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Copyright of Humanistic Perspective is the property of Fuat Aydogdu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A better understanding of factors that can affect preferences and choices may contribute to more accurate decision-making. Several studies have investigated the effects of cognitive biases on decision-making and their relationship with cognitive abilities and thinking dispositions. While studies on behaviour, attitude, personality, and health worries have examined their relationship with human values, research on cognitive bias has not investigated its relationship to individual differences in human values. The purpose of this study was to explore individual differences in biased choices, examining the relationships of the human values self-direction, conformity, power, and universalism with the anchoring effect, the framing effect, the certainty effect, and the outcome bias, as well as the mediation of need for cognition and the moderation of numeracy in these relationships. We measured individual differences and within-participant effects with an online questionnaire completed by 409 Brazilian participants, with an age range from 18 to 80 years, 56.7% female, and 43.3% male. The cognitive biases studied consistently influenced choices and preferences. However, the biases showed distinct relationships with the individual differences investigated, indicating the involvement of diverse psychological mechanisms. For example, people who value more self-direction were less affected only by anchoring. Hence, people more susceptible to one bias were not similarly susceptible to another. This can help in research on how to weaken or strengthen cognitive biases and heuristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine strategies that help motivate social correction behaviors to combat COVID-19-related health misinformation on social media. Design: 2 (message types: narrative vs statistics) x 2 (social frames: individual vs collective) between-subjects experiment. Setting: Qualtrics-based online experiment via Lucid. Subjects: The final sample consisted of 450 participants (M age = 45.31). Measures: Manipulation check, discussion and correction intentions, and need for cognition (NFC). Analysis: ANCOVA and PROCESS model 3 were used to analyze the data. Results: Significant interaction effects emerged between message types and social frames on discussion intention, F (1, 442) = 5.26, P =.022, and correction intention, F (1, 442) = 4.85, P =.028. Collectively framed narrative correction (M discussion = 3.15, M correction = 3.17) was more effective than individually framed narrative correction (M discussion = 2.73, M correction = 2.77). Individually framed statistical correction (M discussion = 3.10, M correction = 2.95) was more persuasive than collectively framed statistical correction (M discussion = 2.89, M correction = 2.69). The interaction effects were more evident for people low on NFC, P =.031. Conclusion: In motivating social correction behaviors, a story is better told with an emphasis on collective interests, and numbers are better presented with personal gains and losses. Future interventions should identify the target audience based on the level of NFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Need for cognition (NFC) represents interindividual differences in tendencies to engage and enjoy cognitive endeavors. Exploratory information seeking (EIS) refers to individual tendencies to attain cognitive stimulation through acquiring information related to consumer products or services out of curiosity. Methods: The current study aims to provide an in‐depth investigation of the relationship between NFC and EIS and extend this relation to determine neuroanatomical correlates of NFC and EIS. This study proposed two central hypotheses: (1) NFC and EIS scores are positively correlated and (2) the gray matter volume (GMV) of brain regions implicated in motivation, valuation, and reward systems are positively associated with both NFC and EIS. Self‐report and structural MRI data of 91 Singaporean Chinese participants were utilized for the study. Results: No statistically significant correlation was revealed between NFC and EIS scores. Neuroanatomical associations of the GMV of brain regions implicated in visuospatial, attentional, and reward processing with individual constructs of interest were explored. When examining NFC and EIS scores, larger GMV in the right pallidum and left fusiform gyrus was found in participants that reported higher levels of NFC (vs. lower NFC levels), larger GMV in the left precuneus in those with greater tendencies to engage in EIS (vs. lower EIS levels), and larger GMV of the left fusiform gyrus associated with greater endorsement of both NFC and EIS. When investigating the exploratory factor analysis–generated factors of NFC and EIS, similar patterns of associations were found between self‐reported levels of agreement against factors and GMV of brain regions implicated. Conclusions: Correlational analysis and exploratory factor analysis indicated the absence of a relationship between NFC and EIS. Additionally, voxel‐based morphometry whole‐brain analysis revealed neuroanatomical correlates of the GMV of brain regions implicated in visuospatial, attentional, and reward processing with NFC and EIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology has been designed to improve the transmission of transparent information across a variety of industries and products. Yet, consumers tend to perceive product information provided by blockchain technology (vs. humans) as less credible. As this may not apply to all consumers, it becomes critical for companies to understand how to improve blockchain perceived credibility. This work investigates how individual differences and marketing actions shape consumer responses to product information provided by blockchain technology (vs. humans). Four controlled experiments demonstrate that consumers perceive the information provided by blockchain technology (vs. humans) as having less credibility, which in turn decreases word‐of‐mouth and intention to share information about the product on social media (Study 1). This effect is stronger for consumers with lower need for cognition (Study 2a), which in turn affects willingness to buy and actual behavior (Study 2b). Providing social proof—that is, the number of satisfied customers who recommend blockchain technology—increases blockchain perceived credibility (Study 3). These insights deepen the understanding of how individual differences shape consumer's responses to product information provided by blockchain technology and offer actionable insights on how to boost technology credibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparison shopping is good financial practice, but situations involving numbers and computations are challenging for consumers with math anxiety. We asked North Americans (N = 256) to select the better deal between two products differing in volume and price. As predicted, math anxiety was negatively related to performance on this Price Comparison Task. We then explored the mechanism underlying this relation by testing math competency, price calculation ability, need for cognition, and cognitive reflection as potential mediators. The results from a competing mediator analysis indicated that all factors, apart from need for cognition, served as significant independent mediators between math anxiety and performance on our Price Comparison Task. This study has important implications for how–and why–math anxiety relates to a person’s ability to accurately compare product prices. These data suggest that consumers higher in math anxiety may represent a financially vulnerable population, particularly in the context of financial tasks that are inherently mathematical.

