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Climate change and improving building energy performance are significant contemporary concerns. Conversely, climate-adaptive building envelopes (CABEs) offer promising solutions to enhance structural performance amidst fluctuating environmental conditions. Despite extensive research, few studies have compared the general movement strategies of climate-specific CABEs. Thus, this study examines common movement methods—Changing Opening Percentage (COP), Changing Shading Angle (CSA), Changing Fraction Axis (CFA), and Changing Pattern Geometry (CPG)—in terms of their energy and daylight performance in Mashhad, Iran's cold semi-arid climate (BSk). Simulation using LBT 1.6.1, a Grasshopper plugin in Rhinoceros, assessed Energy Usage Intensity (EUI), Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA), and Annual Sun Exposure (ASE). The results highlight the COP-CSA integrated model as optimal, achieving a 4-8% reduction in energy usage intensity, thus demonstrating its efficacy amid climate change.

Skylight is an effective strategy for maximising daylight penetration while minimising electrical lighting energy demand in buildings. However, in tropical climate regions, skylight can be problematic due to the risk of excessive sunlight. This study aimed to optimise skylight design parameters using multi-objective optimisation (MOO) approach through a case study of a low-rise building with office rooms configured to surround a skylight in the tropical climate of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It was conducted using computational modelling and simulation with RadianceIES tools in IES-VE 2019 software. The parameters examined included skylight shape, opening area, and thickness, while the performance indicators were spatial daylight autonomy (sDA300/50%), average daylight factor (DFave), and annual sunlight exposure (ASE1000,250). The sensitivity analysis showed that skylight opening area significantly influenced daylight performance. Moreover, the optimum design, drawn from the objective function f and Pareto frontiers, was a rounded trapezium skylight with an opening area of 897 m2, achieving sDA300/50%–ASE1000,250 = 35%, DFave = 0.9%, and mean distance to the utopia point of 64.1%. These results could serve as a guide for architects and engineers in designing skylight for typical buildings.

Daylight is essential for ecosystems and for the physical and mental well-being of people. In densely populated cities, only a small proportion of total daylight is available to support urban greenery and most people have little daily exposure to natural daylight. Despite this, many cities have followed a strategy of densification as a way of preventing urban sprawl and reducing energy consumption. In this article, we review the biological importance of daylight and show that urban densification leads to a reduction in the daylight available for both people and nature. We conclude that daylight in cities should be treated as a limiting resource that needs to be planned and managed carefully, much like water or energy. We suggest elements for a policy framework aimed at optimizing urban daylight, including how to determine daylight needs, how to determine the maximum viable urban density, and policy options for built and unbuilt areas.

Despite the growing interest in indoor greenery and its positive effects on occupants' well-being, there is limited knowledge on the optimal light levels for indoor plants that ensure energy efficiency and sustainable growth. This study explored the survival of ornamental plants under low-light conditions typical of indoor workplaces without daylight and investigated the impact of increased light intensity or extended day length on their growth. Three species of foliage plants (Epipremnum aureum, Pachira aquatica, and Rhaphidophora tetrasperma) were cultivated in growth chambers with three different lighting schemes. The results showed that plants sustained growth with 6.8 μmol m−2 s−1 white LED light for 9 h/day, suggesting that extra lighting might not be necessary for shade-tolerant species in offices. In this environment, plants maintained efficient photosynthesis under low illumination by increasing their specific leaf area. Elevating the light to 20.1 μmol m−2 s−1 and extending the day length to 18 h/day enhanced the plants' relative growth rate. Climbing plants allocated more biomass to stems, resulting in a lower leaf weight ratio and noticeably altering their appearance. This study demonstrates that customized lighting strategies effectively support indoor greening goals, like adjusting intensity for energy savings or adding light for greening large spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images captured under low-light conditions often suffer from low contrast, high noise, and uneven brightness due to nightlight, backlight, and shadow. These challenges make it difficult to use them as high-quality inputs for visual tasks. Existing low-light enhancement methods tend to increase overall image brightness, which can cause overexposure of normal-light areas after enhancement. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an Uneven Dark Vision Network (UDVN) that consists of two sub-networks. The Luminance Domain Network (LDN) uses Direction-aware Spatial Context (DSC) and Feature Enhancement Module (FEM) to segment different light regions in the image and output the luminance domain mask. Guided by this mask, the Light Enhancement Network (LEN) uses the Cross-Domain Transformation Residual block (CDTR) to adaptively illuminate different regions with various lights. We also introduce a new region loss function to constrain the LEN to better enhance the quality of different light regions. In addition, we have constructed a new low-light synthesis dataset (UDL) that is larger, more diverse, and includes uneven lighting states in the real world. Extensive experiments on several benchmark datasets demonstrate that our proposed method is highly competitive with state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. Specifically, it outperforms other methods in light recovery and detail preservation when processing uneven low-light images. The UDL dataset is publicly available at: https://github.com/YuhangLi-li/UDVN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the effect of indoor lighting energy reduction using a daylight-concentrating indoor louver system, which is a renewable energy equipment item. Daylight-concentrating indoor louver systems enhance indoor lighting by directing natural light, entering through windows, into the room via louvers. This study demonstrates significant lighting energy savings through the use of LED-linked dimming control, particularly during the transitional season, achieving an 85.65% reduction in power consumption. In contrast, the winter season showed higher cumulative power consumption due to reduced natural light availability, with a three-day average consumption of 1128.22 W compared to 836.60 W in the transitional season, representing a 25.85% increase. The illuminance distribution analysis revealed that, while winter had higher illuminance at 1 m from the window, the transitional season recorded higher values at 3 m and 5 m, indicating more effective natural light penetration. The solar altitude during the transitional season facilitated even light distribution through daylighting louvers. These findings confirm the substantial energy savings and improved illuminance distribution achieved with daylighting louvers and LED dimming control, with notable efficiency during the transitional season. Consequently, daylight-concentrating indoor louvers are confirmed to be effective in reducing indoor electric lighting energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nImpact statementThis study aimed to assess the impact of light on the reproductive performance of leeches for the first time using the Mediterranean medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820, which is important in medicinal leech aquaculture. Gravid leeches were subjected to three different light conditions: 24-h Light, 24-h Dark, and Daylight (14-h light and 10-h dark) for 11 weeks. Gravidity ended at the 8th week for the Dark (5.33 ± 0.38 weeks) and Daylight (5.41 ± 0.29 weeks) groups, whereas it persisted for 11 weeks in the Light group (6.75 ± 0.51 weeks) (p = 0.031). In comparison to the Daylight group (cocoons: 40, offspring: 538), the Light (cocoons: 50, offspring: 723) and Dark (cocoons: 45, offspring: 576) groups achieved a greater yield of cocoons (p = 0.312) and offspring (p = 0.323). We invite discussion on the notion that the enhanced reproductive capacity of leeches in full light and full dark conditions, as opposed to daylight, may be attributed to the disturbance of their circadian rhythms. Effects of light on reproductive performance of leeches were investigated for the first time.Gravidity lasted 3 weeks longer in the 24-hour light group.Cocoon and offspring were more abundant in 24-h light and 24-h dark groups.Findings are thought to be due to the disruption of the circadian rhythms of the leeches.Effects of light on reproductive performance of leeches were investigated for the first time.Gravidity lasted 3 weeks longer in the 24-hour light group.Cocoon and offspring were more abundant in 24-h light and 24-h dark groups.Findings