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The study of the knowledge outcome of fencing law and its importance for Arab referees, coaches and players, it called on the researcher to use the descriptive approach in a comparison method between them . The researcher used an electronic cognitive test in some articles of the international law of fencing and distributed it through social networking sites to them. After data collection and statistical processing. The researcher reached the most important conclusions from them; The attribute factor (arbiter, coach, player) has an effective impact on the knowledge outcome of the fencing law. The state factor alone does not affect the level of the knowledge outcome of the fencing law. The interaction between the state and the trait did not reach the level of the knowledge outcome of the fencing law. The researcher recommends the following: The necessity of adopting the electronic test in the referees promotion tests. And work on holding regular training and arbitration courses and workshops on international fencing law for referees, coaches and players. And conducting other research on the articles of international fencing law in the English language, especially for first-class referees, for the purpose of preparing them for international promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to analyse the association between Sports-Related Concussion (SRC) and Subsequent Musculoskeletal Injury (MSK) in United Kingdom university-aged rugby union players whilst considering the effects of sex, athlete playing position and injury location. Retrospective cohort study. A period of 365 days with 0–90, 91–180 and 181–365 days sub-periods was analysed for the following variables; MSK injury incidence, occurrence, severity, injury location, playing position and sex. Injury data was collected from the Sports Development Centre database at Loughborough University. A total of 408 injuries in 181 athletes (55 females and 126 males) were included. The MSK injury incidence of SRC group was significantly higher than control and higher post-SRC than pre-SRC period over a 365-day period (p=0.012 and p=0.034, respectively). The odds ratios of MSK injury incidence between groups and between periods were 1.62 (95% CI, 1.10–2.25) and 1.57 (95% CI ,1.08–2.29). A SRC was not associated with a greater time loss from a subsequent MSK injury or a specific MSK injury location. Athletes with a second recorded injury were more likely to sustain a MSK injury if they had experienced SRC, however, there was no indication a SRC resulted in greater time loss from a MSK injury. • Athletes with a SRC were more likely to sustain subsequent MSK injuries. • There was no indication a SRC resulted in greater time loss from a MSK injury. • The long-term consequences of SRC on subsequent MSK injury may remain even after 181 days. • The association between the SRC and MSK injury was not linked to injury location, sex or rugby playing position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Quantifying soccer players’ performance using different types of technologies helps coaches in making tactical decisions and maintaining players’ health. Little is known about the relation between the performance measuring technologies and the metrics they measure. The aim of this study is to identify and group the different types of technologies that are used to track the health-related performance metrics of soccer players. Methods We conducted a systematic search for articles using IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ACM DL, and papers from the Sports Medicine Journal. The papers were screened and extracted by two reviewers. The included papers had to fall under several criteria, including being about soccer, measuring health-related performance, and using technology to measure players’ performance. A total of 1,113 papers were reviewed and 1,069 papers were excluded through the selection process. Results We reviewed 44 papers and grouped them based on the technology used and health-related metrics tracked. In terms of technology, we categorized the used technologies into wearable technologies (N=27/44) and in-field technologies (N=14/44). We categorized the tracked health-related metrics into physiological metrics (N=16/44) and physical metrics (N=44/44). We found out that wearable technologies are mainly used to track physical metrics (N=27/27) and are also used to track physiological metrics (N=14/27). In-field technologies are only used to track physical metrics (N=24/24). Conclusion Understanding how technology is related to players’ performance and how it is used leads to an improvement in the monitoring process and performance outcomes of the players.

The European Union is a global actor in the development sector, together with the United Nations and the World Bank, trying to fill the gaps of the Millennium Development Goals and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. By being engaged in political dialogues and development activities, the EU can be seen at the same time as a player and/or as a payer. The research goal of this paper is to understand where the EU seats at the table: payer - as Member States, under the EU umbrella, accompany the developing countries on various projects and programmes financed through different instruments and schemes, and player - as an international organisation which works in synergy with the other international partners.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the factors with the greatest influence on the early termination of the career of soccer players. The sample consisted of 40 former professional soccer athletes. To collect the results, a semi-structured questionnaire was used, elaborated by the authors themselves, which addressed topics such as athletes' biography; psychological and sociological aspects of the career; causes, problems, and difficulties with the end of a career; emotions experienced in this process and the occurrence of injuries throughout the career. Data were analyzed quantitatively through the distribution of absolute and relative frequency. By analyzing the results, it was possible to verify that 55% of the sample abandoned their football player career in the age group of 21 to 25 years. In addition, 37.5% of the sample received an amount equivalent to less than the minimum wage when they were still football players. In relation to the current monthly income, 52.5% of the sample currently receives between 1 to 2 minimum wages. It was also possible to observe that 90.0% of the sample chose the profession of soccer player because of “Pleasure in playing soccer”. On the other hand, the main reason for abandoning the football player career was the “Lack of stability in the profession” with a percentage of 37.5%. The results of the present study showed that the lack of stability and low salaries in the football player profession, in addition to injuries throughout their careers, were the main reasons for early abandonment of the profession.

