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Promoting plant-based diets as a response to climate crisis has clear implications for producers of animal derived foods, but surprisingly little research considers their perspectives on this. Our exploration focused on farming strongly associated with meat production in Wales, UK. Mindful of polarised debates around plant-based diets, we considered dietary transition as an opportunity to produce for new markets. The first aim was to identify whether transition towards plant-based diets might trigger transformation of livestock agriculture. Findings indicate a potential trigger event once livestock farmers are certain that consumer trends and climate mitigation require change. Livestock farmers who regard their meat as climate-friendly might resist transitions felt to unfairly disadvantage them. We then considered livestock farmers' likely capacity to produce plant crops, and how this transformational capacity might be enhanced. Participants highlighted forms of financial and environmental inflexibility, plus social norms regarding "good" Welsh farmers, combining to make transformation risky. Transformational capacity might be enhanced through levering occupational and place attachments by portraying plant crops as a revival of historic practices from traditional farming landscapes. Improved linking capacity will also be beneficial, as producing for new markets requires connections to new supply chains, and learning across divisions within rural communities. We present these preliminary insights to livestock farmers' attitudes and transformational capacity to inform future research with them to advance just agricultural transitions. Our study indicates potential to avoid confrontational discussion of dietary transition and we hope that others will pursue its focus on opportunities for farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although Agtech firms have promoted digital platforms for retailing farm supplies (RFS), farmers are sceptical while purchasing them online. As a result, they struggle to generate a sustained demand. Among other approaches, these platforms onboard complementors to become full-stack farming solution providers. Whether platform complementarity can induce farmers' trust remains ambiguous. Literature on network externality theory highlights that complementarity positively affects the perceived value for buyers. The sociotechnical systems literature indicates that perceived value is an antecedent of user trust. In this vein, the authors ask: Does perceived complementarity affect farmers' trust in the RFS platform? Alternatively, the Agtech firms augment the platform's look and feel to make the digital retail setting appear "normal" to farmers. The extant research on the social cognitive theory indicates that a retail setting conforming with the generalised expectancy of buyers harbours their trust. Against this backdrop, the authors ask whether situational normality affects farmers' trust in the RFS platform. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on a questionnaire survey of 212 Indian farmers using RFS platforms. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis. Findings: This study establishes that platforms' complementarity and situational normality ameliorate farmer trust. The authors also identify the socioeconomic factors shaping the farmers' trust in platforms. Research limitations/implications: The present study has taken all RFS together as a single umbrella category, which can be considered a limitation. Also, the study is based on the cross-sectional survey of RFS platform users; the farmers' attitudes are dynamic in nature and evolve over time; however, the temporal factors shaping the farmer attitudes have not been considered in this study. Originality/value: The study establishes the epistemological relationship between complementarity, situational normality and farmers' trust in agricultural platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumajang is one of the districts in East Java where the majority of farmers grow rice. One of the causes of the decrease in productivity is due to the delay in harvest time due to the lack of rice harvesting labor and the type of harvesting machine used is inefficient. The purpose of this study is to measure the factors that influence farmers' interest in using Combine Harvester. The sample needed in this study is 93 respondents. The data analysis technique used is descriptive quantitative analysis using Structural Equation Modelling Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). There are four exogenous variables, including the characteristics of farming, counseling and information, farmer characteristics, and the role of credit. The results of the study show that there are three factors that have a significant influence on farmers' interest, namely innovation, behavior control and attitude. The most significant result was the attitude factor with a P value of 0.012. Meanwhile, the factor that does not have a significant effect is the subjective norm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Regional Pest Control program represents a strategic intervention aimed at optimizing pesticide use in crop production, thereby mitigating the environmental impact of agricultural non-point source pollution from pesticides and fostering the development of high-quality agriculture. This study examines the influence of farmers' perceived risks on the adoption of the Regional Pest Control program and evaluates its effect on pesticide application across a nationally representative dataset from Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, and Sichuan provinces. To account for unobserved heterogeneity, an endogenous switching regression model was employed. The findings reveal that farmers' perceived risks associated with the Regional Pest Control program significantly deter its adoption. Furthermore, the program has been effective not only in reducing the frequency of pesticide applications but also in increasing the usage of pesticides with lower acute toxicity levels. Notably, the impact of the Regional Pest Control program on pesticide application demonstrates considerable variation in accordance with farmers' risk attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice farming in developing countries contributes significantly to economic growth, yet it confronts diverse risks. Strengthening its resilience necessitates systematically identifying and prioritizing these risks, allowing for optimized resource allocation. The majority of published literature, however, focuses primarily on individual risks rather than comparing or ranking them according to their importance. This regime needs to be more helpful for managers and policy-makers in achieving effective management. As a result, frequent management failures are causing substantial economic losses and threatening food security in the most populous regions of the world. This study addresses these existing research gaps by systematically identifying and prioritizing these risks, aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2, viz., Zero Hunger, ultimately contributing to enhanced risk management and developing countries' rice farming sector resilience. Data was obtained from Pakistan through a purposefully designed questionnaire and sourced from a pool of 412 respondents representing a spectrum of stakeholders selected by the snowball technique. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was employed to deconstruct and comprehend the data statistically. A key observation is the recognition of the main risks within rice farming, notably revolving around resource-related and external environmental risks. These risks emphasize the critical management of sub-risks of water management and pest and disease. This study also identified several risk sub-factors that are critical but have yet to be extensively discussed in the literature. Furthermore, survey respondents expressed low levels of risk perception and suggested strengthening the management system through policy reforms. To enhance the resilience of rice farming, stakeholders must engage in effective risk communication, capacity building, and policy implementation. Therefore, more comprehensive integrated risk management interventions are urgently needed to address rice farming risks for achieving SDG 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prolificacy has become an important breeding goal in sheep farming to increase farm profitability. With the adoption of improved genetics and management practices leading to increased lambing percentages, the proportion of triplet-born lambs has also increased on farms. However, mortality rates of triplet lambs are higher than for single- and twin-born lambs, and additional management inputs may be needed to support survival. The aim of this study was to identify factors that affect management practices that are considered important for triplet lamb survival by commercial farmers from the United Kingdom (UK), the Ireland (IRE), and New Zealand (NZ). Methods: An online survey was developed and disseminated to farmers in each country, focusing on farmer demographics, flock characteristics, management practices and production outcomes. A total of 448 farmers completed the survey, from the UK (n = 168), IRE (n = 218), and NZ (n = 62). Results: Respondents had larger flocks, higher scanning and lambing percentages than the country average for the UK and IRE. The mean percentage of triplet litters born within flocks was 9%, and lambs lost between scanning and lambing were 14% for UK, 15% for IRE, and 25% for NZ respondents (P = 0.063). Overall, 60% of all respondents reported to lamb indoors and 40% lambed outdoors, however NZ farmers almost exclusively lambed outdoors, whereas UK and IRE farmers lambed in both systems (P < 0.001). NZ farmers were more likely to rear all triplet lambs with the ewe, whereas UK and IRE farmers were more likely to remove a lamb to rear by another ewe or artificially (P < 0.001). Factors that influenced triplet lamb management practices of respondents in this study were respondent country of origin, flock size, age, and gender. In general, younger respondents (P < 0.001), and female respondents (P < 0.05), were more likely to engage in management activities that