are thought to be due to the disruption of the circadian rhythms of the leeches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient occlusion is widely used in computer graphics to accentuate areas in a three-dimensional scene that are hidden from bright lighting. On maps, ambient occlusion adds spatial depth and nuanced texture to shaded relief images. Ambient occlusion images for maps can be calculated from digital elevation models using the Eduard relief shading application. This paper illustrates the use of ambient occlusion for cartographic terrain shading and introduces two extensions: (1) oriented ambient occlusion for modulation with a direction of illumination, and (2) reduced ambient occlusion for valley bottoms with consistent brightness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the role of scenographics in staging climate crisis cultures. The art collective SUPERFLEX's installation It Is Not The End Of The World (Copenhagen 2019) explored human-world relations through techniques of set design, lighting, sound and costume. Central to this was a detailed 1-to-1 scale replica of the UN Building toilets re-imagined as an archaeology of a future without humans. While described as an 'installation', It Is Not... is adopted as a case study that exemplifies the role of scenographics in irritating a sense of place and is argued as affording insight into the assemblages of place, world and atmosphere. Drawing upon Global South philosopher Arturo Escobar's 'pluriversal design', I offer an argument for scenographics as a methodology when investigating world feelings in an era of climate crisis. 'Pluriversal scenographics' is proposed as a critical framework for the staging of nondualistic, relational and more-than-human 'possible reals'. Pluriversal concepts are proposed as a model for renewing the political purpose of scenographic practice as a methodology for investigating world feelings. I conclude with a call for a renewed political task of scenography and the value of this perspective for theatre makers, arts professionals and cultural geographers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous increase in building energy consumption, the problem of low energy utilization efficiency, especially concerning windows accounting for approximately 40% of total energy loss, has become increasingly prominent and urgent. Electrochromic (EC) technology emerges as a promising solution capable of effectively regulating the transmittance and absorption of light. Notably, dual‐band EC smart windows (DESWs) offer a unique avenue to address this challenge by independently adjusting sunlight and heat entry, anticipated to significantly reduce energy consumption for internal lighting and temperature regulation in buildings. While the potential benefits of DESWs are substantial, research is still in its early stages, facing important obstacles that hinder progress. This review aims to enhance our comprehension of this technology by providing a detailed introduction to the fundamental features of DESWs, encompassing configuration, operating mechanisms, and parameters for performance evaluation. In particular, we explore potential methods and approaches to achieve independent modulation using single-component materials. Additionally, we analyze performance issues and challenges, pinpoint future development directions, and propose corresponding solutions. The purpose of this review is to expedite the research and development of DESWs, offering robust support for the creation of modern energy-efficient buildings and facilitating the transition of the construction industry towards more sustainable and efficient energy utilization. [Display omitted] • Overview of the emerging technology of dual-band electrochromic smart windows (DESWs) designed for the independent regulation of visible and near-infrared light. • Comprehensive exploration of recent advancements in typical single-component materials for DESWs, with a focus on their unique characteristics and potential applications in green building design. • Evaluation of the challenges encountered in DESWs research and proposed solutions, providing insights into future directions for advancing this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Solid-state lighting systems can vary widely in the degree of temporal light modulation (TLM) of their light output. TLM is known to have visual, cognitive, and behavioral effects but there are few recommendations for limits on the acceptable TLM in everyday lighting systems and there is little information concerning individual differences in sensitivity. This paper is a re-analysis of previously presented data, focusing on two subgroups in a larger sample: those scoring low or high on the Wilkins Pattern Glare Sensitivity (PGS) test, which is a validated test that identifies people at high risk of visual stress. The results show that the PGS groups differed in their sensitivity to TLM conditions, despite short exposures and a restricted field of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the results of an experiment on lighting perception and reading speed where data collected in a physical space is compared to that collected in representations of that space simulated through a web survey and three VR Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs). The results build on an experiment, where perceptions of electric lighting conditions in a physical space were compared to those of the same space simulated in a single VR HMD (HTC Vive Pro). This study extends the previous scope to compare three VR HMD groups (cardboard VR, Oculus Quest 2, and HTC Vive Pro) to ratings of the same lighting conditions viewed through 2D-perspective or immersive panoramic images displayed in a web survey. Past research has compared perceptions of daylight and electric lighting scenes between physical and VR environments, but there is a lack of research that compares ratings of lighting conditions between VR HMDs and to other conventional image formats. For the VR HMD groups, the results revealed significant differences in reading speed between the physical space and cardboard VR HMD groups. An analysis of our subjective ratings showed all three VR HMDs producing fewer significantly different ratings from the physical space than either of the web groups, but ratings in the panoramic group outperformed the 2D-perspective group. The findings suggest that the type of VR HMD impacts reading speed in virtual lighting scenes and more immersive images produce less error than 2D-perspective images when compared to ratings in a physical space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skylight is an effective strategy for maximising daylight penetration while minimising electrical lighting energy demand in buildings. However, in tropical climate regions, skylight can be problematic due to the risk of excessive sunlight. This study aimed to optimise skylight design parameters using multi-objective optimisation (MOO) approach through a case study of a low-rise building with office rooms configured to surround a skylight in the tropical climate of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It was conducted using computational modelling and simulation with RadianceIES tools in IES-VE 2019 software. The parameters examined included skylight shape, opening area, and thickness, while the performance indicators were spatial daylight autonomy (sDA300/50%), average daylight factor (DFave), and annual sunlight exposure (ASE1000,250). The sensitivity analysis showed that skylight opening area significantly influenced daylight performance. Moreover, the optimum design, drawn from the objective function f and Pareto frontiers, was a rounded trapezium skylight with an opening area of 897 m2, achieving sDA300/50%-ASE1000,250 = 35%, DFave = 0.9%, and mean distance to the utopia point of 64.1%. These results could serve as a guide for architects and engineers in designing skylight for typical buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rchitectural documentation not only plays a critical role in the conservation of historical structures, but also enables their detailed comprehension of the structure. This study aims to assess the most effective methods for drawing and modeling architectural structures and present their advantages and disadvantages. Measurements play a significant role in this context, and today's technology offers the potential to accelerate this process and enhance accuracy. However, the application of these technologies can impose additional burdens such as elevated expenses, the requisite for specialized personnel, and the management of substantial data volumes. Therefore, determining the appropriate measurement method in line with the quality of architectural documentation is essential. For this study, the Mosque of Kurşunlu Complex in Eskişehir was selected for its historical and topographical attributes which enabled all methods to be examined. The data produced via terrestrial laser scanning, aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial photogrammetry methods were examined in terms of the production of drawings and models for different analysis methods such as structure, daylight and building acoustics, as well as survey drawings required for the architectural documentation processes of the building. The study concluded that no single method