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Introduction: There are few reported cases of acute pancreatitis secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism in children. Clinical case: Nine-year-old male patient with significant obesity. His current condition of four days of evolution, with abdominal pain in the epigastrium that progressively increased in intensity. Upon admission, the patient was seriously ill. Pancreatitis was confirmed by laboratory results (lipase 1.805 U/L, amylase 784 U/L) and abdominal tomography (cyst and necrosis of the pancreas). Serum calcium was persistently elevated. Primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed by elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (314.4 pg/dL) and parathyroid adenoma identified in ultrasound. Conclusions: Primary hyperparathyroidism should be one of the possible causes of pancreatitis in children, particularly when hypercalcemia is detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La hipercalcemia es una de las complicaciones metabólicas en pacientes con cáncer. A diferencia de lo que pasa en los adultos, la hipercalcemia en pacientes pediátricos es menos frecuente. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 15 años con linfoma de Hodgkin, quien presentó hipercalcemia severa no mediada por paratohormona, con evolución favorable con las medidas de soporte y la terapia antineoplásica.

Introduction: Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy is rare. Increased risk of fetal death, miscarriage, preterm delivery, preeclampsia and hypocalcemia of the neonate are potential complications. Cure is obtained with parathyroidectomy in the 2nd trimester but correction of hypercalcemia is essential. Case presentation: We present a case of a 31-year-old woman with a history of renal lithiasis, high PTH (171.4 pg/mL), hypercalcemia (11.3 mg/dL), and hypophosphatemia (1.9 mg/dL), with no parathyroid localization in the cervical ultrasound. Bone densitometry and scintigraphy were requested but the patient did not perform those exams because of unexpected pregnancy. Despite strict hydration and forced diuresis, the hypercalcemia got worse and the patient became more symptomatic. Exploratory surgery was refused and therefore, medical management was explored. The patient was treated with pamidronate, with consequent normalization of serum calcium and improvement of symptoms. A female child was born at 37 weeks of gestation without complications. The parathyroid scintigraphy with Tc99m-sestambi performed after delivery showed a focus of increased tracer uptake inferiorly to the left lobe of the thyroid gland. The patient was submitted to a radioguided parathyroidectomy. The pathological anatomy examination revealed a parathyroid adenoma. Conclusions: The pregnancy raised difficulties in locating the anomalous parathyroid(s). After the surgical option was eliminated, the difficulty was to choose the most balanced medical treatment to control the maternal calcium levels without fetal harm. The use of loop diuretics and bisphosphonates had been shown to be effective in controlling hypercalcemia until the end of pregnancy.

RESUMO A hipercalcemia é um distúrbio metabólico raro em pediatria, potencialmente fatal, apresentando um vasto diagnóstico diferencial, incluindo neoplasias. Relatamos aqui o caso de uma criança de 3 anos, previamente saudável, admitida no serviço de urgência por fadiga, hiporreatividade, febre e claudicação da marcha com 5 dias de evolução, de agravamento progressivo. À observação, apresentava-se inconsciente (escore de coma Glasgow: 8). Laboratorialmente, apresentava hipercalcemia grave (cálcio total 21,39mg/dL, ionizado 2,93mmol/L) e anemia microcítica. Iniciou hiper-hidratação e foi transferido para a unidade de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Instituiu-se hemodiafiltração venovenosa contínua com soluto livre de cálcio, ocorrendo a progressiva normalização da calcemia, com melhoria do estado de consciência. Administrou-se zolendronato. Excluíram-se causas metabólicas, infecciosas e intoxicação. O mielograma permitiu o diagnóstico de leucemia linfoblástica aguda. A hipercalcemia associada à malignidade em pediatria é rara, ocorrendo como forma de apresentação da neoplasia ou na recorrência desta. Em situações com risco de vida iminente, deve se considerar hemodiafiltração venovenosa contínua.

Os esteroides anabolizantes têm sido usados como arma terapêutica em diversas condições clínicas. Entretanto, o uso abusivo e indiscriminado, associado a outros suplementos nutricionais, tem gerado efeitos adversos graves. Relato do caso: Sexo masculino, 21 anos, admitido com náuseas, astenia, hiporexia, cefaleia e hipertensão arterial. Exames no sangue evidenciaram Cr: 3,9 mg/dl U:100 mg/dl e Cálcio total 14 mg/dl. Ultrassonografia e biópsia renal compatíveis com nefrocalcinose. Houve melhora gradativa da função renal e da calcemia após hidratação vigorosa e furosemida. Entretanto, após 1 ano, persistiram depósitos renais de cálcio e relação córticomedular reduzida ao ultrassom e creatinina estável em 1,4 mg/dl. Casos anteriores evidenciaram necrose tubular aguda e nefrite intersticial com poucos depósitos de cálcio no interstício renal. Nesse caso, encontramos nefrocalcinose acentuada associada à nefroesclerose. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar a ocorrência de injúria renal aguda com nefrocalcinose associada ao uso de esteroide anabolizante e oferecer uma revisão do assunto.