Abstract Background Need for cognition (NFC) represents interindividual differences in tendencies to engage and enjoy cognitive endeavors. Exploratory information seeking (EIS) refers to individual tendencies to attain cognitive stimulation through acquiring information related to consumer products or services out of curiosity. Methods The current study aims to provide an in‐depth investigation of the relationship between NFC and EIS and extend this relation to determine neuroanatomical correlates of NFC and EIS. This study proposed two central hypotheses: (1) NFC and EIS scores are positively correlated and (2) the gray matter volume (GMV) of brain regions implicated in motivation, valuation, and reward systems are positively associated with both NFC and EIS. Self‐report and structural MRI data of 91 Singaporean Chinese participants were utilized for the study. Results No statistically significant correlation was revealed between NFC and EIS scores. Neuroanatomical associations of the GMV of brain regions implicated in visuospatial, attentional, and reward processing with individual constructs of interest were explored. When examining NFC and EIS scores, larger GMV in the right pallidum and left fusiform gyrus was found in participants that reported higher levels of NFC (vs. lower NFC levels), larger GMV in the left precuneus in those with greater tendencies to engage in EIS (vs. lower EIS levels), and larger GMV of the left fusiform gyrus associated with greater endorsement of both NFC and EIS. When investigating the exploratory factor analysis–generated factors of NFC and EIS, similar patterns of associations were found between self‐reported levels of agreement against factors and GMV of brain regions implicated. Conclusions Correlational analysis and exploratory factor analysis indicated the absence of a relationship between NFC and EIS. Additionally, voxel‐based morphometry whole‐brain analysis revealed neuroanatomical correlates of the GMV of brain regions implicated in visuospatial, attentional, and reward processing with NFC and EIS.

When people see political advertisements on a polarized issue they take a stance on, what factors influence how they respond to and remember the adverts contents? Across three studies, we tested competing hypotheses about how individual differences in social vigilantism (i.e., attitude superiority) and need for cognition relate to intentions to resist attitude change and memory for political advertisements concerning abortion. In Experiments 1 and 2, we examined participants' intentions to use resistance strategies to preserve their pre-existing attitudes about abortion, by either engaging against opposing opinions or disengaging from them. In Experiment 3, we examined participants' memory for information about both sides of the controversy presented in political advertisements. Our results suggest higher levels of social vigilantism are related to greater intentions to counterargue and better memory for attitude-incongruent information. These findings extend our understanding of individual differences in how people process and respond to controversial social and political discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of online review valence is a subject of debate among scholars. Prior studies mostly assumed valence as a "peripheral" cue derived from online review surface features (e.g., star ratings). This assumption has important implications as it restricts the negativity bias effects to a certain group of consumers who lack pertinent prior experience with the product/service domain and the motivation to assess the product/service. Focusing on online service context and drawing on an adaptational view to negative information, we investigate the negativity bias in the effects of the valence of the "content" of online reviews on consumers' attitudes and show that it can be attributed to the higher perceived diagnosticity of negative reviews. This is determined by consumers' in-depth elaborations of reviews' contents, which are contingent on their prior experience with the domain of online service and need for cognition. Our findings provide a new perspective to negativity bias by showing that more experienced and thoughtful consumers are also influenced by negativity bias when the content of online reviews is considered. This is a novel account of negativity bias in the effects of online reviews that underscores the importance of response strategies for reducing their adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Need for cognition is an important individual difference referring to the tendency to enjoy and engage in effortful cognitive activity. We psychometrically validated a very efficient version of the scale in Spanish with 6 rather than 18 items. Shorter questionnaires are in high demand as they can decrease participant fatigue for example. Questionnaires were administered in Spanish to two independent samples of Uruguayans (N = 367; N = 121). In sample 1, we compared the 18-item version to the 6 hypothesized items, the 6 items with the highest factor loadings and the 12 excluded items. The 6-item version achieved acceptable model fit in confirmatory factor analyses, measurement invariance across fields of study and gender, and performed better than other models in multiple respects. Model fit in sample 2 was even better. Construct validity with external measures (personality, academic motivations, academic performance, consideration of future consequences, work innovation) was upheld in both samples. We discussed subtle differences in correlations and the content of items across versions. ANOVAs suggested that negligible to null differences across gender and field of study. Reliability was acceptable (α =.76) in sample 1 and good in sample 2 (α =.85). In comparison to longer versions, the 6-item version came at little-to-no cost in terms of psychometric properties. Results support its use for comparison between students from different fields and gender. Disposing of this very efficient Need for Cognition Scale in Spanish can encourage its widespread use and in high-stakes assessments of the predictors of performance in higher education and the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the mediational effects of dysexecutive function and reappraisal on the relation of the need for cognition and depressive symptoms. Participants were 508 (Mage = 21.86, SDage = 2.44) Chinese college students who responded to the Need for Cognition Scale, the Dysexecutive Questionnaire, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Reappraisal subscale), and the Self-Rating Depression Scale. The results showed a partial direct association between the need for cognition and depressive symptoms. Specifically, our mediation model revealed that the need for cognition is a direct significant