were considered to promote better triplet lamb survival, compared to older and male respondents respectively. These practices were associated with better lamb survival reported by respondents but were less likely to be carried out when flock size increased (P < 0.001). Discussion: The results of this survey highlight future priorities or communication strategies needed to improve triplet lamb survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the more pro-environmental attitudes of farmers influence the technical efficiency of agricultural sectors in EU regions (NUTS-2). To answer this, I employed data envelopment analysis (DEA) for efficiency analysis combined with the double bootstrapped truncated regression to investigate the relationship between environmental attitudes and technical efficiency. I found that this relationship is positive, i.e. pro--environmental attitudes were related to greater efficiency. An increase in the environmental attitude variable by one standard deviation led to an improvement in efficiency of 2.8-6 p.p. The higher share of farmers with formal training also proved to be a positive and significant determinant of efficiency. The share of arable land on which conventional tillage was used, and soil erosion proved to be significant but negative determinants of efficiency. Policymakers should present to farmers the environmental benefits of agricultural policy but should also highlight that greater environmental awareness translates into a more efficient operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to study and compile the production process of PaedRiew Giant Sea Bass with local farmers and analyze this process in preparation for Geographical Indication (GI) registration. The study focused on 29 groups of giant sea bass farmers in Bang Kluea Sub-district, Bang Pakong District, Chachoengsao Province. A participatory approach was employed to understand the production process, including ecological concepts and practical techniques for cultivating giant sea bass. Data were collected directly from the production areas, and the information was presented using visual flow diagrams, accompanied by detailed descriptions. The findings highlight that the giant sea bass farming group in Bang Kluea is characterized by advanced aquaculture techniques, expert farm management, superior fish breeds, and high-quality water. These factors enable year-round farming of giant sea bass, which typically reach 5-8 kilograms after 18-20 months, due to the unique salinity conditions of the Bang Pakong River. In contrast, other areas can only raise smaller white snapper (700-900 grams) within 4-5 months. The Chachoengsao group practices a comprehensive farming process, from breeding to growing fish to giant size, ensuring high survival and growth rates. The fish produced are known for their large size, firm and chewy texture, high nutritional value (rich in omega 3 and 6), and absence of fishy odor, thanks to a specialized bleeding technique called “Ike-jime,” adapted from Japanese practices. This technique maintains the freshness and quality of the fish, resulting in white, clear flesh with a good texture. Additionally, the fish exhibit a rainbow-colored sheen due to a curing process that integrates fat into the flesh. The entire production process is divided into three main stages: the production of white snapper fry, raising the fish to market size, and growing them into giant sea bass. Throughout each stage, there is a strong emphasis on maintaining high standards of quality, which is crucial for meeting the criteria required for GI registration. This comprehensive approach not only enhances the product's market value but also positions PaedRiew Giant Sea Bass as a unique and high-quality product suitable for both local and international markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicts arising from human activities and biodiversity value affect the conservation efficacy of protected areas. Resolving these conflicts requires conservation‐compatible livelihoods, such as through agroecology. Here, we built a comprehensive social–psychological framework to explore and understand farmers' intentions to adopt agroecological approaches in tea management in Wuyishan National Park, China.We extended the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) by integrating household livelihood assets (LAs) as a material precondition for the social–psychological decision‐making process. We proposed geographical location (GL) and livelihood strategy (LS) as moderating factors for this agroecology intention. We collected 369 valid household samples through structured interviews. We then used partial least square‐structural equation (PLS‐SEM) modelling to explore the determinants that affect tea farmers' agroecological intentions.Livelihood assets were a material foundation influencing the intention to adopt agroecology and were also mediated by three psychological constructs to take effect. Perceived behavioural control explained the largest proportion of the variance for intention and exerted the most significant mediation effects. Subjective norm was another vital independent predictor and exerted a positive influence on both perceived behavioural control and attitude. The direct and mediating impacts of attitude on the intention were weaker but showed that farmers' ecological rationality outweighed value rationality.Livelihood strategies measured by operational scale and livelihood diversity were able to moderate farmers' psychology. Subjective norm had positively significant influence on perceived behavioural control and attitude, indicating that social support to farmers enhanced their feeling of control over adopting agroecology and that important referent groups as sources of information helped farmers' attitude formation. Perceived behavioural control positively and significantly influences farmers' attitudes as well.Synthesis and applications. Our findings provide evidence of the necessity to optimise rural farmers' livelihood assets to enhance their confidence and control over agroecology. Resolving the conservation‐development dilemma in protected areas through agroecology should aim at comprehensive support that respects bioculture and improves farmers' ability. We suggest knowledge co‐production of traditional wisdom and modern technologies, reducing management costs and risks, strengthening park‐people communication and diversifying incentives to farmers with different livelihood strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how some small-scale palm oil growers in northeast Colombia have managed to exercise partial autonomy from global markets while still participating in them. By comparing the varied experiences of these farmers, I find that, state-led land access and multiscale organizational support for small-scale farming have enabled these farmers to selectively engage with global markets and carve-out space for autonomous decision-making on their farms. By examining the risks and possibilities associated with farmers' engagement in global value chains, this study illuminates the potential for agricultural transitions and small-scale farming within the context of global agricultural markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Today, chemical inputs play an important and crucial role in increasing the production rate of agricultural products and the income of farmers in Iran. However, in parallel with this beneficial effect, the widespread and indiscriminate use of such inputs is considered to be one of the most significant barriers to environmental sustainability in Iran. The main objective of this research is to model the acceptance of the use of biological inputs among farmers living in the southwest of Iran. The research study was conducted using the cross-sectional survey method. The statistical population included all farmers of Meidavoud district located in Baghmalek county, southwest of Iran (N = 1,400). A sample of 302 individuals was selected according to Morgan's sample size table and random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect the data, the validity of which was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was approved by various coefficients. The data were analyzed using SPSSV26, Smart PLS3, and AMOS software. The results of the structural equations showed that among the variables influencing farmers' behavior toward biological inputs, the attitude and willingness variables could predict 80% of the variation in farmers' behavior. In addition, attitude, ease of use, and usefulness were identified as effective factors in farmers' willingness to use biological inputs. According to the results of the path analysis, the variables perceived usefulness and ease of use could predict 67% of the changes in farmers' attitudes. To convince farmers and promote desirable attitudes that, in turn, influence their willingness to use biological inputs, some persuasive interventions seem to be necessary. Farmers need to be externally or internally motivated if they adopt environmentally friendly practices such as use of biological inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The rapid development of agriculture has brought about significant negative impacts on the environment, such as land pollution and ecological degradation. The root cause of environmental issues lies in human behavior, with improper farming practices by farmers being a major contributor to agricultural pollution. This paper explores the relationship between farmers' digital literacy and their pro-environmental behaviors, examining the mediating roles of subjective norms, behavioral attitudes, and perceived behavioral control. Additionally, it investigates the varying impacts of digital literacy on PEB among farmers with different levels of education, social capital, and household income. Methods: Based on data from the China Land Economic Survey (CLES), this study utilizes an ordered probit regression analysis method to analyze data from 923 sample respondents in 24 villages in Jiangsu Province. All analyses were conducted using Stata 15.0. Results: The research findings indicate that digital literacy enhances the likelihood of farmers engaging in PEB. This practice is achieved by reinforcing farmers' subjective norms, strengthening their behavioral attitudes, and enhancing