Background and Objective: There are limited studies analyzing hypercalcemia in hospitalized patients. Our objectives were to describe the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with hypercalcemia, estimate its prevalence in the hospital setting, analyze the rate of correction of hypercalcemia, and identify prognostic variables., Materials and Methods: Observational, longitudinal, retrospective, and bicentric study. Adult patients admitted to two hospitals in Málaga (2014-2018) with a diagnosis of hypercalcemia were included. The minimum follow-up was 2 years or until death., Results: A total of 205 patients with hypercalcemia were included (incidence: 0.13%). The mean age (SD) was 68.2 (13.1) years, with a predominance of males (55.1%). The median (IQR) serum calcium at admission was 13.1 (11.8-14.6) mg/dl. The most common etiologies were neoplasms (75.1%), primary hyperparathyroidism, and medications (both 8.8%). The median (IQR) follow-up period was 5.1 (1.7-60.3) weeks. The most commonly used treatments were fluid therapy (86.8%), loop diuretics (70.9%), bisphosphonates (60.7%), and glucocorticoids (46.2%). The rate of correction of hypercalcemia was 65.2%, with a median (IQR) of 6 (3-10) days. The mortality rate was 81.5%. The median (95% CI) survival was 5.1 (3-7.3) weeks. Factors associated with higher mortality were advanced age, neoplastic etiology, serum calcium at admission, and failure to correct hypercalcemia., Conclusions: Hypercalcemia in hospitalized patients is mainly due to neoplastic processes and is associated with high mortality. We observed a low rate of adherence to recommendations for the management of hypercalcemia., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI). All rights reserved.)

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Hiperparatireoidismo associado a hipercalcemia causando bradicardia significativa é uma combinaçao rara. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 62 anos de idade em pré-operatório de paratireoidectomia total decorrente de hiperparatireoidismo primário sintomático, que evoluiu com bloqueio atrioventricular avançado percebido durante a internaçao. A paciente necessitou de implante de marcapasso definitivo, pois permaneceu com bloqueio cardíaco avançado mesmo após correçao da hipercalcemia.

La sarcoidosis es una enfermedad granulomatosa sistémica de etiología desconocida, cuyos síntomas iniciales pueden ser inespecíficos y de intensidad variable, o incluso en muchos casos es asintomática. Cualquier órgano puede estar afectado, sin embargo, se observa con mayor frecuencia compromiso pulmonar y de ganglios linfáticos, seguido por la afectación a nivel oftálmico, cutáneo y hepático, el compromiso muscular aislado es poco frecuente. La sarcoidosis suele ser un diagnóstico de exclusión y en ocasiones puede imitar lesiones malignas, por lo que se debe considerar como un diagnóstico diferencial en muchas patologías, dada la gran variedad de manifestaciones. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 34 años quien consultó por oligomenorrea, documentándose de manera incidental hipercalcemia no mediada por PTH, finalmente llegando al diagnóstico de una sarcoidosis muscular por medio de los hallazgos en el PET con 18-FDG, lo que permitió la realización de biopsia de músculo glúteo mayor izquierdo para confirmación histopatológica del diagnóstico. Abstract Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology, whose initial symptoms may be non-specific and variable in severity, or even asymptomatic in many cases. Any organ can be affected, but the lung and the lymphatic system are mostly involved, followed by the eyes, skin and liver, with isolated muscular involvement being rare. Sarcoidosis is an exclusion diagnosis and, in some cases, it could mimic malignancies, so it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of many conditions, given its diverse manifestations. We present the case of a 34 years old female who complained of oligomenorrhea, with the incidental discovery of a non-PTH-mediated hypercalcemia. Finally, the diagnosis of muscular sarcoidosis was made using 18 FDG-PET followed by histopathology confirmation.

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Introduction: Parathyroid cancer is rare. Usually presented as primary hyperparathyroidism, sometimes as hypercalcemic crisis, with general malaise, nausea, vomiting, mood disturbances and low weight. In some cases it occurs as osteitis fibrosa cystica, diffuse osteopenia, osteoporosis and pathological fractures. The diagnosis is usually made by surgical biopsy shows invasion of adjacent structures, or local and distant metastases. The treatment is surgical resection of the tumor, without the use of adjuvant therapies. Their recurrence rate is high, 25 to 100%. Poor prognostic factors are lymph node metastases at initial presentation, distant metastases and nonfunctional carcinomas. Case report: Male patient consulted for 64 years in general conditions, bradypsychia, polyuria, headache and neck mass. He also had hypercalcemia and high elevation of PTH. Surgical resection of the cervical mass was performed, with rapid biopsy atypia and mitosis 1/10, and hyperplastic thyroid nodule. After this, PTH decreased levels as well as levels of calcium. Discussion: Patients with parathyroid cancer tend to have higher serum calcium and PTH of values. For diagnosis, it is not recommended to use needle biopsy, risk of spread and the poor performance of this technique. Conclusion: Despite being rare, you should think parathyroid cancer in the context of a patient with hypercalcemia, especially if you have very high PTH. The clinical suspicion of this diagnosis is directly related to the possibility of treatment and prognosis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La manifestación clínica del hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) como tormenta hipercalcémica debe plantear un diagnóstico diferencial entre diversos procesos clínicos de pronóstico variable y la consideración de una patología tiroidea subyacente. El adenoma quístico paratiroideo representa una de sus causas más infrecuentes en el conjunto de las neoplasias quísticas glandulares a nivel cervical. El diagnóstico de su carácter funcional, apoyado en la determinación de calcemia, parathormona inmunorreactiva (PTHi) sérica e intraquística, y la interpretación correlacionada de los estudios de imagen, puede contribuir en su sospecha diagnóstica. Su tratamiento de elección es quirúrgico mediante paratiroidectomía selectiva con inclusión quística completa y extendida al tiroides según su grado de implicación, aunque esta técnica podría experimentar modificaciones dependiendo del nivel de confianza en el diagnóstico preoperatorio.