Jacob, Y, Hart, NH, Cochrane, JL, Spiteri, T, Laws, SM, Jones, A, Rogalski, B, Kenna, J, and Anderton, RS. ACTN3 (R577X) genotype is associated with Australian Football League players. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 573–576, 2022—Genetic variants in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and alpha actinin-3 (ACTN3) genes have been associated with elite sport athletic performance. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of each polymorphism in a cohort of elite Australian football (AF) players. To achieve this, 47 players from an Australian Football League (AFL) club and 59 healthy age matched controls with no history of elite sporting competition were recruited for this study. Each subject provided saliva samples through buccal swab for DNA extraction and genotyping, with group comparisons made using χ2 and odds ratio analysis. There was no significant difference in ACE I/D genotype between healthy control and elite AF players. The ACTN3 XX genotype was significantly underrepresented in AFL players (4.3%) compared with healthy controls (28.8%, p = 0.003). In addition, there was a greater representation of the R allele in elite AF players (70.2%) when compared with healthy controls (50%; χ2 = 8.834, p = 0.002). This is the first study to investigate genetic variants in elite AF players, with results suggesting that the ACTN3 gene may play a significant role explaining aspects of athletic performance in AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The digital age has caused the hotel industry to embrace innovative human resource management. Gamification is one of the popular technological developments in human resource management. Gamification is the adaptation of game elements to real life. After 2009, the concept of gamification has been adapted to many areas of business life.. My Marriott Hotel gamification application is known as the first and only example used in hotel human resources management. The game was retired after a very short time. Although gamification remains popular in other disciplines, good examples of gamification have not developed in hotel human resource management. This research aims to examine the reasons for the failure of the first gamification example applied in hotel management and to determine the critical success factors for future applications. The case study method was used to find detailed information about the first and only example in the field of tourism. Twelve documents related to the game were reached by using the hotel's website, other websites, theses and articles. The reasons for failure were determined by coding the collected data with content analysis. As a result of the research, it was determined that the first games were unsuccessful due to bad and incomplete game design. Nine critical success factors have been identified in the design of games to be implemented in hotels, including interdisciplinary work, player interaction, player types, adaptation to tourism variability, generational differences of players, constructing the game on clear goals, player motivation, expectations from gamified games, and management support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study deals with culture, acting principles and media productions. From this aspect, the authors argue for the premise of their correlation, applying interdisciplinary approaches to the analysis of sources and applying hermeneutic, phenomenological-reductive and causal approaches. In the study, they highlight the penetration of game elements into culture, the influence of game elements on human behaviour and identify them in people's everyday activities. They recognise game elements in the various social roles of individuals that determine their social behaviour and actions as well as their game actions. They deal with game principles and related game rituals, forming an integral symbolic part of socio-culture and artistic culture. They conceive the theoretical starting points mainly in relation to the game principle of mimicry. They reflect the dimensions of games in the interface of their purpose, utility, creativity and aesthetic qualities. They point to the audience's capacity for narrative immersion in the context of their fascination with games and media content. In this context, they define and conceptualise the term "narrative audience introspection" and point to the spectacularity of games and media productions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insurance industry has recently witnessed contemporary trends and did not stop at a classic concept, as it was not only satisfied with the traditional fields, but also included the sports center as it is a fertile field in which sports accidents are active and injuries abound in stadiums during matches, which do not negatively affect the player only, but cast a shadow even on the development of the sector and its development, where the athlete is exposed to the risk of injury while performing his activity, as he may suffer from an injury that leads to permanent or temporary disability, which may force the player to abandon the stadiums permanently or temporarily, but the stadiums may witness from time to time a death of one of the players, so the player may insure himself from such dangers, as this is considered an obligation on the club or sports institution to insure the contracted sports player. And the sports institution must ensure that the health of the athlete