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Urbanization and marine economy interact and influence each other. The coordinated development of the two is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of social economy. On the basis of expounding the coupling mechanism, this paper constructed a comprehensive evaluation index system of urbanization and marine economic system in Jiangsu Province, and made an empirical analysis of their comprehensive development level and coupling coordination degree by using the variation coefficient method, comprehensive evaluation function and coupling coordination degree model, and put forward development suggestions. The results showed that the development level of science and technology, employment structure, transportation capacity, residents′ consumption level, investment scale and economic development level were important factors affecting the development of urbanization, and the marine ecological environment had a greater impact on the development of marine economy. From 2006 to 2019, the comprehensive development level and coupling coordination degree of urbanization and marine economy in Jiangsu Province had been improved, and the coupling coordination development had gradually changed from being on the verge of imbalance to good coordination, but the comprehensive development level of marine economy was still low and seriously lagged behind the urbanization development level. In the future development, spatial urbanization should be vigorously promoted, the optimization of the marine industrial structure be sped up and should the role of land and sea industries be given play to.

To realize the high-quality development of marine economy and build a strong marine province is an important strategic direction of the 14th Five Year Plan of Shandong Province. Based on the five concepts for development of "innovation, coordinated, green, open, and inclusive", this paper constructed a comprehensive evaluation index system of the high-quality development level of marine economy in Shandong Province, and used entropy method to calculate and analyze the high-quality development level of marine economy and its evolution law from 2010 to 2019. At the same time, this paper also used random effect model to further examine and analyze the related factors that may affect the high-quality development of marine economy in Shandong Province. The results showed that although the high quality development level of marine economy in Shandong Province fluctuated greatly, it showed an overall upward trend and had a great space for improvement. Among them, coordination was the primary factor affecting the development quality of marine economy, innovation level was second, and the current situation of green, open and inclusive level restricted the high-quality development of marine economy to a certain extent. In view of the above conclusions, this paper put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to promote the high-quality development of marine economy in Shandong Province.

By selecting marine economic development indicators and using DEA Malmquist index model to calculate the total factor productivity of marine economic development in 11 coastal areas of China from 2006 to 2018, this paper discussed the time series changes and sources of changes in total factor productivity of marine economic development, and further divided different regions for heterogeneity analysis. The research results showed that China′s marine economy had a good momentum of development, and the improvement of total factor productivity had increased by 4.811% on average during the study period. The main reason for the improvement was the progress of technical level, while the contribution of technical efficiency level was small. Due to different internal and external conditions in different provinces, the improvement of TFP in different provinces varied greatly. On the whole, the performance of southern provinces was better than that of northern provinces, the improvement of total factor productivity in the southern marine economic circle was the highest, followed by the eastern marine economic circle, and the northern marine economic circle was the worst.

Marine strategic emerging industries represent the direction of technological revolution and industrial transformation, and are the key areas for cultivating new kinetic energy and gaining new competitive advantages in the future. This paper systematically combed the research status of China′s marine strategic emerging industries from the aspects of the current situation, problems and influencing factors, cultivation paths and development countermeasures, and looked forward to the development trend and research direction of marine strategic emerging industries, with a view to providing decision-making reference for relevant departments to develop marine strategic emerging industries and promote the high-quality development of marine economy in the new stage, new journey and new starting point, so as to effectively play the supporting and guaranteeing role of marine strategic emerging industries in economic and social transformation.

Current geoeconomic and geopolitical transformations project on Russian society and its spatial organisation, highlighting the problems of spatial socioeconomic development and its governmental regulation. This article examines the theoretical and applied aspects of the incorporation into the national regional policy of the sea factor, understood as a combination of location and resources, which is determined by a country’s jurisdiction over coasts and waters, its maritime activities and coastalisation potential, including the economic, settlement-­related and psychological elements of the latter. The article describes the key influences of the sea factor on the spatial development of post-­Soviet Russia. The steadily growing impact of maritime activities on the spatial-­economic and settlement dynamics has been given a new impetus by the rising geostrategic, resource and transport-­logistic significance of the World Ocean, as well as its water and water-land substructures, amid increasing military-­strategic confrontation and geoeconomic regionalisation. The article presents a retrospective analysis of the role of the sea factor in Russia’s regional policy and identifies its stages. The authors emphasise the need for a synergy between maritime and spatial policies and proposes ways of achieving it.

Based on the panel data of China′s areas from 1999 to 2020, this paper established a PVAR model, employed impulse response analysis and variance decomposition to analyze the impact of financial development on marine economic growth and the dynamic relationship between each other from the perspective of financial scale, structure and efficiency. The research results showed that, the financial scale had a short-term positive impact effect on marine economic growth, but might restrict the development of marine economy in the long-term. The development of financial efficiency has a long-term positive impact effect on marine economic growth. The financial structure could promote the growth of marine economy, but the shortest duration. Therefore, marine economic growth needed strong financial support. It is necessary to reasonably control the financial scale, improve the financial efficiency, optimize the financial structure, provide long-term support for the development of marine economy, and promote the sustainable growth of marine economy.

With the increasing contribution of the marine economy to the national economy, it is of great significance to carry out the assessment and analysis of the high-quality development of the marine economy to promote the construction of a marine power. Based on the "six high-quality" framework of Jiangsu Province, this paper constructed a high-quality development evaluation index system of marine economy. Based on the weight of coefficient of variation method and entropy weight, TOPSIS proximity was calculated respectively, and the high-quality development of Jiangsu marine economy in 2015-2019 was compared and analyzed. The research found that: the dynamic trend and ranking of the quality of marine economic development calculated by the two weights were 2019>2015>2018>2017>2016. The remarkable optimization in 2019 was mainly due to the fact that the throughput of foreign trade goods of coastal and riverside ports, the environmental quality of coastal waters, the retention rate of natural shorelines and the per capita net income of fishermen were significantly better than the other evaluation years. Finally, some suggestions were put forward to promote the high-quality development of marine economy.

