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Introduction: Haiti is the poorest country in the Americas and has the highest levels of gender inequality. It has high burdens of malnutrition and food insecurity. Our aim in this study was to investigate differences between female and male heads of farms in their farm's size and income and in their nutritional status. Methods: We conducted a mixed-method study with a quantitative survey with 28 female and 80 male farmers and qualitative semi-structured interviews with seven women and 11 men, in nine rural communities, Plateau de Rochelois, Nippes, Haïti. Results: We found that significant inequalities existed between female and male heads of farms in this region of Haiti. Farm income was associated with farm size, with female farmers having on average smaller farms, and markedly lower farm incomes compared to male farmers, even after adjusting for the fact that their farms were smaller. Male farmers also had more access to seeds, financing and transportation to market. In addition, female farmers had markedly higher levels of overweight and obesity. In both male and female heads of farms around 1 in 20 were underweight. Discussion: These findings complement those from other settings, showing that female farmers in low- and middle- income countries typically face severe challenges in accessing resources such as land, credit, and inputs, which can limit their productivity and income-generating potential. Gender sensitive interventions to promote farmer health, well-being and productivity are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural subsidy policy can improve the planting enthusiasm of rural households by increasing their income. It is of great significance to assess and summarise the effect of the soybean and cotton target price subsidy policy and to determine future policy direction. Using the national rural fixed-observation point socioeconomic survey data from 2009 to 2017, the study employed the difference-in-differences (DID) method to evaluate the impact of the target price policy (TPP) on rural household income in China. TPP had no significant impact on the total income of rural households. Specifically, TPP increased the farm income of rural households but simultaneously reduced the wage income and had no significant impact on the other income. Moreover, the impact of TPP on rural household income varied with the planting scale and income level; the effect of TPP was strong among the non-poor or scale operation rural households. TPP implementation affected rural household farm and wage income by affecting farmers' allocation of working time and cost input. Therefore, implementing TPP should consider farmers' participation in non-farm employment, further adjust the subsidy intensity and scope, and combine direct subsidies with the poverty reduction effect in poor areas. The contribution of this article is to explore the implementation effect of target price subsidy policies from the perspective of farmers' income, to deconstruct farmers' income, and explore the mechanism of policy action. This paper provides a theoretical basis and policy inspiration for China to improve and adjust the agricultural subsidy policy, mobilise farmers' enthusiasm to cultivate, and ensure national food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age at first calving (AFC) represents the nonproductive period of ∼2 yr in Holstein cows, and thus, it has a relevant effect on the cost of rearing replacements in the dairy herd. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate genetic and genomic aspects of AFC in the Italian Holstein population. Data of 4,206,218 heifers with first calving between 1996 and 2020 were used. Age at first calving averaged 26.09 ± 3.07 mo and decreased across years. Heritability was estimated using a linear animal model which included the fixed effects of herd-year-season of birth and classes of gestation length, and the random animal additive genetic effect fitted to a pedigree-based relationship matrix. The EBV and genomically EBV (GEBV) were obtained, and they were standardized to mean 100 and standard deviation 5, where animals above the mean are those contributing to reduce AFC. Heritability estimates of AFC ranged from 0.031 to 0.045. The trend of sires' GEBV was favorable and indicated a reduced AFC across years. Approximate genetic correlations between GEBV of AFC and GEBV of other economically important traits were calculated on a subset of genotyped females born after 2015. Moderate favorable associations of AFC with production traits (0.39–0.51), udder depth (0.40), interval from first to last insemination in heifer (−0.43), and longevity (0.34) were assessed. Overall, the greatest lifetime productive performances and most favorable days open in first lactation were observed when heifers calved at 22 to 23 mo. In contrast, progeny of sires with GEBV of AFC above the mean yielded more milk, fat, and protein in first lactation, and had shorter days open than progeny of sires with GEBV of AFC below the mean. Results suggested that breeding strategies to improve AFC should be pursued, also considering genetic correlations between AFC and traits which are already part of the Italian Holstein breeding objective. The inclusion of AFC in an aggregate index is expected to contribute to enhance farm income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural extension system of India has various kinds of service providers like state agriculture departments, universities, research institutes, Farm Science Centers and private players. This study was conducted in 2020 and attempted to explore the association between average annual net income earned from citrus cultivation and the source of availing citrus extension services through Correspondence Analysis (CA) method of 300 citrus farmers selected from three districts in Maharashtra, India. The farmers with high income (1808.31 to 2,411.09 USD ha-1) received advisory services of the public research institute ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute (CCRI) through either personal contact or electronic platforms. Awareness about CCRI services, source of seeking citrus cultivation related information, source of purchasing citrus planting material, using CCRI mobile app and website for citrus advisories, and contacting CCRI scientists for solving citrus farming related issues was found to have significant (P< 0.05) positive relationship with net income from citrus farming through Pearsons' correlation coefficient, while cost of cultivation and orchard age had negative significant relationship. The multi-linear regression analysis, depicted cost of cultivation, awareness about CCRI services, source of seeking citrus advisories, and source of purchasing planting material had significant association with net income. The findings of correlation and regression thus emphasized the positive significant association of CCRI's extension services to income from citrus farming. Identifying homogenous target groups of citrus farmers through Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method can serve as policy implication for extension service providers to deliver customized need-based advisories to target clientele. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 2000s, some Indian states started allowing private traders to buy directly from farmers outside the state-regulated market system. The experience of these states can shed light on the impact of market-oriented reforms and the role of public procurement. Using individual-level National Sample Survey Data on agricultural wages and a new dataset on state-level average real farm income per cultivator for 18 major Indian states between 1987–2012, this paper shows, using both a difference-in-difference and a triple difference framework, that marketing reforms alone did not contribute to higher farm incomes and agricultural wages. However, when these reforms were coupled with public procurement at the minimum support price, farm incomes and agricultural wages significantly improved. Our results suggest that market-reforms and public procurement at minimum support prices were complements which together contributed to raising rural incomes in states like Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and background This study aims to study, through a socio-systemic approach, the cohabitation between agricultural land and gold panning, if not the occupation of agricultural land by gold panning. To this end, we decided to focus on the case of the rural commune of Bancoumana, Kati circle, Koulikoro region, an agricultural area par excellence, but faced with the invasion of gold panning. This commune, located on the outskirts of Bamako, is experiencing a desire for its land suitable for agriculture (cereals, citrus fruits, fruits and vegetables). Through this study, we ask the question of how agriculture coexists with gold panning? What are the effects and impacts of one on the other? What measures or arrangements have been taken by the politicaladministrative authorities to protect agricultural land from gold panning? How are these measures perceived by the populations, particularly farmers? Goal and Objectives: Study the cohabitation between agricultural land and gold panning. This involves studying the effects, if not the impacts, of one on the other. Methodology: To carry out the study, our approach is based on empirical research methods. First, we carry out a documentary analysis in order to pose the problem of the study. Secondly, we carry out field surveys using individual and collective interview guides with the stakeholders concerned, in particular farmers, gold miners, local and regional authorities, and managers of farmers' defense NGOs. For the analysis of the data collected in the field, we favored the analysis of thematic content according to our centers of interest. The data collected in the local "Bambara" language were transcribed into French for this purpose. Results: The results of the study reveal that the idleness of rural and urban young people explains their rush to gold panning areas. It also shows that gold panning seriously impacts agriculture, particularly family farming. The impacts are of several orders. Encroachment or invasion on agricultural areas, flight of agricultural labor, decline in agricultural productivity, decline in agricultural income and land conflicts between farmers and gold miners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income increase is an important way to achieve comprehensive human development and to escape from poverty, and the growing aging problem in rural China poses a challenge to farm household income increase. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of China's rural old-age burden on farm household income, this paper empirically examines the impact and mechanism of household old-age burden on farm household income based on the data from the 2023 micro-farm field survey of China's Henan Province, utilizing linear regression modeling and mediation effect modeling, filling the research gaps in the related fields. The results of the study found that, firstly, family old-age burden has a significant impact on the income of farm households, and that the heavier the family old-age burden, the lower the total income of farm households. Secondly, from the results of the heterogeneity of the impact, the poorer the health condition, the greater the negative impact of family old-age burden on farm household income. Old-age burden has a greater impact on high-income farm households than on low-income farm households, and old-age burden has a significant impact on the income of part-time farm households, while the impact is not significant on purely farm and non-farm households. Thirdly, the heavier the household old-age burden, the more unfavorable it is to the non-farm employment of farm households, thus affecting the income capacity of farm households. Finally, corresponding countermeasures and recommendations are put forward in three areas, namely, the continuous improvement of the social old-age security system, the realization of the function of the social old-age mechanism as an old-age pocket for key special groups, and the improvement of the social flexible employment mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The income gap between urban and rural households is a prevalent social issue in many countries, including China. This study examines the effect of information and communication technology (ICT) diffusion on the urban–rural income gap in China. We theoretically analyse how ICT infrastructure construction, financed by fiscal transfers, in rural areas narrows the rural–urban income gap. Further, our empirical results show that both ICT penetration at county level and ICT usage at household level narrow the rural–urban income gap. Moreover, compared to computer access, the newer generation of ICT devices (smartphones) has stronger effects in narrowing the rural–urban income gap. We find that smartphones play a key role in the reduction of this income gap by increasing the agricultural product operational income of rural households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of a growing population and shrinking arable land, the world is facing a global food crisis. One important solution could be to subsidize farmers to sustain their production so that they can produce more food for consumers and earn more money for themselves. An efficient subsidy program should also aim to reduce income inequality among farmers, as measured by the Gini coefficient of farmers' income. In this paper, we examine and compare the effects of input and output farm subsidy programs. The input subsidy reduces the farmers' input purchasing costs, whereas the output subsidy reduces the farmers' output processing costs. By considering a continuum of infinitesimal price-taking farmers who are heterogeneous in their average yield rates, our equilibrium analysis of a game-theoretical model yields three results. First, both subsidy schemes reduce the aggregate income inequality measured by the Gini coefficient. However, they create the following "opposite" effects: the input subsidy decreases the income gap among farmers (under mild conditions), whereas the output subsidy increases it. Second, farmers with low yield rates prefer the input subsidy, whereas farmers with high yield rates prefer the output subsidy. Third, the output subsidy scheme is more effective in improving the total farmer income than the input subsidy scheme, whereas the input subsidy scheme is more effective in reducing income disparities and improving consumer surplus than the output subsidy scheme. Our results provide new insights for policymakers who are crafting subsidy schemes. This paper was accepted by Jayashankar Swaminathan, operations management. Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 71971184, 71972025, and 72032001], the Departmental General Research Fund of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University [Grant P0008761], and the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong [Grants 15504615 and 15500820]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4850. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factors influencing spice income in Tanzania are assessed, exploring household effects of spice diversification, socio‐economic and land characteristics on spice income. Spice diversification, household size, age and gender of the household head, non‐spice crops and off‐farm activities are factors influencing spice income. Results indicate that successful farmers can negotiate higher prices for most spices. This suggests that policymakers should encourage farmers to diversify production and supplement their income with non‐spice crops. Promoting cooperation among farmers, improving marketing infrastructure and implementing education programs could equip farmers with the necessary knowledge and skills to negotiate prices and reduce income differences among farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide new evidence on the effects of temperature on farm income, non-farm income, and real food expenditure. We first apply a Heckman model to a large household dataset (10,200 observations) from Ghana in order to fit farm and non-farm income and then subsequently estimate a 3-stage least squares model. Consistent with our expectations, we find that income determines real food consumption. The elasticity of consumption of farm income (0.44) and non-farm income (0.33) are both positive and less than one. The difference in elasticities is statistically insignificant. We find an inverse relationship between the two types of income. Compared to non-farm income, we find that temperature has a larger negative effect on farm income. Warming also impacts negatively on real food consumption. For a typical adult, a 1°C increase in temperature results in a 4% decline in real food consumption. The decline in food consumption can be attributed to the negative effect of temperature on land and labour productivity. In the absence of microlevel adaptation, our results show that general welfare levels in Ghana will likely decline with warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, the production of food grains was insufficient for domestic consumption during 1947 to 1960. The green revolution played a major role in pulling India out from the begging bowl status. This increased production had also increased the accumulation of agricultural waste which is a challenge that is yet to be addressed. Hence, an effective management of these crop residues has become the need of the hour. Generation of revenue from these discarded residues is a feasible option to prevent farmers from burning the residues. The following review gives an insight on various crop residue management options through its utilization thereby generating farm income. There is no waste in the world, unless we treat it as waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livestock industry is essential to the rural economy and way of life, the impoverished actually contribute to this sector’s success. In Nigeria, rabbit farming is thought to be one of the most promising ways to close animal protein deficit. Thus, this research looks at the costs and revenues associated with producing rabbits in Kwara State. Techniques for multistage sampling were used to gather 240 primary data points that were helpful for further examination. Descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, and the stochastic frontier model were used to examine the data. Respondents who were male and female, young and elderly raised rabbits. The mean age of the respondents was 45.49 years, which is within an active range that can lead to competence and effectiveness. Since rabbit production is a modest occupation for the majority of farmers (70.4%), it has not been completely accepted as a substantial source of income in the research area. A strong skill set for implementing innovation in the rabbit production industry is correlated with farming experience. According to the study, selling pregnant and mature female rabbits (doe) is more profitable than selling other types of rabbits. According to a cross-tabulation analysis, university education increased the profitability of rabbit enterprises, as evidenced by the fact that 28.49% of respondents with earnings of over N 250,000 on rabbit enterprises had completed their education. The study comes to the conclusion that the income, economic standing, way of life, and general well-being of rural households were significantly impacted by the production of rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmer protests are currently taking place in many European countries. There are multiple motives behind these, but low prices and incomes are frequently cited. This can be hard to understand, as agricultural incomes in the past three years in the EU have reached their highest ever levels, largely the result of a decline in the number of farms and farmers. Farms are also very heterogeneous. Those farms producing the majority of agricultural output have the necessary scale to provide a decent income, but the majority of farms are not able to remunerate their labour input adequately. The continued existence of a productivity gap between farm and non‐farm sectors suggests farm consolidation will continue, but stronger environmental interventions could ensure this process occurs in a sustainable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the changes in the agricultural sector, there is a demand among policymakers, administration, advisors and farmers for comparisons of the economic efficiency of organic versus conventional farms and their environmental impact. The authors of the paper hypothesised that in some conditions, organic farms can reach similar productive and economic results as conventional farms and, at the same time, achieve better environmental effects. The aim of the research was to compare the production, environmental and economic effects of selected organic and conventional farms from eastern Poland (mixed, crop production, animal production). The basis for the comparative analysis was the data from 12 farms obtained using the questionnaire method (direct interview) from the years 2020 to 2021. The yields of cereals in the tested organic farms were about one-third lower than the average obtained on conventional farms. Total organic crop production in cereal units per ha was 43% of conventional production. Balances of NPK indicated surpluses or deficiency, which suggested that in both systems nutrient management should be improved and optimised. The compared groups of organic farms generally had higher economic efficiency—both with and without subsidies—than conventional farms, despite the fact that the latter obtained significantly higher incomes. Gross farm income on conventional farms was higher than on organic farms by 28%, but conventional farms had higher direct costs by 332% than organic ones. As a result, the economic efficiency of agricultural production of organic farms was higher by 59% than conventional farms. The lower level of inputs incurred on organic farms was the main factor determining their high economic efficiency. Organic farms pursuing an intensive model of agricultural production (milk production), but also with specialisation in crop production, proved to be the most economically efficient. Despite diversified production, reducing the income risk, the mixed production, both organic and conventional, in the studied set of farms turned out to be the least profitable, indicating the need to support it. It is suggested that moderate specialisation increases the efficiency of management in organic farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented impact of the pandemic on both activities and profit of actors draws out the various areas of the value chain that need to be strengthened to ensure resilience in the face of global shock. This study fills the gap by assessing the extent at which COVID-19 impacted the profit of mango value chain actors in southern Ghana. It also analyzed the governance structure and the existing linkages in