could produce holistic data on its own, and the best results for comprehensive documentation were achieved by integrating terrestrial laser scanning and aerial photogrammetry. Furthermore, for products that do not require comprehensive data, photogrammetric methods were more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy conservation and carbon reduction in buildings have become important concerns and, at the same time, the value of low-tech approaches employed in indigenous architecture is increasingly acknowledged as a pertinent reference for contemporary design practices. The research on vernacular dwellings in Jiangxi has many perspectives and fruitful results, but not enough attention has been paid to the research on climate adaptation. This article verifies the vernacular dwellings' climate adaptation and summarizes the low-tech methods embedded in vernacular dwellings, aiming to provide guidelines for future exploration of energy-saving and carbon-reducing practices in architecture. By selecting different types of vernacular dwellings in Nanfeng County, this article verifies three aspects of the ecological characteristics of vernacular dwellings: the light environment, wind environment, and energy consumption, by comparing them with those of local modern residential buildings. It is concluded that the average daylight factor of the hall area of vernacular dwellings is better than that of the modern residential buildings in rural areas, and the vernacular dwellings regulate the indoor wind environment and maintain indoor comfort through natural ventilation in winter and summer seasons. Also, the annual energy consumption of the vernacular dwellings per unit area per year can be reduced by up to about 32% in comparison with modern residential buildings. Subsequently, the article concludes that patio space has a positive impact on the indoor physical environment through comparative experiments. Vernacular dwellings are well adapted to the local climate in terms of form, structure, and materials, and these low-tech methods should be applied to the design of rural dwellings in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylighting design is not only dimensioning glazed surfaces to provide sufficient natural light to an occupied space but also a method of analyzing how this can be achieved without unwanted effects, such as gains and losses of heat, glare, and variations in daylighting intensity at various indoor distances and levels. The case study presented in this paper highlights the energy consumed due to a group of windows with a large glazed area in an existing building located in a temperate continental climate area. The energy consumption results from supplementary artificial lighting required to maintain adequate illumination for indoor activities and to counterbalance heat loss during colder periods are evaluated. The analysis performed by modifying the glazed surface led to the identification of an optimum value of window dimensions for minimum energy consumption. The results of the case study highlight the fact that the evolution of the total energy consumption, evaluated as the sum of the energy consumption due to additional heating/cooling and the artificial lighting required to compensate for the reduction in natural light, is strongly influenced by the dimensions of the glazed surfaces, as well as the minimum level of lighting imposed by the regime of activities carried out in the building. Thus, the outcomes obtained in the research show that at lighting values below 500 lx, the total energy consumption is directly proportional to the glazed surface. From values of 500 lx for the illuminance level, the total energy consumption drops from 2730 kWh/year for a window height of 230 cm to 2399 kWh/year for a height of 110 cm, after which it starts to rise again, reaching a value of 2786 kWh/year for a height of 30 cm. This phenomenon is also found at values higher than 500 lx; accordingly, for an imposed lighting of 1000 lx, the minimum total consumption is identified at a window height of 150 cm. The case study presented in this paper clearly highlights a complex relationship between the height of the glazed surface and the energy consumption required to compensate for heating or cooling and the reduction in natural lighting. Lower window heights reduce heat loss or gain but also correspondingly increase the energy consumption of artificial lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in demand for electricity due to industrial development and the growing use of electronic equipment has led to the need for new alternative energy sources, such as photovoltaic solar energy conversion. In this context, organic photovoltaic (OPV) stands out as an efficient way of generating energy indoors. An electrical power supply system (EPS) was developed to power a commercial electronic lock, using OPV as the energy source. The system was designed with a charging control to match the panel voltage to a supercapacitor charge accumulator and a boost converter. Tests on the bench and in a real scenario demonstrated the viability and effectiveness of the system, showing that it is capable of operating self-sufficiently with a minimum daily illuminance of 250 lux for 12 h. The results indicate that the system can be applied to various loads with low energy consumption, promoting energy efficiency in different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attraction of insects to artificial light is a global environmental problem with far-reaching implications for ecosystems. Since light pollution is rarely integrated into conservation approaches, effective mitigation strategies towards environmentally friendly lighting that drastically reduce insect attraction are urgently needed. Here, we tested novel luminaires in two experiments (i) at a controlled experimental field site and (ii) on streets within three municipalities. The luminaires are individually tailored to only emit light onto the target area and to reduce spill light. In addition, a customized shielding renders the light source nearly invisible beyond the lit area. We show that these novel luminaires significantly reduce the attraction effect on flying insects compared to different conventional luminaires with the same illuminance on the ground. This underlines the huge potential of spatially optimized lighting to help to bend the curve of global insect decline without compromising human safety aspects. A customized light distribution should therefore be part of sustainable future lighting concepts, most relevant in the vicinity of protected areas. A customized and shielded street lighting design significantly reduces the lethal attraction of flying insects in various environments. The approach harmonizes human needs with minimizing the ecological impact of artificial light at night. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light plays a key role in shaping the quality and atmosphere of interior spaces, and its importance and contradictions are amplified in the design of libraries. This study focuses on the problems associated with both insufficient natural light and excessive light. In both cases, visual discomfort is the result. The reason for these problems lies in the use of translucent structures with different parameters and properties in library architecture. This study analyzed the lighting environment in the main reading rooms of two university libraries in Warsaw. The research methods were based on a field survey of objects and an analysis of the architectural and construction parameters of the premises, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of various types of translucent materials used in the reading rooms. The results of this study shed light on the relationship between the interior space of the reading room and the geometry of transparent structures, as well as the effectiveness of daylighting in libraries in the natural conditions of Warsaw. The key point of the present study was to recognize the critical role that transparent materials and structures play in mitigating potential operational problems in library spaces. Wise selection of these elements at the design stage can help minimize problems related to thermal energy regulation, ventilation control, acoustic insulation, and increased visual comfort. The importance of this research area lies in its potential to optimize library buildings by increasing energy efficiency and reducing reliance on artificial lighting, heating, and air conditioning. Careful consideration of transparent materials at the design stage promises long-term benefits in the form of sustainable library spaces that not only meet functional requirements, but also contribute to a more environmentally conscious architectural landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is negatively impacting numerous species of nocturnally active birds. Nocturnal positive phototaxis, the movement towards ALAN, is exhibited by many marine birds and can result in stranding on land. Seabird species facing major population declines may be most at risk. Leach's Storm-Petrels (Hydrobates leucorhous) are small, threatened seabirds with an extensive breeding range in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. The Atlantic population, which represents approximately 40–48% of the global population, is declining sharply. Nocturnal positive