For the sustainable development of the ocean, examining the coupled and coordinated relationships of the marine economic-ecological-social system (MEESS) is crucial. In this study, data from 11 coastal regions of China from 2006 to 2020 are utilized to quantify and analyze the MEESS coupling coordination relationships and driving factors using the entropy method, mean squared deviation weighting method, coefficient of variation method, improved coupling coordination degree (CCD), GM (1,1) (grey model), and generalized method of moments (GMM) models. The findings show that (1) the comprehensive level of the MEESS in the study area indicates a steady upward trend. The marine economic system maintains a steady rise, the marine ecological system starts at a high level and grows at a low rate, and the marine social system starts at a low level and grows at a high rate. (2) The coupling degree is higher in areas with a higher comprehensive level of marine ecological systems. (3) As of 2020, six study regions were in the moderate coordination stage. Except for Shanghai, the coupling coordination degree (CCD) in other regions shows a fluctuating upward trend. (4) From 2021 to 2026, the coastal area overall will enter the intermediate coordination stage. Shandong will take the lead in the good coordination stage. (5) In terms of drivers, port activity, financial industry development, and government support significantly affect the CCD. The findings of this study demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the improved CCD model in evaluating the interactions of multiple ocean subsystems. This demonstration can help policymakers tailor marine development planning and provide a new perspective on sustainable marine development.