OBJETIVO: Tem sido sugerido que pacientes com constipação sejam triados para doença celíaca. Da mesma forma, recomenda-se a investigação desses pacientes para hipotiroidismo e hipercalcemia. Contudo, nenhuma evidência para essas recomendações está disponível até o momento. Assim, propusemos-nos determinar a prevalência de doença celíaca, hipotiroidismo e hipercalcemia em crianças com constipação. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com 370 pacientes consecutivos que preencheram os critérios de Roma III para constipação. Esses pacientes foram encaminhados por um clínico geral a um pediatra devido ao fracasso no tratamento com laxantes. RESULTADOS: A biópsia comprovou doença celíaca em sete desses pacientes. Isso é significativamente mais alto (p < 0,001) do que a prevalência de 1:198 de doença celíaca nos Países Baixos. Dois pacientes tinham tiroidite autoimune. Nenhum paciente tinha hipercalcemia. CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que a doença celíaca é significativamente super-representada em pacientes com constipação encaminhados por um clínico geral a um pediatra devido ao fracasso no tratamento com laxantes. Todos esses pacientes devem, portanto, ser triados para doença celíaca.

Las urgencias que pueden surgir durante la evolución de las enfermedades hematológicas son diversas, tanto por el comportamiento de la enfermedad de base como por el momento en que se presentan. Pueden ser la primera manifestación de la enfermedad o aparecer en el curso de su evolución, y sus secuelas pueden ser menores si se diagnostican y tratan adecuadamente. Se hace una revisión de algunas de las alteraciones metabólicas y leucocitarias más frecuentes que se pueden presentar en el paciente oncohematológico.Emergencies which may appear during the evolution of hemopathies are diverse due to their basic behavior as well as according to the moment the disease comes into view. They may be the first sign of the disease or could appear during the course of its evolution. Consequences might be milder if diagnosed and treated properly. A revision of some of the most frequent metabolic and leukocyte alterations that could arise in the patient with an oncohematological disease is shown.

A previously healthy 19 year-old male presented to the hospital with anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Laboratory studies were significant for hypercalcemia (peak calcium value of 14.8 mg/dL) and acute kidney injury (peak serum creatinine of 2.88 mg/dL). He admitted to using a parenteral formulation of vitamins A, D and E restricted for veterinary use containing 20,000,000 IU of vitamin A; 5,000,000 IU of vitamin D3; and 6,800 IU of vitamin E per 100 mL vial. The patient stated to have used close to 300 mL of the product over the preceding year. Interestingly, the young man was not interested in the massive amounts of vitamins that the product contained; he was only after the local effects of the oily vehicle. The swelling produced by the injection resulted in a silicone-like effect, which gave the impression of bigger muscles. Nevertheless, the product was absorbed and caused hypervitaminosis. The serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D was clearly elevated at 150 ng/mL (reference range from 30 to 60 ng/mL), but in most published cases of vitamin D toxicity, serum levels have been well above 200 ng/mL. His PTH level was undetectable and other potential causes of hypercalcemia were excluded. Therefore, we posit that the severity of the hypercalcemia observed in this case was the result of a synergistic effect of vitamins A and D. The patient was treated with normal saline, furosemide and zolendronic acid, with rapid normalization of calcium levels and renal function.

Abordamos algunas de las emergencias oncológicas (complicaciones agudas en el curso evolutivo del cáncer), con acento principal en el diagnóstico. Se tratan las más características, entre estas, las emergencias cardiovasculares (síndrome de Vena Cava superior, taponamiento cardiaco), las emergencias metabólicas (hipercalcemia, lisis tumoral) emergencias neurológicas (compresión medular, hipertensión endocraneana).

FUNDAMENTO: Vários mecanismos têm sido propostos contribuir para a disfunção cardíaca em modelos de obesidade, tais como alterações nas proteínas do trânsito de cálcio (Ca+2) e nos receptores beta-adrenérgicos. Todavia, o papel desses fatores no desenvolvimento da disfunção miocárdica induzida pela obesidade ainda não está claro. OBJETIVO: Este estudo pretende investigar se a obesidade induzida por um ciclo de dieta hipercalóricas resulta em disfunção cardíaca. Além disso, foi avaliado se essa alteração funcional em ratos obesos está relacionada com o prejuízo do trânsito de Ca+2 e do sistema beta-adrenérgico. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos, 30 dias de idade, foram alimentados com ração padrão (C) e um ciclo de cinco dietas hipercalóricas (Ob) por 15 semanas. A obesidade foi definida pelo aumento da porcentagem de gordura corporal dos ratos. A função cardíaca foi avaliada mediante análise isolada do músculo papilar do ventrículo esquerdo em condições basais e após manobras inotrópicas e lusitrópicas. RESULTADOS: Em comparação com o grupo controle, os ratos obesos apresentaram aumento da gordura corporal e intolerância a glicose. Os músculos dos ratos obesos desenvolveram valores basais semelhantes; entretanto, as respostas miocárdicas ao potencial pós-pausa e aumento de Ca+2 extracelular foram comprometidas. Não houve alterações na função cardíaca entre os grupos após a estimulação beta-adrenérgica. CONCLUSÃO: A obesidade promove disfunção cardíaca relacionada com alterações no trânsito de Ca+2 intracelular. Esse prejuízo funcional é provavelmente ocasionado pela redução da atividade da bomba de Ca+2 do retículo sarcoplasmático (SERCA2a) via Ca+2 calmodulina-quinase.BACKGROUND: Several mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to cardiac dysfunction in obesity models, such as alterations in calcium (Ca2+) handling proteins and β-adrenergic receptors. Nevertheless, the role of these factors in the development of myocardial dysfunction induced by obesity is still not clear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether obesity induced by hypercaloric diets results in cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, it was evaluated whether this functional abnormality in obese rats is related to abnormal Ca2+ handling and the β-adrenoceptor system. METHODS: Male 30-day-old Wistar rats were fed with standard food (C) and a cycle of five hypercaloric diets (Ob) for 15 weeks. Obesity was defined as increases in body fat percentage in rats. Cardiac function was evaluated by isolated analysis of the left ventricle papillary muscle under basal conditions and after inotropic and lusitropic maneuvers. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the obese rats had increased body fat and glucose intolerance. The muscles of obese rats developed similar baseline data, but the myocardial responsiveness to post-rest contraction stimulus and increased extracellular Ca2+ were compromised. There were no changes in cardiac function between groups after β-adrenergic stimulation. CONCLUSION: Obesity promotes cardiac dysfunction related to changes in intracellular Ca2+ handling. This functional damage is probably caused by reduced cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2) activation via Ca2+ calmodulin kinase.

A necrose adiposa subcutânea do recém-nascido é uma paniculite rara do período neonatal. Surge, geralmente, em recém-nascidos de termo ou pós-termo, nas primeiras 4 semanas de vida, e em associação com trauma obstétrico. Caracteriza-se pelo aparecimento de placas ou nódulos subcutâneos duros, localizados ao tronco, nádegas ou coxas. O seu curso é, geralmente, benigno e autolimitado, embora possa acompanhar-se de hipercalcemia, o que obriga a uma vigilância periódica até à resolução das lesões cutâneas. Os autores descrevem 2 casos de necrose adiposa subcutânea do recém-nascido, um num recémnascido de termo, outro num prematuro, ambos associados a partos traumáticos e a sofrimento fetalSubcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn is an uncommon disorder occurring during the prenatal stage. Generally occurring in full-term neonates or during the first four weeks after a traumatic delivery, the disorder is characterized by the appearance of hard subcutaneous nodules or plaques on the trunk, buttocks or thighs. It is normally a benign and transient condition, although it may be complicated by hypocalcemia, which requires close monitoring until skin lesions are cured. The authors describe two cases of subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn, one occurring in a full-term neonate and the other in a premature newborn, both related to traumatic delivery and fetal distress

A sarcoidose é uma doença sistêmica de etiologia desconhecida, caracterizada pela inflamação crônica granulomatosa, que acomete com maior frequência os pulmões, a pele e os olhos e, muito raramente, detectamos envolvimento renal na patologia. Relatamos aqui o caso de uma paciente de 47 anos, branca, internada em uma unidade de emergência de Hospital Universitário, devido a sintomas e achados radiológicos sugestivos de pneumonia. Desde o início da internação ela se apresentava com quadro laboratorial de insuficiência renal aguda, inicialmente atribuída ao histórico recente de uso abusivo de anti-inflamatórios. No entanto, devido à evolução arrastada e aparentemente desfavorável, inclusive com necessidade de terapia renal substitutiva (TRS), a paciente foi submetida a uma biópsia renal para esclarecimento diagnóstico e avaliação prognóstica. A descrição histológica mostrava um quadro de nefrite intersticial aguda granulomatosa, característico de sarcoidose renal, diagnóstico confirmado após revisão do prontuário médico, que revelava internação anterior devido a evento pulmonar da doença. Iniciado tratamento com prednisona 1 mg/kg/dia, a paciente evoluiu com melhora do quadro de insuficiência renal aguda, não mais necessitando de TRS. Atualmente, a paciente é mantida em acompanhamento ambulatorial com função renal estável.Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology, characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation, which affects most frequently the lungs, skin, and eyes, and most rarely the kidneys. We report the case of a 47-year-old, white, woman admitted to the emergency unit of a university-affiliated hospital due to symptoms and radiologic findings suggestive of pneumonia. Since the beginning, her laboratory tests showed acute renal failure, initially attributed to the recent history of abuse of anti-inflammatory drugs. However, because of her protracted and apparently unfavorable evolution, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT), she underwent renal biopsy for diagnosis and prognostic assessment. Histology showed acute granulomatous interstitial nephritis, characteristic of renal sarcoidosis, which was confirmed after review of the medical record disclosing a previous admission due to lung involvement of the disease. Treatment with prednisone (1mg/kg/day) was initiated, acute renal failure improved, and the patient no longer required RRT. Currently she is followed up on an outpatient service, and her renal function is stable.

Hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism is a rare etiology for acute pancreatitis, oscillating between 1.5 and 7% in the different series. Although the cause-effect relationship and the pathophysiology of the condition are not clear, it seems that the association among them is not incidental, and serum calcium could be a major risk factor, so that pancreatitis would come to occur during severe hypercalcemia attacks. Mutations in different genes have been proposed as well to justify why only some patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia develop acute pancreatitis. References to cases like these ones are rare in the literature. We report two patients with acute pancreatitis associated with hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia, one of them with a fatal outcome.La hipercalcemia secundaria a hiperparatiroidismo es una causa rara de pancreatitis aguda, variando entre el 1,5-7% según las series consultadas. Aunque la relación causal y la fisiopatología del proceso no están totalmente aclaradas, parece claro que la asociación no es incidental y que los niveles de calcio sérico serían un factor de riesgo mayor, desencadenándose los cuadros de pancreatitis durante las crisis de hipercalcemia. También se han descrito alteraciones en diversos genes que podrían estar implicados, justificando por qué sólo unos pocos pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo primario e hipercalcemia sufren pancreatitis aguda. Existen muy pocas referencias en la literatura a casos como los que nos ocupan. Presentamos a continuación dos pacientes con cuadros de pancreatitis aguda asociados a hiperparatiroidismo e hipercalcemia, uno de ellos con desenlace fatal.

INTRODUÇÃO: Dosagens indiscriminadas de cálcio sérico podem levar à detecção de pacientes assintomáticos, com hipercalcemia, em que o hiperparatireoidismo primário é a causa mais comum. OBJETIVO: Discutir a forma de avaliação da hipercalcemia detectada em população atendida em regime ambulatorial, avaliando a sua freqüência, com ênfase na pesquisa de hiperparatireoidismo primário. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo envolvendo 1.049 indivíduos, de 40 a 60 anos, com dosagens séricas de cálcio e albumina, e calculado o valor de cálcio corrigido. Na presença de elevação do cálcio corrigido, foram dosados cálcio iônico, fósforo, paratormônio (PTH) e calciúria. RESULTADOS: A idade foi 49,7 ± 13,7 anos e 188 (17,9%) indivíduos apresentaram valores elevados de cálcio corrigido. Desses, 90 pacientes compareceram à segunda avaliação e 19 (2%) mantiveram quadro de hipercalcemia. Os níveis de cálcio iônico (média: 1,2 ± 0,01 mmol/l) foram normais em todos os indivíduos. A calciúria foi 185,8 ± 111,8 mg/24 horas. Os níveis de PTH (média: 46 ± 11,8 pg/ml) foram elevados em três casos, com cintilografia de paratireóides normal. DISCUSSÃO: A queda na freqüência de hipercalcemia com base no valor do cálcio corrigido e, sobretudo, após dosagem de cálcio ionizável sugere que a dosagem de cálcio livre seja preferida como triagem. Na população estudada não foi diagnosticado hiperparatireoidismo, sugerindo distribuição variável da doença em diferentes populações. CONCLUSÃO: Deve ser questionada a dosagem rotineira de cálcio sérico em indivíduos sem quadro clínico que indique a necessidade da realização desse exame. Quando realizada, a dosagem de cálcio iônico deverá ser preferida.INTRODUCTION: Indiscriminate serum calcium measurement may lead to the identification of asymptomatic patients with hypercalcaemia, which is caused mostly by primary hyperparathyroidism. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the frequency of hypercalcaemia and the type of assessment of this condition in an outpatient population, with emphasis on the investigation of primary hyperparathyroidism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective study 1,049 subjects (age range: 40 to 60 years old) underwent serum calcium and albumin determination and the corrected calcium values were calculated. When there was a rise in the corrected calcium level, ionized calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and urinary calcium were measured. RESULTS: The average age was 49.7 ± 13.7 years old, and 188 subjects (17.9%) had elevated corrected calcium levels. Among these, 90 patients underwent the second investigation and 19 (2%) remained hypercalcemic. Ionized calcium levels (average: 1.2 ± 0.01 mmol/L) were normal in all subjects. Urinary calcium was 185.8 ± 111.8 mg/24 hours. PTH levels (average: 46 ± 11.8 pg/mL) were elevated in three subjects whose parathyroid scintigraphies were normal. DISCUSSION: The fall in the frequency of hypercalcaemia based on corrected serum calcium levels and mostly after determination of serum ionized calcium suggests that determinations of serum free calcium are a better screening test. No subject was diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism, what suggests an uneven distribution of the disease in different populations. CONCLUSION: Routine serum calcium determinations in asymptomatic patients must be questioned. When serum calcium determination is thought necessary, ionized calcium levels should be favored.

