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In recent years, what has become known as collaborative consumption has undergone rapid expansion through peer-to-peer (P2P) platforms. In the field of tourism, a particularly notable example is that of Airbnb. This article analyses the spatial patterns of Airbnb in Barcelona and compares them with hotels and sightseeing spots. New sources of data, such as Airbnb listings and geolocated photographs are used. Analysis of bivariate spatial autocorrelation reveals a close spatial relationship between Airbnb and hotels, with a marked centre-periphery pattern, although Airbnb predominates around the city's main hotel axis and hotels predominate in some peripheral areas of the city. Another interesting finding is that Airbnb capitalises more on the advantages of proximity to the city's main tourist attractions than does the hotel sector. Multiple regression analysis shows that the factors explaining location are also different for hotels and Airbnb. Finally, it was possible to detect those parts of the city that have seen the greatest increase in pressure from tourism related to Airbnb's recent expansion., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain, Comisión Europea, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

This paper aims to evaluate the impacts of the economic context on traffic congestion and its consequential effects on private vehicle accessibility. We conduct a long-term analysis of spatiotemporal traffic congestion patterns in Madrid (Spain), comparing two urban realms: the 2008 economic crisis and the following post-crisis situation. We apply TomTom Speed Profiles data to assess daily variations in traffic congestion and their changes between both periods, and Twitter data to capture spatial patterns of the daily pulse of the city. Increased traffic, a by-product of economic recovery, resulted in higher congestion, particularly during peak hours. Nevertheless, these changes are spatially uneven. In the city core, an increase in congestion is relatively temporally homogeneous, while in the peripheral suburban zones, there has been only a marginal increase in travel times. On the other hand, in the urban outskirts, increased traffic congestion is more severe but visibly different between north and south. These differences have strong social connotations: over 40% of the population experienced a dramatic increase in travel times (more than 25%) during peak hours. Moreover, low-income groups are more likely to live in the more affected southern districts, suffering most the negative consequences of increased congestion., Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Comisión Europea, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Accessibility by high-speed rail (HSR) depends not only on station-to-station travel time, but also on access and egress times, which can be determining factors in total journey travel time. However, studies focusing on accessibility analyses of access/egress times to/from stations are less extended in the literature and centre mainly on the influence of access times to stations on HSR accessibility levels on a regional scale. This paper's aim is to evaluate the importance of access and egress times to/from HSR stations in an urban context. We carry out a spatiotemporal accessibility analysis that considers the temporal variations of both taxi and public transport travel times. General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) files for public transport and TomTom Speed Profiles data for cars are used to measure access/egress times. These kinds of data allow for the calculation of travel times from/to HSR stations through network analysis GIS tools at different times of the day, and thus a spatiotemporal accessibility measure can be obtained. This accessibility measure is complemented by a mass factors representing the activity ‘hotspots’ in the visited city throughout the workday, which is derived from Twitter data, while population is considered for city of residence. This method was applied to the two largest metropolitan areas in Spain: Madrid and Barcelona, where the influence of access/egress times acquires a higher relevance for rail-based trips. The results obtained show that access and egress times vary significantly during the day, depending on the levels of traffic congestion and the frequency of public transport services, which are always more favourable for taxis. In addition, weighted average access and egress times at the home end are higher than those at the activity end since population tends to show more dispersed spatial patterns than activities. Another interesting finding is that the first and last mile of the HSR trip usually account for a high percent, Ministerio de Educación, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Over the past decades, a large number of Spatial Planning Observatories (SPOs) have emerged in Europe in response to certain factors, such as the growing complexity of urban systems, the development of GIScience or European Union territorial policies. Previous studies have shown that SPOs have little effect when confronted with planning practice. It is believed that one of the main reasons is that the maps held by SPOs are not always focused on decision making; however, this argument has not yet been sufficiently proven. To address this problem and inspired by the doctrine of performance-based evaluation for spatial planning, we assess the performance for planning that a relevant number of European SPOs have according to their maps. The assessment takes into consideration two assumptions: (A) maps must be of continuing relevance to the situation as it evolves; (B) maps must help in defining operational decision situations for different focus groups (decision makers, planners, the public). We find that SPO maps could be excellent tools for planning, although an important number of improvements are still needed. In this sense, we discuss the potential role of SPO maps in addressing a collaborative dialogue between key planning agents in analysing urban dynamics, as well as in fostering new urban governance processes through the consideration of public participation., Junta de Andalucía, Gobierno de Aragón, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