The key to achieving the high-quality development of the marine economy (HDME) is to facilitate synergy through the coordination of marine elements. By adopting a perspective concerning complex systems, this paper presents a comprehensive framework—the composite system for high-quality development of the marine economy (CSHDME)—that synergistically integrates the five dimensions of "economy—technology—ecological—society—culture" in the marine domain. Building upon this framework, in this paper, we construct a CSHDME synergy evaluation index system using relevant data from 11 coastal provinces in China from 2010 to 2020. We utilize the subsystem orderliness degree model and composite system synergy degree model to calculate the degree of subsystem orderliness and degree of composite system synergy for the CSHDME as well as analyze the development status of the CSHDME subsystem and the degree of CSHDME synergy. The results indicate that: (1) the five-dimensional subsystem of the CSHDME exhibits an overall trend of year-on-year growth, with significant development disparities; (2) the degree of the synergy of the CSHDME is characterized by strong regional differences, strong fluctuations, instability, and low synergy; (3) the degree of the synergy of the CSHDME demonstrates the spatial evolution characteristics of low synergy, strong differences, strong fluctuations, and high agglomeration; and (4) the degree of orderliness and development speed of subsystems affect the degree of the synergy of the CSHDME. Therefore, measures such as the rational allocation of marine resources, accurate improvement of shortcomings, optimization of the spatial layout, and strengthening of regional cooperation should be considered to further promote the synergistic development of the CSHDME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological environment (EE) is an important factor affecting the sustainable development of the marine economy (ME): achieving coordinated development between the ME and EE remains a problem to be explored. From three perspectives—comprehensive development level, coupling coordination degree spatiotemporal analysis, and obstacle degree recognition—this paper explores the development level and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of ME and EE coupling coordination in 11 coastal areas in China from 1999 to 2019. The results indicate the following: (1) During the research period, the comprehensive development levels of the ME and EE in China's coastal areas continued to improve, with relatively high levels of economic structure subsystems and pressure subsystems. (2) There was a clear coupling relationship between the ME and EE, with a high degree of coupling, mainly consisting of high-quality coupling and good coupling. The increase in coupling coordination was significant, especially in Guangdong, Shandong, and Liaoning. (3) The analysis of the obstacle degree found that the crucial obstacle elements affecting the coordinated development of the ME and EE included the ME vitality subsystem and the EE response subsystem. Finally, policy suggestions are put forward, including promoting the development of an ecotype ME, promoting marine technology innovation, and adopting differentiated EE governance policies according to local conditions. This study helps evaluate the development capacity of the ME in China's coastal areas and provides a basis for formulating targeted ME development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ocean holds abundant resources, but the utilization of those resources for the marine economy presents a complex and dynamic industrial situation. Exploring sustainable development in this industry is of practical value, as it involves the rational use of marine resources while protecting the environment. This study provides an innovative review of the current application status of Digital Twins Technology (DTT) in various sectors of the marine industry, including the ship-building industry (SBI), Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, marine fishery, and marine energy industry. The findings reveal that DTT offers robust support for full life cycle management (LCM) in SBI, including digital design, intelligent processing, operation, and error management. Furthermore, this work delves into the challenges and prospects of DTT application in the marine industry, aiming to provide reference and direction for intelligent systems in the industry and guide the rational development and utilization of marine resources in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of China's marine economy and the increasing pollution in marine-related industries, how to implement a sustainable development strategy in the marine economy has become an important issue. Under the stochastic frontier analysis framework, this paper measures the technical efficiency of the marine economy in 11 coastal provinces in China under carbon emission constraints from 2006 to 2016 and analyzes regional differences and the dynamic evolution of technical efficiency and its influencing factors. Panel unit root test is applied to analyze the stochastic convergence of technical efficiency of the inter-regional marine economy. The result shows that: in the reference period, the technical efficiency of the marine economy is on the rise. Guangdong and Shanghai are in the lead. Technical level and industrial structure have a positive impact on technical efficiency, while the structure of property rights, FDI, energy prices, and energy structure have a negative effect on it. On the whole, the changes in the technical efficiency of coastal provinces present a process from concentration to differentiation. There is a stochastic convergence between the Pan-Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta. Raising the technological level, promoting low-carbon production in the marine industry, and strengthening inter-regional cooperation have a certain effect on the improvement of the technical efficiency of the marine economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote greenhouse gas emission reduction, China has proposed a dual carbon target to achieve carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. Since 2013, China has opened an increasing number of carbon emission trading pilot projects, and at this stage, China's carbon emission trading policy has been gradually promoted to the whole country; therefore, how can marine economy be affected under the promotion of carbon trading policy? This paper uses the difference in differences method to study the data of marine industry structure of Chinese coastal provinces from 2010 to 2018. The study finds that carbon trading policies promote the upgrading of the marine industry structure, and further verifies that the impact of carbon trading policies on the upgrading of the marine industry structure is spatially heterogeneous. In other words, the carbon trading policy also has a significant promoting effect on the provinces within 160 km of the pilot provinces, but the effect will be weaker than that of the pilot provinces; at 160–320 km from the pilot provinces, the carbon trading policy has no significant promoting effect on the provinces within this range; at 320–960 km from the pilot provinces, the effect of the carbon trading policy on the provinces within this range becomes negative and significant, showing a suppressive effect. The experimental findings of this paper will provide a reference for China to achieve its carbon neutrality goal and realize a strong ocean state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of the marine economy has provided a strong impetus for the economic development of the Yangtze River Delta region, but it has also posed serious challenges to the ecological environment of the marine watersheds in which it is located. To investigate how to promote the sustainable development of the marine economy in the Yangtze River Delta region, this study used relevant statistical data from 2009 to 2019, combined with four factors—marine economy, marine resources, ecological environment, and scientific and technological innovation—to build an evaluation index system for the sustainable development of the marine economy and employed the entropy value method to conduct a deeper investigation. It was found that there are problems in the sustainable development of the Yangtze River Delta marine economy, such as imperfect marine industry structure, significant differences in resource allocation, insufficient support capacity of marine science and technology innovation, and insufficient ecological environmental protection. Therefore, the study suggests promoting regional collaboration in the Yangtze River Delta, improving technological innovation, and enhancing environmental protection to support the sustainable development of the regional marine economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's marine economy has gradually become one of the main driving forces for national economic growth in recent years. Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory, this paper selects four indicators to represent the marine environmental pollution level, namely industrial solid waste discharge, industrial wastewater discharge, dredged emissions and pollutant emissions from offshore oil exploration in coastal areas. Gross marine product per capita is selected as the indicator to reflect the marine economy. Using the relevant data of China's marine economy and environment from 2005 to 2016, the regression equation between marine environmental pollution level and marine economy was established. The results show that the growth of marine economy effectively controls the discharge of industrial wastewater. But pollutant emissions from offshore oil exploration are still increasing year by year. It is concluded that marine environmental pollution will not necessarily improve with the growth of the marine economy. This phenomenon is not spontaneous. Various measures need to be taken to curb marine pollution and improve the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote the high-quality development of marine economy and regional economy in Shandong Province and help the construction of a strong marine province, this paper selected 16 representative evaluation indicators, based on the existing research results and relevant data, used entropy method to calculate the comprehensive evaluation score of marine economy and regional economy in Shandong Province from 2011 to 2016, constructed a model to evaluate the coupling and coordination of the two, and put forward development suggestions. The results showed that according to the comprehensive evaluation score, the development level of marine economy and regional economy in Shandong Province had shown an increasing trend, and the growth rate of marine economy from 2014 to 2016 was higher than that of regional economy. Shandong Province had a high degree of coupling between the marine economy and the regional economy, and the comprehensive development index and the degree of coupling coordination were rising, but as of 2016, it was still at the level of barely coordination. During the "13th five year plan" period, the development of marine economy in Shandong Province tended to be stable, and the marine industrial structure was constantly optimized. In the future, Shandong Province should adhere to the overall strategic guidance of land and sea coordination, promote the deep integration and development of port industry and city, and continue to optimize the marine industrial structure.

In order to promote the coordinated and sustainable development of China′s logistics industry and marine industry, the paper comprehensively used neutral cross efficiency model, entropy method, coupling evaluation model and gravity center migration model, selected multi-level evaluation indicators including location entropy, systematically evaluated the logistics efficiency and marine industry agglomeration level of 11 coastal areas in China from 2008 to 2018, analyzed the spatial and temporal pattern characteristics of the coordination relationship between the two and put forward development suggestions. The results showed that from 2008 to 2018, the logistics efficiency and the level of marine industry agglomeration in China′s coastal areas showed an increasing trend, but there was still a large development space and there were large regional differences. The overall coupling coordination degree of logistics efficiency and marine industry agglomeration level had been continuously improved and had developed from primary coordination to intermediate coordination. The coupling coordination level of various coastal areas had varied from near-disorder to good coordination and the center of coupling coordination degree basically showed a NE-SW migration trend. To improve the coordination between logistics efficiency and the level of marine industry agglomeration, the construction of logistics infrastructure should be strengthened and adhered to the two-way linkage between land and sea, and promote the flow of resource elements.

