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The experiment on mung bean (Vigna radiata) in 2023 commenced at the laboratory of the University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq. It aimed to determine the role of trehalose and glutathione in reducing cadmium (Cd) toxicity. The mung bean cuttings served as an experimental material to evaluate the best method of applying trehalose and glutathione in reducing Cd toxicity. Root response, antioxidant defense, and peroxidation were the indicators used. With pre- and post-treatment of trehalose and glutathione and in combination with Cd, significant differences occurred for these treatments. By treating with Cd, trehalose and glutathione were able to remove Cd toxicity and showed an increase in rooting response. By using trehalose and glutathione together in mung bean, and using Cd during the first 24 hours, their effect was inhibitory. However, when treated together with the toxic Cd, the trehalose and glutathione removed the Cd toxicity in mung bean, improved the rooting response, and raised the levels of GSH, ASA, and CAT, and SOD activity. In addition, they decreased the level of MDA and the lipoxygenase activity compared with the control treatment. The study concluded that the combination of trehalose and glutathione showed a promising protection for mung bean plants from Cd toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change threatens mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) production disrupting crop growth and reducing yield. Therefore, developing climate resilient mungbean varieties is crucial for sustaining production. This research aims to evaluate the genetic variation for drought tolerance among 108 mungbean genotypes, including pre-breeding lines developed through distant hybridization, using in vitro screening (PEG6000@ − 0.5 MPa). Based on the seven seedling growth parameters under stress, 108 genotypes were grouped into four clusters. Twelve genotypes in the cluster IV were identified as drought tolerant showing higher mean for seedling growth parameters. The results were further confirmed independently. Four tolerant genotypes viz., VBN3, VBN4, COGG22-01 and VGG17-004 (SVI > 1165) and two susceptible genotypes, VGG16-047 and COGG17-02 (SVI < 230) were selected based on in vitro screening and subsequently validated under field condition (reproductive stage stress) using rainout shelter. Field evaluation revealed significant differences in the 12 morphological (leaf area, stomatal frequency), physiological (relative water content), biochemical (proline, soluble sugars) and yield determinants between tolerant and susceptible genotypes. The tolerant genotypes maintained higher relative water content (72.21–76.83%), reduced transpiration through altered stomatal and leaf traits and accumulated higher levels of proline (0.54–0.67 mg/g) and soluble sugars (19.56–24.12 mg/g dry weight) for osmoregulation. This adaptive response minimized the yield reduction under stress in tolerant genotypes. Drought tolerant genotypes, with relatively higher plot yield (141.21–166.93 g) under stress can be tested further in multilocation to assess their stability for yield and drought tolerance. The tolerant genotypes could be utilized as varieties or as potential donors for enhancing drought tolerance in mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] is 3rd most important legume crop among pulses after chickpea and pigeon pea that grows most efficiently at temperatures between 27 and 35°C. It is thermotolerant during vegetative phase however sensitive to heat stress during reproductive stage. Terminal high temperature (>40°C) during the summers significantly reduces grain yield of mung bean by decreasing photosynthesis, growth, biomass production, pollen viability, grain setting & pod filling and impairing source sink balance and accelerating flowers and pods shedding. Analysis of the genetic variations in the accessible germplasm and the physio-biochemical processes involve in modulating heat sensitivity and tolerance have prime importance for enhancing the grain yield of mung bean. There is great scope to improve the heat tolerance and yield of mung bean by using various long-term and short-term strategies. In this article, physiological and molecular responses along with mitigation strategies in relation to improve thermotolerance in mung bean have been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Slovenica is the property of Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Slovenica is the property of Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abscisic acid (ABA) has been well known to strongly improve plant tolerance to heavy metals. However, the comprehensive mechanism of alleviating cadmium (Cd) stress in different plant organ was not been fully elucidated. In this study, foliar spray of 10 μM ABA significantly (p < 0.05) improved the plant height, root length, and the number of lateral roots, and reduced Cd accumulation and effectively restored the mineral contents caused by Cd induced change in leaves, stems, and roots of mung bean seedlings. Transcriptome analysis revealed that a total of 2241 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (|fold-change|≥ 2.0 and FDR ≤ 0.05) were identified in the ABA + Cd-treated mung bean seedlings compared to the Cd-treated group, with 898, 908, and 859 DEGs identified in leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. Foliar application of ABA predominantly affected the KEGG pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and cyanoamino acid metabolism, and regulated the genes related to lipid metabolism, cell wall processes, secondary metabolism, defense and stress responses, hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis, and cell division to mitigate Cd toxicity of the mung bean seedlings. However, ABA exerted distinct effects on the gene profiles of leaves, stems, and roots under Cd stress. Interestingly, although exogenous ABA was applied to the leaves, the genes involved in hormone signaling were found to be regulated primarily in roots on the first day and subsequently in stems and leaves at later stages, indicating that exogenous ABA participates in mitigating Cd toxicity through signal transduction. Notably, significant upregulation of transporter-related genes was observed mainly in leaves and stems, including ABC transporters, NRT1/PTR FAMILY protein encoding genes, and WAT1-related protein encoding genes, which may contribute to the transportation of the ABA, Cd, and nutriments. Furthermore, the expression of genes encoding crucial photosynthetic proteins exhibited significant upregulation or downregulation upon exogenous ABA treatment, implying that exogenous ABA also ameliorated Cd stress by modulating leaf photosynthetic activity. This study may contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of ABA-alleviated Cd stress in mung bean and identifying a number of highly regulated genes that could potentially be used to improve plant tolerance to heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leguminous farmland in China is severely polluted by antimony. Here, to explore the effects of antimony stress on rhizobia and soil microorganisms in leguminous plants, mung beans, kidney beans, and peanuts were grown in soil with different concentrations of Sb3+, Sb5+, and Sb3++Sb5+. Antimony had a promotional effect on soil sucrase and catalase activities and an inhibitory effect on urease activity. The effects of Sb3+ on sucrase, catalase, and urease activities were 3.3–11.1, 1.27–1.29, and 1.24–3.05 times those of Sb5+, respectively. Antimony reduced the rhizobial activity by 20.63–57.84%, with the inhibitory effect positively related to the antimony content. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of Sb3+ was 1.10–2.22 times that of Sb5+. This inhibition decreased the total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen content in the soil. However, the decrease in Sb3+ was 0.46–1.54 times that of Sb5+. Sb3+ significantly altered the microbial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inheritance of resistance to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in green gram was studied from the crosses between a MYMV-resistant genotype, VBN 2, and two susceptible genotypes, Virudhunagar local and Madurai local. The F2 generation of the two crosses, Virudhunagar local x VBN 2 and Madurai local x VBN 2, along with the parents, were screened for MYMV resistance in natural field conditions using infector rows of MYMV-susceptible variety KPS 2. Each plant in the segregating generation of both the crosses was screened for MYMV resistance according to the MYMV score proposed by Alice and Nadarajan1. The chi-square test confirmed the segregation ratio of 3:1 susceptible: resistant plants in the F2 generation of both the crosses. This suggests that a monogenic recessive gene controls the MYMV resistance in green gram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the foremost phytotoxic elements. Its proportion in agricultural soil is increasing critically due to anthropogenic activities. Cd stress is a major crop production threat affecting food security globally. Triacontanol (TRIA) is a phytohormone that promotes growth, development, and metabolic processes in plants. The current study explicates the mitigation of Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings through the application of TRIA by a seed priming technique under Cd stress. The role of TRIA in improving metabolic processes to promote Vigna radiata (mung bean, green gram) vegetative growth and performance under both stressed and unstressed conditions was examined during this study. To accomplish this, three doses of TRIA (10, 20, and 30 µmol L−1) were used to pretreat V. radiata seeds before they were allowed to grow for 40 days in soil contaminated with 20 mg kg−1 Cd. Cd stress lowered seed germination, morphological growth, and biomass in V. radiata plants. The maximum root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weights of roots, and shoot and seed germination rates were recorded for TRIA2 compared with those of TRIA1 and TRIA3 under Cd stress. In Cd-stressed V. radiata plants, TRIA2 increased the content of chlorophyll a (2.1-fold) and b (3.1-fold), carotenoid (4.3-fold), total chlorophyll (3.1-fold), and gas exchange attributes, such as the photosynthetic rate (2.9-fold), stomatal conductance (6.0-fold), and transpiration rate (3.5-fold), compared with those in plants treated with only Cd. TRIA seed priming increased nutrient uptake (K1+, Na1+, Mg2+, and Zn2+), total phenolic content, total soluble protein content, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity. Additionally, TRIA2 significantly reduced the quantity of Cd in the plants (3.0-fold) and increased the metal tolerance index (6.6-fold) in plants contrasted with those in the Cd-treated plants. However, TRIA2 promoted plant growth and biomass production by lowering Cd-induced stress through modifying the plant antioxidant machinery and reducing oxidative stress. The improved yield characteristics of V. radiata seedlings treated with TRIA suggest that exogenous TRIA may be used to increase plant tolerance to Cd stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is highly vulnerable to charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, which threatens crop yield. Vanillic acid (VA), a natural phenolic compound, shows potential as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fungicides by enhancing plant resistance and growth. In this study, the antifungal efficacy and growth-promoting effects of vanillic acid on mung beans infected with M. phaseolina was evaluated. In vitro assays were conducted to determine the antifungal activity of VA at different concentrations (0.003, 0.013, 0.040, and 0.070%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the effective concentration (EC50) were also assessed. In vivo, pot experiments were performed to evaluate the impact of VA on seed germination, plant growth, and biomass. Furthermore, gene expression analysis using q‑PCR was conducted to examine the upregulation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), an enzyme linked to plant defense mechanisms. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify key growth traits influenced by VA treatment. In vitro tests revealed complete inhibition of M. phaseolina mycelial growth at a VA concentration of 0.070%, with an EC50 of 0.039% and an MIC of 0.055%. In vivo, VA significantly improved mung bean germination, growth, and biomass up to 2‑folds at concentrations ranging from 0.045 to 0.060%. Notably, plants treated with 0.055% VA exhibited higher PPO levels, indicating enhanced antioxidant defense. PCA further highlighted the effectiveness of VA treatments in promoting seed germination and plant growth. The results indicated that VA is an effective, environmentally sustainable antifungal agent that enhances mung bean resistance to M. phaseolina and promotes overall plant health. VA could be a viable alternative to synthetic fungicides for managing charcoal rot in mung beans, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the thermal utilization of greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under different sowing dates and nutrient managements. Factors such as temperature, nutrient availability, and sowing date impact plant growth and development. Agrometeorological indices like growing degree days (GDD) are used to predict crop development accurately. The study conducted in Odisha showed that sowing during specific periods and nutrient management influenced seed yield significantly. Different sowing dates and nutrient combinations affected the accumulation of heat units and ultimately impacted crop yield. [Extracted from the article]

Highlights: This review presents a summary of the literature on the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on grain legumes Fertilization effect of elevated CO2 has a positive effect on photosynthesis and biomass growth Grain nutrition content of grain legumes can decrease Pollinators' visits to flowering plants can be higher, enhancing pollination Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most abundant greenhouse gas (GHG) in the atmosphere and the substrate for the photosynthetic fixation of carbohydrates in plants. Increasing GHGs from anthropogenic emissions is warming the Earth's atmospheric system at an alarming rate and changing its climate, which can affect photosynthesis and other biochemical reactions in crop plants favorably or unfavorably, depending on plant species. For the substrate role in plant carbon reduction reactions, CO2 concentration ([CO2]) in air potentially enhances photosynthesis. However, N uptake and availability for protein synthesis can be a potential limiting factor in enhanced biomass synthesis under enriched [CO2] conditions across species. Legumes are C3 plants and symbiotic N fixers and are expected to benefit from enhanced [CO2] in the air. However, the concurrent increase in air temperatures with enhanced [CO2] demands more detailed investigations on the effects of [CO2] enhancement on grain legume growth and yield. In this article, we critically reviewed and presented the online literature on growth, phenology, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, productivity, soil health, and insect behavior under elevated [CO2] and temperature conditions. The review revealed that specific leaf weight, pod weight, and nodule number and weight increased significantly under elevated [CO2] of up to 750 ppm. Under elevated [CO2], two mechanisms that were affected were the photosynthesis rate (increased) and stomatal conductivity (decreased), which helped enhance water use efficiency in the C3 legume plants to achieve higher yields. Exposure of legumes to elevated levels of [CO2] when water stressed resulted in an increase of 58% in [CO2] uptake, 73% in transpiration efficiency, and 41% in rubisco carboxylation and decreased stomatal conductance by 15–30%. The elevated [CO2] enhanced the yields of soybean by 10–101%, peanut by 28–39%, mung bean by 20–28%, chickpea by 26–31%, and pigeon pea by 31–38% over ambient [CO2]. However, seed nutritional qualities like protein, Zn, and Ca were significantly decreased. Increased soil temperatures stimulate microbial activity, spiking organic matter decomposition rates and nutrient release into the soil system. Elevated temperatures impact insect behavior through higher plant feeding rates, posing an enhanced risk of invasive pest attacks in legumes. However, further investigations on the potential interaction effects of elevated [CO2] and temperatures and extreme climate events on growth, seed yields and nutritional qualities, soil health, and insect behavior are required to develop climate-resilient management practices through the development of novel genotypes, irrigation technologies, and fertilizer management for sustainable legume production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation on population dynamics of sucking pests, their natural enemies, and the per cent disease incidence (PDI) of mung bean yellow mosaic disease (YMD) on Vigna radiata was conducted. During the harvest of the crop, the population of Aphis craccivora, Empoasca kerri, ladybird beetle, and the PDI of YMD was the highest on the 17th Standard meteorolo gical week (SMW). In contrast, the population of Bemisia tabaci was at its peak on the 15th SMW. The minimum temperature had highly significant positive correlation with the population of A. craccivora, E. kerri, B. tabaci, ladybird beetle, and the PDI of YMD. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between wind velocity and the population of ladybird beetles. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between the PDI of YMD and the population of B. tabaci. © 2024 Association for Advancement of Entomology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with inflammation and many chronic diseases. The present study investigated the efficacy of mung bean seed coat extract (MSE) on gut microbiome modulation and the attenuation of inflammatory markers in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. The high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA showed the low dose (0.3%) of MSE improved HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and enhanced the gut microbiota richness. The low dose of MSE showed a significant increase in the abundance of beneficial bacteria, particularly Blautia and Lactobacillus, and decreased abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia-Shigella). The low dose of MSE also significantly decreased IL-1β mRNA expression and tended to lower IL-6, TNF-α, and LPS levels. In conclusion, this study suggested that the MSE could modulate gut microbiota and reduce inflammatory responses in HFD-fed rats and this indicated the potential health properties of mung bean seed coat. This research provides informative support for the application of mung bean seed coat as functional ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionDrought is one of the most important abiotic stresses that has an undesirable effect on crop production and their quality and leads to osmotic, ionic, and nutritional limitations as well as growth delay, metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in plants. Iran has a dry and semi-arid climate. Due to this problem, there is a possibility of drought stress during the growth faiod of plants. Presently, the production of legumes in the country is mostly under rainfed conditions and drought stress is one of the main factors reducing the yield of legumes. Mung bean is a small grain of valuable legume. Evaluation of the faformance of different cultivars is considered a starting point in identifying drought-resistant cultivars. Cycocel is one of the most important growth retarders for tamfaing with growth and faformance. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of cycocel on morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes under water deficit conditions. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of foliar application of cycocel on the morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes under water deficit conditions, split-split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, in the research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exfaimental factors included 3 levels of drought (non-stress, mild stress, and severe stress), 3 levels of cycocel foliar spraying (0, 400, and 800 mg.l-1), and 2 levels of mung bean cultivars (Hendi landrace and Zarbakhsh). Statistical analysis was faformed using SAS 9.4 and comparing the means was based on the LSD method at a 5% probability level. Results and DiscussionThe exfaimental results showed that the effect of drought stress, cycocel, genotype, and the interaction of drought stress and cycocel as well as drought stress and genotype on height, stem diameter, relative water content, stomatal conductance, leakage of electrolytes, greenness and chlorophyll content were significant. Severe stress, compared to non-stress conditions, caused a decrease in height (53%), stem diameter (30%), relative water leaf content (29%), stomatal conductance (68%), greenness (37%), chlorophyll a content (25%) and chlorophyll b content (30%) and leakage of electrolytes increased (60%). The results showed that both drought stress and cycocel caused a decrease in the height of the plant. At all levels of drought stress, the Hendi genotype had a higher plant height. Drought stress caused a decrease in the diameter of the stem, while the application of cycocel reduced the decrease in the diameter of the stem due to drought stress. Drought stress caused a decrease in the relative content of leaf water, while the application of cycocel reduced this decrease. Also, Drought stress reduced the stomatal conductance, while the application of cycocel slightly compensated this reduction. At all levels of drought stress, Zarbakhsh genotype had higher stomatal conductance, but the difference between the two genotypes in the treatment of non-stress was not significant. Drought stress increased the leakage of membrane electrolytes, and the use of cycocel reduced the increase in electrolyte leakage due to drought stress, and it was also found that the increase in electrolyte leakage due to drought stress was more intense in the Hendi genotype. Drought stress reduced the greenness of the leaf, while the application of cycocel slightly compensated this reduction. Also, at all levels of drought stress, the Zarbakhsh genotype had higher leaf greenness, but the difference between the two genotypes in the treatment of 100% crop water requirement was not significant. The chlorophyll a content of leaves decreased due to drought stress, while the application of cycocel reduced the severity of this decrease. Also, at all levels of drought stress, the Hendi genotype had lower leaf chlorophyll a content. ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that under drought stress, there was a decrease in plant height, stem diameter, relative water content, stomatal conductance, greenness, chlorophyll a and b content, along with an increase in electrolyte leakage. Among mung bean cultivars, the Zarbakhsh cultivar showed sufaiority in tolerance to water shortage conditions compared to another one. The use of cycocel reduced the negative effects of drought stress on the plant. It appeared that the use of cycocel under drought stress conditions is effective for improving plant faformance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize monoculture, which predominates smallholder cropping systems in NE South Africa negatively affects soil quality. We assessed the effect of rainfed and irrigated maize-legumes intercropping systems (sole maize, sole chickpea, sole mungbean, maize+chickpea, maize+mungbean) on soil quality variables at Mankweng and Thohoyandou, South Africa in summer 2019/2020. Three soil samples were randomly collected from each plot at 0-20 cm depth after harvesting at both sites for the determination of bulk density (BD), aggregate stability (AS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), phosphorus (P), ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), soil active carbon (SAC), and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN). Intercropping affected pH, SOM, PMN, SOC, P, NH4+ and NO3-. Maize + chickpea (Thohoyandou and Mankweng) and maize + mungbean (Thohoyandou) exhibited higher NH4+ content than sole maize. NO3- was higher under intercropping compared to sole maize at both sites. Mungbean appeared to have greater effect on soil quality parameters than chickpea and intercropping was generally more beneficial under irrigated systems. Clearly, incorporation of legumes as intercrops in maize-based cropping systems may enhance soil productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to evaluate the field performance of some mung bean accessions and their nutritional composition for inclusion in household diet. Twenty-one (21) accessions of mung bean were evaluated in the early and late season of 2022 at Ile-Ife, and in the early season at Kishi out-station of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. The experiment was established according to randomized complete block design with three replications. Agronomic and yield data were collected. Six of the mung bean accessions were randomly selected and analyzed for proximate, mineral composition and sensory properties along with two cowpea varieties as standard checks. MB-3, 6, 14 and 15 produced the highest seed yield across the locations (Ile-Ife early season, Ile-Ife late season, and Kishi early season). However, the performance was generally better in the early season than in the late season. The mung bean samples had slightly lower protein values than the standard checks. The mung bean samples had considerably higher mineral levels (p ≤ 0.05) than the control samples. Moin-moin (processed bean cake) made from some of the mung bean samples compared favorably with that from Ife brown cowpea (standard check). This work revealed good adaptability of the mung bean accession to southwest agro-ecology of Nigeria. It also revealed better nutritional quality of mung bean relative to cowpea for inclusion in household meals.

