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The article analyzes the lexical and syntactic specifics of the language of German and Russian fairy tales, the texts of which differ from other literary texts by an unusually high degree of coherence, while retaining the expressions characteristic of folk speech. It has been established that a fairy tale has its own set of linguistic means, capable of conveying both the genre specificity of their texts and the national and cultural flavor. It is concluded that the system of linguistic means includes a wide range of linguistic and speech means used to describe a fairy tale and the process of magic. The syntax of the fairy tale is distinguished by the presence of a large number of complex sentences with many subordinate constructions.

Harezm Türkçesinin en önemli dil yadigârlarından biri olan Nehcü’l-Ferādīs Müslümanlık bilgilerini içeren dinî-didaktik bir eser olup kırk hadis türünde yazılmıştır. Eser kırk hadis türünde yazıldığı için içerik bu türe göre düzenlenmiş ve metin her biri kendi içinde on fasla ayrılan dört ana bölüm etrafında şekillenmiştir. Eserde her faslın başlangıcında çeşitli kitaplardan alıntılanan Arapça bir hadise yer verilmiş; hadisin Türkçe karşılığı verildikten sonra hadisi açıklayan, destekleyen ve kanıtlayan bilgiler çeşitli referanslar aracılığıyla esere dâhil edilmiştir. Bu nedenle eserde alıntılara sıkça başvurulmuştur.Nehcü’l-Ferādīs’in cümle yapısı dikkate alındığında müellifin farklı bir kaynaktan yola çıkarak eserini oluşturduğu ancak bununla birlikte kendi özgünlüğünü de eserine yansıttığı düşünülebilir. Müellifin anlatıcı konumunda olduğu yerlerde cümle yapıları sadeleşip kısalırken başkasından alıntı yaptığı yerlerde ise genellikle Türkçenin cümle yapısından uzaklaşmakla birlikte bir kararsızlık yaşadığı da görülür. Bu bakımdan dil bilgisi kitaplarında iç içe birleşik cümle yapısı altında değerlendirilen ve eserde daha çok alıntı ve aktarmaların yapıldığı yerlerde kullanılan cümle yapılarının kuruluşları dikkat çekicidir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma ile Nehcü’l-Ferādīs’teki (1. bap) iç içe birleşik cümle yapılarının kuruluş biçimleri ile kuruluşuna etki eden yüzey yapı unsurları üzerinde durulacak ve Türkiye Türkçesine aktarma sorunları tartışılacaktır., Nehcü’l-Ferādīs, one of the most important language heirlooms of Harezm Turkish, is a religious-didactic work containing Islamic information and was written in the type of forty hadith. Since the work was written in forty hadith types, the content was arranged according to this genre and the text was shaped around four main sections, each of which was divided into ten chapters. In the work, an Arabic hadith quoted from various books is included at the beginning of each chapter; after giving the Turkish equivalent of the hadith, the information that explains supports and proves the hadith has been included in the work through various references. For this reason, quotations are frequently used in the work.Considering the sentence structure of Nehcü’l-Ferādīs, it can be thought that the author created his work based on a different source, but also reflected his own originality to his work. In places where the author is the narrator, the sentence structures are simplified and shortened, while in places where he quotes someone else, it is generally seen that he moves away from the sentence structure of Turkish, but also experiences an indecision. In this respect, the establishment of sentence structures, which are mostly evaluated under the complex sentence structures in grammer books and used in places where quotations and transfers are made, are remarkable. Therefore, this study will focus on the construction forms of complex sentence structures in Nehcü’l-Ferādīs (1st section) and the surface structure elements that affect their construction, and the problems of transferring them to Turkey Turkish will be discussed.