In order to promote the optimization of marine industry structure and the high-quality development of marine economy in Qingdao, this paper established the evaluation index system, analyzed the marine industry which had an important impact on the development of marine economy in Qingdao by using Lasso regression model, and put forward development suggestions. The results showed that the evaluation index system of Qingdao′s marine economic development level included 6 categories and 20 characteristic variables, which were marine fishery, marine chemical industry, total marine import and export, marine environment, marine transportation and coastal tourism. The optimal value of the adjustment coefficient was determined by 10 fold cross validation, and 10 characteristic variables were selected into the regression model by solving the Lasso regression coefficient. According to the estimated value of regression coefficient, the number of domestic passengers was the most important, the value of marine fishery output was important, and the value of cargo throughput was the least important. Lasso regression model had high prediction accuracy, model generalization ability and reliability, and belonged to robust sparse model. In the future, Qingdao should give full play to the industrial advantages of coastal tourism and marine fishery, focus on the development of marine transportation industry, protect the marine ecological environment and increase the investment in marine science and technology research and development.

Ecological civilization is the natural basis and constraint condition of marine economic development, which endows marine economic development with richer connotation. The high-quality development of marine economy is the inevitable trend of marine economic development under the background of ecological civilization, and its connotation includes: (1) changing the growth mode of marine economy, optimizing industrial structure, enhancing endogenous power and realizing the steady growth of marine economy; (2) effectively improving the supply capacity of marine ecological products; (3) improving social welfare. Hainan Province, as the province with the largest marine area in China, has obvious strengths in resources, location, ecology and policies, as well as weaknesses such as small overall scale of marine economy, weak industrial base, imperfect system and mechanism, shortage of talents, etc. Faced with important national strategic opportunities such as building a free trade port, and threats such as the complicated and changeable external environment, regional homogenization layout, and insufficient marine scientific and technological innovation ability, it is an inevitable choice to promote the high-quality development of marine economy. Based on the above analysis, this study put forward the exploration of high-quality development path of marine economy of Hainan: (1) scientific planning to further optimize the layout of marine economy development; (2) building a modern marine industry system with Hainan characteristics to provide strong support for the high-quality development of marine economy; (3) strengthening the innovation of marine science and technology to enhance the endogenous power of marine economic development; (4) improving the supply capacity of marine ecological products to strive to promote the transformation of marine development mode to recycling; (5) improving social welfare and realizing economic development to benefit the whole people.

Purpose – In recent years, China's marine industry has maintained rapid growth in general, and marine-related economic activities have continued to improve. The purpose of this research is to analyze the basic situation of China's marine economy development, identify the problems therein, forecast development trends and propose policy recommendations accordingly. Design/methodology/approach – This research conducts a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the development of China's marine economy with rich data in diversified aspects. The current situation of China's marine economy development is analyzed from the perspective of scale and structure, and the external and internal development environment of China's marine economy is discussed. With the application of measurement and prediction method such as trend extrapolation, exponential smoothing, grey forecasting and neural network method, the future situation of China's marine economy development is forecasted. Findings – In a complex environment where uncertainties at home and abroad have increased significantly, China's marine economy development suffers tremendous downward pressure in recent years. As China has achieved major achievements in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic, the marine economy development will gradually return to normal. It is estimated that the gross marine production value in 2022 will exceed 10 trillion yuan. China's marine economy will continue to maintain a steady growth trend in the future, and its development prospects will remain promising. Originality/value – This research explores the current situation and trends of China's marine economy development and puts forward policy recommendations to promote the steady and health development of China's marine economy accordingly.

Purpose – China has established 14 marine economic development demonstration zones in 2018, which has become an important step in exploring the high-quality development of the marine economy. The paper statistically analyzes the documents related to the field of marine economy and special economic zones (SEZs) and strives to find out the hot spots, intersections and related development contexts of the two in the research direction, so as to provide some ideas for later research. Design/methodology/approach – By taking the bibliographic information data of “Marine Economy” and “Special Economic Zone” in the Web of Science database as a sample, the paper applies the Citespace bibliometric tool to analyze the evolution of disciplinary distribution, research country, author collaboration and research hotspot trends in the two fields. Findings – It can be found from the paper results that the current research on marine economy and SEZs involves the intersection of many disciplines. China and the United States are the leaders in this field. However, there is more extensive cooperation between authors from different countries, but the cooperation depth needs to be strengthened. At the same time, compared with the terrestrial economy, the trend of its research hotspots is lagging to a certain extent. Moreover, there is still no systematic and professional research paradigm on marine economy. Research limitations/implications – At present, there are a few research studies on marine economic development demonstration areas or marine SEZs, and related bibliographical references are incomplete, which leads to insufficient samples, and bibliometric methods cannot fully reveal the general research rules and development trends in this field. Originality/value – The research on the marine economic development demonstration area is still in its infancy. The paper jointly analyzes the literature in the two fields of marine economy and SEZs, aims to find the intersection and related research hotspots of the two, and provides references for the future research of marine development demonstration areas, which is of certain practical significance.

The development of the marine economy has gradually entered into the stage of high-quality and has become a new growth point in the national economy since the 21st century in China. Based on the analysis of the concept of high-quality economic development, combined with the reality of Hainan, this paper combed and summarized the connotation of high-quality marine economic development under the background of Hainan′s construction of free trade port. It then pointed out that the low economic aggregate and unreasonable structure; the low degree of opening-up and domestic cooperation; lack of marine technology and talents, the pressure of ecological environment protection and restoration were the existing problems by studying the current situation of marine economic in Hainan Province. Five development ways were put forward to refine and improve the marine economic system, to opening-up, to improve the ability of technological innovation, to build a modern marine industrial system and to strengthen the construction of marine ecological civilization.