their perceived behavioral control (as the core elements in the Theory of Planned Behavior theory), thereby promoting the implementation of PEB among farmers. Further analysis reveals that digital literacy plays a crucial role in enhancing PEB among farmers with higher levels of education, social capital, and household income. Discussion: The results of this study suggest that policymakers should enhance farmers' digital literacy and implement specific measures to improve farmers' subjective norms, behavioral attitudes, and perceived behavioral control. When the digital literacy and willingness for PEB are improved, farmers may engage in environmentally friendly practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: In Australia, it is a common practice to dock sheep tails, to reduce breech soiling and flystrike. According to research, for docking to provide the optimal benefit, tails should be left at a length that covers the vulva in ewes and to an equivalent length in males. Docking tails shorter than recommended increases the risk of perineal cancers, arthritis and prolapse. Research indicates that some producers dock tails shorter than recommended, up to 57% in surveys and up to 86% in on-farm data. Aims: This study aimed to ascertain the current tail docking length, practices, knowledge and attitudes of Australian sheep producers. Methods: A national survey was conducted using online, hardcopy and computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) modes of delivery (n = 547). Key results: Fifty-seven percent (205/360) of online and hardcopy survey participants chose short tail images to represent their practice, where the vulva was exposed. Although 88% (135/154) of CATI participants described their sheep tail lengths to be covering the vulva, participants equated the length to leaving two tail joints (40%, 54/134) and/or 50 mm (29%, 39/134), both of which have been previously found to be too short to cover the vulva. There was a high awareness of the recommended length (75.7%, 408/539) and 60% (234/390) of participants described it accurately. Significant associations were identified between choosing the short tail image and (1) describing the recommended length to be shorter than it is (P < 0.01), (2) being a producer in South Australia (P < 0.05), and (3) practicing mulesing (P < 0.01). Tail docking is important for producers to reduce flystrike, but docking at their chosen length held more importance than following the recommendation. Participants tended to agree that shearers preferred short tails. Docking tails with a hot knife or rubber rings were the most common methods used. Conclusions: These results indicated that short tail docking remains a sheep-welfare issue for Australian sheep, and that a knowledge–practice gap exists for some producers. Implications: Future research in the space of tail length could address the identified knowledge–practice gap, attitudes, and individual barriers to benefit sheep welfare and the industry. Most sheep in Australia have their tails docked and it is recommended that, after docking, the tail covers the vulva of ewes, with an equivalent length in males, because docking at a shorter length increases the risk of disease and compromises welfare. An Australia-wide survey of sheep producers was conducted and found that >50% indicated that they docked sheep tails shorter than recommended, and 20–25% were unaware of the recommendation. Short tail docking remains a sheep-welfare concern and requires further research and extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive use of synthetic fertilizer has been proven to be an important cause of greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution in many Asian countries. This article aims to provide a better understanding of rice farmers' preferences for a chemical fertilizer reduction scheme (CFRS) by integrating economic and psychometric factors. A survey of 292 farmers was conducted in Taiwan. The results show that farmers using more chemical fertilizers have a negative attitude towards implementing SAP and less trust in government and would prefer a higher entry payment over an eco-label. On the other hand, farmers using less chemical fertilizer prefer to receive an eco-label rather than incentive payments. Our findings indicate that an eco-label and higher entry payment could overcome the psychological factors that hinder farmers' engagement. This study provides policymakers with insights into farmers' decision-making, which could lead to chemical fertilizer reduction, thereby mitigating climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The implementation of cultivated land quality protection is fundamental for ensuring the sustainable use of land resources, and it is the inevitable choice for maintaining the balance of agricultural ecology and promoting the long-term healthy development of agriculture. Methods: Based on survey data from 927 grain family farms in 13 major grain-producing areas in China, this paper empirically tests the effects of participation in cooperatives on the cultivated land quality protection behavior of grain family farms by using a logit model, an ordered probit model and the propensity score matching method. Results: The results show that participation in cooperatives has a significant positive effect on the implementation of cultivated land quality protection behavior and the degree of cultivated land quality protection of grain family farms. A series of robustness tests reveals that the conclusion of the study does not change. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the probability of implementing cultivated land quality protection behavior significantly increased, and the effect was greater for farms with the younger farmers, farmers of lower education level, farmers of non-party members, larger scale of operation, longer establishment years, larger labor force, or provincial demonstration. Discussion: On this basis, we should vigorously support and guide grain family farms to participate in cooperatives, give full play to the advantages of cooperatives, effectively encourage farms to implement cultivated land quality protection behavior, and promote sustainable agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and its negative impacts pose a threat to crop production in Kenya. However, climate change adaptation strategies have the potential to address the challenges faced by crop farmers. Despite this, there is limited literature to inform policy on the best interventions to help farmers deal with climate issues. This study assessed the determinants of climate change adaptation strategies and the intensity of their use among 723 crop farmers in Busia County, Kenya, selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), multinomial logit regression, and the ordered probit model. The climate change adaptation strategies were categorized into crop diversity, cover crops, use of drought-resistant crops, and irrigation. According to the results, the factors contributing to the uptake of the different adaptation strategies were age, household size, access to credit, training access, off-farm income, group membership, frequency of receiving climate change information, and extension services. The major factors influencing the uptake of multiple climate change adaptation strategies were access to credit and off-farm income. The study shows that certain adaptation strategies, such as using cover crops, do not require credit and offer an important option in an environment with limited resources. On the other hand, adaptation measures such as irrigation demand financial resources for farmers to implement them, highlighting the importance of information and awareness in adopting adaptation strategies and the supportive role of financial resources, particularly for adopting multiple strategies. Therefore, this study suggests implementing policies and interventions that encompass knowledge-based strategies such as extension services, training, climate change education, group participation, and financial mechanisms like income generation activities and access to credit. These integrated strategies will enable farmers to adopt various climate change adaptation methods for sustainable crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sustainable transdisciplinary research network was established through a research practice partnership (RPP) between an urban farm, faculty and staff from a Historically Black College (HBC), and researchers at a medium-sized private university. We investigate student-worker resilience at this urban farm situated on the HBC campus, drawing on literature that explores tensions between informal learning environments and formal spaces, equitable food systems and farming systems, as well as the resilience of farm work, and which is grounded critical food systems education theory. Utilizing a participatory design approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews and deductively analyzed the data. The research questions guiding this paper are: (1) What topics of discussion are most important to the student-workers and staff working on an urban farm, (2) How do student-workers and college staff members perceive and experience resilience on an urban farm? We found that what participants on an urban farm discuss, relating to their experiences, include (1) how participants were eager to engage with the local community, (2) how participants demonstrated resilience while working on the urban farm, (3) how power dynamics played a pivotal role informing the direction of the urban farm, (4) how participants consider community access to healthy foods an important mission for the farm, (5) how the college acted as a power wielding entity, perpetuating its privilege over the farmers and the farm operations. These findings have the potential to enable community organizing spaces to promote resilience for their volunteers and workers, and for urban farms top partner with their community to promote the mission of increasing access to healthy and affordable food options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational commitment is key to sustainable development and the success of farmer cooperatives. The relationship and effectiveness of contractual and relational governance as important means of managing partnerships remain