the dissemination of market information in relation to the profit of the actors. A two-year panel survey on 240 respondents was conducted in 2020 through a multi-stage sampling technique in Greater Accra, Eastern and Volta regions of Ghana. Net Farm Income, Social Network Analysis and Difference-in-Difference models were used in analyzing the data. Findings revealed that mango processors have more bargaining power and make the most profit while producers receive more information than other actors. Farmer-based organizations were found to be the prominent node and influential in the dissemination of market information within the value chain. The outbreak of COVID-19 negatively impacted the profit of mango producers and distributors; however, processors had a positive impact on their profit. The study therefore demonstrated that producers and distributors were vulnerable to the effect of the COVID-19 shock, whilst processors were robust to the shocks. Thus, reformed policies by all stakeholders for emergency preparedness should be targeted especially at those vulnerable actors in the chain. Additionally, FBOs, retailers and other key stakeholders should be considered in policy development to enhance market information dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 seeks to end hunger and guarantee food and nutrition security worldwide by 2030. Smallholder irrigation development remains a key strategy to achieve SDG 2. This study assesses how smallholder irrigation contributes to household food security in Mberengwa district, Zimbabwe. Primary data were gathered from a randomly chosen sample of 444 farmers (344 irrigators and 100 non-irrigators) using a structured questionnaire. Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 27 software packages were used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, t-test, and binary logistic regression were performed. The t-test results show significant differences in mean between irrigators and non-irrigators for household size, the dependency ratio, farming experience, farm income, food expenditure share, and livestock owned (p < 0.05). Irrigators had significantly higher area planted, yield, and quantity sold for maize during the summer than non-irrigators (p < 0.05). Food Consumption Score results show that 97% of irrigators and 45% of non-irrigators were food secure. Binary logistic regression results reveal a significant association between food security and household size, irrigation access, and farm income (p < 0.05). In conclusion, access to smallholder irrigation increases household food security. The government and its development partners should prioritise investments in smallholder irrigation development, expansion, and rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Farmers have adopted ecological farming to overcome the adverse effects of climate change and conventional agriculture. However, the performance of ecological approaches, especially the economic outcomes of ecological practices adopted as a package, has yet to be widely documented in Kenya. This paper aims to fill this gap and generate pertinent information on the implications of adopting different ecological practices bundles on farm income. The study considers five ecological practices: crop diversification, composting, mulching, minimum tillage, and integrated pest management (IPM). This study employed a multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) model to capture the effect of adopting different combinations of ecological practices on farm income. The results reveal that 15.3 % of the surveyed households adopted a bundle combining composting, crop diversification, and IPM. Households that adopted a comprehensive package (comprising all five ecological practices) had the largest positive impact on farm income, increasing it by 9.2 %. This package replaces chemical inputs with locally available resources, restores degraded soils and diversifies production risks to increase food production and farm income. Farming experience, off-farm activities, farm size, perceptions of the effects of conventional agriculture, and drought and floods significantly influenced the adoption of the comprehensive package. This study’s findings imply that policymakers and related stakeholders should provide timely weather-related information, enforce sustainable land use laws, and establish targeted extension services and information campaigns to heighten the adoption of all five ecological practices and enhance household welfare by increasing farm income.

Abstract The present study empirically tests the relationship between crop diversification and farm income. The study area is India, the fifth largest economy of the world, and the units of study are its households which dominates India’s labor force. The propensity score matching technique is applied on the two waves of nationally representative data on agricultural households pertaining to agricultural year 2012–13 & 2018–19 to test the relationship between crop diversification and farm income. We find a strong and positive impact of crop diversification on farm income as farm income increases by around 13 per cent if non-diversified households opt for crop diversification. Furthermore, important factors such as literacy, access to market, access to irrigation, agricultural training, farming experience, and household size positively affects crop diversification at the household level. However, recent decline in the extent of diversification in India is a cause for concern. Promotion of cultivation of HVCs by giving them such institutional supports as initial capital required for switch to HVCs and other steps that insulates them from higher risks is the need of the hour in Indian agriculture.

Simple Summary: Water buffalo husbandry is generally conducted for dairy purposes. However, buffalo meat is gaining growing importance due to its health benefits. To meet the increasing consumer demand, it is necessary to investigate the factors affecting the buffalo carcass weight. This study explored how the buffalo slaughter weight and age at slaughter were affected by various factors, including the sex, year of slaughter, season of slaughter, farm origin, and animal origin. Our results showed that the buffalo weight improved significantly by 46 kg throughout 2017–2021. Male buffalos and buffalos slaughtered in summer had higher carcass weights than their counterparts. Furthermore, we determined that the slaughter age and farm origin differed significantly between sexes. Since the buffalo carcass price in Turkey is based on quantity, our results can be implemented to achieve more efficient buffalo husbandry to increase farm incomes. This study analyzed data collected on a slaughterhouse from 2017 to 2021, belonging to five hundred and twenty one Anatolian water buffalos from different farms located in Edirne, Istanbul, and Kirklareli. Specifically, it aimed to determine the factors affecting the carcass weights and slaughter ages of the Anatolian water buffalos. The results of the study showed that the slaughter age of the buffalos was a significant determinant of their carcass weights. Meanwhile, the sex, slaughter year, and slaughter season affected the carcass weight. Differences were observed for the slaughter age regarding the sex and farm origin. Since the pricing system in local markets is based on the buffalo carcass weight, the findings of this study could be essential for farmers when determining their fattening strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to explore the relationship between prudence in risk attitudes and patience of time preference of Chinese apple growers regarding off-farm cold storage of production and marketing in non-harvest seasons. The