Since the reform and opening up, coastal tourism has been rising and developing, and it has become one of the important marine industries. This paper selected the added value and gross marine product of coastal tourism industry from 2001 to 2020, constructed direct contribution rate, indirect contribution rate and marginal contribution rate model, and calculated the contribution degree of coastal tourism to marine economic development. The results showed that the direct contribution rate of coastal tourism was on the rise, and the indirect contribution rate was mostly about 2%~4%. In the selected study period, the marginal contribution rate of coastal tourism to GROSS marine product was 40.44%. The study found that the overall development level of coastal tourism was good, and the coastal tourism made a great contribution to the development of marine economy, but it was difficult to take accurate measures in the face of sudden crises such as COVID-19, and sometimes it took a lot of time to recover to the normal level. Based on the above situation, suggestions were proposed to increase policy support for the post-epidemic era, promote the supply-side reform of coastal tourism and build coastal tourism products with characteristics in the post-epidemic era, increase the publicity and marketing of coastal tourism, and train and introduce high-quality tourism talents, etc..

In order to promote the high-quality and sustainable development of marine economy, the paper selected the panel data of ocean economy in terms of inputs and outputs, used the super-efficiency model to analyze the temporal and spatial pattern evolution and dynamic mechanism of China′s marine economic efficiency, and put forward development suggestions. The results showed that during the period from 2001 to 2019, China′s marine economic efficiency curve presented the phenomenon of overall forward development, stage twists and turns, peaks and valleys alternate. The 10th 5-Year Plan period was the extensive development stage, the 11th 5-Year Plan period was the transformation and upgrading stage, and the 12th 5-Year Plan and the 13th 5-Year Plan periods were the sustainable development stage. The regional development of marine economic efficiency was unbalanced, and its evolution types included stable, fluctuating and rising. Among them, Shanghai had maintained an upward momentum, while Guangxi and other regions had been low for a long time. The dynamic mechanisms of the evolution of the marine economic efficiency pattern were as follows: the 10th 5-Year Plan period was driven by resources, the 11th 5-Year Plan period was driven by technology, the 12th 5-Year Plan and 13th 5-Year Plan periods were driven by 2 wheels of policy and technology. In the future, some measures should be taken in the coordinated development of marine economy and ecological civilization, optimization of marine industrial structure, coordinated development of regional marine economy, and innovation-driven development of marine science and technology.

In order to promote the high-quality sustainable development of China′s marine economy, this paper used system GMM to empirically test the impact of environmental regulation on the development of marine economy under the path of marine science and technology innovation, and put forward development suggestions. The results showed that the linkage between environmental regulation and marine scientific and technological innovation significantly promoted the development of marine economy, and the promotion effect of command-and-control environmental regulation was obvious, while the promotion effect of market-based environmental regulation was not obvious. Marine labor input played an important role in the development of marine economy, and the degree of opening up had no obvious influence on the development of marine economy. The linkage between environmental regulation and marine science and technology innovation promoted the development of marine economy in the eastern and northern marine economic circles, and the promotion in the eastern region was greater than that in the northern region, but the promotion in the southern marine economic circle was not significant. In the future, the environmental regulation policy should be further improved, marine science and technology innovation be accelerated and developed according to local conditions, the marine talent team should be built and the foreign trade structure be upgraded.

As the high-quality development of marine economy cannot be separated from the improvement of marine ecological environment quality, it is of great importance to clarify the relationship between environmental regulation and the high-quality development of marine economy. In this paper, firstly, an aggregative indicator system of high-quality development of marine economy was constructed to dynamically describe and analyze the overall and provincial trends of high-quality development indicators of marine economy from two dimensions: time trend and spatial pattern. Then, a theoretical analysis framework of environmental regulation affecting the high-quality development of marine economy was constructed, and the theoretical explanation and hypotheses were put forward and tested from the action mechanism of different types of environmental regulation affecting the high-quality development of marine economy, such as command control, market incentive and public participation. At last, the paths and countermeasures of environmental regulation to promote the high-quality development of marine economy were put forward combined with the theoretical analysis and empirical test results.

With the strong support of the Chinese government, the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration has responded positively to the national call to vigorously develop the marine economy. However, a series of marine resource and environmental problems such as over-exploitation of marine resources and excessive discharge of marine pollutants in the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration has also arisen along with the rapid development of the marine economy, limiting the space for the development of the marine economy in the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration. Based on the panel data of seven coastal cities in the Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration from 2011-2021, the DPSIR model was used to construct a marine resources environmental carrying capacity evaluation index system including five dimensions of driving force, pressure, state, impact and response, and the TOPSIS model with combined weighting was used to make a comprehensive evaluation of the marine resources carrying capacity of the Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration, and then the barrier degree model was used to explore the barriers to the carrying capacity of marine resources and environment in the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration. The empirical results show that, on the whole, the marine resources and environment carrying capacity of the seven coastal cities in the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration show an upward trend. From the situation of each subsystem, the pressure subsystem and response subsystem have greater evaluation values, while the evaluation of the driving force, state, and influence subsystem needs to be improved; from the analysis of obstacle factors, the main single indicator obstacle factors include per capita coastline length, total import and export volume, and port cargo throughput, etc. The status subsystem is the main classification indicator barrier factor affecting the improvement of the marine resource and environmental carrying capacity of the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration. Based on the results of the empirical analysis, corresponding suggestions are put forward.

