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The results of research of participation of international networked associations of internet developers in world political process are presented in the article. The main cases are associations that develop technical standards for the internet or promote such standards (IETF and WaSP), associations that develop countermeasures against the political control of internet communications (Netsukuku, TOR and FreeNet), and an association that develop one of the most remarkable political online projects WikiLeaks.

IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSNs) are being used in healthcare, home automation, industrial control and agricultural monitoring. In most of these applications global addressing of individual IP-WSN nodes and layer-three routing for mobility enabled IP-WSN with special attention to reliability, energy efficiency and end to end delay minimization are a few of the major issues to be addressed. Most of the routing protocols in WSN are based on layer-two approaches. For reliability and end to end communication enhancement the necessity of layer-three routing for IP-WSNs is generating significant attention among the research community, but due to the hurdle of maintaining routing state and other communication overhead, it was not possible to introduce a layer-three routing protocol for IP-WSNs. To address this issue we propose in this paper a global addressing scheme and layer-three based hierarchical routing protocol. The proposed addressing and routing approach focuses on all the above mentioned issues. Simulation results show that the proposed addressing and routing approach significantly enhances the reliability, energy efficiency and end to end delay minimization. We also present architecture, message formats and different routing scenarios in this paper.

IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSNs) are gaining importance for their broad range of applications in health-care, home automation, environmental monitoring, industrial control, vehicle telematics and agricultural monitoring. In all these applications, mobility in the sensor network with special attention to energy efficiency is a major issue to be addressed. Host-based mobility management protocols are not suitable for IP-WSNs because of their energy inefficiency, so network based mobility management protocols can be an alternative for the mobility supported IP-WSNs. In this paper we propose a network based mobility supported IP-WSN protocol called Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6 (SPMIPv6). We present its architecture, message formats and also evaluate its performance considering signaling cost, mobility cost and energy consumption. Our analysis shows that with respect to the number of IP-WSN nodes, the proposed scheme reduces the signaling cost by 60% and 56%, as well as the mobility cost by 62% and 57%, compared to MIPv6 and PMIPv6, respectively. The simulation results also show that in terms of the number of hops, SPMIPv6 decreases the signaling cost by 56% and 53% as well as mobility cost by 60% and 67% as compared to MIPv6 and PMIPv6 respectively. It also indicates that proposed scheme reduces the level of energy consumption significantly.

Lawful interception was developed in a closed manner and is usable for pervasive monitoring, which the Internet community has deemed an attack. Further developing lawful interception technology is therefore counter-productive unless accompanied by an open re-evaluation of targeted monitoring requirements assigning equal priority to requirements for security, privacy, and Internet-scale interoperability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the security solutions that can provide a variety of security services is needed urgently. For development of the security solutions, analysis of international standard security technology is the key. In this paper, international organizations' standardization(ISO/IEC JTC1 SC27, ITU-T SG-17, IETF Security Area, etc.) and the current trend of the standard security technology are mainly analyzed. The core of the latest security technology(Application Bridging, DNS-based Authentication, HTTP Authentication, IP Security, Javascript Security, Authentication Technology Next Generation, Managed Incident, Web Authorization Protocol, Security Automation, Transport Layer Security, etc.) is analyzed focusing on 18 working groups of the IETF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in networking, namely the reemergence of network programmability with a new name, that of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) have paved the way for a new approach to network datapath configuration. SDN provides an abstraction model of the forwarding plane and separates it from the control plane using open APIs. On the other hand, regarding network infrastructure, motivated by the advances of virtualization, major operators created the Network Function Virtualization (NFV) group, as an Industry Specification Group at the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. NFV's goal is to define how network functions such as firewalls and load-balancers or any other data or control plane functionality in the mobile and fixed network, can be virtualized and run as software on high-volume servers instead of using specialized hardware. We argue that both SDN and NFV are part of a bigger networking picture, that of the complete lifecycle of the network devices and therefore could take advantage of the definition of a common abstraction model, both for the forwarding model and for the network functions. Such a model will allow interoperability and homogeneity, as well as one protocol, for control, management and orchestration of the network datapath and the network functions respectively. This paper proposes, defines and designs a reference Network Abstraction Model based on a building block approach and demonstrates an initial proof-of-concept implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial accounting standards are set by organizations granted a significant degree of monopoly power by various governments.While there has been considerable debate on the merits of national (e.g., US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)) versus international (International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)) monopolies, little attention has been paid to the merits of using competing standard-setting organizations (SSOs) for setting accounting standards.We compare the standard-setting processes of the FASB/IASB to the processes of four technology-oriented SSOs to assess the role of competition. We also provide a case study of monopoly and competitive standards in telephony. Both telephony and accounting yield some gains from coordination, and similar arguments are used (under the labels of comparability and