We explore how different socioeconomic groups adapt to the snowstorm Filomena that occurred in Madrid in 2021. A reverse interpretation of the resilience triangle is proposed, where smaller triangle areas indicate less resilient populations continuing to travel despite disruptions, while larger demand losses indicate greater adaptability. Using Google Popular Times data, the study measures activity levels in neighborhoods, focusing on essential and non-essential trips. Vulnerable groups with lower incomes show limited adaptability, resulting in a smaller reduction in commercial activities compared to affluent neighborhoods. The study emphasizes the significance of considering demand adaptability and socioeconomic factors in assessing resilience., Agencia Estatal de Investigación, JST SICORP, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Governance of the commons depends on the capacity to generate collective action. Networks and rules that foster that collective action have been defined as social capital. However, their causal link is still not fully understood. We use social network analysis to assess social capital, decision-making, and collective action in a forest-based common pool resource management in La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve (Chiapas, Mexico). Our research analyzes the productive networks and the evolution of coffee groups in one community. The network shows some centrality, with richer landholders tending to occupy core positions and poorer landless peasants occupying peripheral ones. This has fostered the community’s environmentally oriented development but has also caused internal conflicts. Market requirements have shaped different but complementary productive networks, where organic coffee commercialization is the main source of bridging ties, which has resulted in more connectivity and resilience. Conservation attitudes, along with the institutional setting of the community, have promoted collective action. The unresolved conflicts, however, still leave some concerns about governance in the future., AECID, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

There is little knowledge available on the spatial behaviour of urban tourists, and yet tourists generate an enormous quantity of data when they visit cities. These data sources can be used to track their presence through their activities. The aim of this paper is to analyse the digital footprint of urban tourists through Big Data. Unlike other papers that use a single data source, this article examines three sources of data to reflect different tourism activities in cities: Panoramio (sightseeing), Foursquare (consumption), and Twitter (being connected-accommodation). The results show that the data from the three activities are partly spatially redundant and partly complementary, and allow the characterisation of multifunction tourist spaces and spaces specialising in one or various activities. The main conclusion is that it is not sufficient to use one data source to analyse the presence of tourists in cities; several must be used in a complementary manner., Comisión Europea, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Comunidad de Madrid, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Conservation and enhancement of biodiversity inside cities are increasingly acknowledged as important as well as urgent issues. To date, several landscape planning and design paradigms have been set up for the creation of biodiverse urban landscapes. However, only few of such paradigms adequately stress the necessity to focus both on the ‘place-making’ dimension, namely the planning and design phase, and on the ‘place-keeping’ dimension, namely the management phase. The latter is often conceived as the final and separate phase of the creative process. On the contrary, to pursue an effective urban biodiversity conservation and enhancement, ‘place-keeping’ should act as a framework both for planning and design actions and for all those actions related to long-term open space management, such as maintenance, evaluation, and governance. The integration of these ‘material’ and ‘immaterial’ actions is crucial for the effectiveness of every landscape projects, but even more for projects explicitly addressed at improving urban biodiversity through the design of new urban habitats. In this article, we present a successful case of design of a new urban wetland habitat situated along the Spanish coast, the Charca de Suárez. Both landscape design choices and management actions are presented. We argue that an important driver of the Charca success is the actual embedding of ‘place-making’ dimension into the ‘place-keeping’ dimension – which has been conceived as long-term management of the site – and the consequent effective integration between scales, tools, actors and disciplines., Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Understanding the impact of climate change on cities is fundamental to address the increasing occurrence of extreme weather events. This research aims to raise awareness and emphasise the need and potential of proactive measures to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. To do so, this article conducts a case study for a huge snowfall that occurred in the city of Madrid (Spain) in January 2021, blocking the city for several days. The analysis is based on geolocated big data sourced from Google Popular Times (GPT), which captures the occupancy of establishments throughout the city over the entire study period. An exploratory spatial-temporal analysis has been conducted to examine the impact of the snowfall on the daily activities of the city, taking into consideration the demographic characteristics. The findings reveal a distinction in the impact of the snowfall on activities. Essential activities experience less impact compared to leisure activities. Furthermore, at the socio-economic level, the impact on low-income neighbourhoods is observed to be less affected than on high-income neighbourhoods. The implications of this research contribute to the body of knowledge on climate change resilience and adaptation, providing valuable insights for urban management strategies and informing future research in this field., Agencia Estatal de Investigación, JST SICORP, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