debatable, and their impact on organizational commitment is unclear, particularly in the context of farmer cooperatives. Based on transaction cost theory and social exchange theory, we investigate how contractual and relational governance affect members' organizational commitment (MOC) under different market uncertainties. Using survey data of 239 farmer cooperatives in China, we examined the conceptual model utilizing hierarchical regression and bootstrapping techniques. The results showed that both contractual and relational governance have significant positive impacts on members' continuance and affective commitment, but relational governance exerts more positive effects. Contractual governance can significantly promote relational governance; the two have complementary rather than substitute relationships. Moreover, relational governance mediates the link between contractual governance and members' continuance/affective commitment, and this mediating role strengthens as market uncertainty increases. This study expands the literature on MOC from the perspective of alliance governance, and has important implications for cooperative governance mechanisms and partnership management. Plain language summary: Farmer cooperatives, as collective action organizations primarily formed by farmers for mutual benefit, play increasingly important roles in connecting smallholder farmers to markets and increasing members' well-being, but they are currently facing a challenge of declining member commitment with increasing heterogeneity in members' attitudes and perceptions as they grow and expand. The challenge is especially severe in developing-country cooperatives because their relationships with members are more akin to buyer-supplier relationships than ownership relationships. Contractual and relational governance are important means of managing partnerships; however, their relationship and effectiveness are debatable due to their context-dependence, and their impact on organizational commitment is unclear. This study takes China's farmer cooperatives as our research context and investigates how contractual and relational governance affect members' organizational commitment (MOC) under different market uncertainties. Based on face-to-face survey data from 239 farmer cooperatives, hierarchical regression and the bootstrapping technique were used to test the hypothesis. The results show that both contractual and relational governance can significantly enhance members' continuance and affective commitment. Contractual governance complements rather than replaces relational governance; it can significantly promote relational governance, thus increasing members' continuance and affective commitment. This positive indirect effect is reinforced by the increased market uncertainty for farmer cooperatives. This study expands the MOC literature from the perspective of alliance governance and offers new insights into cooperative governance mechanisms and partnership management. Such knowledge would assist cooperatives in scientifically leveraging contractual and relational governance according to market uncertainty, thereby increasing MOC and cooperative sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spring rice (Oryza sativa L.) plays a crucial role as Nepal's primary staple cereal crop. It has a high potential as an alternative during low rice production in the main season, ensuring food self-sufficiency. A field study was conducted on spring rice at a farmer field school, Kailari Rural Municipality-09, Kailali district, Nepal to identify the best-performing and the most preferred genotypes by the farmers through the participatory approach. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with twelve spring rice genotypes including a local check variety. Each treatment was replicated thrice. Statistically significant differences in yield and yield-attributing traits were observed among the genotypes under observation. Average plant height was recorded as the highest in Hardinath-3 (101.75 cm) followed by IR17L1387 (99.78 cm), Jhumka (98.74 cm), and IR17A3019 (96.55 cm) with the lowest in IR16A3838 (84.79 cm). Similarly, the total number of tillers and effective tillers were found to be the greatest in IR18A1451 and IR17A3019 respectively at harvest. The sterility percentage was lowest in IR17A3012 followed by IR17A3019 whereas highest in Hardinath-4. Similarly, the Hardinath-1 variety matured earlier than, IR16A3838 and IR17A3019. Hardinath-4 variety followed by Jhumka was a late maturing variety. Maximum grain yield was found in IR17A3012 (6.06 t ha-1) which was followed by IR17A3019 (5.97 t ha-1) and superior to the local check variety (Jhumka). Thus, the farmers' preference score was found to be maximum (0.09) in the IR17A3019 genotype which signifies that this genotype has certain preferable traits such as early and uniform maturity, low disease and pest attack, a high number of effective tillers, panicle length, and sterility percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAP) are an integrated approach that focuses on attaining triple objectives of increasing productivity, enhancing resilience, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The study was conducted in 2024 to assess the knowledge level of climate smart agricultural practices among the paddy growers of Haryana. The data was collected with a structured interview schedule from two groups of villages namely climate smart villages (CSV) and non-climate smart villages (N-CSV), randomly selected from four blocks of Karnal and Kaithal districts. A sample of 15 paddy farmers were randomly interviewed from each of the eight villages, thereby using a sample size of 120 respondents. The knowledge items were divided into five categories, namely water smart, nutrient smart, carbon smart, weather smart and knowledge smart as per FAO guidelines. The analysis found a considerable difference in the knowledge level of CSAP among CSV and N-CSV respondents. The knowledge index of farmers from CSV was higher than those from NCSV for all five dimensions of CSAP. Further, it was found that variables such as education, extension participation, social participation, economic motivation, scientific and risk orientation were all positively and significantly related to the knowledge index of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity poses a significant challenge for farmers in dryland regions. The availability of water in these dryland areas greatly impacts crop cultivation and directly affects the livelihoods of farmers. As a result, preserving water resources is crucial for achieving successful crop cultivation. Scientists emphasize that in-situ water conservation is more effective than other methods. However, previous research has indicated that farmers have been reluctant to adopt in-situ water conservation (ISWC) practices Therefore, this study was conducted to analyse dryland farmers' attitude towards ISWC practices in the Pudukkottai district. The data was collected from 120 participants during September- October 2023. Statistical analysis techniques, such as the correlation, regression, and path analysis, were used to analyze the data. The results indicate that a majority of the farmers (53.33%) displayed a highly favourable attitude towards in-situ water conservation. Furthermore, variables such as cropping intensity, innovativeness, information seeking behaviour, cosmopoliteness, risk orientation, scientific orientation, awareness of soil erosion problems and accessibility of farm implements were found to have a positive association with the attitude towards in-situ water conservation. The policy implications include providing incentives to farmers who adopt water conservation measures and implementing effective training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic farming helps in raising income and employment for farmers and hence agrarian economy, through improvement in agricultural productivity and sustainability in agricultural production. Therefore, keeping this in view a study was performed using stratified random sampling method in specifically Prayagraj district of rural Uttar Pradesh to analyse farmers' attitude towards organic farming during 2023. The area under research was confined to two blocks of the selected district, Phulpur and Dhanupur with a sample of 80 farmers out of population. The independent and dependent variables selected for study of Farmers attitude were measured on different scales and data collected was analysed using basic statistical tools like percentages, frequency and chi-square test was applied to test goodness of fit and finally results were interpreted. Findings reveal that majority of the respondents (80%) had positive attitude towards organic farming and they are facing the problem of inadequate marketing facility for their produce. Further researches may be carried out in other areas so that generalization of results could be possible. Also, it is possible to consider the women folk in understanding the level of knowledge with respect to modern agriculture, organic farming, and organic foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigated how urea use over an extended period affects the qualities of the soil. The researchers showed that yearly applications of urea over an extended time caused soil acidification and reduced the amount of exchangeable bases in the soil. Factors that have an impact on the crop yield are mentioned. Also noted are farmers' perception on the impact of chemical fertilizer on environment.