predictor of depressive symptoms, dysexecutive function, and reappraisal. Dysexecutive function predicts depressive symptoms. Furthermore, reappraisal predicts depressive symptoms. In general, the implications of a deeper understanding of the relationship between the need for cognition and depressive symptoms and the prevention of symptoms based on potential mediators are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effort discounting describes the devaluation of rewards that require effort to obtain. The present study investigated whether discounting of cognitive effort depends on how near the effort is in time. The present study also investigated whether effort discounting, and its modulation by temporal distance to the effort, might depend on need for cognition, a personality trait that describes how much one enjoys cognitively demanding tasks. Participants performed a validated effort discounting task that measured the extent to which they subjectively devalued a $20 reward when effort was required to receive it. Immediacy of the effort was manipulated by having participants imagine exerting varying levels of effort either immediately, in a day, or in a month. Results revealed linear increases in discounting of rewards as a function of both how much effort was involved and how imminent the effort was. The extent to which both these variables influenced discounting correlated with need for cognition. Individuals low in need for cognition exhibited more effort discounting overall and a linear increase in effort discounting as the effort grew imminent. Individuals high in need for cognition engaged in less effort discounting, which was not modulated by how imminent the effort was. These results indicate that people exhibit dynamic inconsistency in effort-related decisions, such that the degree to which they discount effort depends on how soon the effort is. Additionally, this tendency is linked with systematic individual differences in need for cognition. Lastly, this study demonstrates that these tendencies can be quantitatively operationalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous studies on individual charitable donations and cause-related marketing have been conducted, the framing of the donation amount has not been studied. This research suggests that people's intention to donate to charity differs depending on whether the donation amount is framed as all-inclusive or partitioned. The main effect of partitioned framing was moderated by individual differences in the need for cognition and regulatory focus. The results of our research are threefold. First, people responded more positively to engage in prosocial behavior in the partitioned donation amount condition than in the all-inclusive condition, even when the total amounts were the same. Second, the framing effect of the donation amount differed according to the need for cognition. Individuals with a high need for cognition (NFC) had a higher intention to donate in the partitioned donation amount condition than in the all-inclusive condition, while individuals with low NFC did not show differences in either condition. Third, the framing effect of the donation amount differed according to regulatory focus. Prevention-focused individuals were more willing to donate in the partitioned condition than in the all-inclusive condition, while promotion-focused individuals did not show differences in either condition. In addition, the interaction of framing and regulatory focus on donation intention was mediated by the perceived authenticity of the donation organization. This research has several academic and practical implications for effective corporate social responsibility activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how people think is a key interest in psychology, and recent advances in automated text analysis have used a verbal analytic thinking index to approximate Kahneman's System 2 (e.g., deliberate, rational thinking). That is, prior work used a style word index to assess university student admissions essays and observed that those who used more articles and prepositions relative to storytelling words (e.g., pronouns) had higher grades at the end of college. This work presumed that verbal analytic thinking represented one's cognitive ability or intellectual potential, but this presumption has remained untested. The current research evaluated if verbal analytic thinking is indeed a reflection of cognitive ability or one's interest and motivation to engage in thinking, called need for cognition. Across 500 participants and two writing samples, the most reliable link to verbal analytic thinking was need for cognition, addressing an unexamined empirical question in psychology of language research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To contribute to the expanding literature on misinformation in contexts beyond developed countries, this article seeks answers to questions such as: Who are the individuals more susceptible to misinformation? What determines such a vulnerability? This research employs a sample of Brazilian voters surveyed between May and June 2019, and it concludes that partisan preferences alone do not explain susceptibility to misinformation. The impact of partisanship on proneness to misinformation is moderated by analytical ability, need for cognition, and political knowledge. People with high levels of these attributes tend to be more capable of evaluating information through the lens of their political beliefs. Furthermore, the findings suggest that individuals with the highest trust in professional journalism may be less prone to misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychological Science is the property of Psychological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Brand placement is a well-established marketing tactic that benefits both brands and media. However, due to financial, legal, or image reasons, brands may choose not to be associated with certain content. In such cases, the brand logo is removed, or "displaced" from the production either digitally or physically to adhere to copyright law, a practice we define as brand displacement. This research explores the psychological and brand consequences of brand displacement. Using multiple brands and content, we find brand displacement can positively or negatively impact the displaced brand, depending on consumers' need for cognition. We show these divergent consequences are driven by displacement's effects on consumer engagement in the viewing experience and follow an affect-transfer process. We find these consequences are moderated by brand familiarity and offer interventions for marketers to use displacement strategically. A preliminary EEG study, pilot with marketing managers, four primary, and multiple supplemental support our theorizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Investment theories have claimed reciprocal relations between intelligence and investment traits (i.e., personality traits related to seeking out, and dealing with, cognitive challenges). However, previous research has primarily addressed the effects of investment traits on intellectual development (environmental enrichment hypothesis) and often focused on either childhood or later adulthood. The present study investigated the effects of intelligence on investment traits (environmental success hypothesis) from mid to late adolescence. Method: In a 3‐year longitudinal survey (2008–2011) covering four measurement occasions, the predictive effects of both fluid and crystallized intelligence on intraindividual change in both the achievement motive (i.e., hope for success and fear of failure) and need for cognition were examined. Overall, 476 adolescents (t1: Mage = 16.43, SD = 0.55; 51.3% girls) from Germany participated. Results: Second‐order latent growth models indicated that fluid intelligence predicted a steeper growth in hope for success (β =.40), but was unrelated to change in the other investment traits. Crystallized intelligence had no effects on the investment traits under study. Conclusions: The results contribute to the research on the bidirectionality of intelligence and investment traits and add to our understanding of personality development from mid to late adolescence. Specifically, they underline the importance of nurturing hope for success especially in individuals with lower intelligence, but also show that support for the environmental success hypothesis seems to be limited to certain investment traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature on airline crises has largely ignored low-responsibility crises. The purpose of this study is to explore the underlying mechanism of airlines utilizing secondary crisis response strategies to rebuild their reputations during low-responsibility crises. Extending the situational crisis communication theory, the study develops a research framework and conducts three empirical studies with a multi-method design to test the proposed hypotheses. The results demonstrate that an enhancing response strategy is more effective than a bolstering response strategy in evoking more Twitter likes and higher booking intentions. An enhancing response strategy is especially powerful for travelers low in need for cognition or those with a higher level of other-orientation. The effect of the secondary crisis response strategy on travelers' booking intentions was mediated by the airline's reputation. These findings provide airlines with valuable insight into the development of successful social media communication strategies when handling low-responsibility crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on social cognitive theory, need for cognition might have a significant influence on adolescents' creative self-efficacy. However, no studies, to date, have investigated this relationship. To address this gap in the literature, this study used a 3-year longitudinal design to investigate the effect of need for cognition on adolescents' creative self-efficacy. Moreover, to better understand this effect, we also investigated the mediating roles of perceived parenting behaviors and perceived teacher support, and the possible gender differences. The sample included 221 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 14.58, 48% girls) followed across 3 years. The results revealed that need for cognition had a beneficial effect on adolescents' creative self-efficacy. Moreover, perceived parental autonomy support and perceived parental psychological control mediated the effect of need for cognition on creative self-efficacy. Lastly, there exist gender differences in these mediation effects. Perceived parental autonomy support only mediated the effect of need for cognition on boys' creative self-efficacy, whereas perceived parental psychological control only mediated the influence of need for cognition on girls' creative self-efficacy. Our findings help clarify developmental pathways linking need for cognition to adolescents' creative self-efficacy, and the underlying mediation mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the relationship between need for closure and need for cognition and foreign language anxiety and enjoyment. The participants of the study were 232 EFL learners at a university in Iran. Self-report questionnaires on need for closure, need for cognition, foreign language classroom anxiety and foreign language enjoyment were administered. The results of path analysis indicated that different aspects of need for closure and need for cognition predicted foreign language anxiety and enjoyment both directly and indirectly. The findings of the study highlight that the ways in which language learners' approach or avoid language knowledge and information play an important role in their emotions toward foreign language learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Need for cognition (NFC)—a stable personality trait associated with the enjoyment of thinking—has been shown to influence myriad social situations; however, no research has tested the direct and indirect effects of NFC on aggression. We predicted that NFC would negatively correlate with aggression, which would be mediated by rumination. Participants (N = 216 US adults) completed measures assessing NFC, aggression, and rumination. In line with our hypotheses, results showed that NFC was negatively correlated with aggression, and both anger rumination and more general rumination mediated this relationship. Future research and conclusions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When people see political advertisements on a polarized issue they take a stance on, what factors influence how they respond to and remember the adverts contents? Across three studies, we tested competing hypotheses about how individual differences in social vigilantism (i.e., attitude superiority) and need for cognition relate to intentions to resist attitude change and memory for political advertisements concerning abortion. In Experiments 1 and 2, we examined participants’ intentions to use resistance strategies to preserve their pre-existing attitudes about abortion, by either engaging against opposing opinions or disengaging from them. In Experiment 3, we examined participants’ memory for information about both sides of the controversy presented in political advertisements. Our results suggest higher levels of social vigilantism are related to greater intentions to counterargue and better memory for attitude-incongruent information. These findings extend our understanding of individual differences in how people process and respond to controversial social and political discourse.