authors also consider the effect of farmer participation in cooperative-like organizations known as Farm Bases (FBs). Design/methodology/approach: The authors use multiple list methods and elicitation strategies to measure Chinese apple farmers' risk attitudes and time preferences. Because these farmers can either sell their apples immediately to supermarkets or intermediaries or place them in storage, the authors assess correlations between their storage decisions and their preferences regarding risk and time. The authors also differentiate risks involving gains and losses and empirically examine individual risk attitudes in different scenarios. Findings: Marketing decisions are moderately associated with risk attitudes but not time preference. Farmers with memberships in local farmer cooperatives are likely to speculate more in cold storage. Thus, risk aversion behavioral and psychological motives affect farmers' decision-making of cold storage and intertemporal marketing activities. However, membership in cooperatives does not always result in improved income and welfare for farmers. Research limitations/implications: The research confirms that behavioral factors may strongly drive vulnerable smallholder farmers to speculate into storage even under seasonal and uncertain marketing volatility. There is the need to think deeper about the rationale of promoting cooperatives and other agricultural forms, because imposing these without careful consideration can have negative impacts. Originality/value: Do risk and time preferences affect the decision of farmers to utilize storage facilities? This question is important because it is not clear if and how risk preferences affect the tradeoff between consuming today and saving for tomorrow, especially for farmers in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long‐term agricultural baseline projections are revised annually to incorporate new information. We evaluate the effectiveness of the US Department of Agriculture and Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute crops and farm income baseline revisions to inform policymakers. The revisions are effective in improving the baseline projections in comparison to the initial projections, but they do not outperform the naïve projections. Upward revisions are found to be more effective than downward revisions. We find evidence of predictability and therefore a violation of weak efficiency for the revisions, which results from information rigidity for the crop variables and from information rigidity and strategic smoothing for the farm income variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the recent surge of farmer protests across Europe, which stem from various grievances such as environmental regulations, low farm prices, and import competition. These protests, though initially sparked by country-specific issues, have coalesced around demands for a shift in the direction of European agricultural policy, particularly concerning the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the European Green Deal.

Despite extensive studies on the effects of armed conflict on household dietary diversity, food security, and nutritional outcomes, the underlying pathways remain underexplored. A better understanding of these mechanisms could unpack the subsequent effects of conflict‐induced food insecurity and oft‐reported nutritional shortcoming, as well as identify which policy interventions hold promise. We study the effects of terrorist violence in Burkina Faso on household dietary diversity, as proxied by food consumption scores (FCS), and investigate the underlying mechanisms. For this purpose, we combine nationally representative 5‐years panel data on households with spatial conflict data. We find negative and significant effects of conflict intensity on household food consumption scores. The decline in household FCS is a result of significant decreased dietary diversity in both food production and purchases. Although households in rural areas partially offset these reductions by food assistance, those reliant solely on farming as livelihoods remain the most affected. Further investigations show evidence that per‐capita farm income and food expenditure are pathways linking the intensity of armed conflict to reduced FCS in food purchases, whereas reduced dietary diversity in food production results from decline in crop production. Additional specification tests support our main findings, offering insights that can help policymakers faced with similar scaled‐armed conflicts. For instance, conflict‐sensitive interventions aimed at supporting crop production and farm income for affected households could effectively improve their dietary diversity and overall food security in a post‐conflict environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares financial characteristics of U.S. beef cow‐calf farms by race and highlights potential challenges faced by minority farms based on the historical context in which they operate. We find that, in 2018, factors related to farm size and inefficiencies in generating returns contributed to racial disparities in the profitability of beef cow‐calf farms. Relative to White cow‐calf farms, on average, African American and Native American farms had less acreage, value of production, and net farm income but a higher share at financial risk due to inefficiencies. More research is needed to understand racial differences in farm financial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the 2009–2020 Agricultural Resource Management Surveys, we compare the financial position and performance of African American farms to that of other U.S. farms. The results suggest that, relative to others, the average African American farm has lower total value of production, net cash farm income, government payments, assets, and debts. We obtained mixed results regarding financial performance, with African American farms having lower profitability, liquidity, and efficiency than others but higher solvency. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide a contemporary overview of the status of African American farms using detailed, farm‐level financial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) lending among African American and white farmers. Using data from the U.S. Small Business Administration we run fixed effect estimations with a Mills inverse ratio. Our findings suggest discrimination due to limited capital access. We find statistically significant differences between approved loan amounts among African American farmers due to income level and location of their farms. These had minimal effects on white farmers. Our results call for policymakers to carefully monitor the PPP distribution in areas more vulnerable to financial difficulties. We provide policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land degradation poses major environmental and economic problems to Côte d'Ivoire because of the dependence of its economy on agriculture. There is a lot of literature measuring the effects of land degradation on crop productivity or qualitatively describing economic impacts on farmers' livelihoods. However, there is little knowledge available quantifying the economic losses in agriculture due to land degradation within a methodologically rigorous causal framework. Therefore, we evaluate the net farming income reduction caused by land degradation in the Trays ecosystem in Cote d'Ivoire using an instrumental variable two‐stage least square‐IV method and primary household surveys and soil sampling data collected from 780 farmers in this study area. The findings indicate that soil organic matter (SOM), education, property rights, and farm size squares positively influence the net farming income, while plot