phototaxis is considered to be a key contributing factor. The Leach's Storm-Petrel is the seabird species most often found stranded around ALAN in the North Atlantic, though there is little experimental evidence that reduction of ALAN decreases the occurrence of stranded storm-petrels. During a two-year study at a large, brightly illuminated seafood processing plant adjacent to the Leach's Storm-Petrel's largest colony, we compared the number of birds that stranded when the lights at the plant were on versus significantly reduced. We recorded survival, counted carcasses of adults and juveniles, and released any rescued individuals. Daily morning surveys revealed that reducing ALAN decreased strandings by 57.11% (95% CI: 39.29% - 83.01%) per night and night surveys revealed that reducing ALAN decreased stranding of adult birds by 11.94% (95% CI: 3.47% - 41.13%) per night. The peak stranding period occurred from 25 September to 28 October, and 94.9% of the birds found during this period were fledglings. These results provide evidence to support the implementation of widespread reduction and modification of coastal artificial light as a conservation strategy, especially during avian fledging and migration periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diurnal flight activity in otherwise strictly nocturnal bats has typically been linked to random disturbance from day roosts, an urgent need to balance food shortage caused by adverse weather during nighttime, or the absence of diurnal predators. However, migration may be another reason why bats fly during daylight, at least in some areas. Using community-science data collection, we obtained more than 500 records of over 15,000 bats displaying diurnal flight activity, suggesting that it is relatively common in Central Europe. The vast majority of sightings were of common noctules (Nyctalus noctula), with most records concentrated in spring and autumn. The seasonal dynamics of diurnal flights exactly coincided with migratory periods, and directional movements in autumn—when diurnal activity was most frequent and included highest numbers of observed bats—suggest that the behavior may ultimately be linked to migration ecology. The highest frequency of diurnal flights in autumn coincided with highest body mass in the studied territory, thereby refuting the hypothesis of early roost emergence due to poor body condition or decreased predation risk related to increased maneuverability. A shift from strictly nocturnal to partly diurnal activity may balance increased energetic demands imposed by migration, which is temporally synchronized with periods of cold nights when prey density is limited. Common noctule diurnal activity during the migratory period may be beneficial as they can acquire energy by foraging on daily abundant prey while saving nighttime for long endurance flights—alternatively, they may forage on the way to their migratory destination, thereby saving time. Predation risk from diurnal predators may be significantly decreased by choosing high flight altitudes, as observed particularly during autumn. We suggest that observations on the geographic distribution of diurnally flying noctules may help identify migration corridors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectral composition of light has been linked to various non-image-forming responses besides visual photoreception. Accordingly, simulation tools must incorporate the spectral composition of light to account for such responses. A simulation tool was developed which uses N -step algorithm and subdivides the (red, green, and blue) RGB bands into multiple channels. This research intends to validate the tool for different lighting scenarios. A physical model was constructed in which the integral irradiance from 380 nm to 780 nm was measured for three scenarios: diffuse daylight, electric light with variable correlated colour temperature and a combination of both. All three scenarios were simulated with 3, 9, 27 and 81 channels. For scenarios with electric light and combination of daylight and electric light, the nine-channel simulation improved the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) by 13.9% to 33.9% compared to the three-channel simulation. For continuous daylight, there was only a small improvement of 0.4% when increasing from 3 to 27 channels. In comparison to 9 channels, 27 channels slightly improved MAPE in all the scenarios but substantially increased the simulation time. Increasing the number of channels to 81 is likelier to bring a contribution to more complex scenarios than that presented in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lighting makes up 17% of electrical loads and the largest energy end use in commercial buildings. Linear fixtures are among the largest opportunities for energy efficiency improvement, given their long operating hours. With continued, rapid light-emitting diode (LED) development and more LED replacement products on the market, lighting replacement decisions become more complex and warrant re-examination. With a goal to inform building managers and other decision-makers with practical guidance on lighting replacement, this study is a life cycle cost (LCC) analysis that compares the cost–benefit of six replacement options (one fluorescent and five LED) for a 0.61 m by 1.22 m (2 ft by 4 ft) T8 recessed troffer based on data for 168 lighting products from an online vendor. Results show that direct wire (i.e. unballasted) LED retrofits are the least-cost option to replacing fluorescent lamps in terms of normalized LCC. Plug-and-play lamps suffer from a lock-in with ballasts, but their ease of installation can help spur LED adoption. In cases where an existing ballast is still usable, hybrid LED retrofits provide the least upfront cost option by deferring the cost of rewiring. LED luminaires can offer improved aesthetics and reliability; however, they have high upfront cost. Among them, luminaires with replaceable lamps offer lower cost than those without. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual fatigue has become a public health issue, while the relevant retinal mechanism and characteristics of blue light that induce visual fatigue have been rarely studied. In the retina, both short wavelength-sensitive (S) cones and melanopsin-containing intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are sensitive to blue light, and their responses are opposite in pupil mediation. Thus, effects of blue-enriched white light with different S-cone-opic Equivalent Daylight Illuminance (EDI) on visual fatigue was investigated, maintaining the same melanopic EDI to avoid interferences of melanopsin-containing ipRGCs. Two white illuminants (one with low S-cone-opic EDI, the other with high S-cone-opic EDI) were characterized based on α-opic EDI with the same correlated colour temperature and illuminance. Melanopic EDI was lower than S-cone-opic EDI of these two illuminants. Psychological, visual, physiological and cognitive performances were measured to investigate visual fatigue. Results showed that blue-enriched white light with high S-cone-opic EDI can induce visual fatigue. Participants felt more discomfort in their eyes under high S-cone-opic EDI along with the decline of tear film stability and changes of heart rhythm. Furthermore, the reaction time in a memory task increased significantly under high S-cone-opic EDI. The findings provide new insights into the optimization of indoor lighting environments for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews how excessive lighting in historical sites can negatively affect the enjoyment of social gatherings. Because light pollution has the potential to affect socialization negatively, we need the appropriate tools to handle these effects. As part of this research, three techniques were used to analyze these effects: a bibliographical examination of relevant concepts, field measurements of illumination levels at historical sites in Cairo, Egypt, as well as questionnaires sent out to users around the world to determine what influences their perceptions of historical sites at night. Based on the results of a systematic review, we developed the concept of toolkits for creating a lively ambiance for evening events. Furthermore, based on the spatial measurements made in the case study, it was determined that the challenge of visual pollution hinders creating a vibrant atmosphere at historical sites. An online survey that investigated the factors influencing the enjoyment of historical sites at night around the world found that positioning the lighting fixtures and illumination is one of the most critical factors. The results of the current study confirm that the urban form of the context provides a pleasant visual and perceptual experience at night as well. The findings of this study have led to three design considerations that can help urban planners and designers when it comes to implementing lighting in public spaces. As a result of these considerations, the historical site in the case study, Al-Hussein Square, Cairo, presents a livelier ambiance at night; hence they can be used by urban designers to enhance the ambiance in similar settings to the present case study. This toolkit provides valuable insights into how local authorities and citizens can work together to reduce lighting pollution by examining the causes of the pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of anuran larvae to efficiently locate food is essential for their growth and development, but little is known about the sensory modalities they use to find food. We experimentally assessed the role of visual and chemical cues in finding food in tadpoles of the invasive species Lithobates catesbeianus. In the two‐choice experiment, using rectangular containers that offer visual and/or chemical food cues on opposite ends, tadpoles chose the side where the chemical cues of the food were present consistently. The visual cues alone showed an initial transient attraction of tadpoles, which disappeared after a few minutes, suggesting that tadpoles are potentially capable of seeing contrasting objects, at least, at a close range and in clear waters and daylight conditions. We also evaluated the foraging behaviour and the capability of tadpoles to find food in an open field experiment under two different lighting conditions: natural daylight and darkness. Results showed that tadpoles find food faster in dark conditions, confirming that chemical cues alone are sufficient for tadpoles of this species to find food. Moreover, the time spent feeding and the number of tadpoles simultaneously exploiting the food patch were greater in darkness suggesting that environments with low visibility conditions could favour the establishment of L. catesbeianus. Understanding the sensory modalities used by tadpoles of this invasive species to find food could help to understand the potential abilities to expand and establish in novel environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When natural days are short, photoperiodic lighting at the end or beginning of the day (day extension) or in the middle of the night (night break) promotes flowering of long-day plants. The objective of this study was to compare broad-spectrum warm-white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and red (R) + far-red (FR) LEDs at flowering regulation when delivered at different timings in the night period. We performed a greenhouse experiment on four long-day ornamentals [coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora) 'Early Sunrise', snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) 'Liberty Classic Yellow', petunia (Petunia ×hybrida) 'Easy Wave Burgundy Star', and petunia 'Wave Purple Improved']. We grew plants under a truncated 8-hour photoperiod with or without low-intensity (~2 lmol·m22·s21) nighttime lighting from warm-white or R+FR LEDs. For each light quality, we delivered four timings: 1) 8 hours after dusk; 2) 8 hours before dawn; 3) 4 hours after dusk + 4 hours before dawn; and 4) 4-hour night break. The effectiveness of floral promotion was determined by time from the treatment onset to the first open flower. Coreopsis flowered similarly under all lighting treatments, irrespective of light quality and timing, but did not flower under the short-day treatment by the end of the experiment. At flowering, coreopsis was 18% to 19% shorter under white than R+FR LEDs. In contrast, snapdragon flowered 9 to 20 days later under white than R+FR LEDs, when delivered for 8 hours at night, but flowered similarly under these two lamp types as a 4-hour night break. Compared with the shortday treatment, white and R+FR LEDs promoted flowering of both petunia cultivars, although flowering generally occurred later under white than R+FR LEDs. Snapdragon and petunia 'Easy Wave Burgundy Star' developed 30% to 122% more lateral branches under white than R+FR LEDs, when delivered for 8 hours at night. The effectiveness of warm-white LEDs was generally unaffected by timing, although it was most promotive of flowering in snapdragon when delivered for 8 hours before dawn. For R+FR LEDs, 8-hour day-extension lighting was generally more effective than 4-hour night-break lighting, irrespective of timing. We conclude when delivered for 8 hours at night, warm-white LEDs are generally less effective than R+FR LEDs at promoting flowering of long-day ornamentals but similarly effective as 4-hour night-break lighting. The effectiveness of day-extension lighting is generally independent of timing, although for R+FR LEDs, 8 hours after-dusk and/or before-dawn lighting was generally more effective than 4-hour night-break lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A unidirectional Visible Light Communication (VLC) system has the potential to serve as an Indoor Positioning System (IPS). However, it is important to note that many existing VLC IPS setups rely on keeping LED lights switched on, which can lead to energy wastage when indoor lighting is unnecessary during daylight hours. Additionally, most indoor Visible Light Positioning (VLP) research has focused on 2D localization, assuming a fixed receiver height. This approach tends to overlook the positional inaccuracies that can arise due to variations in height. In this paper, to address these concerns, a 3D IPS is proposed. This system employs multiple transmitters and a single receiver, utilizing a Dark Light Visible Light Communication (DL-VLC) system. This innovative approach ensures the functionality of IPSs even when LEDs are turned "OFF" resulting in more efficient energy usage. The results of the investigation indicate that the positioning error remains within approximately 3 cm when the receiver is positioned at a height of 2.4 m, assuming standard room dimensions, which is in a fair agreement with previously published work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer modeling and simulation are essential for predicting architectural solutions performance. When integrated into the design process; they are known as performance-based design. During the design process, fast analytical cycles are required. However, daylighting simulations are challenging due to computational processing and time requirements. This paper presents a comparative study of fast daylight simulation methods, two-phase, three-phase and path tracing, in a hypothetical commercial building located in Miami, Florida. Five types of static glass and one electrochromic glass were tested with six parametric models of a translucent horizontal shading device. Daysim was used as reference. The two-phase method produced results similar to the reference results with faster processing times for static facades. For dynamic facades, the path tracing method with the tested interface enabled faster simulations and parametric variations. However, the three-phase method yielded a lower average error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigate the visibility of new and old red, white and pink cricket balls under lighting and background conditions experienced during a day–night cricket match. We modelled the luminance contrast signals available for a typical observer for a ball against backgrounds in a professional cricket ground, at different times of day. Spectral reflectance (light reflected as a function of wavelength) was derived from laboratory measurements of new and old red, white and pink balls. We also gathered spectral measurements from backgrounds (pitch, grass, sightscreens, crowd, sky) and spectral illuminance during a day–night match (natural afternoon light, through dusk to night under floodlights) from Lord's Cricket Ground (London, UK). The luminance contrast of the ball relative to the background was calculated for each combination of ball, time of day, and background surface. Old red and old pink balls may offer little or no contrast against the grass, pitch and crowd. New pink balls can also be of low contrast against the crowd at dusk, as can pink and white balls (of any age) against the sky at dusk. Reports of difficulties with visibility of the pink ball are supported by our data. However, our modelling also shows that difficulties with visibility may also be expected under certain circumstances for red and white balls. The variable conditions in a cricket ground and the changing colour of an ageing ball make maintaining good visibility of the ball a challenge when playing day–night matches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the determinants and prospects of household lighting choices in rural Tanzania using a Multinomial Logit Regression Model. The analysis is based on data from 4671 households, focusing on three lighting options: electricity, solar energy, and candle lighting. The results reveal significant factors influencing these choices, including household head characteristics, household size, marital status, education, employment status, number of rooms, and income. Key findings indicate that the age of the household head negatively influences the likelihood of choosing grid-electricity, while having a male head of household significantly reduces the probability of opting for any lighting option. Larger household size is negatively associated with choosing electricity and candle lighting. Marital status shows that married households are more likely to use candle lighting. Employment status positively impacts the likelihood of adopting all three lighting options, with employed household heads being more likely to choose modern lighting solutions. Income levels are crucial, as higher income significantly increases the probability of selecting electricity and candle lighting, but not solar energy. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to enhance sustainable energy access in rural Tanzania. It highlights the importance of addressing socio-economic factors to promote the adoption of modern and sustainable lighting technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermochromic (TC) smart window which allows modulating the transmission of solar heat energy and sunlight in response to environmental conditions has great potential for improving the building energy and daylighting performance simultaneously. In this study, the multi-objective optimization method is used to determine the ideal optical properties of TC windows. Parametric assessment is firstly conducted to investigate the influence of several crucial parameters. Multi-objective optimization is then carried out by applying Non-dominated Sort Genetic Algorithm-III, maximizing daylight availability and building energy efficiency. Finally, the decision-making of the Pareto frontier is performed to achieve the ideal TC windows in 32 representative cities in different climatic zones of China. Results demonstrate that increasing the luminous transmittance at low-temperature and decreasing luminous transmittance modulation ability are beneficial to daylighting and energy performance. Lower solar transmittance at low-temperature contributes to building energy savings in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Kunming, except for Harbin. Higher solar transmittance modulation ability is desired for building energy efficiency. The optimum value for the transition temperature is in the range of 23.67–38.85°C. The building energy consumption can be reduced by 13.01%, and the desired daylighting hours can be improved by 8.90%, relative to the clear double-glazed windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a digital model to run an evacuation simulation that reflects the road network blockage caused by the landslide and river flooding damage in Marumori-machi, Miyagi Prefecture, which was severely damaged by Typhoon No. 19 in 2019. In particular, we propose an evacuation agent simulation model that can be extended in the future to scenarios related to disaster response decisions, education, and awareness on the part of residents and can reproduce the evacuation agent situation of a real disaster. The method adjusts a set of parameters of vehicles and pedestrian agents to reproduce the evacuation situation. Then, using the parameter set, we perform the agent simulations under different scenarios varying the time of disaster occurrence and evacuation. Finally, we evaluate the changes in the number of people who have completed their evacuation, the number of victims, etc. The results of the scenarios with different disaster occurrence times showed that the final evacuation rate situation improved by at least 1% (about 170 people who completed evacuation) during daylight time compared to nighttime. The relationship between sunset time and the start of evacuation was qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrated to be supported. It was also confirmed that the evacuation situation did not change much with the time of the evacuation announcement. These results show trends limited to the present study's disasters and scenarios and do not necessarily provide generalized findings for disaster response. However, the results indicate that applying the proposed methodology to a greater number of disasters and scenario conditions could lead to better analysis and optimization of disaster response. Interviews with government disaster management officials in the target areas suggest that confirming the effectiveness of disaster response while visualizing the distribution of disaster risk in the areas from a bird's eye view, as in this study, could enhance existing response plans. This approach may also present information comprehensibly for staff and residents who did not experience the disaster firsthand, simulating the experience for better understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel approach for fabricating vertically stacked mini-LED arrays, integrating InGaN yellow and blue epitaxial layers with a stress buffer layer to enhance optoelectronic characteristics and structural stability. This method significantly simplifies the LED design by reducing the need for RGB configurations, thus lowering costs and system complexity. Employing vertical stacking integration technology, the design achieves high-density, efficient white light production suitable for multifunctional applications, including automotive lighting and outdoor signage. Experimental results demonstrate the exceptional performance of the stacked yellow and blue mini-LEDs in terms of luminous efficiency, wavelength precision, and thermal stability. The study also explores the performance of these LEDs under varying temperature conditions and their long-term reliability, indicating that InGaN-based yellow LEDs offer superior performance over traditional AlGaInP yellow LEDs, particularly in high-temperature environments. This technology promises significant advancements in the design and application of lighting systems, with potential implications for both automotive and general illumination markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for more than 70% of total global greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the GHG emission reduction potential due to the household behavior is very high. Energy consumption is the main source of the GHG emission in households. There are two main ways to reduce GHG emissions in households: use of renewable energy, energy efficiency improvement, and energy conservation due to changes in the energy use patterns. The highest energy saving potential in households is linked with building renovation, followed by the use of energy efficient appliances (including lighting). Renewable energy microgeneration technologies in households also provide opportunities for GHG emission reduction. Although there have been many policies developed to reduce GHG emissions from energy consumption in households, they still need to be more effective. This paper aims to assess willingness of Lithuanian households to reduce GHG emissions from energy consumption in households by embarking on energy renovation of buildings, use of energy efficient appliances and use of renewable energy technologies. The willingness to pay for these GHG emission reduction measures allows to compare household preferences with respect to available support measures and assess the adequacy of such measures. The paper also discusses household attitudes toward the main policies and measures for GHG emission reduction. The results show the highest willingness to pay for energy efficient appliances, followed by renewable energy technologies. The willingness to pay for energy renovation is the lowest one and such s measure requires significant state support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In areas with a deep floor plan, the distribution of natural light is not uniform. Consequently, relying solely on daylight may not suffice to meet the space's lighting requirements, necessitating the use of artificial lighting in darker areas. Therefore, a lighting system is needed that not only controls the glare near the windows but also increases the light at the end of the room and provides uniform daylight. One of the widely used systems is the "light shelf", which has three main functions: shading, increasing the depth of light penetration, and reducing glare. Review articles about light shelves were published in 2015 and 2017, while more than 80% of the studies have been carried out since 2016, and light shelves with more diverse forms and dynamic elements and many consolidations have been proposed. Therefore, there is a need for a more comprehensive review. The main question of this research is how different parameters (including climate, material, ceiling, and integrated systems) can help to increase the efficiency of light shelves. By using a systematic review, studies in the past three decades were classified in order to determine the effect of these parameters on improving lighting performance and controlling solar heat gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylight discomfort glare evaluation is important when selecting shading properties. New standards recommend allowable glare frequency limits but do not specify the modeling accuracy required for annual glare risk assessment. Fast simulation tools allow users to perform hourly glare evaluations within minutes. However, reliable evaluation of glare through roller shades requires accurate modeling of their specular and diffuse transmission characteristics, affected by color, materials, and weaving technology. This study presents a systematic comparison between commonly used glare simulation methods against the "ground truth" Radiance ray-tracing tool rpict in terms of hourly daylight glare probability (DGP), hourly vertical illuminance (Ev), and annual visual discomfort frequency. The results are presented for two shade fabrics using light transmission models with and without a peak extraction algorithm (Radiance–aBSDF and Radiance–BSDF) for the specular component. The impact of sky/sun discretization on glare prediction is also discussed. The results show that the Radiance 5–Phase Method (5PM) is superior when modeling direct sunlight and DGP through shades, while other investigated methods (3–Phase