is preserved, which is among its obligations in order to enjoy good performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students attend the first sessions of your units and then disappear, some of them forever, and some of them have no clue what is going on or they work for other units’ assessments. When it comes to providing them with formative assessment, it is not always well received as it is perceived as extra work. The purpose of this article is to define a gamification framework based on structural gamification that focuses on that weak part of your cohorts that do not engage as much, and it does that in a great way, as it embeds video game rules and role-playing into the curriculum. This is achieved through implementing game elements to the entire second-year cohort (N = 34) of computer game development students, in the unit ‘Engineering Software Systems’. The goal is to motivate and engage the at-risk students of the cohort with lower activity, attendance and involvement in the unit.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the differences in situational power performance between playing positions in handball. The following variables were analyzed: body height and weight, fastest shot, fastest sprint, highest jump, and average game time. The study sample comprised 412 handball players who participated at European championships. Backcourt players had the fastest shots and wing players presented the slowest shots among all playing positions. Wing players presented the fastest sprinting (29.09 km/h). Jumping performance showed the most diversity between the playing positions, and backcourt players jumped significantly higher than other players (16.76 cm).

This paper describes developments in the player-side analytics in major team sports. We take a decision-making lens to the role of analytics in player decisions by general managers and coaches. We outline key accelerators and inhibitors to the wider adoption and acceptance of data analytics playing a greater role in the decisions of clubs.

The emergence of social media has provided footballers a novel and highly effective means of reaching out to and interacting with followers. This new twist in the relationship between players and fans has sparked recent debate (Cleland, 2009) on players' attempts to connect with sports audiences and publicize their brand images via Twitter (Hutchins, 2011). This research analyses aspects of the Twitter behaviour of the five football players who compete in the major European leagues with the greatest number of Twitter followers such as how these athletes relate to their fans, who they talk to and what they talk about via this medium in order to determine how these individuals use Twitter to build personal brands and forge deeper connections between themselves and the clubs they play for and fans. Content analysis was used to detect message dissemination patterns and identify the main protagonists of Twitter conversations examined. Semantic networks and hashtag use were also analysed to identify significant correlations between words. NodeXL, one of the most widely employed open code software programs in social network analysis was used for this part of the analysis (Hansen, Shneiderman & Smith, 2010). One of the main uses they make of Twitter is linked to self-promotion. In addition, the profiles of these football players often support solidarity initiatives and campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports in general is no longer a hobby, but rather a profession practiced by players and coaches in a professional manner, and this professionalism has resulted in many sports contracts, including the professional sports player contract. The progress of countries in sports reflects the extent of progress in the use of modernity in all its sports activities, in addition to the fact that sports professionalism in sports activities has become a vital requirement among the requirements of the present time in order to advance the reality of sports in the country in scientific and realistic ways and work to solve its problems. The researcher will discuss in this organization the legal contract for the professional sports player, according to the Sports Professionalism Law No. 60 of 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due in part to concern about the potential long-term effects of concussion and repetitive head injuries in football, some programs have implemented tackling interventions. This paper explores youth football coaches' perception of football safety and their experiences implementing these interventions aimed at athlete safety. Using a qualitative approach, coaches were interviewed by means of a semi-structured protocol that covered: (a) demographics; (b) background and experiences with contact sports; (c) perceived concussion risks and benefits of youth football; (d) experiences with tackling technique; (e) experiences with mouth guard sensors; and (f) personal sources of training related to football safety. Most coaches felt that learning tackling at a young age helped prepare them for their playing later in life and believed that youth should begin playing tackle football at a young age. Coaches were mixed regarding their concerns about the risk for concussion and subconcussive head impacts. Still, most were receptive to changes in rules and policies aimed at making football safer. Findings from this study demonstrate that youth football coaches are