slope, erosion, and farm size reduce the net farmer incomes. Specifically, a reduction of 0.07 units on average of the net farming income is observed when the SOM decreases by 1 percentage point. These findings help us draw the attention of the farmers, government, and non‐governmental organizations to the necessity of adopting sustainable land management practices to deal with land degradation, and improve farmers' income and the population's welfare through maintaining fertile and healthy soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Forestry has been implemented in Indonesia to address environmental conservation and poverty alleviation. However, the effectiveness of this initiative in increasing household income is often subject to scrutiny. This study examines the impact of Social Forestry on household income by comparing Social Forestry members and non-members in two mountainous villages on Java Island. Specifically, the analysis focuses on household surveys conducted in Tombo village in Central Java and Cibulao sub-village in West Java. A negative correlation between membership and household income is observed in Tombo, whereas a positive correlation between membership and farm income is observed in Cibulao. Considering these findings, we posit that pre-implementation land tenure and accessibility may affect the economic outcomes of the program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, rural farmers contribute significantly to food production, but their households are still vulnerable to poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition, and stunting. Although quantitative studies have explored the factors that influence farmers' dietary diversity, the data can be improved by integrating farmers' experiences and perspectives on whether and how these factors affect their dietary diversity. Malnutrition and food insecurity are more prevalent in developing and underdeveloped nations like Africa and Southeast Asia. Due to increased work, this country usually sees a rise in stunting, malnutrition, and increased physical activity. Stunting has a higher prevalence than other nutritional disorders, such as malnutrition, according to Nutrition Status Monitoring (NSM) data over the last three years. The frequency of stunting in children under five has risen from 27% in 2016 to 29% in 2017. This will assist in designing and implementing interventions. Forty rural farmers in Bone Regency, Indonesia, became informants in targeted interviews as part of the qualitative study (20 male and 20 female farmers). According to the research results, both male and female informants were concerned about the availability and variety of food. They feel that household food production is essential to achieve food security. Food sales are affected by prices, household income, distance to markets, and the range of food available. Household food production, knowledge, nutrition, availability, use of information, time, and household income are significant determinants of the variety of food consumed. In farming households, gender influences and variations on the distribution and use of food collected and income are explored. Men have more time to engage in agricultural endeavors that promote dietary diversity. Based on these findings, efforts to increase dietary diversity should address current food security and production challenges, support increased farm incomes and market access, utilize designs that address gender issues, and include nutrition capacity building, diverse practices, and social behavior change strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite extensive research on supply chain management (SCM), the literature lacks a perspective to empirically assess the importance of poverty alleviation in social business. Using resources dependence theory, the purpose of this study is to analyze to ascertain whether financial innovation has a powerful solution for business sustainability and, hence, poverty alleviation in developing countries. This study reviews the financial innovations offered by Dompet Dhuafa Republika in integrated supply chain management (ISCM) of smallholder livestock business through Tebar Hewan Kurban (Spreading Sacrificial Animals) program to overcome capital and marketing problems at the farmer level and distribute Qurban meat to the recipients. Design/methodology/approach: This study was conducted using descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained through a field survey, by interviewing two crowdfunding-based investment companies, 250 partner farmers, program managers and assistants, marketing partners, donors/consumers/person who sacrifice and Mustahik (recipients of Qurban meat) involved in program implementation, using purposive sampling method. Focus group discussion was conducted with selected panelists to validate the results of the field survey. Findings: The results of this study showed that the Tebar Hewan Kurban program provides greater benefits to farmers, while increasing the distribution of Qurban meat to be more equitable. The role of moneylenders and middlemen can also be eliminated. Donors feel satisfied because their goals are fulfilled in the Qurban ritual. Program implementers and investors also got decent returns. ISCM is very feasible to be developed on a wider scale, to improve the welfare of farmers or fishermen. Research limitations/implications: This study used a set of samples of the assisted areas from only one institution, which may lead to institution-specific results. Although the sample is small, the results of this study are expected to provide new insights into the implementation of the Qurban, which will provide more profits and benefits for partner farmers. In broader practice, the program flow is worth considering compared to similar programs in other institutions, in Indonesia or abroad. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic situation, the field survey and focus group discussion were carried out online. Practical implications: The results show that ISCM is able to increase the income of farmers. Practically, this program can be duplicated in similar institutions, as well as in government or non-government organizations, in Indonesia and abroad, that have the same context and activity. Social implications: This study offers several social contributions by exploring how and why ISCM can eliminate the role of moneylenders and middlemen, increasing the small farmers' income, providing reasonable profits to parties involved in marketing and satisfying donors and equitable distribution of Qurban meat. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature by confirming the higher impact of ISCM in social business on poverty alleviation. Therefore, this paper provides an alternative solution to increase the income of small farmers through the supply of animals for Qurban or other religious rituals through ISCM arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental policy integration (EPI), that is, the incorporation of environmental concerns in non‐environmental policy areas, has been widely adopted in public policies. However, EPI research has found much discrepancy between environmental objectives and actual implementation. This paper argues that analyzing EPI in the context of policy mixes with multiple objectives, multiple instruments and their calibrations helps to better understand unavoidable tensions and limitations. We develop a framework to assess EPI at these three levels of policy output, synthesizing the EPI and policy mix literatures. We further distinguish four analytical dimensions to assess calibrations: stringency, specificity, flexibility, and temporality. A case study of the national implementation