Here, we are concerned with the persistence in the idea of main clause since the 19th century up to the official teachings and terminology for high schools of 2015, 2018 and 2020. While the general grammar text books, or the more academic ones, are attempting to standardise the rules of grammar in the simple sentence and in the complex sentence at the end of the 18th–beginning of the 19th centuries, the school grammar text book generalises the logical analysis. In spite of isolated attempts by so-called structural grammar text books of the 1970s, and despite the 2015 syllabus, the main clause remains central to the grammatical discussion and to the grammatical handbooks as the first section of the complex sentence. This causes difficulty, as it results in problems of meaning and separation for the subordinate (“I note” main clause/“that you are there” subordinate clause) as also for the relative clauses, particularly in relation to the texts. Nous nous intéressons ici à la persistance de la notion de proposition principale depuis le xixe siècle jusqu’aux instructions et terminologies officielles pour le collège de 2015, 2018 et 2020. Alors que les grammaires générales ou savantes tentent d’harmoniser la description des fonctions dans la phrase simple et dans la phrase complexe fin xviiie-début xixe siècles, la grammaire scolaire généralise l’analyse logique et, en dépit de tentatives isolées de grammaires dites structurales dans les années 1970 et malgré les programmes de 2015, la proposition principale demeure dans le discours grammatical et dans les manuels comme le premier segment de la phrase complexe. Cette approche linéaire de la subordination ne va pas sans poser des problèmes de sens et de découpage pour les complétives (« je constate » proposition principale/« que tu es là » proposition subordonnée) comme pour les interrogatives indirectes ou certaines relatives, notamment au contact des textes en collège et lycée.

The article analyzes the cognitive nature of skladnopìdrâdnogo of a sentence as a kind of expressive syntax of the historical discourse «Bohdan Khmelnytsky» Ivan Ogìênka. Substantiated and proven dominance of syntactic means expression of expressiveness, revealed the features of the skladnopìdrâdnih sentences in the syntactic means of expressiveness through the artwork of functioning of such structures in the historical discourse of the author. Key words: exuberant, expressive, У статті проаналізовано когнітивний характер складнопідрядного речення як різновиду експресивного синтаксису історичного дискурсу «Богдан Хмельницький» Івана Огієнка. Обґрунтовано й доведено домінантність синтаксичних засобів вираження експресивності, розкрито особливості складнопідрядних речень у системі синтаксичних засобів експресивності через ілюстрацію функціонування таких конструкцій в історичному дискурсі автора.

В статье сложноподчиненное предложение с дополнительными придаточными, функционирующими в немецких научных текстах, рассматривается как знак синтаксического концепта объектности. В основу положена теория синтаксических концептов, разработанная для описания простого предложения в русском языке. Новый подход к исследованию предложения в рамках когнитивной лингвистики позволяет проследить связь между концептуальной картиной мира говорящего и лексическим наполнением, интегрированным в структуру предложения. Применяемые в работе методы концептуального анализа и когнитивного моделирования способствуют проведению анализа синтаксического концепта объектности на основе анализа средств его репрезентации. В результате выявляются модели сложноподчиненного предложения с дополнительным придаточным и их варианты, которые репрезентируют концепт объектности, выделяются типовые пропозиции и когнитивно-прагматические ситуации. Через понимание синтаксически репрезентируемых концептов, объективируемых определенными моделями предложения и выражающих определенные ситуативно обусловленные отношения, могут быть раскрыты лингвостилистические и экстралингвистические особенности текста., The paper is dedicated to the study of a complex sentence with an object clause, which acts as a sign of the syntactic concept of objectivity. The study is based on the theory of syntactic concepts produced to describe a simple Russian sentence. The paper shows a possibility of applying this theory to the analyses of complex syntactic units in the modern German language too. A new approach to the study of the sentence within the framework of cognitive linguistics allows revealing the connection between a speaker’s conceptual worldview and a lexical content integrated into the structure of the sentence. Methods of the conceptual analysis and cognitive modeling applied in this research make it possible to analyze the syntactic concept of objectivity based on analyzing the means of its representation. As a result, the models of the complex sentence with objective clauses and their variants representing the concept of objectivity are identified and prototypical propositions and cognitive-pragmatic situations are distinguished. The study of the syntactic units based on the theory of syntactic concepts is of special interest because through the understanding of syntactically representative concepts objectified by certain sentence models and expressing certain situationally conditioned relationships, the linguostylistic and extralinguistic textual characteristics can be revealed.