Over the years, the development of marine economy has been an important component of coastal cities' total economic growth in China. Whether the coastal cities had paid enough attention to the coordination of marine economic development and ecological environment protection in the process of marine development activities needed to be evaluated accordingly. An index evaluation system for the coordination between marine ecological environment protection and marine economic development in coastal cities of China was established in this work by using the analytic hierarchy process. The statistical analysis results from 2006 to 2018 showed that much more attention had been paid on marine ecological environment protection since the year 2012 in China. The evaluated results showed that among all coastal provinces and cities, Shanghai and Shandong Provinces had the best coordination between marine economic development and marine ecological environment protection in the year 2016. Years of data showed that marine economic development and marine ecological environmental protection complement each other and promote each other. At the same time, the analysis results of this indicator evaluation system showed that marine ecological environment protection in China should further strengthen the protection by preventing and controlling marine pollution and carrying out ecological restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green output bias of technological progress is the key factor driving the green transformation of mariculture. This study considers whether environmental regulation can promote the green output bias. Utilizing data envelopment analysis (DEA), we decomposed the green output biased technological progress index (OBTC) and constructed the index to measure the output bias between output value and pollutant emissions. The results show spatial and temporal differences in the green output bias, with different bias values for three major Chinese coastal regions during the study period. As the bias value mainly fluctuates around the zero value, the degree of green output bias must be enhanced. Considering the heterogeneity of environmental regulation, we empirically study the relation that exists between environmental regulation and green output bias. Our findings indicate a U-shaped relation between two categories of environmental regulation and the green output bias. Green technology partially intermediates the mechanisms by which these environmental regulations influence green output bias. Our results have implications for policymakers and other stakeholders for strengthening environmental regulation, promoting green technological innovation, and the scientific planning of the species and scale of mariculture to promote sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originated in the 1960s, the ‘marine branch’ of Soviet, and later Russian, economic and social geography contributed to the diversification of geographical science and expanded its scope. The new branch was a product of the rapid growth of the marine economy and the country’s military infrastructure and settlement system starting to gravitate towards the world ocean. This article uses bibliographical and scientometric materials to explore the factors, features and priorities of the development of Russian post-Soviet human geography of the world ocean. Special attention is paid to the path dependence in the evolution of this branch of geography (associated with the established professional community, the fundamental research themes and the basic concepts) and the emergence of new growth poles within the scope of marine human geography. Although this subdiscipline showed a high degree of resilience in the first years after the demise of the USSR, it became marginalised from the scientific mainstream. The interest in marine studies revived only in the early 2000s, gaining momentum after a decade of desolation. The renaissance was due to new transboundary marine research, analyses of the geopolitical and geoeconomic aspects of the marine economy and close attention given to coastal border areas (particularly the prospects and risks of their socio-economic development within the continent-ocean dichotomy). The marine focus of Russia’s geostrategy will generate steady demand for national human geography of the world ocean, including its inevitable humanities component. Another trend is the involvement of human social geography in cross-branch geographical synthesis. The study also identifies Russian research and publication centre of excellence in marine human geography.

In order to deeply reveal the coordination relationship and influence mechanism between marine science & technology and marine economic development, and promote the high-quality and sustainable development of China′s marine science & technology and marine economy, 2 systematic evaluation index systems were constructed for marine scientific & technological innovation and marine economic development. Taking Liaoning as an example, the coordination degree model was used to analyze the coordination degree and its evolution trend. Furtherly, the structural equation model was used to construct the driving path of marine scientific & technological innovation affecting marine economic development, so as to analyze its influencing factors and effects, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions. The results showed that the coordinated relationship between Liaoning marine scientific & technological innovation and marine economic development from 1997 to 2016 could be divided into 4 main stages: moderate maladjusted recession, serious maladjusted recession, moderate coordinated development and good coordinated development. Marine scientific & technological innovation had a direct effect on marine economic development through marine resource level, marine economic scale and marine economic structure, and an indirect effect on regional economic development through marine economic scale, that was, marine scientific & technological innovation played a significant role in promoting marine economic development and regional economic development. In the future, the development of marine science & technology and marine economy should be coordinated by expanding the input and output of marine science & technology, actively cultivating marine scientific research talents and emerging marine industries, paying attention to improving the open degree and developing port economy.

IntroductionMarine ecological security assessments are considered as a basis for coordinating marine economic development and ecological protection.MethodsWe propose an assessment method based on the emergy ecological footprint which first measures the emergy of the natural and economic elements of the marine ecosystem. Considering the role of economic, social and waste discharge factors in the marine ecosystem, an ecological security evaluation index is constructed, and a dynamic evaluation is conducted based on long time series data to characterize the change trend of ecological security.ResultsThe Guangxi marine ecosystem was selected as the case study, and the ecological security dynamic evaluation was conducted by collecting data from 2008 to 2020. The results show that Guangxi's marine ecosystem has always been in an ecologically secure state, but since 2010, the emergy ecological footprint intensity has been increasing, indicating ecosystem deterioration. Therefore, some targeted suggestions are put forward.DiscussionThis method provides a new assessment tool for marine ecological security evaluation and offers guidance for the sustainable development and utilization of marine ecosystems.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure the high-quality development level of China's marine economy and analyze corresponding spatial and temporal distribution characteristic. Design/methodology/approach – Design and optimize the index system of high-quality development level of marine economy and use entropy and TOPSIS method for comprehensive evaluation. Findings – The research finds that from 2017 to 2019, the high-quality development tendency of China's marine economy is on the rise, but the overall level is still low. The level of each subsystem has different distribution characteristics in different provinces and cities. Guangdong, Shandong and Shanghai have a high comprehensive level. According to the comprehensive level of high-quality development of marine economy, 11 coastal provinces are divided into three types: leading, general and backward. Research limitations/implications – This paper clarifies the temporal and spatial distribution law of high-quality development level of China's marine economy, providing basis for promoting comprehensive and coordinated improvement of coastal provinces and cities. Originality/value – An indicator system for the high-quality development level of the marine economy has been established, including social development guarantee, marine economic foundation, marine science and technology drive and green marine sustainability.