important stakeholders to consider when implementing changes to youth football. Understanding coach perceptions and experiences may inform future efforts aimed to educate coaches on rules and policies to make the game safer for youth athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, four years after the outbreak of the Syrian conflict, which at the beginning was not on the focus and "interest" of NATO, the new actors were emerged in the campaign. Particularly, Russia's involvement in the conflict has increased the intensity of military operations and decisively changed the course of the conflict on behalf of Syrian Government Forces. Until September 2015, the main players in the theatre have been Assad regime, Free Syrian Army (FSA), ISIS, anti-ISIS Coalition Forces, and the Syrian Democratic Forces (affiliated groups). However, today "surprisingly" strengthening players of the conflict are Syrian regime, Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah that were unimaginable at the beginning of the conflict. Surprisingly - because prior to the Syrian conflict "nobody" anticipated Russian, Iranian and pro-Iranian militia groups hegemony in Syrian territory. On the other hand, U.S., its Allies in Middle East, and most of the NATO member countries backed the Syrian Opposition and the Free Syrian Army, which were struggling to overthrow the Assad regime. At the same time, U.S. and most of its Allies publicly declared the recognition of the Syrian Opposition as a legitimate representative of Syrian people. Despite these support, in fact, the Syrian opposition and the Free Syrian Army were forced to retreat from almost all key areas, inflicting heavy losses. Beside, U.S. and his Allies, who previously projected the settlement of the Syrian conflict in the replacement of the Assad regime, now suggest democratic elections to be held under the auspices of the UN, not mentioning the "regime change". Analyzing these two approaches - previous and current policy of regulation of the Syrian conflict, the considerable differences between them become evident. It seems that, the reason for this U-turn in policy is Russia's entry into the Syrian equation as a game changer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this observational cross-sectional study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of medical staff participating in the FIFA Women's World Cup 2023 regarding the assessment and management of concussion in football. Medical staff from 32 teams qualified for the FIFA Women's World Cup 2023 were invited to answer an online survey. Results were analysed descriptively. 47 participants completed the survey. Concussion knowledge: 98% were aware of concussion protocol(s). Most concussive signs or symptoms were recognised, though only 36% of participants ( n  = 17) correctly reported potential symptom onset time. Knowledge on assessment and return to play elements varied. Attitude: 77% ( n  = 36) reported being very confident or confident in recognizing a suspected concussion. When assessing a suspected concussion on the pitch, 55% ( n  = 26) reported to have felt pressured by the player sometimes, very often or always, and 47% ( n  = 22) by the coaching staff. Behaviour: Among doctors, 70% reported their national team performs baseline concussion assessments. Reported use of on-field assessment elements suggested in concussion guidelines varied between 5% and 95%. In conclusion, most medical staff participating in the FIFA Women's World Cup 2023 were generally knowledgeable about concussion, reported on-pitch and return to play attitudes and behaviours aligning with evidence-based standards for safeguarding players' health. However, gaps were observed in all three domains, compared to guidelines. Expanding education to players and coaching staff is suggested to facilitate the delivery of evidence-based best practice.

Purpose: The aim of study is to analyse isokinetic knee strength in soccer players in terms of selected parameters. Methods: A total of 30 subjects, 15 soccer players and 15 controls, were included in the study. Isokinetic knee strength measurements at angular speeds of 60°sec-1, 180°sec-1 and 240°sec-1 and pro-agility tests were conducted on the subjects. A body analyser was used for height, weight and body mass indexes (BMI) values. The training ages of the subjects and the positions of the soccer player group were recorded on personal information forms. Results: When the agility parameters were compared between football and control groups, a statistical difference was found in favour of the soccer player group (p < 0.05). When the effects of body composition and isokinetic knee strength on agility were analysed, negative significant correlation was found between weight and agility, BMI and agility and 240° right knee extension strength and agility (p < 0.05). When the positions of soccer players and isokinetic knee strengths were compared, significance was found between 60° right extension strength of defenders and midfielders and 60° left extension-flexion strengths of defenders and midfielders and forwards in favour of defenders (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, it was found that isokinetic knee strength did not have an influence on agility in low angular speeds, except for 240°sec-1 right extension. According to positions, as the isokinetic knee strength of defenders decreased, they showed higher results when compared with other positions.