The present study aims to assess the physiological and biochemical changes in the mung plants (Vigna radiata L) due to the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles using laser-induced fluorescence, ultraviolet-visible and confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy. The mung seedlings were treated with copper oxide nanoparticles with concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8 mM. The growth parameters of the mung seedlings show considerable decreases at higher concentrations of nanoparticles. The laser-induced fluorescence measurements showed a decrease in photosynthetic activity as indicated by the increase in the intensity ratio (I685/I732) with the nanoparticle concentration. Further, the ultraviolet-visible measurements show a decrease in the plant pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids with the concentration of nanoparticles. Except for 0.2 mM, the Raman spectral signatures obtained from the leaves of mung-treated copper oxide nanoparticles reveal that the cell wall component proteins, lignin, pectin, carbohydrates, aliphatics and carotenoids declined with the treatment of nanoparticles. The decreasing intensity of carotenoids from the Raman measurements and the decreasing chlorophyll and carotenoid content in laser-induced fluorescence and ultraviolet-visible measurements suggest that copper oxide nanoparticles are toxic to mung plants. The spectroscopic techniques along with discriminatory and data processing approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA) are demonstrated to provide noninvasive, nondestructive, sensitive, rapid and effective screening of plants under various stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The mung bean crop (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide. However, this crop suffers substantial yield losses due to humid environments, particularly from infestations by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina, which causes charcoal rot disease. This infestation results in significant agronomic losses, affecting both the crop’s growth characteristics and overall yield. Previous research suggests that these losses can be mitigated through environmentally friendly soil amendments, such as biochar, as well as by applying various nanofungicides. This study aims to explore the potential of biochar and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) to reduce the severity of charcoal rot disease and enhance the agronomic traits and yield of mung bean plants affected by this disease. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, applying ZnONPs at three concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg. L− 1) via foliar spraying, combined with two levels of biochar (20 g and 40 g per pot). Positive and negative control treatments were also included for comparison. The results demonstrated that applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L− 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes. Additionally, this treatment strategy boosted the plants’ disease resistance mechanisms, leading to lower mortality rates and reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by 61.7% and 49.23%. Moreover, the treatment positively impacted key growth parameters, increasing total chlorophyll content by 43%, plant height by 47%, and legume count per plant by 80.4%. The application of biochar and ZnONPs also improved seed protein content, reflecting an enhancement in nutritional quality. This study supports the use of biochar and ZnONPs as biostimulants to manage yield losses in mung bean crops affected by charcoal rot disease. The future prospects of using ZnONPs and biochar as treatments in agriculture are promising, as they offer innovative, eco-friendly solutions to enhance crop productivity, improve soil health, and reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals, paving the way for more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems.

Abstract Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) are the two predominant species of pulse beetle, found in India, which are generally wrongly identified. Both species are the most economical insect-pest of pulses and can cause huge quantitative losses. Both are sexually dimorphic and can be differentiated based on some morphological characteristics. The culture of both species was maintained separately at 27 ± 10C and 65 ± 5% RH in the laboratory and the observations on morphometry of various developmental stages viz., egg, larval, pupal and adult male and females were analyzed. During storage, both species develop independently, therefore, the interspecifics of C. maculatus and C. chinensis (first case: C. maculatus ♀ and C. chinensis ♂, second case: C. chinensis ♀ and C. maculatus ♂) were tried to develop. In the first case, females of C. maculatus laid very minute eggs all the eggs could not hatch to develop larvae it showing that the eggs of intersex were infertile. However, in the second case there were no eggs produced by the female C. chinensis.