The importance of self-related constructs in predicting academic achievement has been increasingly emphasized in recent decades. Typically, bivariate associations of self-related variables with achievements have been reported. Research quantifying the combined predictive power of more than two self-variables has been scarce. Moreover, except for the academic self-concept, these variables have almost always been measured across domains, i.e., without considering the specifics of individual school subjects. The current study aimed to statistically predict academic achievement (operationalized via school grades) in three major subjects (Chinese (native language), mathematics, and English (foreign language)) by using subject-tied scales, namely academic self-concept, conscientiousness, need for cognition, perseverance of effort, and consistency of interest. The sample comprised 791 Chinese adolescents. Each scale was related separately to each of the three school subjects. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were run. The control variable, biological sex, accounted for 2% of Chinese grades and 8% of English grades, but not of mathematics grades. Adding subject-specific self-concept scales increased the explained variance to 7% (Chinese), 16% (mathematics), and 32% (English). Further additions to the other four self-related scales did not increase the variances that were accounted for. The discussion underlines the relevance of subject-specific academic self-concepts as predictors for subject-tied academic achievements.

Why do people change their strategies for solving problems? In this research, we tested whether negative feedback and the context in which learners encounter a strategy influence their likelihood of adopting that strategy. In particular, we examined whether strategy adoption varied when learners were exposed to a target strategy in isolation, in conjunction with their own current strategy, and in conjunction with another novel strategy. We also investigated the roles of individual differences, including learners need for cognition and their confidence in their current strategies. In Study 1, undergraduate participants who encountered a target strategy in isolation were more likely to adopt it than participants who encountered it in the context of their own current strategy. Negative feedback, low confidence, and high need for cognition also predicted greater adoption. In Study 2, we examined whether rates of strategy adoption depended on the target strategy itself. Indeed, participants were more likely to adopt one strategy than the other, and the effects of feedback also varied across strategies. Individual differences-need for cognition and confidence-also influenced patterns of strategy adoption. These results suggest that strategy adoption depends on the confluence of many factors, including the context in which a target strategy is introduced, characteristics of the learner, and characteristics of the strategy itself.

Choice blindness is a cognitive phenomenon describing thatwhen people receive false feedback about a choice they justmade, they often accept the outcome as their own. Little isknown about what predisposes people to correctmanipulations they are subjected to in choice blindnessstudies. In this study, 118 participants answered a politicalattitude survey and were then asked to explain some of theirresponses out of which three had been manipulated to indicatean opposite position. Just over half (58.4%) of themanipulations were corrected. We measured extremity,centrality and commitment for each attitude, and one weekprior to the experiment we assessed participants’ preferencefor consistency, need for cognition and political awareness.Only extremity was able to predict correction. The resultshighlight the elusiveness of choice blindness and speakagainst dissonance and lack of motivation to engage incognitively demanding tasks as explanations why the effectoccurs.

A visual metaphor is an advertising creative that can evoke cognitive elaboration and improve comprehension. To offer useful guidance in designing effective visual metaphors for target markets, the present research focuses on the cognitive effort required to interpret visual metaphors and explores how configurations of five factors can increase cognitive elaboration and comprehension. These factors are visual structure complexity, conceptual similarity, explicitness, verbal messages, and need for cognition. Our fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis reveals that visual metaphor ads evoke increased cognitive elaboration in the presence of visual structure complexity and need for cognition, and in the absence of conceptual similarity, explicitness, and verbal messages. The analysis also shows that consumers accurately comprehend visual metaphor ads that include conceptual similarity, explicitness, and direct verbal messages, and do not have visual structure complexity.

