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In this paper, we report the effect of introducing molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nano-platelets: a two-dimensional metal chalcogenide, on the mechanical properties of hollow glass microballoon (HGM)–epoxy syntactic foams. MoS2 reinforced syntactic foams were prepared by mixing MoS2 nanoplatelets to epoxy containing HGMs; with the amount of MoS2 being varied from 0.01 to 0.04% v/v, while maintaining a constant total filler volume fraction of 40% for all compositions. The mechanical behaviour of reinforced syntactic foam was studied under varied loadings including compressive, tensile and flexural under different strain rate regimes. Introduction of MoS2 led to significant improvements in characteristic mechanical properties, particularly in terms of compressive strength and toughness, which suggest intercalation of MoS2 within the epoxy matrix; however, the presence of relatively larger MoS2 micro particles couldn't be completely negated. The toughness of the foam, as indicated by the area under the compressive stress-strain curve, was found to increase by ∼21% under optimal conditions. Our results highlight the potential of the two-dimensional MoS2 sheets as a reinforcing agent in syntactic foams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to study the techniques of displacement as a prominent phenomenon in modern poetry, which seems significantly rife in “The Deer Drinks Her Image” by the Saudi poet Ali Al-Hazmi, who sought to get away from the traditional style of the language rules, leaving the reader with an unexpected moment of suspense due to the irrational links among words and the openness of the individual word onto different worlds replete with Sufi, symbolic, and psychological connotative referential and subjective visions. Therefore, the paper attempts to explore the multiplicity of stylistic and expressive techniques and tools presented in his poems. Such techniques and tools tempt the researcher to engage in their entropies and to deconstruct their ciphers to examine and expand the thematic aesthetic significances, the technical performance, and the aesthetic of the meanings and to get out with technical and analytical approaches to Al-Hazmi’s poems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies used BA and BEI structures as stimuli to infer that syntax-first models seemed not applicable in Chinese. However, there were inconsistent results of both within same structures and between different structures. Since sentence structures of stimuli were non-canonical as well as lacking wide representativeness in Chinese, we examined the processing mechanism of a more representative structure in Chinese, QING (QING + NP1 + V + NP2) structure in the current study. Four conditions, including correct sentences (CORRECT), semantic-violated sentences (SEMANTIC), syntactic-violated sentences (SYNTACTIC), and combined violated sentences (COMBINED), were composed by manipulating the V between NP1 and NP2. Results with respect to three types of violation were as follows. In the initial phrase (100–300 ms), there existed an interaction between SEMANTIC consistency and the SYNTACTIC category. In the intermediate phrase (300–500 ms), the interaction continued with similar negative waves evoked by three types of violated sentences. In the final phrase (500–700 ms), both SYNTACTIC or COMBINED evoked obvious negative waves. The current research of Qing structure provided new evidence for the processing mechanism of Chinese sentence patterns. Specifically, we found that the interactive model rather than the syntax-first model may apply to the processing of this specific structure of Chinese sentences and compared the results with those reported in previous studies that examined other types of sentence structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jerash Journal for Research & Studies is the property of Jerash University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous studies used BA and BEI structures as stimuli to infer that syntax-first models seemed not applicable in Chinese. However, there were inconsistent results of both within same structures and between different structures. Since sentence structures of stimuli were non-canonical as well as lacking wide representativeness in Chinese, we examined the processing mechanism of a more representative structure in Chinese, QING (QING + NP1 + V + NP2) structure in the current study. Four conditions, including correct sentences (CORRECT), semantic-violated sentences (SEMANTIC), syntactic-violated sentences (SYNTACTIC), and combined violated sentences (COMBINED), were composed by manipulating the V between NP1 and NP2. Results with respect to three types of violation were as follows. In the initial phrase (100–300 ms), there existed an interaction between SEMANTIC consistency and the SYNTACTIC category. In the intermediate phrase (300–500 ms), the interaction continued with similar negative waves evoked by three types of violated sentences. In the final phrase (500–700 ms), both SYNTACTIC or COMBINED evoked obvious negative waves. The current research of Qing structure provided new evidence for the processing mechanism of Chinese sentence patterns. Specifically, we found that the interactive model rather than the syntax-first model may apply to the processing of this specific structure of Chinese sentences and compared the results with those reported in previous studies that examined other types of sentence structures.

Both of the poetic necessity and the syntactic expansion are two features of the pure Arabic language as the show they Arabic flexibility and its linguistic wideness. They also ensure the continuum of the Arabic and its validity through art, common use and communication. The present paper is based on the issue of mixing up the definition between the aforementioned features, since mix up mix-up has created definition confusion and overlapping aspects. As a consequence, a large number of linguists have rejected some perspectives of the syntactic expansion claiming that they are only necessities used particularly in poetry. The paper has truly sought to differentiate between the two definitions and then consider some issues pertaining to the necessities. These necessities are related to the syntactic expansion which are allowed linguistically in the language wideness by using in description and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are still many Indonesian language teacher candidates who have not mastered syntax. This article describes the results of Lesson Study for Learning Community (LSLC) activities carried out in the Indonesian language education study program STKIP Siliwangi (now IKIP Siliwangi) with the aim of regular students, fifth semester who are taking a syntax course. The learning method used is discovery learning plus because in its implementation it integrates the use of mind mapping methods in the learning steps of discovery learning methods. From the results of data analysis shows that the application of discovery learning methods plus through LSLC can improve student learning outcomes in syntactic courses. Improved learning outcomes can be seen from the recap percentage, in the first cycle students who were able to answer questions were 52.19%, cycle 2 59.06%, and cycle 3 were 86.56%. In addition, the four abilities of students who were the focus of this program's observations also increased.Masih banyak calon guru bahasa Indonesia yang belum menguasai sintaksis. Artikel ini mendeskripsikan hasil kegiatan Lesson Study for Learning Community (LSLC) yang dilaksanakan pada program studi pendidikan bahasa Indonesia STKIP Siliwangi (sekarang IKIP Siliwangi) dengan sasaran mahasiswa reguler, semester lima yang sedang menempuh mata kuliah sintaksis. Metode pembelajaran yang digunakan adalah discovery learning plus karena dalam pengimplementasiannya mengintegrasikan penggunaan metode mind mapping dalam langkah-langkah pembelajaran metode discovery learning. Dari hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa penerapan metode discovery learning plus melalui LSLC dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar mahasiswa dalam mata kuliah sintaksis. Peningkatan hasil belajar dapat dilihat dari rekap persentase, pada siklus 1 mahasiswa yang mampu menjawab soal sebesar 52,19%, siklus 2 59,06%, dan siklus 3 sebesar 86,56%. Selain itu, empat kemampuan mahasiswa yang menjadi fokus pengamatan program ini, juga mengalami peningkatan.

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a fine-grained task of sentiment analysis that presents great benefits to real-word applications. Recently, the methods utilizing graph neural networks over dependency trees are popular, but most of them merely considered if there exist dependencies between words, ignoring the types of these dependencies, which carry important information, as dependencies with different types have different effects. In addition, they neglected the correlations between dependency types and part-of-speech (POS) labels, which are helpful for utilizing dependency imformation. To address such limitations and the deficiency of insufficient syntactic and semantic feature mining, we propose a novel model containing three modules, which aims to leverage dependency trees more reasonably by distinguishing different dependencies and extracting beneficial syntactic and semantic features to further enhance model performance. To enrich word embeddings, we design a syntactic feature encoder (SynFE). In particular, we design Dependency-POS Weighted Graph Convolutional Network (DPGCN) to weight different dependencies by a graph attention mechanism we proposed. Additionally, to capture aspect-oriented semantic information, we design a semantic feature extractor (SemFE). Extensive experiments on five popular benchmark databases validate that our model can better employ dependency information and effectively extract favorable syntactic and semantic features to achieve new state-of-the-art performance.

Copyright of Journal of Arabian Sciences Heritage is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Info-autopoiesis or the self-referenced, recursive, interactive process of information self-production that engages all living beings in their efforts to satisfy their physiological and/or relational needs relies on Bateson’s difference which makes a difference. Living beings, as active manipulators/observers of their environment, derive meaning from the sensorially detected motion of matter and/or energy in the Universe. The process of info-autopoiesis in humans is found to be triadic in nature and incorporates the simultaneity of a quantitative/objective perspective with a qualitative/subjective perspective. In this process of meaningful engagement with the environment, humans create and transform endogenous semantic information into countless expressions of exogeneous syntactic information, which is synonymous with ordered material structure and artificial creation. Other humans can interpret exogeneous syntactic information and uniquely transform it into semantic information that can take multifarious forms. This asymmetrical process is the basis to postulate the central dogma of information that states ‘info-autopoiesis results in endogenous semantic information that irreversibly becomes exogeneous syntactic information’. In other words, once the artificial, syntactic world, including machines, created by humans comes into being it can only be interpreted by others, i.e., it does not necessarily convey the same intended meaning to all. Additionally, these artificial creations only recognize, extract, create, transmit, preserve, store, and utilize syntactic information, unable to transform syntactic information into semantic information. In other words, our resourceful capacity for syntactic creation does not allow for creation of artificial beings with comparable capabilities as us for meaning making. It suggests that our dreams for sentient artificial general intelligence and superintelligence are misguided and parallel the central dogma of molecular biology which states that ‘once (sequential) information has passed into protein it cannot get out again’.