In order to improve the baking characteristics and nutritional quality of mung bean bread, mung bean sourdough was made by fermenting mung bean flour using Northwest leavening head, and then combined with yeast as a compound leavening agent to make mung bean bread. The microbial composition of the Northwest leavening head was analyzed to clarify the composition of its microflora, the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and rheometer were used to analyze the changing pattern of the secondary structure and viscoelasticity of gluten proteins in the dough of the mung bean bread, and the texture meter was used in combination with the sensory assessment to evaluate the sensory quality of the mung bean bread. The results showed that the phytic acid content of the mung bean sourdough fermented in the Northwest fermentation head was reduced by 44.71% at 6 h of fermentation, and the pH and total titration acidity (TTA) were 6.29 and 11.03 mL, respectively. Compared with the control group, the bread with added mung bean sourdough showed a decrease in the modulus of elasticity and viscous modulus of the dough, an increase in the plasticity of the dough, the content of α-helices and β-folds in the secondary structure of proteins, and the stability of the dough. The antioxidant results showed that the scavenging ability of mung bean bread for both DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals also significantly increased (P

Abstract Background Prostate cancer is the most common oncological disease in men and one of leading causes of death worldwide. Growing evidence has demonstrated the effectiveness of mung bean bioactive compounds in suppressing various cancer cells. However, their effects and underlying mechanisms on prostate cancer have not been verified. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutical effects and underlying mechanisms of mung bean compounds against prostate cancer. Results The results revealed that 56 proteins related to prostate cancer could be modulated by mung bean, including several vital proteins of SRC (Sarcoma), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 (MAPK8), Heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha member A1 (HSP90AA1), and Harvey Rat sarcoma virus (HRAS). It was also found that the potential pathways associated with prostate cancer pathogenesis comprising pyrimidine metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and prolactin signaling pathways. Of 19 mung bean compounds docked to four key proteins reveal three promising compound (dulcinoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, and chlorogenic acid) with lower binding affinity score of − 7.7, − 12.2, − 9.0, and − 6.5 kcal/mol against SRC, MAPK8, HSP90AA1, and HRAS, respectively in their site of action. Dynamic simulation results also showed values of − 36.52 ± 2.93, − 35.93 ± 1.67, and − 35.77 ± 1.17 kJ/mol for Dulcinoside-SRC, Dulcinoside-MAPK8, and P3G-HSP90AA1 complexes, respectively. The binding of the compound occur in stable and flexible with the proteins. Moreover, all mung bean compounds predicted to have good ADMET properties. Conclusions The study concluded that dulcinoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, and chlorogenic acid potentially exhibited anticancer activity against prostate cancer in silico. Nevertheless, further studies such as in vitro and in vivo are needed to optimize and prove the efficacy of the mung brand and its compounds against prostate cancer. Graphical abstract

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by increased blood glucose. Nutritional support rich in dietary fiber and high protein can stimulate insulin secretion, thereby inhibiting increased blood glucose. Enteral of Growol-Germinated Mung Bean Flour (ENGROCAJO) is a formula developed from growol flour and germinated mung bean flour. It contains high dietary fiber with protein and is an alternative nutritional therapy for people with T2DM. Hospital Diabetes Mellitus (DM) enteral formula administered to patients is limited to dietary fiber. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the nutritional value and organoleptic value of the ENGROCAJO formula and compare it with the hospital DM enteral formula. Methods: This was an observational laboratory study developed an enteral formula from growol and germinated mung bean flour. It analyzed the nutritional value using proximate and dietary fiber analysis. The organoleptic assessment utilized a hedonic test with 20 participants. The nutritional and organoleptic contents were compared with hospital DM enteral formula. The difference test between formulas was tested using Kruskal-Wallis with a significant value of p

The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) cropping system model is a part of the management module that processes user inputs describing crop management. The precision and accuracy of cropping models require recent research to calibrate and validate models according to climate changes and new cultivars. This study aims to determine the genetic coefficient (GC) of the mung bean variety KUML4 for the CSM-CROPGRO Model and compare predicted data from the model with observed data in the phenology, growth, yield and yield component used in DSSAT. Mung bean is planted in two seasons (dry and rainy seasons) at two locations. Plant growth is monitored at V4, R3, R6 and R7. DSSAT CROPGRO-cowpea model is used to calibrate the GC with the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE). Results show that the GC evaluation of mung bean by using the second planting date in the highest growth and yield plot, then the genetic coefficient of KUML4 was calibrated by GLUE until predicted values of plant growth and development were close to observed values. The GC of KUML4 mung bean could estimate growth, such as shoot weight, leaf area index, and plant height. The prediction of mung bean yield is acceptable.

[Objective] This study aimed to study the effect of thermal ultrasound on the physicochemical properties of mung bean milk liquid and the quality of yuba. [Methods] Using mung bean as raw material, mung bean slurry was treated with different thermal ultrasonic conditions and made into yuba. [Results] Compared with untreated slurry, with the increase of temperature, the increase in particle size and thiol content showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. At 50 ℃, the particle size of 100 and 150 W increased from 156.27 nm to 208.06 nm and 191.96 nm, and the thiol content increased from 16.83 μmol/L increased to 22.63 μmol/L and 25.35 μmol/L. The endogenous fluorescence spectrum indicates that the higher the temperature, the more tryptophan residues are present in the slurry. The mass of yuba at 100 and 150 W increased from 4.09 g to 5.26 g and 5.08 g, the elasticity increased from 0.08 mm to 0.16 mm and 0.13 mm, and the cooking loss rate decreased from 13.28% to 7.51% and 8.02%, among which the texture characteristics of yuba at 100 W increased significantly, and the cooking loss rate decreased significantly. [Conclusion] Thermo ultrasonic treatment can improve the physical and chemical properties of mung bean milk liquid and the quality characteristics of yuba.

The mung bean crop (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide. However, this crop suffers substantial yield losses due to humid environments, particularly from infestations by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina, which causes charcoal rot disease. This infestation results in significant agronomic losses, affecting both the crop's growth characteristics and overall yield. Previous research suggests that these losses can be mitigated through environmentally friendly soil amendments, such as biochar, as well as by applying various nanofungicides. This study aims to explore the potential of biochar and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) to reduce the severity of charcoal rot disease and enhance the agronomic traits and yield of mung bean plants affected by this disease. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, applying ZnONPs at three concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg. L− 1) via foliar spraying, combined with two levels of biochar (20 g and 40 g per pot). Positive and negative control treatments were also included for comparison. The results demonstrated that applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L− 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes. Additionally, this treatment strategy boosted the plants' disease resistance mechanisms, leading to lower mortality rates and reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by 61.7% and 49.23%. Moreover, the treatment positively impacted key growth parameters, increasing total chlorophyll content by 43%, plant height by 47%, and legume count per plant by 80.4%. The application of biochar and ZnONPs also improved seed protein content, reflecting an enhancement in nutritional quality. This study supports the use of biochar and ZnONPs as biostimulants to manage yield losses in mung bean crops affected by charcoal rot disease. The future prospects of using ZnONPs and biochar as treatments in agriculture are promising, as they offer innovative, eco-friendly solutions to enhance crop productivity, improve soil health, and reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals, paving the way for more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) are the two predominant species of pulse beetle, found in India, which are generally wrongly identified. Both species are the most economical insect-pest of pulses and can cause huge quantitative losses. Both are sexually dimorphic and can be differentiated based on some morphological characteristics. The culture of both species was maintained separately at 27 ± 10C and 65 ± 5% RH in the laboratory and the observations on morphometry of various developmental stages viz., egg, larval, pupal and adult male and females were analyzed. During storage, both species develop independently, therefore, the interspecifics of C. maculatus and C. chinensis (first case: C. maculatus ♀ and C. chinensis ♂, second case: C. chinensis ♀ and C. maculatus ♂) were tried to develop. In the first case, females of C. maculatus laid very minute eggs all the eggs could not hatch to develop larvae it showing that the eggs of intersex were infertile. However, in the second case there were no eggs produced by the female C. chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among the constraints for low yield of mungbean, drought stress and heat stress are prominent. Water deficits and high temperature occur together in many environments and both stresses can interact to reduce yields. Thus, combination of water use efficiency and high temperature tolerance traits are relevant rather than a single trait used as selection criteria for screening appropriate plant ideotype. The present study is contemplated to identify superior parents for yield, yield attributes, water use efficiency and thermo tolerance related traits through combining ability analysis. Methods: Twenty one F1 crosses were generated by crossing seven diverse mungbean genotypes viz., ML 267, LGG 528, MGG 390, WGG 42, AKM 9904, LM 95 and EC 362096 in a 7 x 7 diallel fashion without reciprocals. Further, 21 F1 crosses along with seven parents were evaluated to study the the mean performance of the seven parents and their 21 F1 crosses and combining ability of the parents and crosses and gene action for yield, yield components and water use efficiency related traits. Result: The present investigations confirmed that some of the parents with significant positive gca effects for seed yield per plant and showed significant positive gca effects for one or more yield, WUE and heat stress tolerance contributing traits. Combination of mean performance and gca effects would result in the selection of potential parents with good reservoir of superior genes. The parents which exhibited high per se performance also displayed good general combining ability effects. Hence, per se performance may be used effectively for the selection of parents. In the present study, MGG 390, ML 267 and EC 362096 were adjudged as the best parents based on both mean and gca effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mungbean is an important grain legume crop. It contains a high amount of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The productivity of this crop is still low, hence efforts should be made to improve the yield of mungbean by keeping knowledge about association between seed yield and its components. Thus, the present investigation was aimed to determine the correlation and path coefficient analysis for seed yield and its attributing traits in mungbean. Methods: Seventy-nine diverse genotypes of mungbean were evaluated during Kharif 2017-18 for eleven quantitative traits in randomized block design with three replications at the Experimental farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan. Result: Significant genotypic differences were observed for all the traits studied indicating a considerable amount of variation among genotypes for all the characters. The seed yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive correlation with number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per pod and pod length. The characteristics such as biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, plant height, 100-seed weight and days to 50 per cent flowering had high positive direct effect on seed yield per plant. Therefore, selection based on the traits viz., number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and pod length could help in enhancing the seed yield per plant in mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an assessment of nutrients (protein, amino acid profiles, fiber, starch), phenolic content TPC, flavonoid content TFC, and antioxidant capacity through different in vitro methods in 12 legume species (red, green, yellow, brown, and black lentils; mung, pinto, black, and kidney beans; chickpea, soy, and lupin) and hemp. Legumes with a protein content above 30% were black lentil, lupin, and soy. Chickpea, soy, black bean, kidney bean, and mung bean did not have any limiting amino acids. All samples had moderate overall protein quality, except green and brown lentils. Black bean was less digestible (68.1%), while soy, hemp, and red lentil had higher protein digestibility (79.3–84.7%). Pinto bean had the highest TPC (425.19 mg GAE/100 g), comparable with hemp, but the lowest TFC (0.24 mg QE/100 g). Yellow and red lentils showed the lowest TPC (69–85.89 mg GAE/100 g). Mung bean presented the highest concentration of flavonoids (45.47 mg QE/100 g), followed by black lentil (28.57 mg QE/100 g). There were distinct variations in the antioxidant capacity across different legume samples and assays. Pinto bean, hemp, and green lentil had the highest relative antioxidant capacity index, while yellow lentil, red lentil, and chickpea presented the lowest. Dark-colored legume samples showed a higher TPC and a lower antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC and PCL assays), while yellow legumes had less antioxidant capacity (DPPH assay). A high correlation coefficient was observed between TPC and DPPH (r = 0.8133), TPC and FRAP (r = 0.8528), TPC and CUPRAC (r = 0.9425), and TPC and ACL (r = 0.8261) methods. The results highlight large variations in the legume properties and support the exploitation of the nutritional properties of legumes as raw materials for the development of products designed to fulfil modern consumer demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rapid and uniform seed germination and seedling emergence have been associated with grain yield under diverse environmental conditions. Twenty-one (21) mung bean accessions were evaluated at Ile-Ife and Kishi out-stations of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR & T), Nigeria, to identify the emergence parameter(s) that could be selected for improvement of mung bean for yield. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Data were collected on emergence and yield parameters and analysed using the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). Mean, heritability, and correlation coefficient were estimated. Path coefficient analysis was used to partition correlations into direct and indirect effects using seed yield as the dependent variable. Heritability estimate was moderate to high for most of the traits. Accessions 3, 6, 14 and 15 with high pod and seed yield had also high values of coefficient of velocity of emergence (CVE) and emergence percentage (E%). All emergence parameters except emergence energy had significant correlation with yield traits. CVE and Emergence Index (EI) had strong positive correlation with number of seeds.pod-1 and pod yield. When only the emergence parameters were considered, CVE had highest direct effect (0.74) on seed yield followed by E% (-0.73) and EI (0.70). Total indirect effects of EI and CVE accounted for only 6.06% and 11.9% of the total correlation, respectively. It therefore suggests that EI and CVE are emergence parameters that could be selected for at early stage in improvement of mung bean for yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) flour varieties of varying amylose content are heat‐moisture treated at 100 °C for 6 h, and