This research, focused on the examination of the negative evaluation anxiety of taekwondo players studying at university by different variables, is a scanning method research. This research is carried out on the players joining in Turkey Taekwon-do Championship which was held on Ahi Evran University physical education and sport faculty at 2017 by the federation of turkey intercollegiate sports. The population of study consists of 399 players joining the championship, and the research sample consists of 228 volunteer players who are 93 female and 135 male players. ‘’Negative Evaluation Anxiety Scale‘’ developed by Leary 1983), transcribed in Turkish by Çetin and friends was used as a data collection tool. Frequency (n) and percentage (%) depictive statistical methods was used for personal information at analyzing of the data. For the evaluation of scales, T test one of the parametric tests was used at pair groups, anova test was used at multiple groups and significance level of .05 was chosen for the statistical significance. It is determined at the result of research that the negative evaluation anxiety of Elit University taekwondo players show difference related to factors which are being national player or not and gender, and don’t show difference related to factors which are weight and the grade of sport.

This article opposes the view that The Tempest knowingly betrays the barbarity implicit in the creation of aesthetically pleasing works of art, thereby disabling the aesthetic as a source of value. I argue that The Tempest takes the foundational oppositions which constitute dramatic art (representation versus reality, script versus performance, belief versus scepticism), and, by incorporating them into the drama, demonstrates their contingency. This involves a consideration of the distinction drawn by Robert Weimann between the "doubly encoded" stage figure of Prospero, at once "actor" living within the fiction of the play, and "player" wishing to escape its captivity. The aporia that this creates is related to Derrida's concept of "gift" as disruptive of both teleological temporality, and of an ethic founded on an economy of obligation. The relationship of aesthetic value to alterity is ultimately focused in the figure of Caliban, the "thing of darkness" at once central and alien to the lives of those whom he, resistingly, serves. He comes to betoken the "gift of death" as enabling condition of aesthetic and ethical experience. The piece responds to an ethical turn in Shakespeare studies, and a renewed interest in aesthetic issues. It opposes an exclusive historicist emphasis on the plays, attempts to give a more nuanced context for a "presentist" consideration of Shakespeare's works, and sketches a possible approach to works of art in general aimed at articulating an alternative to their "disenchantment" at the hands of critics without sacrifice of the intellectual integrity previously seen to be suppressed by aesthetic responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Marshall McLuhan is often acknowledged as an influential theorist for Game Studies, there is very little work currently available that directly attempts to apply McLuhan's theoretical framework and terminology. This article, therefore, provides an overview, interrogation and application of McLuhan's taxonomy of Hot and Cool media to digital games. McLuhan describes Hot media as 'high fidelity' and 'low participation', while Cool media are conversely 'high participation' and 'low fidelity'. The article summarizes McLuhan's conceptual spectrum and articulates how these qualities can exist not only within digital games but also within the player: their skills, competencies and literacies. In doing so, we propose the further quality of 'pattern' to better describe how Hot and Cool features operate within game experiences. The article finally discusses how Hot and Cool game designs can impact user's affective, cognitive, motoric and sociocultural responses to the play experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quantifying soccer players' performance using different types of technologies helps coaches in making tactical decisions and maintaining players' health. Little is known about the relation between the performance measuring technologies and the metrics they measure. The aim of this study is to identify and group the different types of technologies that are used to track the health-related performance metrics of soccer players.Methods: We conducted a systematic search for articles using IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ACM DL, and papers from the Sports Medicine Journal. The papers were screened and extracted by two reviewers. The included papers had to fall under several criteria, including being about soccer, measuring health-related performance, and using technology to measure players' performance. A total of 1,113 papers were reviewed and 1,069 papers were excluded through the selection process.Results: We reviewed 44 papers and grouped them based on the technology used and health-related metrics tracked. In terms of technology, we categorized the used technologies into wearable technologies (N=27/44) and in-field technologies (N=14/44). We categorized the tracked health-related metrics into physiological metrics (N=16/44) and physical metrics (N=44/44). We found out that wearable technologies are mainly used to track physical metrics (N=27/27) and are also used to track physiological metrics (N=14/27). In-field technologies are only used to track physical metrics (N=24/24).Conclusion: Understanding how technology is related to players' performance and how it is used leads to an improvement in the monitoring process and performance outcomes of the players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plain English summary Many funding bodies within the United Kingdom and globally have encouraged public involvement in research. The Department of Health has also called public involvement a sign of good research. Despite the wide acceptance of public involvement improving many aspects of research, from its design to its communication, involvement has varied levels of implementation across different fields of research. Sports