This research analyzed syntactic patterns and differences of syntactic patterns of some verses (ayah) in the English translation of verses of Al-Qur’an related to skills in language, which have 38 ayah, using tree diagrams theory to be able drawing and seeing hierarchical syntax structure of the verses. The researcher used the English translation of the verses by Sahih International and Abdullah Yusuf. Researcher finally found forty syntactic patterns in the translations of verses of Al-Qur’an related to skills in language as follows: there are five syntactic patterns of sentence, nine syntactic pattern of noun phrase, thirteen syntactic patterns of verb phrase, one syntactic pattern of adjective phrase, five syntactic patterns of preposition phrase, and seven syntactic patterns of complement phrase. Furthermore, the researcher found eleven differences of syntactic patters from the thirty-eight verses of Al-Qur’an related to skills in language translated by Sahih International and Abdullah Yusuf Ali. They are; the strategy of the translation, the forms of sentences, the forms of phrase, the forms of word classes, the forms of tense, the styles of grammar, the positions of the phrases, the selections of words, the additions of phrase, the additions of word classes, and the number of word classes.

Digital information and communication technologies have been a powerful force for change since the middle of the 20th century. Their Promethean reach demands laying bare their hidden tentacles to maximize benefit and minimize harm to living-beings-in-their-environment, requiring an unambiguous and practical definition of information to show that the interactions of living beings with their environment are constitutive of information generation, information exchange, information relations, and life. The purpose of this paper is to discover the connection between info-autopoiesis, based on Bateson’s difference which makes a difference, the self-referenced, recursive process of information self-production that engages all living beings in their efforts to satisfy their physiological and social needs; and digitalisation, viewed as both the ability to encode information in multifarious but equivalent forms to allow for embodied syntactic occurrence, and as the means to artificially generate information that is beyond the reach of its originators.

This paper is a literature survey about applications of textual analysis. It aims to provide brief description about the common textual analysis applications. The paper talks about the dictionary which is mostly, one of the main components for textual analysis applications. The paper highlights a number of related examples that were proved in previous published papers. Common features for the related examples are illustrated. And their results are discussed. It will be shown that “morphological and syntactic analysis” is a proved approach. Also, it will be shown that text similarity based on “morphological and syntactic analysis” approach has more accurate results than text similarity based on semantic approach

This article focuses on the study of failure parts in French language’s oral discourse. We understand failures in the discourse as all the utterances that indicate an issue to formulate one’s message, such as the difficulty to find the proper lexical word at the intended time or the difficulty to utter proper phrases from a grammatical point of view at the intended time. We will see that the solution is often based on a reformulation which aims at giving the interlocutor an explanation of the word or an example, or more specifically a phrase that uses the antonym and highlights the contrast with the expected word. For the aim of this study, we extracted utterances in the speeches of young people, basing our corpus on two distinct groups of young French native speakers. The first group is made up of three speakers raised in the suburb area of Meaux. The second group is composed of eight native speakers raised in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. The difference between those two groups tends to be only social and economic (higher education level, better economical situations). By this way, we try to fend off other distinctions that would also explain differences in the discourse : for instance there is no geographical gap between the groups that could explain the comparison (Meaux and Paris are 50 km away). We segregated these « failures » of discourse in several categories, described how the speakers get around and overcome their difficulties, but our final goal is the comparison of these strategies and solutions, to say whether they are different or not, according to the social class of speakers. We will modestly bring a partial answer to the question whether our discourse reflects our social class (or not), and how so.