In order to promote the development of China′s marine stations in the new era, this paper analyzed the development ideas of marine stations from 2 aspects: self-construction and work ideas. The results showed that the current work of China′s marine stations didn′t adapt to the development situation of marine economy. We should improve the basic conditions in adjusting functions and responsibilities, clarifying internal relations, straightening out the relationship between the central and local governments, establishing naming norms and standards and strengthening capacity-building, and formulate development policies in integrating into the development of local marine economy, marine society and marine culture, so as to better serve the society and achieve sustainable development.

An accurate grasp of the high-quality development of the marine economy is important for the timely adjustment of marine policies and the promotion of sustainable development of the ocean. Based on the latest development philosophy, this paper constructed the evaluation index system of high-quality development of marine economy from five dimensions including innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and support vector machine (SVM) model based on the entropy weight composite index were employed to evaluate the high-quality development of China's marine economy from 2006 to 2017. The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and dynamic evolution mechanism were revealed. The random forest model was applied to analyze the main driving factors of high-quality development of the marine economy. It was found that: (1) The high-quality development level of marine economy in Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai has always been in the forefront. The growth rate of high-quality development level of marine economy in Guangdong and Shandong was 53.69% and 37.69%, respectively. The growth rates of Fujian and Hainan were 43.46% and 33.68%, respectively. Jiangsu and Zhejiang accounted for 33.30% and 24.47%, respectively. (2) The regulation methods of the main driving factors were examined. It was necessary to adhere to innovative development and improve the marine scientific research, education, management, and service industry, in addition by optimizing and adjusting the marine industrial infrastructure and spatial layout. It is also critical to strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control of land and sea pollution and implement the total emission control of pollutants into the sea. (3) Finally, the pathway for high-quality development of marine economy was analyzed and future directions were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the objective of establishing methods for high-quality marine development and effective marine management, this review focuses on four dimensions of marine development: marine economy, marine resources, marine ecology, and marine accounting. The focus of marine economy research is the marine industry, with the marine circular economy being the latest research frontier. Marine resources are the foundation of the marine economy. To use different types of marine resources more efficiently, it is necessary to apply the property right system of natural resources to marine fields. The healthy development of the marine economy is guaranteed by marine ecology. How to scientifically measure marine ecological loss and evaluate the marine ecological environment carrying capacity and marine ecological security is key to the sustainable development of the marine economy. The development of the marine economy is based on successful marine accounting. The lack of marine data globally has made marine accounting controversial. The study aims to review the development history and latest research frontiers for various marine-related fields and identify existing problems in the processes of marine economic development and marine management, with a view to finding a breakthrough for transforming and upgrading marine development, improving the marine economic governance system, and strengthening the modernization of marine governance capacity, so as to better develop and utilize the oceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new capital city of Indonesia, Nusantara, having moved from Jakarta on Java Island to Kalimantan, is now officially located in the interregional area of the Makassar Strait. This area is expected to develop as the engine of the Indonesian economy, while various economic infrastructures are still very limited. The Makassar Strait area covers East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi. These provinces have significant marine resource commodities and make a relatively significant economic contribution to the Indonesian economy as a whole. Using the data of the 2016 Inter-Regional Input-Output (IRIO) table which was updated in January 2021, this study aims to analyze the main sectors and inter-provincial linkages between each sector in the region. The results show that each province has a different main sector of economic development, which leads to differenct strategies based on their quadrants. Furthermore, the goal of provincial development as the new engine of the Indonesian economy is based on the assumption that the marine sector is on an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the global economy and the depletion of land resources, the ocean has gradually become a new area for human society to seek resources and space utilization. In China, the marine economy also has become an essential part of the national economy. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate marine productivity to understand China’s marine industry’s input-output status and development level. We conducted a meta-analysis using 622 observations from 33 primary empirical studies to quantify the discrepancies in measurement findings and identify the influencing factors of total factor productivity (TFP) growth in the marine industry. The results indicate that: (1) In the existing literature, the mean TFP growth of China’s marine economy at the provincial level is 1.002, which is lower than that at the national level (1.022); (2) The time span of the data, the estimation model, the evaluation indicator, and the journal’s rank all have a significant effect on the estimation results of the marine economic TFP growth, whereas the year of publication does not affect the estimation results; (3) The TFP growth of China’s marine economy peaked during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, after which it began to decline year after year; (4) The TFP growth of the marine economy in the Yangtze River Delta region and Circum Bohai Sea region is significantly higher than that in the Pan-Pearl River Delta region; (5) Economic factors such as gross ocean product, level of opening-up, level of marine science and technology, and industrial structure all have an impact on the marine economic TFP growth. Accordingly, the following insights were obtained: In terms of marine economic development policies, we should continue to enhance the investment in marine environmental governance, strengthen the construction of marine ecological civilization, and pay attention to synergistic regional development, opening up to the outside world, scientific and technological innovation, and industrial structure optimization. In addition, the follow-up study should use long-period sample data as much as possible, pay attention to the parametric SFA model, and strip the negative environmental impact by constructing a green evaluation index system.