As a consequence of the accelerated globalization process, today major cities all over the world are characterized by an increasing multiculturalism. The integration of immigrant communities may be affected by social polarization and spatial segregation. How are these dynamics evolving over time? To what extent the different policies launched to tackle these problems are working? These are critical questions traditionally addressed by studies based on surveys and census data. Such sources are safe to avoid spurious biases, but the data collection becomes an intensive and rather expensive work. Here, we conduct a comprehensive study on immigrant integration in 53 world cities by introducing an innovative approach: an analysis of the spatio-temporal communication patterns of immigrant and local communities based on language detection in Twitter and on novel metrics of spatial integration. We quantify the Power of Integration of cities –their capacity to spatially integrate diverse cultures– and characterize the relations between different cultures when acting as hosts or immigrants., Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO) and FEDER (EU), EU Commission, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Accessibility is essentially a dynamic concept. However, most studies on urban accessibility take a static approach, overlooking the fact that accessibility conditions change dramatically throughout the day. Due to their high spatial and temporal resolution, the new data sources (Big Data) offer new possibilities for the study of accessibility. The aim of this paper is to analyse urban accessibility considering its two components –the performance of the transport network and the attractiveness of the destinations– using a dynamic approach using data from TomTom and Twitter respectively. This allows us to obtain profiles that highlight the daily variations in accessibility in the city of Madrid, and identify the influence of congestion and the changes in location of the population. These profiles reveal significant variations according to transport zones. Each transport zone has its own accessibility profile, and thus its own specific problems, which require solutions that are also specific., Comisión Europea, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Comunidad de Madrid, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Given the growing interest in promoting more sustainable urban transport, over the past years, many researchers have analyzed cycling mobility from different perspectives. However, some important aspects remain underexplored. One of them is the study of cycling speeds. The first goal of this research is to analyze the impact of a wide range of factor on cyclists’ speeds. Based on the examination of thousands of GPS routes, the investigation conducts diverse OLS regressions in order to analyze cyclists’ speed according to the diverse local factors that affect cyclists along their journey, such as the slope, the existence – and type – of bike infrastructures, the average traffic speed or the density of traffic lights or intersections. Cycling speed is also analyzed according to cyclists’ gender or age, the purpose of the journey, or even the weather conditions. The research includes the analysis of regular cyclists’ trips, as well as the analysis of bike-messengers’ routes. The results obtained shed light on the influence of these factors on cyclists’ speed by quantifying their specific impact, and diverse models predict cyclists’ travel times in the current scenario but also in future ones that may correspond to the implementation of new infrastructure or policies. In addition, the models allowed us to pursue the second goal of this study: to conduct a comparative analysis of accessibility for different transport modes, and then evaluate the competitiveness between them. The results evidence that cycling is not only a sustainable transport mode, but the most competitive for small-medium distances., Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund, Madrid Regional Government, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Maps are currently experiencing a paradigm shift from static representations to dynamic platforms that capture, visualize and analyse new data, bringing different possibilities for exploration and research. The first objective of this paper is to present a map that illustrates, for the first time, the real flow of casual cyclists and bike messengers in the city of Madrid. The second objective is to describe the development and results of the Madrid Cycle Track initiative, an online platform launched with the aim of collecting cycling routes and other information from volunteers. In the framework of this initiative, different online maps are presented and their functionalities described. Finally, a supplemental video visualizes the cyclist flow over the course of a day., Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

A finales de los años sesenta, los movimientos vecinales irrumpieron en la agenda municipal en múltiples entornos metropolitanos a escala global mediante numerosas demandas relacionadas con necesidades básicas. En Madrid dichas demandas tomaron como escala geográfica de referencia diferentes espacios barriales y de algunos antiguos municipios que fueron integrados como distritos en el núcleo urbano madrileño, lo que situó a estos lugares en el centro del debate político, que fue difuminándose fruto de las distintas reformas municipales desarrolladas durante las dos primeras décadas de democracia parlamentaria en España. En los últimos quince años, las reivindicaciones en torno al barrio han tomado un cariz diferente, pues ha aparecido un fenómeno político vinculado a nuevas formas de protesta vecinal denominado barrionalismo, proceso que no solo no se vio mermado durante los momentos más duros de la pandemia global provocada por la covid-19, sino que, al contrario, se ha visto reforzado como dinámica de socialización política, solidaridad y resistencia cotidiana en múltiples barrios de la capital madrileña; de este modo, se han ampliado los referentes y elementos de identificación en torno al barrio, así como la propia práctica política del barrionalismo. Desde una perspectiva espacial de los movimientos vecinales que considera la identidad política como un proceso dinámico y resignificado mediante la propia protesta y la organización colectiva, y a través de la etnografía y el análisis de entrevistas en profundidad desarrolladas durante cinco años en el distrito madrileño de Hortaleza en torno a la Cabalgata de Reyes, este trabajo estudia cómo se están articulando dichas prácticas sociopolíticas en el espacio urbano y cómo el aprendizaje de esta forma de socialización espacial está influyendo en la agenda municipal de Madrid en su conjunto., Depto. de Historia, Teorías y Geografías Políticas, Fac. de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, TRUE, pub