California is the largest agricultural economy in the United States; however, its current and projected climate risks pose significant challenges. Farmers will need to adapt to climate change in their farming practices. The goal of this needs assessment was to understand farmers' perceptions and experiences with climate change exposures; the risk management practices they currently use; and what tools and resources would assist them in making strategic decisions. A statewide survey was conducted through Qualtrics with farmers (n = 341). Results showed that 67% of the farmers agree (agree + strongly agree) that climate change is happening, and 53.1% agreed that actions are required. Moreover, historically underrepresented farmers were very concerned about climate change-related impacts related to water, temperatures, and natural disasters. Farmers are currently implementing adaptation practices related to water management, soil health, and renewable energy and are also seeking insurance and government assistance programs to increase agricultural resilience. They also expressed interest and a high need for information on those adaptation practices to acquire skills and knowledge to manage various challenges of farming in variable climates. Also, the assessment established that farmers (47.5%) use decision-support tools, mostly weather stations (22.4%); and 51.9% indicated their interest in using online tools designed to translate climate information into forms that support production decision-making. Farmers (60.8%) responded that they would or may attend workshops to learn about adaptation practices. The findings of this needs assessment will inform the development of extension education programs on climate-smart agriculture for farmers in California and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2015, the government of Indonesia launched a crop insurance program to anticipate the economic impact of crop failure on farmers due to the climate crisis. Despite the government's high premium subsidy, farmers' participation rate in crop insurance remains very low. Therefore, a study is needed to determine which product attributes in an agricultural insurance product are important to farmers and can affect their participation rate. Purpose: This study aims to investigate the factors that farmers consider when selecting a crop insurance product. Design/methodology/approach: The study focuses on the features of the Rice Farm Insurance (AUTP) product: total sum insured, product type, premium, risk coverage, and claim. The research was conducted by sending questionnaires to 110 farmers in 15 villages in Sliyeg, Indramayu. The Bayesian Best-Worst Method was used to analyze the data. Using a scale from 1 to 9, the best and worst criteria are compared pairwise. Findings/Result: The findings indicated that the total sum insured is the most crucial consideration for farmers when choosing a crop insurance product, followed by the premium, risk coverage, terms of claims, and product type. The top two positions of the product attributes are financerelated, indicating a need for improved understanding of agricultural risk management among farmers, extending beyond dollar amount, through continuous education. With the findings in this study, the government and other stakeholders need to develop effective strategies to increase farmers' awareness of the importance of insurance in managing their business risks. This study's added value comes from convincingly showing that farmers prioritize the amount of sum insured over premiums and other aspects. Other researchers can use this research as a springboard to learn more about the importance of product attributes in creating crop insurance products. Conclusion: The top two positions of the product attributes are finance-related, indicating a need for improved understanding of agricultural risk management among farmers, extending beyond dollar amount, through continuous education. With the findings in this study, the government and other stakeholders need to develop effective strategies to increase farmers' awareness of the importance of insurance in managing their business risks. Originality/value (State of the art): This study's added value comes from its convincingly showing that farmers prioritize the amount of sum insured over premiums and other aspects. Other researchers can use this research as a springboard to learn more about the importance of product attributes in creating crop insurance products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to explore the determinants of intention towards the use of agro-advisory mobile applications by extending the technology acceptance model (TAM) with addition of the following constructs: result demonstrability (RD), trust, self-efficacy (SE) and mobile usage proficiency (MUP). Design/methodology/approach: The study employed a survey on farmers (n = 446), which was analysed through structural equation modelling using Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS). Findings: The results show that RD and farmer's trust on agro-advisory mobile apps (AAMA) positively impact their perceptions of usefulness. Also, farmer's SE and MUP positively affect their perceptions of ease of using AAMA. Further, interestingly, farmer's attitude towards the AAMA fully mediates the relationship between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on intention to use them. Research limitations/implications: Understanding the antecedents of agro-advisory mobile application offers a unique contribution to policymakers, private firms, and non-government organizations by proving key insights on the acceptance of agriculture based mobile technologies in context of developing nations. Originality/value: To the best of author's knowledge, this is one of the first research enquiries on the adoption of agro-advisory mobile applications. The new theoretical framework adds to the original TAM and offers novel insights that are helpful in augmenting the current understanding on AAMA and their acceptance by the beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moving beyond the traditional technology adoption framework, this research investigates the complex relation between farmers' existing awareness and internal factors such as mobile phone adoption in Pakistan's agricultural sector. The present study has drawn a total random sample of 416 farmers from the five different agroecological zones of the Punjab Province in Pakistan through survey for data collection on mobile phone awareness and adoption intentions. The results show that farmers are aware of the benefits of mobile phones, but still need to improve their use of specialized apps and services for important farming tasks. The findings complement traditional adoption models, showing that behavioral intentions are formed by a direct combination of attitudes, prior awareness, and internal factors. The findings of the study highlight the importance of targeted interventions by extension professionals and policy makers to equip farmers with the necessary skills to use mobile phones, digital inclusion and promote agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the stress among crop farmers, focusing on the causes and types of stress. Farming has always played a crucial role in Pakistan's economy. However, it can be a stressful occupation, with farmers facing various stressors. The data was collected from the crop farmers of the District Rawalpindi. The sample size consisted of 60 crop farmers with an age range of 35 to 55 years. All participants were male, owned some cultivated land and were personally involved in farming. Interviews were based on open-ended questions to check the prevalence of stress among crop farmers. The result of the study indicated that small-scale crop farmers faced more stress than largescale crop farmers. The major stressor reported by crop farmers was inclement weather conditions, and they often used a talking coping strategy. The study suggests implementing stress management programs and revising agricultural support policies to reduce stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Global Journal of Environmental Science & Management (GJESM) is the property of Global Journal of Environmental Science & Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contract farming is a widely recognized mechanism for addressing market access constraints faced by smallholder farmers and promoting rural development. This study investigates the determinants influencing farmers' participation in contract farming in Kosovo. Data were collected from 249 farm households selected randomly for the study, and binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the determinants of farmers' decisions to participate in contract farming. The results reveal a substantial positive association (p < 0.05) between farmers' location and engagement in contract farming, indicating that rural regions have 3.661 times higher odds to participate than urban areas. Moreover, cooperation among farmers significantly influences contract farming participation (p < 0.05), showing 3,755 times higher odds for contract farming engagements. This type of farming demonstrates positive significance (p < 0.05), with vegetable producers being 3.664 times more likely to join contract farming compared to cereal producers. Conversely, mixed farms exhibit a significant negative relationship (p < 0.05) in contract farming. Gender, age, education, trust, and size of farms were found to be nonsignificant predictors (p > 0.05) in entering contract farming. Additionally, a statistically significant difference in income emerged between contract and non-contract farmers (p < 0.05). Specifically, contract farmers exhibited higher income levels than noncontract farmers. These results highlight the potential for contract farming as an alternative approach to rural development, which policymakers may consider for implementtation, given that contextual factors are properly taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways to achieve economic, environmental, and social sustainability in agriculture is to introduce digitalization in the production process or its digital transformation. The primary research objective in this paper is to obtain empirical knowledge about the various economic aspects of investing in digitalization in Serbian agriculture. The research relies on interviews conducted in the period April-October 2023 using a semi-structured questionnaire, covering a sample of 53 agricultural holdings on the entire territory of Serbia. The results show that the interviewed farm managers do not show a high degree of satisfaction with the achieved level of digitalization on the farms they manage. Nevertheless, based on the analysis of economic parameters of investment in digital solutions (return on investment period, perceived benefits, costs, investment limitations, financial support), the largest percentage of respondents (56.6%) intends to intensify investments in digitalization on their farm in the next period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many parts of the world, degradation of grazing lands is one of the most serious environmental issues. This study analyzed farmers' perception of area closure and its associated factors of participation in degraded grazing land restoration in Sede-Muja Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional research design and a mixed research approach were applied in this study. The 384 sample respondents were randomly selected. Household surveys, interviews, focus groups, and field study techniques were used to acquire the data. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify the determinant elements that affect farmers' participation in the area closure of degraded grazing land restoration. All of the total respondent farmers (100%) have a positive attitude towards multi-functionality benefits of area closures for local farmers. The model results show that the grazing experience (AOR = 2.981, 95% CI = (1.143-7.775), access to safety net program (AOR = 2.787, 95% CI = (1.146-6.77), access to livestock forage (AOR = 4.493, 95% CI = (1.149-14.028), access to extension service (AOR = 2.522, 95% CI = (1.917-6.6397), livestock ownership (AOR = 0.026, 95% CI = (0.008-0.087), improved cattle breeds (AOR = 4.955, 95% CI = (1.944-12.630), access to training (AOR = 3.169, 95% CI = (1.409-7.131), farmers' perception (AOR = 0.085, 95% CI = (0.023-0.310), and communities' consensus (AOR = 4.230, 95% CI = (1.377-12.996) were determinant factors that affect farmers' participation in the area closure of degraded grazing land restoration. To address the current grazing land degradation issues, every one of the relevant authorities as well as communities needs to work together to create modern grazing land management mechanisms such as grazing land enclosures, reduce animal size through improved cattle breeds, implement zero-grazing systems, and ensure the sustainability of existing enclosures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The adoption of new agricultural technologies is one of the key factors for achieving sustainable agricultural development. With the rapid development of China's economy and the widening gap between urban and rural areas, it has become the norm for farmers to seek employment outside their home villages. This phenomenon not only changes the lifestyle of farmers but may also affect their attitudes toward and adoption behavior of new agricultural technologies. However, existing research in this field is not yet sufficient. This paper aims to assess the overall impact, heterogeneous effects, and mechanisms of action of migrant work experience on farmers' willingness to adopt new agricultural technologies. Methods: Based on the 8,391 sample data from 243 counties in the 2018 China Labor Force Dynamic Survey (CLDS2018), this paper uses the Linear Probability Model (LPM), Two Stage Least Square (2SLS), Conditional Mixed Process (CMP) methods, and omitted variable test to estimate the impact of migrant work experience on farmers' willingness to adopt new agricultural technologies. Simultaneously, it explored the heterogeneity in the relationship between migrant work experience and the willingness to adopt new agricultural technologies from the perspectives of gender, age, and educational level. Lastly, the Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) model was utilized to analyze the mechanisms through which migrant work experience affects farmers' willingness to adopt new agricultural technologies. Results: Migrant work experience significantly enhances farmers' willingness to adopt new agricultural technologies, with the probability of willingness among farmers with migrant work experience being 26.65% higher than that of farmers without such experience. At the same time, compared to female farmers, those born before 1980, and those with primary education or less, this enhancing effect is more pronounced among male farmers, those born after 1980, and those with more than a primary education. Furthermore, it was found that migrant work experience not only directly enhances farmers' willingness to adopt new agricultural technologies but also indirectly promotes it by increasing capital accumulation, enhancing risk awareness, expanding social networks, and strengthening agricultural cognition, with risk awareness and agricultural cognition playing a larger indirect role. Conclusion: Based on the empirical results, this paper suggests actively guiding farmers with migrant work experience to adopt new agricultural technologies, and encouraging return migrant labor with the intention of resettling in rural areas to engage in agriculture again, to further promote the adoption of new agricultural technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of public breeding programs is to develop and disseminate improved varieties to farmers. This strategy aims at providing farming communities with superior crop varieties than they are growing. However, the strategy rarely considers the needs and preferences of farmers, especially gendered preferences, failing to solve real field problems by addressing the differences and inequalities prevalent in the farming communities. Our research examines how personal, household, agronomic and ecological characteristics of wheat growers in Bihar, India's eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains, affect women and men's wheat trait choices. Data were obtained from 1,003 households where both male and female respondents from the same household were interviewed. We accounted for 23 traits of wheat from a careful assessment of production, environment, cooking quality, market demand, and esthetic criteria. Binomial logistic regression was used to determine women's and men's trait preferences. The results imply that gender influences the preferences of wheat traits. Some traits are favored by both women and men, however, in other instances, there are striking disparities. For example, men choose wheat varieties that are well adapted to extreme climate conditions, have a higher grain yield, and produce chapati with a superior taste, while women prefer wheat types with superior chapati making quality, higher grain yield, and high market prices. Other socioeconomic, agronomic, cultural, and geolocational factors have a considerable impact on trait preferences. These human dimensions of traits preferred by women and men farmers are important for trait combinations to develop breeding product profiles for certain market segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture in Maharashtra has immense importance in India, acting as the back-bone of the economy and a primary livelihood source for a significant population. Being the third largest state in India, Maharashtra has a high scale crop production in the country which also has an important impact on the economy. Initially the study focus on developing predictive models that guide farmers in selecting suitable crops for the divisions in the state of Maharashtra. This study presents a Crop Recommendation System (CRS) designed to support Maharashtra's agricultural sector by utilizing a comprehensive dataset from 2001 to 2022 provided by the India Meteorological Department. This study helps in improvising technical efficiency and productivity of the farmers. Harvesting crops in optimal condition can help to produce efficient harvest hence the research concentrates on providing best crop recommendation system (CRS) with the help of Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques. The data, enhanced for accuracy using expectation-maximization optimization, underpins predictive models that guide crop selection. EM contributes to a more robust and reliable dataset for subsequent analyses and modeling by iterative estimating and updating missing values based on probabilistic expectations. Key findings show that the Random Forest algorithm excels in predicting suitable crops with 92% accuracy. Further precision is achieved through a Long Short-Term Memory network forecasting weather patterns three months ahead, accommodating temporal data variations. Subsequently, the proposed system leverages these forecasts to recommend five ideal crops per division within Maharashtra, aiding farmers' decision-making and adapting to regional climatic conditions. A supplementary crop calendar offers monthly district-specific planting guidance. An intuitive Graphical User Interface delivers this information effectively, ensuring practical and informed agricultural choices across the state. In essence, the study provides an innovative tool for enhancing economic stability and sustenance in Maharashtra through technology-driven agriculture recommendations aligned with future weather expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-tech vegetable production is becoming a priority in agricultural development in Vietnam in the context of digital economic development. This study aims at identifying factors involving the adoption of high technology in vegetable production by local farmers in Hanoi. We used the theory of planned behavior and other farmers’ personal, social and economic factors to develop empirical model and hypotheses. Primary data was collected from a survey of 450 vegetable producers in Hanoi using cluster sampling method combined with random selection. Then, binary logit model was used to analyze the impact of influencing factors. Results showed that there were 7 factors having significant influences the decision to apply technology in vegetable production of farmers including attitude on high tech production, access to information, size of farm, member of extension organization, education level, access to credit and perceived behavior control, in which attitude variable was the most influential factor. Main management implications raised included enhancing access to technological information, providing demostration visits, giving more extension services, improving social inclusion and implementing hi- tech training for farmers in vegetable production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of an ecologically livable rural environment requires treating rural domestic waste. Farmers, as key participants in rural domestic waste disposal, can improve the rural environment by disposing of domestic waste in an environmentally friendly manner. Few studies have examined the cadre–farmer relationship and its impact on rural waste