Creativity can be described as a process, and a model with eight phases is presented here: 1. problem discovery, 2. information search, intake and valuation, 3. concept combination, 4. idea generation, 5. development of a solution approach, 6. idea evaluation, 7. adaption and realization, and 8. communication and implementation. To measure these phases, a 24-item Creative Process Assessment Scale (CPAS) was developed, tested on 2324 participants, and validated with several instruments. This confirmed good reliability for the total score (Omega total: 0.95, Cronbach's alpha: 0.93, retest reliability: 0.87). Bifactor models were computed (with a general factor and either eight or seven specific factors). Combining phases 4 and 5 as core creativity showed the best fit. Validity analyses confirmed the phase model: Correlation patterns to personality traits showed the highest correlations between phase 4 and openness, between phase 7 and conscientiousness, between phase 8 and extraversion and risk-taking, and between phase 2 and the need for cognition. The CPAS correlated highly with creative self-efficacy as well as with domains of creativity and medium with scales measuring creative activity, achievement and behavior. The CPAS is thus a reliable and valid instrument to assess the creative process.

Introduction: This was a re-analysis of Zainal and Newman (2022) correcting for critiques by Sorjonen, Nilsonne, et al. (2022). As recommended by these authors, in this reanalysis we no longer adjust for baseline measures of the outcome variable in our examination of the longitudinal within-person relations between need for cognition (NFC) and anxiety and depression symptoms (ADS).Methods: Using random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), and bivariate dual latent change score (BLCS) approaches, we separated between- and within-person effects. RI-CLPM and BLCS have advantages of adjusting for regression to the mean, autoregressive and lagged effects, and minimizing measurement error. Community-dwelling adults (n = 6750) completed the Mental Health Inventory-5 and trait-level NFC scales approximately every year across 10 years.Results: Consistent with the original results, a lower level of NFC within persons predicted a higher future level of ADS and vice versa (d = -0.885 to -0.476). Likewise, BLCS demonstrated that within persons, a smaller change in NFC forecasted a larger subsequent increase in ADS (d = -0.316). However, unlike our original findings, change in ADS did not predict future change in NFC (d = 0.136). The pattern of findings remained after adjusting for socio-demographic covariates.Conclusion: Results support our original finding that cultivating curiosity may help prevent the development of future anxiety and depressive symptoms. Importantly the results refute Sorjonen, Nilsonne, et al. (2022)'s simulated findings regarding the predictive value of NFC. Targeting NFC may treat or prevent the emergence of depression and anxiety disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explain a statistically significant amount of variance between the constructs manipulativeness, impulsiveness, grit, and need for cognition (NfC) within Machiavellianism and psychopathy in order to provide insights into the cognitive processes involved in distinguishing between these Dark Triad personality traits. Applying a cross-sectional design, test subjects (N = 96) self-reported using the MACH-IV, SRP-III, NFC-S, and Grit Scale for Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted, and only manipulativeness was found to have predictive qualities in terms of Machiavellianism. For psychopathy, only manipulativeness and impulsiveness were found to have predictive qualities. These results concur with the findings of previous studies and serve to preliminarily eliminate predictive variables NfC and grit within Machiavellianism and psychopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This article presents the results of an experimental study that sought to contrast the effect of the entertainment education message (written versus audiovisual) on the cognitive processes of reception, as a function of the need for cognition. Method: 109 MSM participated, randomly distributed, in two experimental conditions (written versus audiovisual message). Results: We found that the need for cognition moderated the effect of message modality on cognitive elaboration and in contra-argumentation, but not on reactance. Data shows that written message increased cognitive elaboration in participants with low need for cognition and generated less contra-argumentation in participants with a higher need for cog-nition. Conclusions: The effectiveness of an entertainment-education message is determined by both the characteristics of the message (the modality of presentation) and the individual differences of people (the need for cognition). In particular, the need for cognition is a relevant variable for understanding the cognitive processes of reception (cognitive elaboration and contra-argumentation) that play a fundamental role in the study of narrative persuasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional intelligence (EI) and wisdom are psychological capacities claimed to be important foundations for positive social interactions, thus promoting human flourishing. Prior theorizations suggest these constructs are related, but there is no empirical evidence for this. Two studies examined the relationship of EI and wisdom, and meta-cognitive and interpersonal mediators. Study 1 was conducted online (N = 99) and focused on meta-cognitive mediators. Study 2 was conducted in person (N = 150) and added interpersonal mediators. Across two studies and different populations, findings showed that only the emotional management branch of EI correlated with wise reasoning. Greater epistemic humility, need for cognition, empathic concern, and perspective taking accounted for this relationship. This suggests that competency in emotion management is important in wise reasoning – recognition of a changing world, self-transcendence, consideration of diverse perspectives, and search for compromise. The EI-wisdom relationship may occur through thoughtful, prosocial consideration of others and their perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to adapt and validate the Need for Cognition Scale - Short Version (NFCS; Cacioppo & Petty, 1982) in Italian adolescents. This instrument measures individual differences in the motivation and enjoyment in being involved in effortful cognitive activities. The Italian version of the scale, translated and adapted from the original version, is composed of 18 items and was administered to secondary school students. The confirmatory factorial analysis proved that the scale had two correlated factors measuring two different dimensions of motivations, namely