Se ha sugerido que el cambio en el uso del suelo agrícola y la modernización de las técnicas de producción agrícola están relacionados con la pérdida de diversidad de cultivos. Dos procesos contribuyen a esta pérdida; el primero es la sustitución de variedades locales por variedades modernas, y el segundo es el abandono de cultivos tradicionales a favor de cultivos comerciales. Estudiamos la expresión de estos procesos en una región que es tanto un centro de agrobiodiversidad y cultural como uno de los exportadores de frutas más significativos de México. Analizamos el cambio agrícola basado en la transformación de las áreas de cultivo y las ubicaciones de los cultivos principales en el estado de Michoacán. Examinamos las estadísticas del área cosechada de cultivos desde 1950 hasta 2015 e identificamos 23 cultivos como los más importantes en términos de área cosechada y valor monetario. Después del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN), el área cosechada de nueve cultivos cambió significativamente: siete aumentaron y dos disminuyeron. Se observaron tendencias positivas para frutas comerciales orientadas a mercados de exportación y tendencias negativas para cultivos tradicionales. Estos cultivos, como frijoles y maíz, son importantes para la seguridad alimentaria. Además, analizamos cómo estos cambios en el uso del suelo y la agricultura se superponen en zonas de cambio en el área plantada de maíz. Utilizando una base de datos de razas de maíz, identificamos tres razas nativas de maíz que podrían estar en riesgo debido al abandono del maíz en favor de cultivos comerciales., It has been suggested that agricultural land use change and modernization in agricultural production techniques are related to the loss of crop diversity. Two processes contribute to this loss; first is the replacement of landraces by modern varieties, and second is the abandonment of traditional crops in favor of cash crops. We studied the expression of these processes in a region that is both an agro-biodiversity and cultural center and one of the most significant fruit exporters of Mexico. We analyzed agricultural change based on the transformation of cropping areas and the primary crops’ locations in Michoacán state. We examined the crop-harvested area statistics from 1950 to 2015, and identified 23 crops as the most important in terms of harvested area and monetary value. After NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), harvested area for nine crops changed significantly: seven crops increased, and two decreased. Positive trends were observed for commercial fruits oriented to export markets, and negative trends were observed for traditional crops. These crops, such as beans and maize, are important for food security. Additionally, we analyzed how these land-use and agricultural changes overlap in zones of maize planted-area change. Using a maize-race collection database, we identified three native maize races that could be at risk due to the abandonment of maize in favor of commercial crops., Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

In the expanding constellation of collaborative map-making initiatives, a growing number of small local projects coexist along with more ambitious and global ones. In developing countries, their existence is not only compatible and complementary, but also necessary, since they meet different needs and pursue diverse and essential objectives, in addition to collecting and sharing geo-located data. In this context, this paper describes the León Emergente initiative, a collaborative living atlas for the city of León in Nicaragua. The results are presented through two main maps that illustrate, for the first time, the formal and informal economic activity of the city as well as the health facilities in relation to the distribution of population across the city. The paper also describes the Leon Emergente online platform and presents a number of online maps that not only represent, but also collect data on different urban aspects and dynamics., Banco Santander - Beca para jóvenes profesores e investigadores, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Purpose Accessibility measurements are good tools for analysing the performance of possible policies on land use / transport / society systems. Until now, accessibility has been approached from a static perspective, even when variations in it depend on short term temporal changes in network function. Solutions based on static measurements, with journey costs taken as units based on free-flow travel time; do not reflect real network performance at different times of the day. Methods In order to broaden our understanding of accessibility and study real-world dynamism in depth, information from new sources has been incorporated into traditional accessibility measurements, with actual observed data on the daily variations in speed profiles. These variations have been used to assess the impact of congestion on accessibility, with dynamic scenarios calculated every 15 min. Results The variations in daily accessibility in the metropolitan areas of Madrid and Barcelona (Spain) have been mapped with reasonable computational costs. Although both cities have a similar global behaviour pattern, each has a different daily spatial accessibility distribution. Madrid appears to be more resilient than Barcelona. Conclusions With new technologies it is possible to overcome previous technical barriers, such as the lack of reliable information or calculating capacity. An ordinary computer has been used to obtain complete and detailed temporal profiles of the two traditional accessibility measurements. Thanks to these new measurements, we have a better understanding of accessibility. However, in order to express a dynamic phenomenon in static format, appropriate mapping schemes would have to be devised., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