consistency of accounting) in debates about granting a monopoly to their respective SSOs. Our results show that a group of volunteers competing with the government-sanctioned monopoly of International Telecommunications Union transformed the telephone industry. Thanks to this standards competition, we enjoy free video internet calling and massive cost savings. Implications for accounting standard setting are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As service chaining matures, interoperability is a must. Network service headers provide the required data-plane information needed to construct topologically independent service paths as well as to pass opaque metadata between classification and service functions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic packet collisions constitute a major problem in wireless flooding, which is a key mechanism for information dissemination in wireless mesh and multi-hop ad hoc networks. Since this cannot be solved only through classic MAC collision avoidance mechanisms, the IETF has proposed and standardized in RFC 5148 jittering techniques to handle it. These techniques are widely used in protocols for wireless communication such as OLSR, AODV or LOAD, and have proven useful for reducing collisions. They lead however some undesirableside effects that may harm substantially the flooding performance. To the best of our knowledge, no research effort has been deployed to understand and analyze these effects. This paper addresses this issue. It motivates and introduces a theoretical model of flooding with jitter in a wireless interface, as specified in RFC 5148, and explores the probabilistic characterization of additional flooding delay caused by jitter. It mostly provides two analytical bounds for the per-interface additional jitter delay. Presented results, which are validated by way of a discrete-event simulation, enable a better understanding of the performance trade-offs (between packet collisions and additional delay, in particular) underlying the use of jitter in wireless flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile ad hoc networks, are generally the worst-case scenarios for providing QoS guarantees. Not only is the performance of these networks unpredictable due to network dynamics, but they also operate with a limited-bandwidth, in a high- error-rate environment. Additionally, if a MANET supports real-time traffic, there is a need for effective traffic management by implementing an efficient QoS scheme. This work discusses the characteristics of real-time traffic with emphasis placed on voice traffic. Also, the work reviews the existing approaches for providing QoS guarantees. Based on this discussion, we can develop some new QoS schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a conferencing architecture called Meetecho. To the purpose, we embrace an engineering approach, by describing an actual implementation of an open source centralized video-conferencing system capable to offer advanced communication experience to end-users through the effective exploitation of mechanisms like session management and floor control. Meetecho has been designed to be fully compliant with the latest standard proposals coming from both the IETF and the 3GPP and can be considered as an outstanding example of a real-time application built on top of the grounds paved by the SIP protocol. We will discuss both the design of the overall conferencing framework and the most important issues we had to face during the implementation phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albert Vezza is notable for his roles with J.C.R. Licklider, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Laboratory for Computer Science (originally Project MAC), the ARPANET development, Infocom creation and management, establishment of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and support of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a new communication paradigm that enables the communication between vehicles moving at high speeds on the roads. This has opened doors to develop several new applications like traffic engineering, traffic management, dissemination of emergency information to avoid hazardous situations and other user applications. VANETs are direct offshoot of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) but with distinguishing characteristics like movement at high speeds, constrained mobility, sufficient storage and processing power, unpredictable node density and difficult communication environment with short link lifetime. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is developing Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) routing protocol which is successor to the popular Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocols and shares many of its benefits. Performance evaluation of DYMO has been carried out in VANET scenarios and contrasted with traditional DSR and AODV. Results demonstrate the merits of DYMO under intense network conditions and the packet delivery fraction can be improved by as much as 30% when compared with the competing schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A direct interpretation of the term Internet of Things refers to the use of standard Internet protocols for the human-to-thing or thing-to-thing communication in embedded networks. Although the security needs are well-recognized in this domain, it is still not fully understood how existing IP security protocols and architectures can be deployed. In this paper, we discuss the applicability and limitations of existing Internet protocols and security architectures in the context of the Internet of Things. First, we give an overview of the deployment model and general security needs. We then present challenges and requirements for IP-based security solutions and highlight specific technical limitations of standard IP security protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSNs) are being used in healthcare, home automation, industrial control and agricultural monitoring. In most of these applications global addressing of individual IP-WSN nodes and layer-three routing for mobility enabled IP-WSN with special attention to reliability, energy efficiency and end to end delay minimization are a few of the major issues to be addressed. Most of the routing protocols in WSN are based on layer-two approaches. For reliability and end to end communication enhancement the necessity of layer-three routing for IP-WSNs is generating significant attention among the research community, but due to the hurdle of maintaining routing state and other communication overhead, it was not possible to introduce a layer-three routing protocol for IP-WSNs. To address this issue we propose in this paper a global addressing scheme and layer-three based hierarchical routing protocol. The proposed addressing and routing