approach and avoidance of effortful cognitive activities. The scale is also invariant for gender and for the administration measurement (on-line and paper-pencil). Results also indicated that the NFCS had good reliability indices and satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity. Thanks to its good psychometric properties, the Need for Cognition Scale has been proven to be a useful tool in both educational and research areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to verify what factors determine the level of the need for cognition (NFC) in students and doctoral students with high academic achievements. The project involved 207 participants: 102 individuals with high achievements and 105 without great scientific successes. The following tools were used: the Need for Cognition Questionnaire (in Polish adaptation), the Formal Characteristics of Behavior - Temperament Questionnaire Revised Version, the Popular Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and the Questionnaire of Retrospectively Perceived Parental Attitudes. Research results indicate that in people with high academic achievement, emotional intelligence, activity and perceived mother's inconsistency positively influence the need for cognition. In the comparison group, emotional intelligence is a positive predictor of NFC and the perceived attitude of father's inconsistency is a negative predictor of NFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although translation and interpreting (T&I) involve multiple cognitive processes, the role of cognitive effort is often overlooked and needs to be conceptualized more fully to better understand the complexity of these tasks. This article seeks to "measure the invisible" by 1) exploring its definition and application in existing research, 2) conducting a multidimensional analysis based on cost and reward, and 3) highlighting its relevance to T&I research and education. Our framework includes internal cost, opportunity cost, need for cognition, and learned industriousness. This allows for a more precise measurement of effort and a better understanding of individual differences and task requirements in T&I research. For education, the framework offers insights into strategies for managing workload, distributing practice, and developing adaptive expertise. By clarifying the multidimensional nature of cognitive effort, we can improve T&I research and develop sustainable practices for practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparison shopping is good financial practice, but situations involving numbers and computations are challenging for consumers with math anxiety. We asked North Americans (N = 256) to select the better deal between two products differing in volume and price. As predicted, math anxiety was negatively related to performance on this Price Comparison Task. We then explored the mechanism underlying this relation by testing math competency, price calculation ability, need for cognition, and cognitive reflection as potential mediators. The results from a competing mediator analysis indicated that all factors, apart from need for cognition, served as significant independent mediators between math anxiety and performance on our Price Comparison Task. This study has important implications for how-and why-math anxiety relates to a person's ability to accurately compare product prices. These data suggest that consumers higher in math anxiety may represent a financially vulnerable population, particularly in the context of financial tasks that are inherently mathematical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The generalization of established motivation hypothesis states that individuals use established motivational beliefs to predict motivational beliefs regarding novel learning content on the basis of the perceived similarity between academic domains. Aims: This study tests the generalization hypothesis by investigating the assumed moderating role of the extent of perceived similarity between known and novel learning content and need for cognition (NFC). Sample(s): Participants were adult students (n = 576) from various study programs (Study 1) and non‐students (n = 628) of whom the majority held at least a bachelor's degree (Study 2). Methods: In this prospective correlational survey study, we used online self‐report measures to assess participants' self‐concept of ability (SCA) and intrinsic task value (ITV) regarding their established and anticipated motivational beliefs regarding a set of school subjects (known learning content) and fields of study (novel learning content), perceptions of similarity, and their NFC. Data was analysed using structural equation modelling with latent interaction variables. Results: We found support for the generalization hypothesis and documented that the perceived similarity moderated the generalizing effect (i.e., SCA and ITV had stronger predictive validity for learning content that was perceived as more similar). However, the results obtained for the moderating effect of NFC were mostly nonsignificant. Conclusion: Individuals generalize established motivation regarding known learning content to anticipated motivation regarding novel learning content perceived as being similar. The extent of perceived similarity enhances this effect, whereas NFC does not. Future research should address the underlying automatic and deliberate cognitive processes of generalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a complex cognitive task, integrated writing (IW) requires not only different language modalities but also persistent cognitive effort. In practice, varied language modalities are taught together with IW tasks. However, little research has been done to investigate independent and integrated language tasks simultaneously. In addition, the need for cognition (NfC), which plays an important role in cognitive processing, has not been explored in the context of IW. Aims: The present study aims to investigate the influence of different language modalities (i.e., reading and writing) on IW performance and how NfC moderates this influence. Sample: A total of 246 Secondary Four students from three schools in Hong Kong. Methods: Measures of reading, writing, NfC and IW performance were obtained. Structural equation modelling was used to explore the relationships between reading, writing and IW and investigate the role of NfC. Results: Positive effects of reading and writing on IW performance were observed, and writing played a mediating role in the relationship between reading and IW at the same time. Although NfC negatively moderated the influence of reading on IW, it had no moderating effect on the influence of writing on IW. Conclusions: The teaching of different language modalities enhances IW performance. The negative moderating effect of NfC on the relationship between reading and IW