El saldo de muerte y destrucción que ha dejado el tsunami del Golfo de Bengala da paso a las preguntas retóricas que, de nuevo, se (nos) hacen los organismos internacionales de ayuda y muchas ONG acerca de si se podría haber evitado que una catástrofe, como la del 26 de diciembre, se convirtiese en una de las mayores crisis humanitarias conocidas en la historia. En esta crónica, la antropóloga Olga Mancha realiza una acertada crítica a todos los aspectos que han minado la capacidad de los países en vías de desarrollo para prevenir y reaccionar ante los desastres naturales., Depto. de Antropología Social y Psicología Social, Fac. de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, TRUE, pub

The map presented in this paper shows the effect of congestion on daily accessibility in the London metropolitan area on Wednesdays. Because of its dynamic nature, it is challenging to both calculate the effects of this phenomenon and to represent it clearly on simple maps. Although we can use many traditional techniques for this purpose, they are usually static, and they may lose some essential information on the effects studied. In this paper, we used two cartographic techniques rarely used in accessibility studies – cartograms and 3D maps, which we believe can achieve a more striking representation in static and animations of both the traffic-induced spatial distortion and the accessibility levels obtained. The results are presented in two animated maps and some snapshots of them – static maps. Both types of maps reinforce each other: Together, they can properly show the direct space–time link between congestion and accessibility, and can, therefore, give a more detailed overview of the consequences of this phenomenon., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Comisión Europea, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

La Vega del Guadalfeo, dentro de la Provincia de Granada, es un patrimonio litoral mediterráneo bajo presión en las últimas décadas debido a, tanto al planificado como al no planificado, crecimiento urbano y turístico. El primer paso para superar la crisis de estos territorios es la visión renovadora del paisaje agrourbano, que implica un enfoque complejo. El paisaje agrourbano es un nuevo escenario o gradiente espacio-temporal evolucionado, donde los usos urbanos y agrarios entretejen nuevas funciones. Esta singular condición de la Vega del Guadalfeo puede ser orientada positivamente a través de instrumentos proactivos como la ecoestructura y la multifuncionalidad.La positiva interacción entre multifuncionalidad y ecoestructura sería el principal recurso para promover y diseñar una estrategia híbrida de planificación ambiental. Ese es el desafío para las décadas venideras, intentando equilibrar naturaleza y ciudad en los paisajes agrourbanos., Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Quienes requieren de atención sanitaria de emergencia no pueden esperar. Las ambulancias deben llegar al lugar del suceso lo más rápido posible. Las ambulancias suelen estar asignadas a bases, que se distribuyen por toda la ciudad para minimizar el tiempo de llegada al suceso. Sin embargo, la distribución espacial de los sucesos cambia a lo largo del día, debido al ritmo y uso que las personas hacen de la ciudad. Este artículo evalúa, por medio de modelos de localización-asignación, el desempeño espaciotemporal del SAMUR-PC, el Servicio Médico de Emergencias de Madrid (España) en dos escenarios diferenciados, antes de la pandemia de la COVID-19 y durante los primeros meses de la nueva normalidad. Los resultados muestran que el sistema respondió relativamente bien al cambio de los patrones de los sucesos debidos a la pandemia, aunque hubiese sido necesario hacer algunas intervenciones para garantizar el mismo servicio que antes de la crisis epidemiológica., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Panamá), Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

In the years prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid growth of tourism and the emergence of online tourist accommodation rental platforms gave rise to a considerable increase in the tourist pressure on urban destinations, leading to processes (and problems) such as overtourism, tourism gentrification or touristification. The post-pandemic tourism recovery has placed these processes at the centre of debate once again. This text reflects on the possibilities for measuring the touristification of the urban space. A methodology is proposed that is based on the elaboration of two indicators that are applied on a city block scale in Donostia-San Sebastián: an indicator of the intensity of tourism accommodation and an indicator of the tourism specialisation of the retail and restaurant supply. Then, a spatial cross analysis is made of the values obtained and they are compared with the presence of visitors, enabling us to reflect on the geography of the touristification of the city on a block scale. Touristification is, above all, a process of the intensification of the tourism activity which is distributed unevenly across the urban space and acts on a pre-existing fabric that determines its scope. From an applied perspective, the study generates useful knowledge for making decisions about the series of urban policies that contemplate the sustainable insertion of tourism into the city., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub