystallized on Ni foam. The as-preapared hybrid structure greatly enhanced the electroactive surface area and enabled the rapid redox chemistry in alkaline electrolyte. Notably, the hybrid NHC NPs@NFs/Ni foam delivered a maximum areal capacity of 727.4 μAh/cm 2 at 2 mA/cm 2 and it is relatively higher than its oxide form (76.6 μAh/cm 2 ) in a three-electrode system. Also, a pouch-type HSC with bilayered NHC NPs@NFs/Ni foam and porous carbon electrodes was fabricated, which demonstrated superior energy storage performance in terms of capacitance (1445.8 mF/cm 2 ), energy density (0.506 mWh/cm 2 ), power density (35.675 mW/cm 2 ) and cycling stability (89.4%). Furthermore, the self-charging power station consisting of a solar cell for energy conversion and the HSCs for energy storage was also assembled to operate the portable electronic displays and wall clock effectively for long time. This facile approach for the cost-effective fabrication of hierarchically designed nanomaterials paves a path for the development of high-performance hybrid supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) hybridized with a conductive matrix could potentially serve as a sulfur host for lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) battery electrodes; so far most of the previously studied hybrid structures are in the powder form or thin compact films. This study reports 3D porous MOF@carbon nanotube (CNT) networks by grafting MOFs with tailored particle size uniformly throughout a CNT sponge skeleton. Growing larger‐size MOF particles to entrap the conductive CNT network yields a mutually embedded structure with high stability, and after sulfur encapsulation, it shows an initial discharge capacity of ≈1380 mA h g−1 (at 0.1 C) and excellent cycling stability with a very low fading rate. Furthermore, owing to the 3D porous network that is suitable for enhanced sulfur loading, a remarkable areal capacity of ≈11 mA h cm−2 (at 0.1 C) is obtained, which is much higher than other MOF‐based hybrid electrodes. The mutually embedded MOF@CNTs with simultaneously high specific capacity, areal capacity, and cycling stability represent an advanced candidate for developing high‐performance Li‐S batteries and other energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Achieving a high areal capacity is essential for the transfer of outstanding laboratory electrode results to commercial applications and also to ensure there exists a capacity matched cathode and anode for a properly tuned battery. Despite intensive efforts, most electrode materials exhibit areal capacities lower than that of the graphite anodes (4 mA h cm−2). An effective and low‐cost approach is reported to attain a high areal capacity via an intense densification by compacting a porous carbon nanotube sponge grafted with Co3O4 nanoparticles. The hybrid sponge can be compacted to a large degree (up to a tenfold densification) while still keeping its structural integrity and the 3D porous network. This method allows achieving a mass loading of up ‑to 14.3 mg cm−2 and an areal capacity of 12 mA h cm−2 (at a current density of 200 mA g−1) together with a gravimetric capacity of >800 mA h g−1. This densification by compaction approach offers an effective and low‐cost strategy to develop high mass loading and areal capacity electrodes for practical energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) treated carbon nanotube (CNT) sponges were tested as a conductive matrix and polysulfide reservoir for the cathode of lithium-sulfur batteries. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed that this treatment doped fluorine and oxygen on the surface of the CNT, and experimental results showed that this treatment had significantly improved adsorption of polysulfides in the CNT sponge. As a result, this sponge cathode accommodated a remarkably high sulfur areal loading of 8 mg cm−2, showing a high areal capacity of 7.1 mAh cm−2 at the 100th cycle at an areal current density of 1.28 mA cm−2 with an average capacity fading of 0.048% per cycle. The adsorbing energy of Li2S6 on the F/O-doped carbon structure was calculated using the density functional theory, confirming that the doping made the polysulfide adsorption stable particularly due to fluorine. This study provides a useful approach of simultaneously introducing both fluorine and oxygen to carbon in order to significantly improve the polysulfide adsorption on the carbon cathode and thereby obtain high areal discharge capacity, which is much more important than specific discharge capacity for actual battery operation.Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a “gelating-cutting” strategy to improve specific areal capacity and cycle life for Li-O 2 cathode. Conventional Li-O 2 cathode with liquid electrolyte is gelated with highly elastic crosslinked polymer and cut into 50–200 µm granules. The gaps between the packed gel granules efficiently induce oxygen to the inner part of the cathode, leading to even Li 2 O 2 growth in thick cathode. Meanwhile, the elasticity of the polymer chain helps to keep good contact between carbon and Li 2 O 2 nanoparticles, which facilitates the electron transfer and improves the cyclability. Without any catalyst, the granular gel cathode is able to run 170 cycles at a fixed capacity of 1000 mA h g carbon −1 , or maintains a specific capacity higher than 10,500 mA h g carbon −1 (12.6 mA h cm −2 ) during 11 cycles of full discharge-charge. Since good contact is the precondition to any electrochemical reaction, our strategy is a general way to enhance the performance of Li-O 2 cathodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based materials are considered as promising anode candidates for potassium-ion storage with the key bottlenecks lying in the slow kinetics and huge volume expansion caused by the large size of K+. Herein, nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanoparticles (NHCP) with optimized multiscale nanostructures are synthesized by a natural template-assisted chemical vapor deposition process. Benefiting from the stacking nanoparticles structure with hierarchical pores, high level of pyridinic-/pyrrolic-N, and enlarged interlayer spacing, the constructed NHCP anode delivers superior K+ storage properties in terms of high reversible capacity (412.7 mAh g−1 at 0.03 A g−1), favorable rate capability, and long cyclic stability. The detailed experimental and computational studies reveal the combined storage mechanism of K+ adsorption and insertion in the multiscale nanostructure of NHCP. To achieve high areal capacities, self-supported NHCP electrodes with high mass loadings (3.41 and 6.23 mg cm−2) were constructed by a vacuum-assisted infiltration process which exhibits greatly improved areal capacities as compared with the traditional slurry coating electrode. The assembled full-carbon potassium-ion capacitor based on NHCP anode exhibits high energy and power densities (168 Wh kg−1 and 9.4 kW kg−1) and a long cycling lifespan (83.9% capacity retention after 10000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1). This work provides a facile fabrication method for porous carbon electrodes with high mass loadings and capacities, which holds the potential for practical application. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon, because of its high specific capacity, is intensively pursued as one of the most promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. In the past decade, various nanostructures are successfully demonstrated to address major challenges for reversible Si anodes related to pulverization and solid-electrolyte interphase. However, the electrochemical performance is still limited by challenges that stem from the use of nanomaterials. In this progress report, the focus is on the challenges and recent progress in the development of Si anodes for lithium-ion battery, including initial Coulombic efficiency, areal capacity, and material cost, which call for more research effort and provide a bright prospect for the widespread applications of silicon anodes in the future lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bendable lithium secondary batteries have many limitations, including low electrochemical performances and poor mechanical flexibility. Here, we bendable pouch batteries are fabricated using LiFePO 4 /C as the active material and three-dimensional Nickel-Chromium alloy metal foam as the current collector of positive electrodes. The advantages of using the three-dimensional structured metal foam include a high surface area for the redox reaction, high electronic conductivity, and short diffusion length for the lithium ion. We demonstrate the use of bendable lithium secondary batteries with a high areal capacity of about 3.5 mAh cm −2 at C-rate of 0.2, a high capacity retention rate in cycle life behavior, and a greatly low charge transfer resistance of around 6–8 Ω. Moreover, our bendable pouch batteries can be repeatedly bent to radii of 12.5 and 2.5 mm for several hundred times without fractures in the electrode and capacity fading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional free-standing nanoarray electrodes with hierarchical structure grown on carbon cloth substrate have attracted great interest for flexible energy storage devices. However, the direct growth of active material with a large mass loading on carbon fibers is difficult because of the hydrophobic nature. Herein, “two-step” growth route is adopted to achieve high-loading Ni-Co carbonate hydroxide nanowire arrays, in which the effect of electrochemical pre-activation is discussed. A facile and novel process is used to boost the areal capacity by converting Ni-Co carbonate hydroxide nanowires to hydroxide nanowire-supported nanoplate arrays in an alkaline solution. The areal capacity of the as-soaked free-standing Ni-Co hydroxide nanoarrays electrode increases from 856 mC·cm −2 (152 C·g −1 ) to 1944 mC·cm −2 (348 C·g −1 ) and 3028 mC·cm −2 (542 C·g −1 ) at 2 mA·cm −2 after soaking for 8 h and 16 h. The electrochemical pre-activation is important for achieving high mass loading as well as high rate capability. Moreover, the as-soaked electrode is employed as the positive electrode for hybrid supercapacitor. The device possesses a high areal capacitance of 1.47 F·cm −2 at 1 mA·cm −2 , a large energy density of 6.7 mWh·cm −3 at 11.6 mW·cm −3 . This work gives an insight for designing high-loading three-dimensional electrodes and paves a new way to construct binder-free film electrode for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for an appropriate flexible cathode is pivotal to expediting the development of flexible and foldable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we demonstrate a simple and scalable synthesis of hierarchical V 2 O 5 nanosheet arrays on polydopamine (PDA)-decorated carbon cloth with strong combination between them, which then directly applied as flexible cathode for LIBs. We found this flexible cathode with a loading mass of 2.1 mg cm −2 can deliver a high specific capacity of 120 mAh g −1 even at 15C (1C = 300 mA g −1 ) and maintain a long-term cycling stability, i.e. simply 0.30% capacity loss per cycle at 2C for 100 cycles without morphology change. More importantly, the corresponding areal capacity can reach as high as 560 μAh cm −2 at 210 μA cm −2 , favorably comparing with the-state-of-art flexible cathode reported to date. Additionally, a flexible LIBs full cell has been assembled, exhibiting high mechanical strength and superior electrochemical performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of lithium-sulfur batteries is associated with many problems. These problems include polysulfide dissolution, the shuttle phenomenon, the low electric and ionic conductivity of S, and the volume change that occurs during charge and discharge. In this review, various elemental techniques for overcoming these problems are summarized from the standpoints of the supporting materials. These techniques include preventing polysulfide dissolution from the cathodes through physical and chemical adsorption on the supporting materials, the use of electrolytes that do not dissolve polysulfides via the coordination of Li and solvents, and the use of ion-exchange polymers to permeate Li selectively. The following approaches to enable practical applications of S cathodes in future Li-ion batteries are introduced: the utilization of Li-free anode materials, such as C and Si; the use of LiS cathodes, which are prepared via a pre-lithiation process; and increasing the areal capacity of the S cathode by using a suitable current collector such as Al foam, thus providing a large amount of space for Li to migrate and the electron-conductive path. The utilization of an Al foam current collector is one of the promising approaches to creating a cost-effective Li-ion battery owing to the established mass production of Al foam for use in NiMH batteries; such Li-ion battery can achieve an unprecedentedly high areal capacity of 21.9 mAh cm. Owing to the resulting areal capacity, the possibility of developing a lithium-sulfur battery with an energy density greater than 200 Wh kg has been demonstrated. Consequently, the combination of these approaches, as introduced in this review, would help create a bright, sustainable society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freestanding nanofiber mat Li-ion battery anodes containing Si nanoparticles, carbon black, and poly(acrylic acid) (Si/C/PAA) are prepared using electrospinning. The mats are compacted to a high fiber volume fraction (≈0.85), and interfiber contacts are welded by exposing the mat to methanol vapor. A compacted+welded fiber mat anode containing 40 wt % Si exhibits high capacities of 1484 mA h g−1 (3500 mA h g [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy storage technologies are sensitively dependent on electrode film quality, thickness and process scalability. In Li-ion batteries, using additive-free titania (TiO 2 ) as electrodes, we sought to show the potential of spray pyrolysis-deposited nanoengineered films with thicknesses up to 135 μm exhibiting ultra-high areal capacities. Detailed electron microscopic characterization indicated that the achieved thick films are composed of highly crystalline anatase TiO 2 particles with sizes on the order of 10–12 nm and porous as well. A 135 μm thick film yielded ultra-high areal and volumetric capacities of 3.7 mAh cm −2 and 274 mAh cm −3 , respectively, at 1C rate. Also the present work recorded high Coulombic efficiency and good cycling stability. The best previously achieved capacities for additive-free TiO 2 films have been less than 0.25 mAh cm −2 and With additives, best reported areal capacity in the literature has been 2.5 mAh cm −2 at 1C rate, but only with electrode thickness as high as 1400 μm. Formation of through-the-thickness percolation of Ti 3+ conductive network upon lithiation contributed substantially for the superior performance. Spray pyrolysis deposition of nanoparticulate TiO 2 electrodes have the potential to yield volumetric capacities an order of magnitude higher than the other processes previously reported without sacrificing performance and process scalability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for earth-abundant and high-performance electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries represents an important challenge to current battery research. 