performance implies that differentiated instruction is required due to individual differences in the influence of reading on IW. Regarding pedagogical implication, teachers should integrate the teaching of reading and writing and focus on cultivating students' cognitive needs to enhance their IW performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common practice in the educational system to foster high mathematical abilities in schools as well as in specific promotional programs. Still, little is known about the construct of mathematical giftedness itself. In line with intellectual investment theories, our study investigates the relationship between fluid intelligence (figural and numerical), openness, and the need for cognition with mathematical abilities. The current study is based on a sample (N = 115) of seventh graders participating in the application process for a promotion program. The results of our regression analyses show a positive link between fluid intelligence and mathematical abilities. However, neither the association with openness nor the need for cognition reached significance, emphasizing the importance of cognitive abilities for mathematical giftedness. Limitations and further directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online word-of-mouth messages can use either powerful or powerless linguistic styles and come from either anonymous or identifiable sources. Do differences in linguistic power affect the persuasiveness of such messages, and if so, how? We propose that the effects of linguistic style depend on the identifiability of the source. In three experiments, consumers receive word-of-mouth messages varying in linguistic style (powerful vs. powerless) and source identifiability (anonymous vs. identifiable). Across the experiments, an anonymous source paired with a powerful style and an identifiable source paired with a powerless style violate expectancy, stimulate cognitive elaboration, and enhance persuasiveness. Furthermore, need for cognition moderates this joint effect. Thus, an anonymous (identifiable) source can attract interest and gain influence by using a powerful (powerless) linguistic style. These findings shed new light on the persuasiveness of online word-of-mouth messages and show how companies can flexibly design effective word-of-mouth campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being soon-to-be voters, adolescents globally exhibit a declining interest in news consumption and hardships in recognizing fake information. Our study examined potential protective and vulnerability factors related to the detection of fake news. A diverse Hungarian sample (N = 1582) from 25 high schools participated in our research. Our findings indicate that higher levels of analytic thinking and need for cognition, lower bullshit receptivity, ethnic majority status, and higher parental education are associated with lower susceptibility to fake news among adolescents - with cognitive reflection and bullshit receptivity exerting a more substantial influence on the acceptance of fake news compared to socioeconomic variables. Our study underscores the crucial role of cognitive factors in shaping adolescents' perceptions of fake information, even outweighing socioeconomic and ethnic minority status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informative narratives are texts that embed factual information in a story. They are often believed to increase not only text comprehension but also situational interest compared with expository texts. However, research regarding their impact on situational interest is missing. We examined the effect of informative narratives and expository texts on situational interest and how this impact affected text comprehension. Additionally, we investigated whether the learner-related factors individual interest, need for cognition, and need for affect moderate the relationship between text type and situational interest. Participants were 123 university students. In a randomized design, participants read either informative narratives or expository texts about biology topics. They completed measures of situational interest and text comprehension and questionnaires on need for cognition, need for affect, and individual interest. The informative narratives led to a higher situational interest than the expository texts. Although situational interest and text comprehension were positively related, informative narratives did not lead to better text comprehension than expository texts. In fact, the positive effect of informative narratives on situational interest counteracted a negative direct effect on comprehension. Moreover, none of the tested moderator effects were significant. However, learners with higher need for cognition and higher individual interest developed a higher situational interest across both types of text. Overall, the findings suggest that informative narratives are useful to promote situational interest in science education, even when they do not enhance text comprehension compared with expository texts. • Informative narratives led to higher situational interest than expository texts. • The level of text comprehension did not differ between both text types. • The text types' effect on comprehension was mediated via situational interest. • Higher interest in informative narratives buffered disadvantages in comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The halal food study is one of the research fields in halal trend which prominent. Currently, the halal food concept is not only the worship of Muslims to Allah, but also this concept is adopted by non-Muslim with healthy lifestyle considerations. Therefore, the insight of the influenced variable on purchased intention behavior of students is crucial to research as basic information for all stakeholders, such as the seller, marketer, policymaker, government, and researchers. A quantitative approach has investigated the influence of attitude and need for cognition variables on student’s purchase intention behavior on halal food. This research aimed to explore the independent variable that influenced students' purchase intention behavior. Then, the other aim is to compare them through the school's clustering perspective. The self-administrated questionnaire was used to collect the data from 561 respondents and inputted into the Survey123 software. The data were analyzed using descriptive and interferential statistics. The result showed that attitude toward halal (HA) and need for cognition (NC) were accepted as the influenced variable on halal food purchase intention behavior. Furthermore, the students from Islamic schools tended to have purchase intention on halal than senior high school. The result of this study could be strategic marketing in the halal food industry. Then, the school must strengthen halal awareness in the syllabus.