of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in Germany 2014–2022 is used to elaborate the conceptual argument. The CAP has saliently incorporated environmental objectives, while implementation, including the calibrations of most instruments within predetermined corridors, is left to member states. A systematic meta‐review of 142 texts evaluating policy instruments and calibrations in the CAP 2014–2022, focusing on Germany, found that several CAP instruments link most farm income support to pro‐environmental behavior. These instruments could potentially have high environmental effectiveness and efficiency. But actual policy calibrations delivered weak EPI due to low stringency and specificity, while high flexibility and temporal accommodation of farmers' needs might support EPI by increasing acceptance. Weak EPI resulted from instrument calibrations in the face of unavoidable trade‐offs between competing objectives. Our results demonstrate that calibrations can significantly affect the strength of EPI adoption, and the priorities within policy mixes more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When transforming from a traditional rural economy to a rapid marketization period, it is essential to consider the relationship between multiple shocks and household income in poor rural areas of China. Using two waves of a rural household surveys from six poor counties in China between 2015 and 2018, we examine the effect of multiple shocks on households' income and explore the heterogeneity of different shocks and households based on income. The multiple linear regression and quantile regression results demonstrate that multiple shocks negatively affect farm household income, and the range of impact is widening. Specifically, natural disaster shocks reduce the income of low-income households more, and unnatural disaster shocks reduce the income of middle–low-income farm households more. We conclude that illness within the family and lack of working household members are the primary shocks currently suffered by different types of farm households. In contrast to previous research, this study identifies middle–low-income farm households as most in need of attention and reveals that unnatural disaster shocks in poor rural areas of China are most in need of governance during recovery transitions. The findings enrich the existing theoretical system and provide policymakers with practical insights regarding differentiated and preemptive risk governance approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of climate change, the Indian agricultural sector treads in a certain duality between promoting food security in response to the increasing population, but at the same time in ensuring environmental sustainability, and sustained economic growth, especially in developing countries like India. The concept of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) emerged from the recognition of this duality. Using the Indian Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) 2017–18, the economy-wide effects arising out of agricultural interventions were estimated, keeping accord with the impacts on sectoral outputs and household incomes from the adoption of varying CSA interventions such as Conservation Agriculture, System of Rice and Wheat Intensification (SRI-SWI) and Natural Farming, fitting the three-pillared criterion of CSA—(1) Productivity (2) Adaptation and (3) Mitigation. Additionally, a shift in cropping patterns from Paddy and Wheat to less emission-intensive crops was also studied. Results show that SRI-SWI provides the highest economy-wide impacts while accounting for lower GHG and water footprint. Alternative crops such as Maize, Sorghum, and Millet have minimal increase in income and output effects while having lower water and carbon intensity compared to rice and wheat. The current study would sensitize policymakers to prioritize suitable policy and institutional measures for upscaling climate smart interventions in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The income of brazilian Family Farming (AF) is currently characterized by the strong participation of non-agricultural work income sources and non-work income, a dynamic also noticeable in the state of Acre. In light of this, the present study aims to analyze the total income of Acrean family farming. The methodology adopts a descriptive approach to the data from the 2017 Agricultural Census, obtained through the Automatic Recovery System (SIDRA) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results indicate that 64.9% of Acrean family farm total income comes from activities within the establishment (agricultural work), 2.3% from other sources of revenue, and 32.9% from pensions, pensions, and revenue obtained outside the family production unit (non-agricultural work and non-work). There is thus a strong heterogeneity within Acrean family farming, a scenario already observed in the more developed Brazilian regions. This implies the need to broaden the scope of public policies, as the demands that emerge in today's rural areas are no longer restricted to income and agricultural work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cater for the credit needs of the farming population, the Ekiti State Government established Ekiti State Multipurpose Credit Agency (ESMA). This study examined the factors influencing repayment of loan obtained from this agency by the smallholder agricultural loan beneficiaries. Primary and secondary data were used for the study and analysed using descriptive statistics, Tobit regression and the t-test of means. Loan repayment was found to be influenced by age of the famer (p < 0.01), household size (p < 0.05), amount of loan obtained (p < 0.01), amount of loan invested in non-farm activities (p < 0.01), farm income (p < 0.01), income from other sources (p < 0.01), credit use experience (p < 0.05) and price stability (p < 0.10). It is therefore recommended that ESMA should consider carefully farmers' credit use experience in loan disbursement. Furthermore, farmers should be enlightened on marketing practices that would add extra value to their produce to increase their farm income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroforestry, with benefits including resource diversity, improved nutrition, climate change mitigation, and increased income, can ensure financial stability for small farmers by diversifying yields. However, its widespread adoption in traditional farming communities encounters challenges. Focusing on two districts in Tripura with resettled former shifting cultivation-dependent communities, the study used a mixed methods approach, collecting data from 221 households, assessing socio-economic status, farming practices, and agroforestry adoption. Statistical analyses revealed that most common commercial species were Arecanut, Rubber, Jackfruit, and Pineapple, and households practicing agroforestry had notably higher annual farm incomes over other systems. Over 80% households recognized agroforestry's self-sufficiency, with 50% noting improved financial security, diversity, and coping capacity. Socio-economic benefits were better understood than environmental benefits. Plot diversity variations were influenced by seed procurement source, system type, and tribe. Challenges in adopting scientific agroforestry, such as long maturation, land insufficiency and labor demands, were identified. Suggested solutions included increased seed availability, more land for agroforestry, and skill training. This study emphasizes the potential of agroforestry in offering sustainable livelihoods to traditional smallholders and promoting agroecological sustainability in the North-eastern Region of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commodity