The Five-Year Plans are China’s most important macroeconomic and social management tool, setting goals and directions for the national economic and social development vision. To date, China has implemented 13 periods of Five-Year Plans. On March 12, 2021, the Chinese government adopted its 14th Five-Year Plan, which requires breakthrough the key core technologies of marine engineering and cultivating and expanding the marine engineering equipment industry. This research conducts a policy analysis to comprehensively examine the development plans for the marine engineering equipment industry in these 14th Five-Year Plans issued by China’s central level and local level governments. By summarizing and analyzing these policies pertaining to the marine engineering equipment industry, it aims to show a holistic picture for the new policy developments in China’s new five-year period. This paper also highlights the challenges and pressures that might be faced by the Chinese authorities in the policy implementation stage.

The amount of investment in marine environmental governance (MEG) is growing fast in China, which brought the prosperity of environmental treatment entities (e.g., water treatment enterprises and port pollution control institutions). Based on spatial big data, this paper adopted kernel density method, standard deviational ellipse, and nearest neighbor index to explore the spatial distribution pattern of MEG entities in Shanghai from 2005 to 2021. Several conclusions emerged from this study: (1) From 2005 to 2021, the new MEG entities in Shanghai have increased by more than 10 times; (2) The analysis showed that the nearest neighbor index of Shanghai’s MEG entities was larger than 0.2, with Z values all being lower than −30, indicating that the spatial agglomeration characteristics in Shanghai was significant at an alpha level of 1%. (3) Chongming District, Pudong New District, Fengxian District, and Minhang District were the core agglomeration areas. (4) The standard deviational ellipse analysis suggested that the distribution of Shanghai MEG entities from 2005 to 2021 showed an obvious pattern of spreading from the center to both the north and south. This results in an industrial belt along the Huangpu River. This paper argues that the spatial distribution of MEG entities in Shanghai confirms the central place theory, which highlights the network characteristics that combine centrality with spreading to the surrounding areas.

High quality development of the marine economy is the main focus of China's future. This paper combined principal component analysis (PCA) method, coupling coordination degree (CCD) model, and data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to evaluate the quality of marine economic development, and analyze the drivers in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2008 to 2016. The results show that the investment in marine economic development has gradually declined, while the output has been increasing. It gradually presents a state of intensive development with low input and high output. The coupling coordination level of high-quality development of the marine economy in 2009–2014 and 2016 was above the good coordination level. The quality of marine economic development continued to grow, with an average increase of 25.1%, of which the technological progress change index played a decisive role, mainly through improving total factor productivity. Marine economic development is becoming more diversified. Total industrial wastewater discharge, the added value of marine and related industries, and the number of marine-related employees are the main influencing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resource potential of the oceans has historically had a fundamental impact on the development and spatial organization of mankind. The role of the «marine factor» in economic activity and the formation of settlement systems has increased even more in the modern period, including in Russia, which has long sea coasts that fulfill the country’s most important transport, communication, economic and resource, residential and military infrastructure functions. Since the mid2000s, in Russia there has been a steady increase in foreign trade activity and the marine economy. The author summarizes and develops theoretical concepts created in Russian science about the functions, boundaries, structure of coastal zones as special geographical areas. Based on GIS analysis and the study of a vast array of demographic and economic statistics, the coastal zone of post-Soviet Russia was delimited. Particular attention is paid to the innovative potential of coastal zones, the features of its localization and formation. It is shown that coastal zones and large cities act as a significant environment for building cross-border interactions in the scientific and innovative sphere. The author argues that a further «shift to the sea» of economic activity and the population of Russia is inevitable. It is provoked by geo-economic and geopolitical changes in modern Eurasia which include the processes of integration and disintegration in the Baltic, Black Sea basin, and the Caspian region, the intensification of geopolitical rivalry in the Arctic, and implementation of the Chinese initiative «One Belt - one Road». However, the development of the country’s coastal zones will be unstable, not universal and will be accompanied by a further concentration of socio-economic potential in the few leading coastal centers - St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don, Sochi, Vladivostok, Kaliningrad, Makhachkala, etc.

The key to achieving the high-quality development of the marine economy (HDME) is to facilitate synergy through the coordination of marine elements. By adopting a perspective concerning complex systems, this paper presents a comprehensive framework—the composite system for high-quality development of the marine economy (CSHDME)—that synergistically integrates the five dimensions of “economy—technology—ecological—society—culture” in the marine domain. Building upon this framework, in this paper, we construct a CSHDME synergy evaluation index system using relevant data from 11 coastal provinces in China from 2010 to 2020. We utilize the subsystem orderliness degree model and composite system synergy degree model to calculate the degree of subsystem orderliness and degree of composite system synergy for the CSHDME as well as analyze the development status of the CSHDME subsystem and the degree of CSHDME synergy. The results indicate that: (1) the five-dimensional subsystem of the CSHDME exhibits an overall trend of year-on-year growth, with significant development disparities; (2) the degree of the synergy of the CSHDME is characterized by strong regional differences, strong fluctuations, instability, and low synergy; (3) the degree of the synergy of the CSHDME demonstrates the spatial evolution characteristics of low synergy, strong differences, strong fluctuations, and high agglomeration; and (4) the degree of orderliness and development speed of subsystems affect the degree of the synergy of the CSHDME. Therefore, measures such as the rational allocation of marine resources, accurate improvement of shortcomings, optimization of the spatial layout, and strengthening of regional cooperation should be considered to further promote the synergistic development of the CSHDME.

Blue economies are measured by mining national statistics or economic modeling, requiring substantial capability and quality data, both of which are not universally available. The lack of harmonized methods hampers international comparisons and results are usually only attributable at the national scale. An alternative method is described here that leverages an open computing environment and data to quantify blue economies using marine night light producing measurements that are intercomparable and scalable from national to regional to global.