changes in their pasting properties and digestibility are investigated. Amylose content of the low‐amylose (LAM MB), medium‐amylose (MAM MB), and high‐amylose mung bean flour (HAM MB) is 16.1%, 23.2%, and 31.7%, respectively. Mung bean flour after heat‐moisture treatment (HMT) shows significantly reduced peak and breakdown viscosities and swelling power compared to those in native flours. However, pasting temperature, final and setback viscosities, and solubility of the mung bean flour significantly increase after HMT. The treated mung bean flour also contains higher amounts of resistant starch (RS, 19.6%–30.6%) than that in the corresponding untreated flour (14.9%–17.5%). Consequently, mung bean flour subjected to HMT induces a lower blood glucose response in mice and exhibits lower glycemic index (GI) values than that of untreated flour. Among all mung flour types subjected to HMT, the HAM MB exhibits the highest viscosity, solubility, and swelling power and has the highest RS content (30.64%), and the lowest blood glucose response and GI value. Thus, mung bean flour after HMT with desirable properties and digestibility can be used in the production of low‐carbohydrate foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve starch straws with high strength and large toughness, the effects of annealing time on structural and functional performances of mung bean starch straws were studied. The results revealed that with increasing annealing time from 0to 60 min, the ratios of 1047 cm−1/1022 cm−1 in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy decreased from 1.37 to 1.20, and the relative crystallinities decreased from 12.09% to 11.01%. The relative crystallinity increased to 13.28% when annealing time increased to 120 min. The maximum bending force increased from 10.93 to 104.24 N, and modulus of elasticity enhanced from 0.93 to 62.68 N/mm when annealing time increased from 0 to 120 min. Starch straws annealed for 120 min had the lowest water absorption (94.61%), while starch straws annealed for 60 min had the highest water absorption (127.38%). This outcome not only lay a theoretical foundation for preparing biodegradable starch straws with excellent performance, but also apply for beverages, food container, food packaging films, and so on, strongly promoting starch industrial transformation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese oxide loaded on activated alumina beads (MnOx/AABs) was prepared by one-pot hydrothermal method and applied to activate periodate (PI) towards the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) and other organic dyes. The catalyst was first characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and N2 sorption. Subsequently, the effects of catalyst dosage, oxidant dosage, initial pH as well as co-existing inorganic anion and humic acid on the performance of the MnOx/AABs/PI system were studied. Under optimum conditions (catalyst dosage = 15 beads, PI dosage = 0.2 g/L), the removal efficiency of 50 mg/L RhB reached 99.4%, with a total organic carbon removal efficiency of 51.0%. The removal efficiencies of several other organic dyes were in the range of 70%-95.1%. The leached amount of Mn was measured to be 0.027 mg/L. Mechanism studies revealed that 1O2, IO3⋅ and O2⋅− were identified to be responsible in this reaction system, and 1O2 played a decisive role. In addition, IO4− was converted to IO3− without other toxic products during the degradation process. Reusability test in both the batch and continuous modes showed that the catalyst could be efficiency regenerated by calcination. Combining the results of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and density functional theory calculations, the possible degradation pathway of RhB was proposed. Finally, toxicity evaluation of the degradation products of RhB was performed by theoretical calculations as well as experimental tests with Vigna radiata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) is one of the most severe and widespread constraint for the cultivation of soybean. Given that no comprehensive data on the status of soybean yellow mosaic disease in Northern Hills and North Western Plains of India is present, a detailed investigation was undertaken for three years to study the prevalence of the disease in the region and to characterize the pathogen. Methods: Towards Kharif end, a three year (2018-2020) farmer field survey (76 villages) was carried out to assess the YMD distribution in the major soybean growing areas Northern Hills and North Western Plains of India. The variability of yellow mosaic virus associated with YMD of soybean was studied based on molecular characterization of partial DNA-A coat protein gene and DNA-B movement protein with subsequent nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic tree construction. Result: The results revealed that YMD is prevalent in the plains, whereas the disease was undetectable in the Hills. In the plains, the mean disease incidence ranged from 25.40% in 2019 to 16.78% in 2020. Moreover, disease incidence (r = -0.748) had negative and significant (p<0.0001) correlation with altitude. The phylogenetic studies revealed that the virus inciting the yellow mosaic in soybean in Tarai region had closest relationship with Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV). It shared more than 96 per cent sequence identity with other MYMIV isolates reported earlier within the country and abroad and hence, was designated as an isolate of MYMIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) are rich in quercetin, a flavonoid with antioxidant properties. Flaxseed polysaccharide, has a potential for organic polymer synthesis, is infused with quercetin to enhance the planting value of green gram seeds. Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during the year of 2022-2024 to standardize the impact of flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin. The mucilage method was used for polymer extraction and treated over green gram (Vigna radiata L.) seeds to assess the physiological and biochemical traits. The degradability of flaxseed polymer was studied by assessing pH, EC and organic carbon content in the soil. The field trial was carried out, in order to evaluate the potential of flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1% over pod yield ha-1. Result: The flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1% resulted in increased speed of germination (32.99), germination per cent (98%), root length (16.6 cm), shoot length (19.1 cm), dry matter production (0.216 g 10 seedlings-1) and vigour index (3499). The degradability studies indicated the changes in pH from 7.88 to 7.72, increased EC from 0.51 to 0.63 and improved soil organic carbon content 0.56 to 0.84. Increased plant height (36.6 cm), leaf area index (6.082), chlorophyll content (44.6 @ 40 DAS) and increased seed yield of 631.6 kg ha-1 was recorded. Hence, seeds coated with flaxseed polymer infused with quercetin @ 1% could be recommended as eco-friendly pre sowing seed treatment to enhance germination, root growth, seedling vigour and crop productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Finding effective dose is the most crucial step before commencing any mutagen treatment. The present study determined the lethal median dose in two mungbean genotypes, 'Pusa 1031' and 'Pusa 1431', using two different chemical mutagens namely Ethyl Methane Sulphonate and Sodium Azide. Methods: A pair of mungbean genotypes "Pusa 1031" and "Pusa 1431" were subjected to varying concentrations of two chemical mutagens i.e., Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) (10-100 mm with a ten mm different) and Sodium Azide (SA) (0.01 mm - 0.05 mm) followed by germinating the seeds in trays containing soil rite. Result: EMS treatment in two genotypes displayed LD50 values as 58.81 mM and 45.04 mM for the genotypes 'Pusa 1031' and 'Pusa 1431', respectively. Lethal dose 50 was determined as 0.047 mM for both genotypes when treated with sodium azide. Seedling characters exhibited a linear response with dose augmentation for both the chemical mutagens, despite displaying similar LD50 values both genotypes exhibited remarkable differences in seedling parameters when treated with sodium azide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mungbean is one important short duration pulse mostly grown in South and Southeast Asia. The level of variability available in the germplasm influences how well a breeding programme would be productive. Understanding the nature and extent of genetic diversity in breeding material is greatly helped by estimates of genetic variability parameters and character associations. The current study