approach focuses on all the above mentioned issues. Simulation results show that the proposed addressing and routing approach significantly enhances the reliability, energy efficiency and end to end delay minimization. We also present architecture, message formats and different routing scenarios in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSNs) are gaining importance for their broad range of applications in health-care, home automation, environmental monitoring, industrial control, vehicle telematics and agricultural monitoring. In all these applications, mobility in the sensor network with special attention to energy efficiency is a major issue to be addressed. Host-based mobility management protocols are not suitable for IP-WSNs because of their energy inefficiency, so network based mobility management protocols can be an alternative for the mobility supported IP-WSNs. In this paper we propose a network based mobility supported IP-WSN protocol called Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6 (SPMIPv6). We present its architecture, message formats and also evaluate its performance considering signaling cost, mobility cost and energy consumption. Our analysis shows that with respect to the number of IP-WSN nodes, the proposed scheme reduces the signaling cost by 60% and 56%, as well as the mobility cost by 62% and 57%, compared to MIPv6 and PMIPv6, respectively. The simulation results also show that in terms of the number of hops, SPMIPv6 decreases the signaling cost by 56% and 53% as well as mobility cost by 60% and 67% as compared to MIPv6 and PMIPv6 respectively. It also indicates that proposed scheme reduces the level of energy consumption significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent proliferation of information and communications technology standards and their accompanying ad hoc standards bodies could lead to a decentralization of standardization, which will affect privacy and security in the Internet of Things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In global competition, the Internet turned out to be the single and hegemonial infrastructure for communication. It has become the “nervous system” of today’s networked economy. While the first phase provided communication services, like e-mail, the WWW has established an interactive platform to allow easy access to advanced services. Now, in its “third” or cooperative phase, the Internet will finally lead to a ubiquitous informatization where business processes and applications become interleaved beyond the boundaries of enterprises. For this phase, many analogies to the emergence of the Internet can be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active use of Access Grid systems by many scientific and engineering communities over several years has uncovered a number of architectural and usability problems of this technology. After examining the system architecture of the current Access Grid and the recent trend in the instant messaging systems, we devised an alternative advanced collaboration system using an established standard protocol. According to our approach, the Access Grid is seen as a set of functions and services rather than a defined system architecture. We used the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol to implement Access Grid functionality with a much simpler architecture. This system allows us to easily extend its capability using the plug-in mechanism. Furthermore, it allows developers to design various different client applications with appropriate user interfaces. These features are significantly important for supporting a wide range of communities with different requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Location-based applications and services are emerging at a pace that's likely to accelerate over the next few years. Such services offer everything from consumer convenience to life-saving security. All these scenarios involve the transmission of location information over an IP network, and all raise significant issues about that information's privacy, security, and control. The IETF's Geographic Location/Privacy working group (Geopriv WG) has created a set of standards for sending location information coupled with privacy rules over the Internet. The standards call for the creation of location objects (LOs), which contain a location along with a limited set of rules that can point to an external set of more complex rules, if necessary. In development over the past few years, Geopriv is approaching an initial completion stage and appears likely to be implemented in several key technologies [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The protocols, data, and algorithms that compute paths through interconnected network devices are possibly the most vital, complex, and fragile components in the global information infrastructure. They are also the least protected. This article examines the current state of, and practical prospects for, security in IP routing infrastructures [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The demand for mobile service increase many service providers which they start finding solutions for integrating third and fourth generation networks and to develop mobility protocols. This article introduces the macromobility, micromobility, and ad hoc routing protocols the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has discussed. The aim is to familiarize readers with various mobility protocols, point out differences, and generate interest to pursue research. Cellular IP can perform handoffs in a number of ways, and it uses an efficient paging technique. To achieve this, it uses two mappings: paging cache (PC) and routing cache (RC). PCs are used only to search for (mobile node) MNs while RCs are used to route data to the MNs. Micromobility protocols complement MIP by reducing signaling overheads and enabling faster handoffs for seamless connectivity. These protocols handle local movements of MN without any interaction with MIP. It reduces the bandwidth consumption and another advantage of reducing signaling overheads is that it helps to conserve the power reserves of MNs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Research in Mobile IP has proposed that IP should take support from the underlying wireless network architecture to achieve good performance for handover and paging protocols. The IETF work defines requirements for layer 2 (the data link layer of the OSI model) to support optimized layer 3 (the network layer of the OSI model) handover and paging protocols. Layer 2 can send notification to layer 3 that a certain event has happened or is about to happen. The notification is sent using a trigger. We list the triggers needed by IP handover and paging protocols. We map the triggers to their corresponding events in CDMA2000 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]