people have rarely been involved in research, partly as this research tends not to be funded by mainstream funding bodies. This may lead to a lower research quality, not founded in player (‘service user’) experiences. When creating a study of former rugby player health, we were very keen to involve rugby players, understand their thoughts on player health, and their playing experiences. This article explains how rugby players were involved in several ways, but mainly in group discussions during the design stage. These groups helped to inform our study’s aims and questionnaire, ensure the questionnaire would capture player experiences and answer questions relevant to players, that they would like to understand after their participation in rugby. We found that these groups were easy to arrange, and that in only one session with each group, we were given many ideas of how to improve the questionnaire and study. We believe that other studies in sports should involve sports people, and that this is a useful activity that will change data collection forms and processes, improving the research, helping researchers, and making studies more suitable for players who take part in them. Abstract Background Patient and public involvement (‘involvement’) in the UK has increased in accordance with funding requirements, patient-centered health policy initiatives and reporting of the positive impact of involvement for those involved, research and researchers. However, involvement has not been implemented equally across all disease areas and populations. The aim of this process was to involve rugby players across the research cycle of a player health study, ensure the study is player-centred, and that players had approved and informed the design of the study and its questionnaire from their playing experiences. Methods Two group discussions were undertaken with current students who were playing rugby at a Collegiate University. All male and female University rugby players and two College rugby teams were approached to become involved. Sessions were chaired by a player-lead using a topic guide and were audio-recorded and transcribed. Player suggestions were extracted by the player-lead and discussed within the study team for inclusion in the player health study and its questionnaire. Results Players readily engaged with the sessions and made many contributions to the development of the study and the questionnaire. Players discussed whether certain topics were being collected satisfactorily, and whether the questionnaire would encompass their playing experiences or that of other players. Players suggested where answers might be less reliable, and ways in which this could be improved. Players recommended additions to the questionnaire, and questioned researchers on the choice of language, motivation for question inclusion and if measures were standardised or novel. Alterations were made to the questionnaire based on suggestions, where these were agreed by the study team. Conclusions Involving a group of players in the design of a player health study and questionnaire was not an arduous process and was rewarding for researchers. The process resulted in numerous alterations to the questionnaire and its functionality, which may improve response rate, the experience of players participating in the player health study, and their ability to report relevant information aligned with their previous experience. Player involvement in research was feasible to implement and improved not only the questionnaire, but also researcher confidence in the project and player experiences being accurately captured and leading a reliable data collection processes in a population with the potential for cultural bias to affect the ascertainment of health, pain and injury.

The characterization of the in-game actions with the strongest influence on victory in football might be useful for designing playing styles that enhance teams’ performance. The aim of this study was to analyze in-game match statistics on the top-3 and bottom-3 teams ranked in LaLiga. Accumulated offensive and defensive match statistics when playing at home and away were obtained from LaLiga for 8 consecutive seasons. Data extraction was performed by computerized video-analysis. The top-3 and bottom-3 teams were compared using independent t-test analysis and the magnitude of the difference was cataloged with effect sizes. Overall, the offensive variable with the greatest magnitude of difference in the top-3 vs. bottom-3 comparison was shooting accuracy (ES ± 90% confidence interval = 4.15 ± 0.52) followed by the number of offsides (2.25 ± 0.60) and corners (2.14 ± 0.61). However, when playing away, the offensive variable with the greatest magnitude of difference in the top-3 vs bottom-3 comparison was the number of shots (3.30 ± 0.44). The defensive variables that best differentiated top 3 - bottom 3 teams were the number of corners (2.16 ± 0.43) and shots conceded (2.04 ± 0.39). In conclusion, the match statistics that best discriminated successful from unsuccessful football teams were shooting accuracy while attacking and the number of shots conceded while defending.

Purpose : The researches about the relationship between self-efficacy and athlete' burnout of elite volleyball players who playing in high level leagues is not available in the literature. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and athletes’ burnout in elite volleyball players. Material : The study group is consisted 173 [n=61 female, n=112 male] elite volleyball players. The mean of the age of participants was 25.6 year [± 6.3]. Data was collected by personal information form, General Self-Efficacy Scale [GSE] and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire [ABQ]. SPSS 22 program was used in the analysis of the obtained data. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to determine whether the data showed normal distribution and the significance level was accepted as 0.05 in the analyses. Parametric tests were used in the analysis of the data. Results : As a result of the research, high level negative correlation was found between effort and resistance sub-dimension [GSE] and the reduced sense of accomplishment sub-dimension [ABQ] [p