Machine translation has become the most challenging as well as demanding field of research and as a result, to develop a fully automatic 100% correct machine translation system has not been achieved till date. More than 7000 of languages are being used worldwide for communication purposes and in India alone 22 languages have been recognized as official languages for communication purposes. Various efforts have been made to solve this problem by different researchers using different approaches. With the enhancement in technology and internet, automatic translation has become more important to share the knowledge. The authors in this paper described a mechanism of translation using machines for one of the ancient Indian Language Sanskrit to the latest computer understandable language Universal Networking Language (UNL). The proposed system uses two databases: one for the analysis purpose consists of more than 300 rules and the other for the generation of UNL which consists of about 1500 rules. For the performance evaluation, the authors selected 500 Sanskrit sentences in such a way that covers maximum UNL relations from various sources. The sentences are manually converted from English to Sanskrit language taken from Spanish Language center, Hindi to English language taken from IIT Bombay Hindi–UNL expressions and NCERT class 8th Sanskrit book titled "Ruchita Part 3". The proposed system achieves a BLEU score of 0.85. The proposed system gives 93.18% efficiency in resolving UNL relation successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present endeavour aims at the clarification of the concept of the logical consequence. Initially we investigate the question: How was the concept of logical consequence discovered by the medieval philosophers? Which ancient philosophical foundations were necessary for the discovery of the logical relation of consequence and which explicit medieval contributions, such as the notion of the formality (formal validity), led to its discovery. Secondly we discuss which developments of the modern philosophy effected the turn from the medieval concept of logical consequence to its most recent conceptions, such as the semantic, syntactic, axiomatic and natural deductive approaches? Thirdly we examine which are the similarities and the differences between the logical concepts of consequence, inference, implication and entailment? Furthermore, we ask what kind of relation signifies the concept of the logical consequence? That is to say, which is the analytic definition of the consequence relation R between the premises p1, p2...pn and the conclusion c of a formally valid argument? Finally, we focus on the respective answers given through the developments in proof theory by David Hilbert and Gerhard Gentzen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Carolinae Philologica is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Information is not a fundamental quantity of the Universe. However, in denying the fundamental nature of information, we assert its importance for living beings in their environment. Living beings use their sensory organs to discover the non-living and those living in their environment. Through their sensory organs, they discover the bountifulness of matter and/or energy as expressions of their environmental spatial/temporal motion/change, as information or differences which make a difference. This paper begins the discovery of a phenomenology of information, or the fundamental study of information as an expression of how ‘we experience things; thus, the meanings things have in our experience.’ This brings to the forefront the process of info-autopoiesis, or the self-referenced, recursive process of information self-production that engages all living beings in their efforts to satisfy their physiological and social needs. Elucidating how living beings interact with their environment and how these interactions are constitutive of information generation, information exchange, information relations and life. Information cannot be the primary element that allows living beings their unique existence.

Defamiliarization is one of the achievements of the Russian school of formalism that implies the alienation of the ordinary norm of the language. In the early twentieth century, a new and independent knowledge was created which dealt with the alienation of norms and defamiliarization. The Holy Qur'an, as the ever-lasting miracle of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH), has many literary beauties and is a perfect example of speech at the height of eloquence and rhetoric usage. In this sense, a precise and complete understanding of this divine book can be developed by referring to the various interpretations and translations of scholars in the field of Quranic sciences. In this study, in order to explain the literary miracle of the Holy Quran, we made an effort to study the theory of defamiliarization from the syntactic and rhetorical point of view and describe the examined aspects by a descriptive-analytical method in the holy Surah An-Naba. The result of the research shows that the constructive elements such as known and unknown phrases and the use of precedency and delays, omissions, references, attention, repetition and parenthetical phrases are among the post-modern samples of highlighting in these holy verses.