В статье раскрывается дидактический потенциал песен из советских фильмов и мультфильмов в преподавании грамматики на примере раздела «Сложное предложение». Союзы и союзные слова, помогающие выражать структурно-смысловые отношения в сложном предложении (времени, причины, цели, условия, уступки, следствия и др.), в большом количестве присутствуют в текстах песен из советских фильмов и мультфильмов, многие из которых признаны ключевыми текстами русской культуры. Изучаемые грамматические конструкции оказываются в рамках аутентичного текста с уровнем представления и культурным компонентом, что способствует интенсификации учебного процесса. The article deals with didactical potential of songs from Soviet cinema and animation in the process of teaching grammar using the example of the unit «Complex sentence». There are many different conjunctions and syndetic words in soviet songs where they express different types of logical and semantic relations between the clauses (time, cause, purpose, condition, concession, result etc.) in complex sentences. Many soviet songs are considered as key texts of Russian culture. All the grammatical constructions in question are studied as a part of culturally important authentic text with the level of representation for the purpose of the intensification of teaching and learning activities.

Рассматриваются разновидности синтаксических отношений в структуре простого и сложноподчинѐнного предложения в таджикском и узбекском языках. Опираясь на исследования по языкознанию, определяется сущность явлений, в которых синтаксические отношения называются связью слов в предложении. Сделан акцент на предикативных отношениях: они разделяются на ассерторические, репрезентивно-квалификативные, экстенсиональные синтаксические отношения. Также выявлена дифференциация между явлениями «предикативные отношения» и «предикативность», то есть предикативность есть свойство, в котором выражается явление объективного мира. Предикативные отношения проявляются между подлежащим и сказуемым. Проанализированы разновидности синтаксических отношений в конструкциях сложноподчинѐнного предложения: субъектные отношения, процессуальные отношения, репрезентативные отношения, квалификативные отношения, ассерторические отношения., The article dwells on the varieties of syntactical relations in the structure of simple and complex sentences in Tajik and Uzbek languages. Proceeding from linguistic researches, the author determines the essence of phenomena whose syntactical relations are called as connection of words in a sentence. Accent is laid on predicative relations: they are divided into assertory, representative qualificative, extensional syntactical relations. There is elicited differentiation between the phenomena of «predicative relation» and «predicativity», i. e., predicativity is the property in which a phenomenon of objective world is expressed. Predicative relation is evinced between subject and predicate. The author has analyzed varieties of syntactical relations in the construction of a complex sentence: subjective relations, processual relations, representative relations, qualificative relations, assertory relations.

В данной статье представлены результаты анализа истории изучения и развития сложноподчиненных предложений в башкирском языке. Рассмотрены основные труды ученых, посвященные вопросам сложноподчиненного предложения в башкирском языке. Авторами отмечено, что в становлении башкирской синтаксической науки большую роль играют труды профессора Г.Г. Саитбатталова. В результате проведенного исследования была обоснована необходимость рассмотрения сложноподчиненного предложения как структурно-семантического единства, которое учитывает не только семантику и форму сложноподчиненного предложения, но и особенности сочетания предикативных частей между собой., This article presents the results of the analysis of the history of the study and development of complex sentences in the Bashkir language. The main works of scientists devoted to the issues of complex sentences in the Bashkir language are considered. The authors noted that the works of Professor G.G. Saitbattalov play an important role in the formation of Bashkir syntactic science. As a result of the conducted research, the necessity of considering a complex sentence as a structural and semantic unity was substantiated, which takes into account not only the semantics and form of a complex sentence, but also the peculiarities of the combination of predicative parts with each other.