aimed to study genetic variability and character associations in mungbean for yield and its attributes, pre-requisite for formulating an effective breeding programme. Methods: The present experiments were carried out with 107 mungbean genotypes collected from NBPGR (New Delhi) and AAUZonal Research Station, Shillongani. The genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design over two replications for yield and yield attributing traits at the experimental farm Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during 2020-2021. Result: The traits like yield per plant, number of branches per plant, clusters per plant, pods per plant, plant height, 100 seeds weight and peduncle length exhibited a high to medium magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV). Additionally, these traits showed high heritability and high genetic advance. The correlation studies revealed significant positive relationships between yield and all the assessed traits, with the exception of shelling percentage. The results of the path analysis indicated that a few traits, such as the number of pods per plant and the weight of 100 seeds, had a significant positive impact on seed yield. This suggests that when selecting for seed yield in mungbean, it would be advantageous to take into account these traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Effects of artificial diets on Apis mellifera L. using health biomarkers and performance metrics, during a dearth period, focusing on immune function, stress response, foraging activity, honey quality, and social interactions were evaluated in this study. The experiments comprised four diets (three artificial diets and one control diet) to be tested on 12 colonies with three replications. As a result, significant differences were found among all the treatments, with T1 (diet-1: Watermelon Juice 20 mL + Fenugreek powder 2 g + Chickpea flour 20 g + Lupin flour 20 g + Mung bean flour 20 g + Yeast 10 g + powdered Sugar 40 g + vegetable Oil 10 mL) consistently performing the best in all the parameters. It exhibited the highest phenol-oxidase activity, lowest heat shock protein levels, and higher foraging activity (outgoing, returning bees and carrying more pollen). Bees on T1 produced higher quality honey, showing the best pH, diastase activity, ash content, mineral content, and antioxidant properties. Social interactions, including trophallaxis events, trophallaxis time, gathering in each trophallaxis event and antennation frequency, were also most frequent in T1. Conversely, T0 showed the poorest results across all parameters. Based on the findings, T1 is recommended for its positive impact on Apis mellifera using both health biomarkers and colony performance metrics, making it a suitable substitute diet for sustaining honeybee colonies during periods of nectar and pollen deficiency. The diet of Apis mellifera L. is a crucial factor for managing its colonies particularly during dearth periods. Numerous diets have been developed; however, their global implementation faces challenges due to diverse climatic conditions and some other factors. To address this issue, three previously evaluated diets (selected from seven) were tested to assess their effects on A. mellifera using key health biomarkers (immune function, stress response) and performance metrics (foraging activity, honey quality, and social interactions). The experiment was conducted using 12 colonies, including three replications, in The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, from June to September 2023. The results revealed that all the tested parameters were significantly affected by diets. Highest phenol-oxidase activity was recorded in T1 (28.7 U/mg). Heat shock protein (HSP) bands showed that T1 had the fewest (Hsp70), while T0 had more bands (Hsp40, Hsp60, and Hsp70), indicating stress differences. In foraging activity, average number of outgoing bees were highest in T1 (81.8) and lowest in T0 (31.2) and similar trend was followed for returning bees, i.e., T1 (81.8) and T0 (31.2). For pollen-carrying bees, the highest bees were counted in T1 (34.9), and the lowest in T0 (4.10). Honey quality was also significantly affected by diets, pH was highest in T1 (3.85), while moisture was highest in T0 (19.44%). Diastase activity, ash content, and electrical conductivity were best in T1 (13.74 units/g, 0.17%, 0.94 mS/cm, respectively). Mineral content was highest in T1 (406.54 mg/kg), and fructose content also peaked in T1 (396.21 mg/kg). Antioxidant contents, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and ORAC value were highest in T1 (60.50 mg GAE/100 g, 44.41 mg QE/100 g, 10,237.30 µmol TE/g), while T0 consistently showed the lowest values across all parameters. In social interaction experiments, trophallaxis events were most frequent in T1 (7.38), and T1 also exhibited the longest trophallaxis time (5.51 s). The number of bees per trophallaxis event and antennation frequency followed a similar trend, with the highest recorded in T1 (5.16 bees/event, 10.1 antennation frequency) and the lowest in T0 (2.94 bees/event, 4.18 antennation frequency). Therefore, diet-1 (Watermelon juice 20 mL + Fenugreek powder 2 g + Chickpea flour 20 g + Lupin flour 20 g + Mung bean flour 20 g + Yeast 10 g + Powdered sugar 40 g + vegetable oil 10 mL) is recommended as a suitable substitute for managing A. mellifera colonies during dearth periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newly incorporated module into the WASH_2D model has enabled simulating a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) using a tank. The incorporated module in WASH_2D was tested for two field experiments to determine the optimal tank capacity and cultivated area that give the highest net income for farmers. The first experiment was composed of treatments A, B, and C having the same cultivated and harvested areas (plastic sheets) of 24 m2 and 12.5 m2, respectively. The capacity of the tanks for treatments A, B, and C was set at 500, 300, and 200 L, corresponding to storability of 21, 13, and 8 mm, respectively, while in the second experiment we carried out three treatments: F, G, and H having the same tank capacity of 300 L and harvested area of 12.5 m2 with variable cultivated areas as G and H were larger by two and three times than F (10.5 m2), respectively. Water was applied automatically through a drip irrigation system by monitoring soil water suction. Results of the first experiment showed that the optimal storability and seasonal net income simulated by WASH_2D were 17 mm and 5.82 USD yr−1, which were fairly close to 18 mm and 5.75 USD yr−1 observed from field data, respectively. Similarly, the results of the second experiment revealed that simulated net incomes for different cultivated areas agreed well with the observed data. We concluded that the use of the simulation model WASH_2D can be economically useful to promote small-scale irrigation in semi-arid regions and guide planning irrigation or rainwater harvesting investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), a widely cultivated legume, belongs to the Fabaceae family's Papilionoideae subfamily. Although Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) genes have been identified in several plant species, their presence and function in mung bean remain largely unexplored. In this study, we identified seven VrPEBP genes from mung bean and classified them into four clades: FT, MFT, TFL and FT-like. Cis-regulatory element analysis revealed that VrPEBP genes may play a role in light, hormone, and stress responses. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that VrPEBPs were constitutively expressed in various tissues. However, tissue-specific expression patterns were observed among VrPEBP genes. Under short-day (SD) conditions, VrFT1 and VrMFT1 exhibited significantly higher expression levels than under long-day (LD) conditions at 8 and 4 h, respectively. Conversely, VrTFL2 and VrTFL3 showed significantly higher expression levels under LD conditions compared to SD conditions at 8 and 12 h, respectively. The varied expression patterns of these genes under different photoperiod suggest their potential involvement in the photoperiodic regulation of flowering in mung bean. Additionally, phenotypic analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing VrFT1 revealed higher expression levels under SD conditions and predicted its role in promoting flowering. These results provide valuable insights into the evolution and function of PEBP genes in mung bean and lay the foundation for further research on their regulatory mechanisms and potential applications in mung bean improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]