pollution. Using a questionnaire survey of farmers in Shaanxi Province, China, this study estimates the effect of cadre–farmer relationship on their willingness to treat domestic waste. The findings indicate that a positive cadre–farmer relationship significantly increases farmers' willingness to treat domestic waste. This positive relationship can also strengthen the positive effects of institutional rules on waste treatment willingness. Further mechanism analysis shows that a good cadre–farmer relationship mobilizes farmers to protect the environment and to comply with national ecological laws and regulations, enhancing their willingness to treat domestic waste. These findings enrich research on rural domestic waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTo create effective policies for promoting Integrated Pest Management (IPM) it is crucial to comprehend farmers’ attitudes toward IPM. A survey of 306 rice farmers was conducted to assess the perceived advantages and disadvantages of IPM practices and explain variations in perceptions among different groups of farmers. Through factor analysis, the primary advantages and disadvantages of utilizing IPM in farm field were categorized into six factors, namely: low efficacy in pest control, personal drawbacks, weak technical and support services (as disadvantages of IPM), as well as health benefits, cost effectiveness, and social advantages (as advantages of IPM). The cumulative percentage of variance accounted for by these six factors was 71.052%, with 36.78% of the variance stemming from positive aspects and 34.28% from negative aspects of IPM practices. Educated farmers showed a preference for IPM advantages (p < .001), while affluent farmers leaned towards IPM disadvantages (p < .020). Farmers with high rice production prioritized IPM disadvantages (p < .001), with those perceiving pesticides as harmful showing less preference for IPM drawbacks (p < .001). Training recipients favored IPM benefits (p < .000) and less so the drawbacks (p < .013). Farmers at health risk due to pesticides prioritized IPM advantages (p < .030) and lessened emphasis on disadvantages (p < .041). Additionally, farmers implementing IPM practices valued IPM advantages more (p < .000013) and disadvantages less (p < .000004). Using the scale from this research, agricultural extension services can tailor education efforts to emphasize the benefits of IPM practices and how to address their drawbacks, promoting widespread adoption of IPM among farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability in cotton production is inevitable because producing more cotton means more employment, economic acceleration, and industrial expansion. India, China, the United States, Brazil, and Pakistan contribute 74% of worldwide cotton production. Pakistan is contributing only 5%, despite the high potential of cotton. The average yield of cotton in Pakistan is stagnant at 570.99 kg hm−2, whereas it entails the highest cost of production among all other crops. The yield obtained in Pakistan is less than the potential, profitability is drastically lessening, and farmers are abandoning cotton for alternative kharif crops. Some traditional quantitative studies have unveiled different factors that affect cotton production. However, an in-depth qualitative study has never been conducted in Pakistan to explore the root causes of growing cotton crop failure. Following Moustakas's traditional phenomenological guidelines, this phenomenological study was conducted in the district of Rahim Yar Khan in the core cotton zone of Punjab province. A total of 10 interviews were conducted with purposively selected cotton growers based on a criterion: (i) having more than 10 years of cotton growing experience, (ii) being a cotton grower, and (iii) having at least 10 years of formal schooling. Interviews were conducted face to face on an interview guide. One interview lasted 45–50 min, and responses were recorded and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. A total of 6 themes emerged from the collected data, including (i) climate change, (ii) varietal problems, (iii) pesticide usage, (iv) sense of institutional services, (v) attitude of farmers and (vi) soil health and environment. These six merging themes contributed to cotton crop failure and yield decline. The deep exploration further summarized that researchers, extensionists, and farmers need to seriously consider variety, sowing time, and the environment to revive cotton crops. The detailed recommendations and policy guidelines are presented in this paper, highlighting the cotton sector's research, development and investment areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Biosecurity is essential for safeguarding the health and welfare of poultry flocks; however, its implementation may face many challenges. The challenges of implementing biosecurity measures in Italian poultry farms and the selection and validation of supporting measures (SMs) to improve compliance were addressed in this study. The methodology included stakeholder surveys, virtual farm tours, group discussions, and farmer coaching. While the level of biosecurity implementation was generally high, individual factors such as personality and behavior influenced its compliance. Virtual farm tours and group discussions proved effective in facilitating interaction and knowledge exchange among stakeholders. However, farmers' preferences for minor changes due to time and cost constraints were highlighted during coaching sessions. Alternative methodologies like virtual farm tours and coaching have shown to be promising in engaging farmers and stakeholders, but further research on personal traits and attitudes is necessary to optimize compliance. This paper describes the selection and validation of supporting measures (SMs) aimed at enhancing biosecurity compliance within Italian poultry farms. A tailored methodology, based on a stakeholders' survey involving farmers and advisors, included a virtual farm tour, group discussion, and farmer coaching. Virtual farm tours and group discussions were delivered during two meetings targeting meat and egg production stakeholders, separately. Coaching was validated in 26 pilot farms (PFs) by assessing farmers' attitudes towards change (i.e., ADKAR®) and farms' biosecurity score (i.e., Biocheck.UgentTM) before and after a minimum six-month period. A total of 20 out of 26 farmers agreed to implement at least one action plan (AP). Full implementation of the agreed APs was observed in ten farms, while others only partially implemented (n = 7) or did not implement (n = 3) the improvement. Most APs focused on enhancing house hygiene locks (n = 7), followed by bacterial auto-control after cleaning and disinfection (n = 4). Scoring tools indicated minimal or no variations in farmers' attitudes towards change and farm biosecurity. Virtual farm tours and group discussions were found to be effective in fostering interaction and facilitating the exchange of experiences and knowledge among farmers and stakeholders of poultry production. Coaching indicated that farmers might prefer implementing minor changes possibly influenced by time and cost constraints associated with structural interventions. These limitations could have also impacted the scores of the farmer/farm. The findings of this study provide a foundation for further application of SMs to improve biosecurity in Italian poultry farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change due to human activities is a reality and a growing threat to global food security. The trend of increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall in Iran shows climate warming, the result of climate change in Iran. Climatesmart agriculture (CSA) is an approach to developing new agricultural practices that support food security against climate change. The purpose of this study was to design a behavioral model for using CSA technologies in three phases: cognitive, motivational, and volitional, using the theories of planned behavior, self-determination, and social cognition. This research is the first to combine behavioral models to understand the application of CSA technologies. The research method in this study was quantitative and non-experimental. The statistical population included 800 wheat farmers from the city of Nazarabad in the Alborz province of Iran. A sample size of 260 people was determined using the Cochran formula. Appropriate stratified sampling was selected as the sampling method. Wheat farmers were then randomly selected in each village through proportional assignment. The research data was collected through a cross-sectional survey and a questionnaire. The models and hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. The statistical results confirmed the theoretical model and 15 research hypotheses. Additionally, the estimated field model explained about 62% of the variance in the behavior of using CSA technologies. Therefore, cognition, motivation, and volition effectively shape the behavior of using CSA technologies. In the cognitive phase, environmental concerns have the greatest impact on attitude toward the behavior of using CSA technologies (ß = 0.714). In the motivational phase, personal norms have the most impact on the intention to use CSA technologies (ß = 0.643). Finally, in the volitional phase, the intention to use CSA technologies has the highest impact on the behavior of using CSA technologies (ß = 0.386). The increase in the guaranteed purchase price of wheat and paying soft and long-term loans by the policymakers will lead to an increase in the intention of wheat farmers to use CSA technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Engaging in contract farming represents a crucial avenue for developing countries to integrate small farmers into modern agricultural practices. Existing research believes that contract farming offers a promising opportunity for fostering sustainable agricultural development. However, insufficient attention has been directed toward investigating the varying impacts of different organizational models within contract farming on farmers' transition to green production practices. Methods: This study investigates the impact of contract farming on green technological efficiency of farmers using survey data from 719 wheat growers in Shandong