PROPOSTA: Revisão de trabalhos científicos referentes à incorporação do gálio no tecido ósseo, ao mecanismo da atividade terapêutica desse elemento, bem como a formação, crescimento e solubilidade da hidroxiapatita na presença dos sais de gálio. JUSTIFICATIVA: Diferente de outras drogas que impedem a perda de cálcio, os sais de elemento traço gálio são eficazes em hipercalcemia severa. O gálio (geralmente na forma de nitrato) aumenta a concentração de cálcio e fósforo no osso, influindo nos osteoclastos de maneira direta não tóxica, em doses surpreendentemente baixas. Apesar de que os detalhes do mecanismo de ação do gálio não são bem esclarecidos, está comprovado que esse mecanismo envolve a inserção do gálio na matriz de hidroxiapatita, protegendo-a contra a reabsorção e melhorando as propriedades biomecânicas do sistema esquelético. Este fármaco age também nos componentes celulares do osso, impedindo sua absorção ao diminuir a secreção ácida dos osteoclastos. São necessárias mais publicações sobre o uso do gálio no tratamento de várias doenças onde prevalece esta patologia. CONCLUSÕES: Devido as suas características interessantes e promissoras, o gálio merece ser futuramente avaliado do ponto de vista experimental e clínico, como um agente antiabsortivo em ortopedia, traumatologia e doenças relacionadas com o câncer. Maior conhecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos pode fornecer as idéias para estratégia terapêutica, com o objetivo de diminuir hipercalcemia e perda óssea. Espera-se que novos compostos do gálio sejam desenvolvidos e avaliados clinicamente.PURPOSE: To review the literature concerning the incorporation of gallium into bone tissue, mechanisms of therapeutic activity of this element, as well as the formation, growth and solubility of hydroxiapatite in the presence of gallium salts. JUSTIFICATION: In contrast to other calcium-saving drugs, salts of trace element gallium are effective in severe hypercalcemias. Gallium (most commonly in the form of its nitrate) enhances calcium and phosphorus content of the bone and has direct, noncytotoxic effects on osteoclasts at markedly low doses. Although the details of gallium action on the bone are still uncertain, it is well established that the mechanism involves gallium insertion into the hydroxiapatite matrix protecting it from resorbtion and improving biomechanical properties of the skeletal system. The drug also acts on the cellular components of bone to reduce bone resorbtion by decreasing acid secretion by osteoclasts. More has to be published about the use of gallium in managing a series of clinical conditions in which this pathology is pronounced. CONCLUSIONS: Due to its interesting and promising profile gallium merits further experimental and clinical evaluation as an antiresorbtive agent in orthopaedics, traumatology and cancer-related conditions. Greater knowledge of the mechanisms involved may provide insights for therapeutic strategies aimed at diminishing hypercalcemy and bone loss. New gallium compounds are expected to be developed and tested clinically.

Poucas áreas de diagnóstico laboratorial apresentaram evolução recente mais acelerada do que os testes para o diagnóstico e monitoramento das doenças osteometabólicas. Novos conhecimentos sobre fisiopatologia, além de novidades nas modalidades terapêuticas e nos testes diagnósticos tornaram o campo na área de diagnósticos muito mais complexo, efetivo e interessante. O diagnóstico diferencial das hiper e hipocalcemias, assim como a definição e o seguimento da terapêutica para osteoporose são duas áreas onde progressos sensíveis puderam ser constatados. Por outro lado, o aproveitamento de todo esse potencial exige dos profissionais que atuam na área um conhecimento cada vez maior, de forma que o emprego dos novos testes seja feito com eficácia e coerência.Few areas in the clinical laboratory field presented a more accelerated recent evolution than that of the tests for diagnosis and monitoring of osteometabolic diseases. Newer knowledge about physiopathology, newer therapeutic modalities and new diagnostic tests, turned this field much more complex, effective and interesting. The differential diagnosis of hyper and hypocalcemia and the definition and follow-up of osteoporosis therapeutics, are two of the areas where a more significant progress has been made. On the other side, the good use of all this potential asks the professionals working in this area an even deeper knowledge, so that the new tests are employed with efficacy and coherence.