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, particularly MoS2, have attracted increasing attention recently, but few of them so far have been able to meet expectations. In this study, it is demonstrated that another phase of molybdenum sulfide-amorphous chain-like MoS3-can be a better choice as the anode material of sodium-ion batteries. Highly compact MoS3 particles infiltrated with carbon nanotubes are prepared via the facile acid precipitation method in ethylene glycol. Compared to crystalline MoS2, the resultant amorphous MoS3 not only exhibits impressive gravimetric performance-featuring excellent specific capacity (≈615 mA h g−1), rate capability (235 mA h g−1 at 20 A g−1), and cycling stability but also shows exceptional volumetric capacity of ≈1000 mA h cm−3 and an areal capacity of >6.0 mA h cm−2 at very high areal loadings of active materials (up to 12 mg cm−2). The experimental results are supported by density functional theory simulations showing that the 1D chains of MoS3 can facilitate the adsorption and diffusion of Na+ ions. At last, it is demonstrated that the MoS3 anode can be paired with an Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode to afford full cells with great capacity and cycling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endowing Si-based anodes with both high areal and volumetric capacity is of great importance for their practical application, but this remains extremely challenging. Si-based anodes with high areal capacity are generally designed into porous structures to buffer the drastic volume change during charge/discharge process, which leads to a compromise in volumetric capacities. Herein, through a layer-by-layer technique, multilayer vertically aligned carbon nanotubes supported Si film (VACNTs@Si) with ferroconcrete-like sructures are developed to enhance both areal and volumetric capacities. The VACNTs frameworks facilitate electron transport and stabilize the andoe structure during cycling, while the Si cladding layer can provide a high capacity. A 3-layer VACNTs@Si film exhibits an superior areal/volumetric capacity of 3.59 mAh cm−2/3355.1 mAh cm−3, and high capacity retention of ∼79% after 200 cycles. The ferroconcrete-like structural design offers a promising strategy for the fabrication of the electrodes with ultra-high areal and volumetric capacities. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc-iodine (Zn-I 2 ) batteries have garnered significant attention for their high energy density, low cost, and inherent safety. However, several challenges, including polyiodide dissolution and shuttling, sluggish iodine redox kinetics, and low electrical conductivity, limit their practical applications. Herein, we designed a highly efficient electrocatalyst for Zn-I 2 batteries by uniformly dispersing Ni single atoms (NiSAs) on hierarchical porous carbon skeletons (NiSAs-HPC). In situ Raman analysis revealed that the conversion of soluble polyiodides (I 3 - and I 5 - ) was significantly accelerated using NiSAs-HPC because of the remarkable electrocatalytic activity of NiSAs. The resulting Zn-I 2 batteries with NiSAs-HPC/I 2 cathodes delivered exceptional rate capability (121 mAh g -1 at 50 C), and ultralong cyclic stability (over 40 000 cycles at 50 C). Even under 11.6 mg cm -2 iodine, Zn-I 2 batteries still exhibited an impressive cyclic stability with a capacity retention of 93.4% and 141 mAh g -1 after 10 000 cycles at 10 C.

Particle/polymer electrospinning was used to prepare fiber mat cathodes containing LiCoO 2 nanoparticles, carbon powder, and poly(vinylidene fluoride) for Li-ion batteries. The fibers had a high LiCoO 2 particle content (70 wt%) which allowed for a high gravimetric capacity of 90 mAh g −1 (corresponding to 128 m A h g L i C o O 2 − 1 ) at 0.1C (1C = 274 m A h g L i C o O 2 − 1 ). Cathode performance was stable in a half cell with 78% capacity retention over 200 cycles at 0.5C. Unlike previous work on electrospun LiCoO 2 nanofibers prepared using sol-gel chemistry and high temperature processing, the particle/polymer fiber mat cathodes reported here were made thick with a high fiber volume fraction for high areal and volumetric capacities at fast charge/discharge rates (e.g., 0.81 mAh cm −2 and 62 mAh cm −3 at 2C) which were much greater than that of a slurry cast cathode of the same composition (0.004 mAh cm −2 and 0.30 mAh cm −3 at 2C). Full cells containing a LiCoO 2 /C/PVDF fiber mat cathode and C/PVDF fiber mat anode were also prepared and characterized. These electrospun batteries exhibited a high energy density of 144 Wh kg −1 at 0.1C and an areal capacity of 1.03 mAh cm −2 at 1C. The excellent performance of the electrospun particle/polymer cathodes and anodes is attributed to electrolyte penetration throughout the 3D fiber electrode mats, a large electrode/electrolyte interfacial area, and short Li + transport pathways between the electrolyte and active material nanoparticles in the radial fiber direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]