Method, imageless DGP, ClimateStudio Annual Glare) are not as robust for that purpose. Users are encouraged to understand the underlying assumptions in the imageless methods to avoid errors when simulating glare, especially due to the contrast effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a comparative analysis of two prominent machine learning techniques for predicting electricity consumption in workplace lighting systems: polynomial regression analysis and artificial neural networks. The primary objective is to assess their suitability and applicability for developing an accurate predictive model. After a brief overview of the current state of energy-saving techniques, the article examines several established models for predicting energy consumption in buildings and systems. These models include artificial neural networks, regression analysis and support vector machines. It then focuses on a practical comparison between polynomial regression analysis and an artificial neural network-based model. The article then looks at the data preparation process, outlining how the data is used within each model to establish appropriate prediction functions. Finally, it describes the methods used to evaluate the accuracy of the developed prediction functions. These functions allow the prediction of lighting consumption based on external lighting intensity. The article evaluates the accuracy of the developed prediction functions using the root mean square error, correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination values. The article compares these values obtained for both models, allowing a conclusive assessment of which model provides superior accuracy in predicting lighting consumption based on external lighting intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue light is an important light wavelength in regulating plant flowering. In a controlled environment (CE) plant production systems, blue light can be manipulated easily and even precisely through electric lighting, especially with the advancement of light-emitted diode (LED) technologies. However, the results of previous studies in the literature about blue-light-mediated flowering are inconsistent, which would limit its practical application in CE plant production while implying that an in-depth study of the relevant physiological mechanism is necessary in the future. This review consolidates and analyzes the diverse findings from previous studies on blue light-mediated plant flowering in varying high-value crops from ornamental plants to fruits, vegetables, and specialty crops. By synthesizing the contrasting results, we proposed the possible explanations and even the underlying mechanisms related to blue light intensity and exposure duration, its co-action with other light wavelengths, background environment conditions, and the involved photoreceptors. We have also identified the knowledge gaps based on these studies and outlined future directions for research and potential application in this promising field. This review provides valuable insights into the important and diverse role of blue light in plant flowering and offers a foundation for further investigations to optimize plant flowering through lighting technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differentiable rendering methods promise the ability to optimize various parameters of three-dimensional (3D) scenes to achieve a desired result. However, lighting design has so far received little attention in this field. In this article, we introduce a method that enables continuous optimization of the arrangement of luminaires in a 3D scene via differentiable light tracing. Our experiments show two major issues when attempting to apply existing methods from differentiable path tracing to this problem: First, many rendering methods produce images, which restricts the ability of a designer to define lighting objectives to image space. Second, most previous methods are designed for scene geometry or material optimization and have not been extensively tested for the case of optimizing light sources. Currently available differentiable ray-tracing methods do not provide satisfactory performance, even on fairly basic test cases in our experience. In this article, we propose, to the best of our knowledge, a novel adjoint light tracing method that overcomes these challenges and enables gradient-based lighting design optimization in a view-independent (camera-free) way. Thus, we allow the user to paint illumination targets directly onto the 3D scene or use existing baked illumination data (e.g., light maps). Using modern ray-tracing hardware, we achieve interactive performance. We find light tracing advantageous over path tracing in this setting, as it naturally handles irregular geometry, resulting in less noise and improved optimization convergence. We compare our adjoint gradients to state-of-the-art image-based differentiable rendering methods. We also demonstrate that our gradient data works with various common optimization algorithms, providing good convergence behaviour. Qualitative comparisons with real-world scenes underline the practical applicability of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) windows have received more and more attention in recent years since their active energysaving advantages. Considering the surface covered with solar cell modules, the indoor daylight environment of PV windows is obviously different with clear glass windows. However, despite many scholars have studied the indoor daylight environment of PV windows, there few investigations study it from the perspective of human subjective visual perception. In this paper, the indoor daylight environment and human visual comfort of building with Cadmium Telluride Photovoltaic (CdTe-PV) window were investigated. Firstly, the parameters of indoor daylight environment and subjective questionnaires in rooms with CdTe-PV window and clear glass window were analyzed respectively. On the basis of this, combined with indoor working surface illuminance and results of subjective questionnaires, the daylight illuminance threshold of human visual comfort was investigated by the method of Mean Bias Degree (MBD). Finally, an evaluation model for indoor daylight environment of buildings with CdTe-PV window was developed by Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method. The results showed that the working surface illuminance of CdTe-PV window was lower than that of clear glass room, the CCT of different windows room had a minor gap and the CdTe-PV window room was closer to the recommended range that was 3300-5000K. As for CRI, both the CdTe-PV window room and the clear glass room could meet the visual comfort requirements of office staff. Furthermore, it was found that the requirement of human visual comfort was met when indoor working surface illuminance varies between 500-2200lx in the room with CdTe-PV window. At last, according to the comprehensive evaluation model proposed in this paper, it was found that the indoor daylight environment of buildings with CdTe-PV window was excellent in the present experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) on vertical façades is a potential PV application in today's buildings. The performance of BIPV on façades is significantly influenced by the façade orientation. For tropical cities, the optimum façade orientation, in terms of maximum energy yield and daylight performance, cannot be simply determined, due to relatively symmetrical sun path throughout the day. This study therefore aims to determine the optimum orientation for BIPV on tropical building façades. To achieve the objective, experiment, modelling, and computational simulation are conducted to evaluate the BIPV energy yield and to predict the indoor daylight performance in a scale-model building with a 105Wp monocrystalline silicon PV, facing each cardinal orientation in Bandung, Indonesia. The South orientation yields practically zero ASE 1000,250, providing the best annual daylight performance, and yielding the most desirable value in four out of five daylight metrics. The greatest annual energy yield is at the North orientation, providing 179-186 kWh (95% prediction interval) per year, but with larger uncertainty compared to that at the South, due to direct sunlight occurrence. Based on three different objective functions, the South orientation is considered optimum for placing the BIPV panel on the prototype façade in the location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of image dehazing techniques depend on the estimation of atmospheric light intensity. The majority of dehazing algorithms do not incorporate a physical model to estimate atmospheric light, leading to reduced accuracy and significantly impacting the effectiveness of dehazing. This article presents a novel approach for estimating atmospheric light using the polarization state and polarization degree gradient of the sky. We utilize this approach to enhance the outcomes of image dehazing by applying it to pre-existing dehazing algorithms. Our study and development of a real-time dehazing system has shown that the approach we propose has a clear advantage over previous methods for estimating ambient light. After incorporating the proposed approach into existing defogging methods, a significant improvement in the effectiveness of defogging was noted through the assessment of various criteria such as contrast, PSNR, and SSIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In order to increase the fertility rate of ewes throughout the year, expensive assisted reproduction programs are used during the spring–summer season despite the hot conditions in the tropics that can negatively affect them. Due to the photoperiod, ewes tend to mate only during the autumn–winter months, when daylight hours are reduced. Merino Socorro Island Merino ewes and their crosses with Pelibuey under warm conditions can significantly help sheep production units located in the tropics of cancer because they show reproductive activity during the spring and autumn seasons in the tropics. In addition, the reproductive efficiency of flocks could be improved by using oestrus synchronization protocols based on timed artificial insemination programs or natural mating. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of spring and autumn seasons on the reproductive activity of Merino Socorro Island ewes and their crosses with Pelibuey under heat stress (HS) conditions in the tropics. All ewes (n = 80) were randomly assigned to one of two breeds during the first and second periods, respectively: (1) Twenty Socorro Island Merino ewes (SIM) and (2) 20 Pelibuey Crossbred ewes (PBC). Animals were fed the same diet and given water ad libitum. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS statistical software 9.12 procedures. In both seasons, a mean of more than 80 U of maximum THI was obtained, while in spring and autumn, the minimum THI exceeded 30 and 40 U, respectively. All animals were in oestrus and ovulated in both seasons. The frequency of animals in spring during the first 48 h of oestrus expression was greater (p < 0.05) than 48–55 h but similar (p > 0.05) than 55–65 h; in autumn during the first 48 h and 48–55 h were similar (p > 0.05), but different (p < 0.05) than 55–65 h. The duration of oestrus expression was longer in the spring than in the autumn (p < 0.05). The frequency of animals was higher (p < 0.05) in SIM than in PBC ewes during the first oestrus cycle (1–17 d) and was also higher (p < 0.05) in PBC than in SIM ewes during the second oestrus cycle (18–35 d). The SIM ewes produced more (p < 0.05) progesterone (P4) than the PBC ewes. During the sampling days of the oestrus cycle, more P4 was created in autumn than in spring (p < 0.05). Both breeds showed severe HS. In the future, ewes treated under assisted reproductive programs in the tropics may improve reproductive efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a strong interference source for the all-time optical imaging surveillance of maritime targets, sea surface glare is difficult to mitigate accurately because of its time-varying characteristics due to lighting conditions and seawater fluctuations. In this paper, we propose an adaptive suppression approach to sea surface glare, which establishes a geographic polarization suppression model based on real-time information regarding geographic positioning and the orientation information of the floating platform, and also combines dynamic polarization control and pixel normalization to achieve adaptive suppression of sea surface glare. Experimental results show that this approach can mitigate the influence of rapidly changing glare effectively, and the SSIM indexes between the images without glare and those with glare suppression of the same scenes exceed 0.8, which is suitable for all-time glare suppression on the sea surface under natural lighting conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a novel approach by applying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to enhance optical camera communication (OCC) signal detection under challenging indoor lighting conditions. The study utilizes a smartphone app to capture images of an LED lamp that emits 25 unique optical codes at distances of up to four meters. The developed CNN model demonstrates superior accuracy and outperforms traditional methodologies, which often struggle under variable illumination. This advancement provides a robust solution for reliable OCC detection where previous methods underperform, particularly in the tourism industry, where it can be used to create a virtual museum on the Unity platform. This innovation showcases the potential of integrating the application with a virtual environment to enhance tourist experiences. It also establishes a comprehensive visible light positioning (VLP) system, marking a significant advance in using CNN for OCC technology in various lighting conditions. The findings underscore the effectiveness of CNNs in overcoming ambient lighting challenges, paving the way for new applications in museums and similar environments and laying the foundation for future OCC system improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent sleep disturbances and circadian delays pose significant challenges to mood and daytime functioning. In this narrative review, we explore the impact of light on sleep and highlight the importance of monitoring and managing light exposure in adolescents throughout the day and night. The benefits of daylight exposure in mitigating sleep and circadian disruptions are well-established; however, interventions targeting access to daylight in adolescents remain understudied and underutilized. The primary aim of this narrative review is to bring attention to this gap in the literature and propose the need for institutional-level interventions that promote access to daylight, especially considering adolescents' early school start times and substantial time spent indoors on weekdays. School-led interventions, such as active commuting to school and outdoor curriculums, have promising effects on sleep and circadian rhythms. Additionally, practical measures to optimize natural light in classrooms, including managing blinds and designing conducive environments, should also be considered. While future studies are necessary to facilitate the implementation of interventions, the potential for these school-level interventions to support adolescent sleep health is evident. Aiming for integration of individual-level regulation and institutional-level intervention of light exposure is necessary for optimal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the 20th century, many studies have focused on the possibility of considering the sky as a body characterized by an apparent temperature, and several correlations to quantify the apparent sky temperature have been proposed. However, the different models were obtained for specific meteorological conditions and through measurements at specific sites. The available models do not cover all locations in the world, although the evaluation of the sky temperature is fundamental for estimating the net radiative heat transfer between surfaces and the sky. Here, experimental data logged from a regional micrometeorological network (in Italy, within the Lazio region) were processed and used to identify an empirical model for the estimation of the sky temperature in the Mediterranean area. Data relating to atmospheric infrared radiation were used to compute the sky temperature, aiming at identifying a direct correlation with the ambient temperature. Climatic data acquired during 2022 were processed. The proposed correlations were compared with other models available in the literature, including the standard ISO 13790. This study proposes an annual-based direct correlation in its initial phase, demonstrating a superior fit to the measured data compared to well-known direct empirical models from the literature. Subsequently, quarterly-based correlations are introduced further in a secondary phase of the work to improve the model's adaptation to experimental observations. The results reveal that quarterly-based correlations improve goodness-of-fit indexes compared to annual-based and well-known direct empirical correlations. Finally, a detached building was modeled via a dynamic code to highlight the influence of different correlations on annual energy needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces an innovative design method for public lighting systems that surpasses the limitations of conventional approaches, which rely on predefined lamp characteristics and spatial arrangements. By employing a linear additive model to solve a multi-criteria decision model, our study proposes an optimal design methodology considering several key aspects, including the distance between lamps, their type, power, and light distribution. The goal is to achieve optimal illumination that enhances visibility on public roads for drivers and pedestrians while simultaneously minimizing glare and installation costs and maximizing energy efficiency. The proposed methodology is implemented through an algorithm developed in MATLAB R2023b, with results validated through simulations in DIALux evo 12.0. This information is used to construct a decision matrix, assessed using the CRITIC method across 180 different scenarios within a specific case study. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of multi-criteria decision-making as a tool for significantly improving the planning and design of lighting in public illumination systems, allowing for selecting the optimal combination of parameters that ensure the best lighting conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]