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Resumen Introducción La sarcoidosis es una enfermedad sistémica de etiología desconocida que raramente se presenta en la infancia. Generalmente afecta los pulmones; sin embargo, puede involucrar diversos órganos. Ocasionalmente afecta el estado general, y origina fiebre, hepatomegalia y esplenomegalia. Caso clínico Se presenta el caso de un adolescente de doce años de edad con sarcoidosis infantil de inicio tardío, cuyo diagnóstico fue confirmado con un estudio histopatológico de ganglio linfático. El paciente cursó con afección general, hipercalcemia, eritema nodoso, alteraciones pulmonares graves, adenopatías, hepatomegalia y masa testicular. Recibió tratamiento con esteroides, con excelente respuesta clínica. Conclusiones Se resalta la importancia de considerar el diagnóstico de sarcoidosis en los pacientes con hepatomegalia, adenopatías, daño pulmonar difuso, eritema nodoso, masa testicular e hipercalcemia, así como la necesidad del abordaje multidisciplinario para valorar el compromiso orgánico múltiple y el inicio oportuno de la terapia con esteroides, con el fin de evitar la progresión de la enfermedad. Background Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology that rarely occurs in children. It usually affects the lungs, however, it may involve various organs. It occasionally affects the general condition, and causes fever, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Case report We report the case of a twelve-year-old adolescent with late-onset childhood sarcoidosis which diagnosis was confirmed by lymph node histopathological study. The patient presented general condition, hypercalcemia, erythema nodosum, severe lung disorders, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and testicular mass. He received treatment with steroids, with excellent clinical response. Conclusions We highlight the importance of considering the diagnosis of sarcoidosis in patients with hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, diffuse lung damage, erythema nodosum, testicular mass and hypercalcemia, as well as the need for a multidisciplinary approach to assess multiple organ involvement and the early beginning of steroid treatment in order to prevent the progression of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La enfermedad ósea sintomática es infrecuente en el hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP), y cuando se presenta puede transcurrir mucho tiempo antes del diagnóstico. Con el objetivo de revisar y actualizar conceptos acerca del compromiso esquelético en el HPTP buscamos en nuestros archivos casos de pacientes en quienes las manifestaciones iniciales o principales de la enfermedad hubieran sido las alteraciones óseas. Materiales y métodos: revisamos los archivos de la Sección de Ortopedia y del Departamento de Patología de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (2000-2006) en busca de casos de hiperparatiroidismo con presentación clínica inicial o principal en los huesos. De cada caso resumimos los hallazgos clínicos, paraclínicos y de seguimiento más relevantes. Basados en estos casos hicimos una revisión del tema. Resultados: encontramos tres casos que cumplían estas características. En los tres la atención inicial fue motivada por una fractura; sin embargo, los tres habían tenido síntomas sistémicos inespecíficos de varios meses o años de evolución. Otras alteraciones óseas detectadas fueron: lesiones osteoblásticas múltiples, desviación de la columna, deformidades en los dedos, osteopenia, dolores óseos y tumor pardo. Los síntomas extraesqueléticos incluían alteraciones gastrointestinales, neurológicas, adinamia y disminución de peso. En los tres casos se detectó adenoma paratiroideo. Conclusiones: aunque infrecuentes, las alteraciones esqueléticas en el HPTP comprometen múltiples huesos y suelen asociarse con síntomas extraesqueléticos inespecíficos. Si se tiene en mente esta enfermedad, se debe medir el calcio sérico como prueba inicial que ayudará al diagnóstico. Symptomatic bone disease is not usual in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Increased awareness of the various manifestations of the disease may lead to earlier diagnosis before devastating and irreparable effects have occurred. Our aim was to review skeletal manifestations of PHPT as an important presentation of the disease. Material and methods: We reviewed archives at our institution (2000-2006) searching for cases of PHPT with bone disease being the initial or main clinical manifestation. Clinical and laboratory data, radiological features and outcome were registered. Based on this information, we carried out a review. Results: We found three cases with these inclusion criteria. In all of them, the initial bone manifestation was a fracture; however, every one had suffered from unspecific systemic manifestations for several months or years. Other bone alterations were: multiple osteoblastic lesions, spine deviation, finger deformity, bone pain, decreased bone mineral density, and brown tumor. Extra-skeletal manifestations in our cases included: gastrointestinal alterations, neurological symptoms, weight loss and depressed mood. In all cases a parathyroid adenoma was detected. Conclusions: Although infrequent, bone disease in PHPT involves multiple sites and usually is associated with unspecific extra-skeletal manifestations that permit to suspect the diagnosis. Serum calcium determination may lead to the correct diagnosis.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o caso de uma criança com paracoccidioidomicose, que apresentou hipercalcemia associada a múltiplas lesões osteolíticas. DESCRIÇÃO: Menino de 6 anos, internado com história de febre e hepatoesplenomegalia há 1 mês. À internação, apresentava-se em regular estado geral, descorado, com linfonodomegalia generalizada e hepatoesplenomegalia. Os exames laboratoriais identificaram anemia (hemoglobina = 6,8 g/dl), eosinofilia (1.222/mm³), plaquetopenia (102.000/mm³) e hipoalbuminemia (albumina = 2,2 g/dl). Paracoccidioides brasiliensis foi identificado no mielograma. A partir da segunda semana de internação, apresentou artralgia, hipoatividade e dificuldade à deambulação, sendo constatada hipercalcemia (dosagem máxima de 14,9 mg%) e redução da função renal, que duraram pouco mais de 2 semanas. No 42º dia de internação, foram vistas, na radiografia de tórax, múltiplas lesões líticas em clavículas, escápulas, costelas e úmeros, com escorregamento epifisário de úmero bilateral. Apresentou nefrocalcinose e nefrolitíase, com redução no clearance de creatinina e evidências de lesão tubular. No final do segundo mês de internação, na cultura do lavado gástrico, foi identificado Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recebeu tratamento para paracoccidioidomicose e tuberculose e está há mais de 3 anos em acompanhamento, sem nenhuma seqüela. COMENTÁRIOS: O desenvolvimento da hipercalcemia sintomática, levando à lesão renal e associada a lesões ósseas múltiplas e disseminadas, nunca foi descrito em paracoccidioidomicose. Embora tenha sido diagnosticada tuberculose pulmonar, que pode estar relacionada à hipercalcemia, a forma abrupta como se instalou e como se normalizou sem o tratamento específico para tuberculose sugere que a lise óssea foi o fator mais importante na gênese da hipercalcemia.OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of a child with paracoccidioidomycosis who presented hypercalcemia with multiple osteolytic lesions. DESCRIPTION: A 6-year-old boy was admitted with a one-month history of fever and hepatosplenomegaly. On admission, he looked sick, pale, and had disseminated lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. The laboratory findings included anemia (hemoglobin = 6.8 g/dl), eosinophilia (1,222/mm³), thrombocytopenia (102,000/mm³), and hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin = 2.2 g/dl). Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was identified in bone marrow examination. In the second week after admission, the patient presented joint pain, poor activity and difficulty in walking. He presented hypercalcemia (maximum value = 14.9 mg%) and reduction in renal function, which lasted for two weeks. On the 42nd day after admission, his chest X-ray showed lytic lesions in clavicle, scapula, ribs, and humerus, with bilateral slipped capital humeral epiphysis. The patient presented nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis, reduction in creatinine clearance and evidence of tubular lesions. At the end of the second month after admission, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in gastric lavage. The child received treatment for paracoccidioidomycosis and tuberculosis and has not had any sequelae for 3 years. COMMENTS: The development of symptomatic hypercalcemia leading to renal lesion, associated with multiple osteolytic lesions, had never been described in paracoccidioidomycosis. Although pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed and could be related to hypercalcemia, the sudden onset of hypercalcemia and its normalization without specific treatment for tuberculosis suggests that bone lysis was the most important factor in the genesis of hypercalcemia.