Province, China. The propensity scorematchingmethod andmultiple mediation effects models are employed for empirical analysis. Results: The organizational model plays a pivotal role in determining whether participation in contract farming can improve the green technological efficiency of farmers. Participation in an integratedmodel demonstrates a significant effect on improving green technological efficiency, whereas participation in a quasi-integrated model does not show a significant improvement. Integrated contract farming can improve green technological efficiency through expanding the degree of land consolidation and enhancing the level of productive service, whereas quasi-integrated contract farming improves green technological efficiency only by enhancing production intensification. As an economic incentive measure, the effect of contract purchase price on strengthening the enhancement of green technological efficiency in the quasi-integrated model is moderate only when the contract purchase price exceeds the local average selling price of wheat by more than 19.3%. Conversely, the moderate effect of farmers' dividend income in the integratedmodel remains consistent, with higher dividend incomes correlating with a stronger moderating effect. Discussion: The impact of contract farming on green technology efficiency correlates significantly with the organizationalmodel. Compared with the quasi-integrated contract farming model, the integrated model distinctly excels in advancing farmers' green technology efficiency, evidenced by its ability to consolidate fragmented land, provide productive services, and offer economic incentives. Therefore, to unlock the latent potential of contract farming in driving agricultural green transformation, a shift toward organizational models with higher levels of integration is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used social network analysis (SNA) to identify the types of water-related conflicts between the users and members of the institutional arena of the Rio Mayo Irrigation District (RMID) within the ancestral territory of the Yoreme Mayo indigenous group in Sonora, northeastern Mexico. We combined ethnography with an analysis and visualization of bimodal networks that consisted of 118 users and their connections to the institutional arena's 30 identified social actors who influence water management. Using a clustering algorithm, we identified four types of conflicts: (1) disputes between small- and large-scale farmers over (i) irrigation water and (ii) payments for water rights and land rental; (2) the struggle by large-scale farmers against the upper level of the water hierarchy, to obtain more water; (3) struggles by rural indigenous women against water providers, to conserve indigenous vernacular systems of managing water for domestic use; and (4) a "conflict" that turned out to be merely a structural remnant of the algorithm. We conclude that land- and water-grabbing in the RMID mainly affect indigenous small-scale farmers and that the combination of SNA and a clustering algorithm can identify the types of natural resource-related conflicts that might go undetected by other methodologies. However, SNA should in some cases be accompanied by a qualitative methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising stress, mental health issues, and suicide rates among farmers highlight the need to understand factors influencing their job satisfaction. Farming presents distinct challenges with its unique mix of positive and negative characteristics. This study utilized dual‐factor theory to investigate how various factors, such as economic dynamics, farm financial health, stewardship views, experience with extreme weather, and climate change concerns, influence farmers' job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Data from a 2020 survey of Iowa farmers were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression. Financial health, stewardship motivations, and perceived adequacy of conservation practices emerged as significant predictors of both job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Farmers' extreme weather events experiences were positively associated with job satisfaction, indicating successful coping enhances contentment. Conversely, climate change concern was negatively associated with job satisfaction. As a revenue protection strategy, faith in crop insurance was negatively related to job dissatisfaction. In summary, besides the anticipated positive impact of farm financial health, the findings show that job satisfaction in farming is linked to stewardship motivations and perceived adequacy of conservation practices on the farm. The results suggest an opening for policies and programs aligning financial and conservation goals, potentially enhancing long‐term farmer well‐being and sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a narrative review of the social and cultural interpretation of pesticides in contemporary society. In so doing, it highlights the main fields of exploration investigated by social scientists concerning the perception and role played by these products among farmers and consumers. Following the WHO definition, pesticides are chemical compounds used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi, and unwanted plants. They are contemporary cultural artefacts that social sciences explore in synergy with other disciplines to highlight their socio-cultural connections at both local and global levels. Specifically, the use of these products is connected with power relations, which are embedded in and reflect imbalances and inequalities in access to rights and resources, as well as specific articulation of the perception of risk arising from environmental contamination in terms of individual and collective psychophysical health. Furthermore, pesticides fit into various environmental conceptions and multiple local knowledge systems, representing the intersection of different cultural heritages, worldviews, and rationales that make the tradition–modernity dichotomy complex and dynamic. In this respect, therefore, pesticides can be understood not just as mere tools for agricultural practice but as vital windows through which to investigate multiple layers of meaning to support transitions towards sustainable pest management systems, both environmentally and socio-culturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues in soils and farmlands have long been an important concern in agricultural safety. In developing countries, ignorance and illiteracy among untutored farmers have greatly contributed to this issue, as several pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, etc.) can leave residues in the soil. The study was carried out in selected arable farms in Ogbomoso South Local Government Area of Oyo state to evaluate and determine the possibility of pesticide residues in the soils of farmers who are fond of using pesticides in crop production. Questionnaires were administered to farmers in the study area and soil samples were collected from some of the farms owned by farmers interviewed and found to have relevant pesticide usage history. Additionally, soil samples were collected from farms with no records of pesticide usage which served as control. Subsequently, these soil samples were then taken to the laboratory for analysis of pesticide residue. The average pH was 5.56 mg/kg for farmlands with pesticide usage and 5.63 mg/kg for those with no pesticide usage, respectively. The average level of metabolites of d-BHC, Chlorothalonil, Alachlor, Aldrin, Dacthal, Heptachlor epoxide, g-Chlordane, and Trans-nonachlor for arable lands where there was pesticide usage and where none were used were 32.41 mg/kg and 39.27 mg/kg, 0.62 mg/kg and 1.05 mg/kg, 1.39 mg/kg and 2.14 mg/kg, N.D and 1.5 mg/kg, 3.91 mg/kg and 10.65 mg/kg, 5.43 mg/kg and 7.62 mg/kg, 6.68 mg/kg and 7.47 mg/kg, and 4.78 mg/kg and 6.4 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed that pesticide usage left residues in the soil and the standard of measuring the amount (whether low or high) is still unavailable in the literature and most importantly for many herbicides in use within the study area. Since there is a leftover chemical residue in the soil, there is therefore the need for a quality assurance body to evaluate what is placed on the table of consumers from the markets and this is currently lacking in the food supply chain in Nigeria and if not in Africa. In conclusion, there is a need for public awareness and education among farmers to know the dangers inherent in the use of pesticides so that precautionary measures will be taken in the application of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated factors influencing farmers' attitude towards adoption of drought-tolerant maize varieties. One hundred maize farmers were selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure and data were collected through structured questionnaires. Information was collected on the socioeconomic characteristics of the maize farmers, farmers' level of awareness of drought-tolerant maize varieties, farmers' attitudes towards agricultural innovation, constraints to adoption of droughttolerant maize varieties and, factors influencing farmers' attitude towards adoption of droughttolerant maize varieties. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Logit regression. The findings revealed that 76% of the maize farmers had limited awareness regarding the benefits and characteristics of drought-tolerant maize varieties. Also, the majority (74%) of the farmers lacked knowledge about the quality and advantages of these varieties. Despite positive attitude (mean = 4.28) which was measured at ordinal level, several constraints to adoption were identified, mainly low output of drought tolerant maize varieties (mean = 2.30). The findings also showed the substantial impact of two key factors (that is, sex and income) as factors influencing farmers' attitude to adopt drought-tolerant maize varieties. Farmers are yet to take advantage of drought-tolerant maize varieties as a mitigating strategy against climate change. The need for extension services and non-governmental organizations to step up awareness creation and training on best agronomic practices in growing the maize varieties is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]