price variability is a major component of fluctuations in net farm income. Farm managers assume some of this price risk by choice when they store grain after harvest. This study estimates the realized returns from these post-harvest grain storage and marketing activities and shows that they are small on a risk-adjusted basis, particularly relative to the downside risk of negative returns. One explanation is that farm managers’ use of post-harvest forward contracting is limited so they are subject to considerable flat price risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colorado River provides water to 40 million people in the U.S. Southwest, with river basin spanning 250,000 square miles (647,497 km2). Quantitative water rights assigned to U.S. states, Mexico, and tribes in the Colorado Basin exceed annual streamflows. Climate change is expected to limit streamflows further. To balance water demands with supplies, unprecedented water-use cutbacks have been proposed, primarily for agriculture, which consumes more than 60% of the Basin's water. This study develops county-level, Basin-wide measures of agricultural economic water productivity, water footprints, and irrigation cash rent premiums, to inform conservation programs and compensation schemes. These measures identify areas where conservation costs in terms of foregone crop production or farm income are high or low. Crop sales averaged USD 814 per acre foot (AF) (USD 0.66/m3) of water consumed in the Lower Basin and 131 USD/AF (USD 0.11/m3) in the Upper Basin. Crop sales minus crop-specific input costs averaged 485 USD/AF (USD 0.39/m3) in the Lower Basin and 93 USD/AF (USD 0.08 per m3) in the Upper Basin. The blue water footprint (BWF) was 1.2 AF/USD 1K (1480 m3/USD1K) of water per thousand dollars of crop sales in the Lower Basin and 7.6 AF/USD 1K (9374 m3/USD1K) in the Upper Basin. Counties with higher water consumption per acre have a lower BWF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article aims to investigate the financial constraints and nonlinearity of farm size growth. Design/methodology/approach: Farm size growth is measured with land, labor and output using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) for Hungary and Slovenia. A dynamic panel model is applied to assess financial constraints and nonlinearity of farm size growth. Findings: Results show that, except for land in Slovenia and output in Hungary, liquidity constraints are less important for farm size growth than endogenous factors based on farm size growth expectations and steady farm size restructuring. Smaller farms are growing faster than larger ones. The hypothesis that a higher level of subsidies would increase farm size is not supported for Hungary. When farms reach a certain size, the land area of the largest farms increases. Farm debts in Hungary are linked with land growth and in Slovenia with output growth. Research limitations/implications: Further research on the impact of liquidity constraints and subsidies can be conducted at a disaggregate farm-type level to examine whether there is variability in the underlying interlinkages at the farm-type specialization level. Practical implications: The implication that farm size growth is dependent on initial size and that smaller farms are growing faster than bigger ones indicates that it is not necessary to favor the fastest growing smaller farms thus supports the application of a non-discriminatory farm size policy for observing farm size structural changes. Originality/value: The dynamic panel econometric model that incorporates cash flow as a measure of financial constraints provides insight into farm size growth in cross-country comparison in relation to potential farm liquidity constraints, farm debt and the nonlinearity of farm size, which information is of relevance to policy makers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Indian farmers have also been continuously improving available technologies for more efficient and cost effective farming, which resulted in numerous innovations over the generations and helped in improving farming practices ensuring better livelihood options. The action research was carried from 2015 to 2021 to document, verify, scalability testing, developing sharing and scaling mechanism, identifying support mechanism and finally devising scaling mechanism for higher profits, reduced costs, enterprise development, enhanced employment opportunities and capacities, growth and survival. The results of various interventions showed that FLIs were mostly reconfiguration of existing resources giving incremental adjustments. All innovators studied expressed dissatisfaction with the pre-existing economic returns of the farming thus pushing them to innovate. Economic effect of the farmers' innovations in terms of changes in income, change in savings of stakeholders, change in capital owned and change in credit availability were expressed on an average. The innovations which were economically viable and found sustainable source of funding were able to translate into entrepreneurial ventures having higher income and profits. The conceptual model for scaling farmers' innovations was found effective on the basis of experiences and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the dynamic interplay between digital finance and farm household income within the agricultural sector, utilizing the income elasticity of demand theory from bioeconomics to understand shifts in human needs and market models. We construct a theoretical framework to assess how digital finance tools are applied in bio-agriculture, focusing on their mechanisms in expanding market access, altering financing modes, and broadening coverage for agricultural households. Our analysis delves into the correlation between digital finance and farm incomes, exploring the threshold effects that delineate significant changes. We employ a comprehensive panel regression analysis using a mixed OLS model, along with random and fixed effects models, to quantify the impacts of digital finance on both agricultural and non-agricultural income among farmers. Our findings reveal substantial disparities: the mean non-agricultural income of farmers stands at 7,682.97 with a standard deviation of 5,054.09, whereas their agricultural income averages at 4,358.77 with a standard deviation of 1,667. Additionally, we document a pronounced growth in non-agricultural income, which has increased by approximately 9,000 yuan per capita over nine years, correlating with improvements in the total digital finance index. This growth suggests a homogenous promotion effect between digital finance and non-agricultural income. The insights garnered from this study offer valuable implications for policies aimed at fostering rural revitalization in conjunction with the expansion of digital finance, underscoring the critical role of digital technologies in enhancing the economic well-being of the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of differential effects of agricultural diversification on child nutritional outcomes in Uganda using the Heckman endogenous panel probit with sample selection. The results showed that agriculture diversification is key to better child nutrition outcomes. Also, women's control of farm income, high education for household heads, urban residence and access to product markets positively affect child nutritional outcomes, while male children are more prone to poor child nutritional outcomes. Thus, the government needs to design measures aimed at empowering women to own and control agricultural production assets and at the same time promote education to ensure that households have nutrient-rich foods available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]