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A gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado (GMSI) é uma doença pré-maligna rara assintomática, definida por uma concentração de imunoglobulina monoclonal no soro menor que 3 g/dL e uma proporção de células plasmocitárias na medula óssea menor que 10%, na ausência de lesões líticas ósseas, anemia, hipercalcemia e insuficiência renal relacionadas com a proliferação de células plasmáticas monoclonais. O hiperparatireoidismo primário (HP) é uma doença relativamente frequente, afetando aproximadamente um em cada 1000 indivíduos. Alguns trabalhos sugerem que a frequência de HP está aumentada em neoplasias, ampliando o espectro da etiologia da hipercalcemia nesses pacientes. Relata-se, aqui, um caso de paciente de 63 anos admitido para investigação de anemia, parestesias e dores em membros inferiores, além de insuficiência renal. Durante investigação, verificou-se hipercalcemia, pico monoclonal sérico de IgA/lambda, sem critérios para mieloma múltiplo, e adenoma de paratireoide. O mesmo foi submetido à paratireoidectomia, cujo anatomopatológico revelou adenoma de paratireoide. Após a cirurgia, houve retorno dos níveis de cálcio e de função renal ao normal.

Objetivos: apresentar três casos recentes de carcinoma de pequenas células hipercalcêmico (CPCH) do ovário atendidos em nossa instituição quanto às suas características clínicas, diagnóstico e evolução pós-tratamento. Métodos: foram obtidos dados dos prontuários médicos arquivados no serviço de arquivo médico e estatística (SAME) com respeito às características epidemiológicas, clínicas e evolução, além de dados histopatológicos obtidos no serviço de anatomia patológica dos três pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma de pequenas células hipercalcêmico do ovário. Resultados: as idades quando do diagnóstico foram de 26, 36 e 68 anos. O diâmetro tumoral variou de 8,8 a 23 cm, com média de 14 cm. Todas as pacientes apresentavam hipercalcemia, com cálcio total de 8,9, 10,8 e 16,7 mEq/dL (VN = 8,8 a 10,2) e cálcio iônico de 1,26, 1,27 e 1,21 mEq/dL (VN = 1,12 a 1,23), respectivamente. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas a cirurgia e esquemas de quimioterapia contendo platina. Duas pacientes que receberam quimioterapia adjuvante à cirurgia apresentam-se sem evidência de doença 2 e 18 meses depois. A outra paciente, que teve o diagnóstico inicial de tumor de células da granulosa, recebeu quimioterapia apenas após a recidiva e encontra-se viva com doença 32 meses após o diagnóstico. Conclusão: dentre os indicadores prognósticos de maior importância encontramos: o estádio inicial da neoplasia, a idade, a presença de hipercalcemia, tamanho tumoral, presença de grandes células, tipo de cirurgia realizada e tempo para início do tratamento. O tratamento ideal para o carcinoma de pequenas células do tipo hipercalcêmico permanece desconhecido, devido a múltiplos fatores, como: estadiamento inadequado, múltiplas abordagens e esquemas terapêuticos empregados, dificuldade no diagnóstico histológico inicial e raridade de casos.

Hypercalcemia is a rare metabolic disorder in children and is potentially fatal. It has a wide differential diagnosis, including cancer. Here, we report the case of a previously healthy 3-year-old who was admitted to the emergency room with fatigue, hyporeactivity, fever and limping gait that had evolved over 5 days and that was progressively worsening. On examination the patient was unconscious (Glasgow coma score: 8). Laboratory tests indicated severe hypercalcemia (total calcium 21.39mg/dL, ionized calcium 2.93mmol/L) and microcytic anemia. Hyperhydration was initiated, and the child was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit. Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration with calcium-free solution was instituted, which brought progressive normalization of serum calcium and an improved state of consciousness. Zoledronate was administered, and metabolic and infectious causes and poisoning were excluded. The bone marrow smear revealed a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hypercalcemia associated with malignancy in children is rare and occurs as a form of cancer presentation or recurrence. Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration should be considered in situations where there is imminent risk to life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)