There are different methodologies for identification of fuzzy duplicate records in the process of data cleaning for data warehouse and data mining. The methodologies for duplicate record identification can be classified into three groups: blocking methods, windowing methods, and semantic methods. The article specifically focuses on semantic methods and describes Semantic-Syntactic Method for fuzzy duplicate record identification. Based on the conducted testing, comparative analysis is presented of the results obtained through the Semantic-Syntactic Method and two other standard methods over a selected data set. In the end, the article presents conclusions with regard to the quality and efficiency of the Semantic-Syntactic Method, as well as suggestions for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of West African Languages is the property of Council of the West African Linguistic Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dirassat in Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The divine message of the Holy Quran is very unique for its universality and finality. It should be effectively communicated to the whole world. The current study tries a blending of linguistics Stylistics and the Quranic translations into English, relatively an unattended area of research. This unique relation between the two is very important for more comprehensive translations of the Quran. In this study the two selected English translated versions of Surah An-Noor, verses (1-34) are stylistically analyzed on five levels i.e. Lexical, Syntactic, Figures of speech, Context and Cohesion. The methodology of the research is qualitative. The primary data is taken from translations by Abdullah Yusuf Ali and M.M. Pickthall. It may however, be pointed out that it is very difficult to analyze in entirety, the thematic, stylistic and rhetorical standards of a Divine revelation. However, to achieve the purpose, the findings show that most of the stylistic devices are used very beautifully in the translations. Selection of the words makes each translation different from that of other. Second Translation (T2) is easier as compared to first Translation (T1) because of the utilization of the available language recourses. The main reason is that T1 remains confined to word for word translation whereas T2 focuses on conveying the message properly. The work will certainly encourage further studies in the field of the Quranic translations and comparative linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore a case of most overused 'teddy bear' in the Serbian component of the ICLE corpus (version 3), the lexeme thing, which appears about four times more frequently in the Serbian subcorpus than in the reference native corpus used in the study (LOCNESS). The research follows the quantitative-qualitative design, thus combining the applicable software tools with the qualitative analysis. The results clearly indicate that Serbian learners of English are in favour of exploiting the lexeme thing in various roles. Firstly, if the thing 'teddy bear' is used on its own, it can denote a number of concepts the meaning of which may be recovered from the context: life in general, ideas, physical objects, achievements. This role of the thing 'teddy bear' is the result of the cognitive strategy of generalisation. Secondly, if the thing 'teddy bear' is pre- and/or postmodified, the structural head is less dominant than its modifiers. In actual fact, modifiers direct NP functions in the four distinct directions: the organisational function, the propositional function, the attitudinal function estimating relative importance, and the attitudinal function of evaluation. The organisational function is used in a modified (essentially syntactic) manner by Serbian EFL learners: it serves the student writer more than the putative reader. The propositional function, where modifiers are semantically dominant, also uses the syntactic potential of thing, to form complex phrases instead of simple ones. Both attitudinal functions, of relative importance and evaluation, exploit superlatives, expressing no real comparison at all, but emphasizing, or inflating student writers' arguments. Further research should be carried out to explore reasons for such diversified and frequent use of the thing 'teddy bear' in Serbian EFL writing, L1 transfer certainly ranking high among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study seeks to investigate, identify, and analyze translation errors committed by 3rd year students in the Department of Translation in translating Arabic administrative texts into English and then uncovers the reasons behind these errors. To achieve these goals, (6) Arabic administrative texts have been selected and then translated by (58) students. Only (24) translations have been selected randomly to be the samples of the study. Then an assessment will be made on the students’ translation based on a proposed translation suggested by the researchers. The errors will be categorized according to Liao’s (2010) classification of error types: rendition errors, language errors, and miscellaneous errors. A modification has been made on Liao’s framework by the researchers to match with the present study on language errors category by dividing these types of errors into two aspects: Syntactic and Semantic. The general tendency of the analysis shows that the errors occur as a result of mismatching in one of these types or more. The study aims at finding some satisfied answers for the following questions: a) What types of errors are committed by the students in translating Arabic administrative texts? b) What are the most frequent among other types of errors? c) What are the reasons behind committing such type of errors? The results showed that semantic category was the most frequent type of errors committed by the students in translating administrative texts from Arabic into English. In addition, it is found that the percentage of translations errors category has been affected by the percentages of other types of errors, that is to say, committing any error whether at the linguistic or miscellaneous aspects will effect on the accuracy and quality of the final product of translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyses the impact of a bilingual Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) programme vis-à-vis a regular monolingual programme on the development of different aspects of L2 learners' linguistic (syntactic, morphological and lexical) complexity. Five pupils enrolled in a Dutch--English CLIL programme in a secondary school in the Netherlands are compared with five peers following the mainstream programme with English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching. The longitudinal development of these ten pupils' linguistic complexity in L2-English is investigated by means of six complexity measures calculated for each of eleven writing tasks collected over a period spanning their first nineteen months of secondary education. Linear mixed models are used to estimate the effects of time and programme type on the pupils' L2 complexity. The results indicate that both groups of learners significantly increase the complexity of their L2 writing over the course of the study. Surprisingly, only limited effects of programme type (CLIL vs non-CLIL) are found, despite considerable differences in the quantity and quality of instructional exposure to the target language, suggesting that for these pupils increased and more varied instructional exposure to the L2 in the CLIL programme did not lead to significantly different L2 productions in terms of linguistic complexity. Several possible explanations for these findings are considered and the implications for CLIL research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his Grammaire du Décaméron, Tzvetan Todorov suggested studying the narration as a universe of representations; therefore, its object of study would be the universe evoked by the discourse and not the discourse in its literality, accepting the idea of the existence of a universal grammar. Just as Todorov, first we will establish the three general aspects of the tale: semantic, syntactic and verbal. The first aspect includes what represents and evokes the history, the content more or less specific that it brings. The syntactic aspect means the combination of units, the relations established between them. The verbal aspect signifies the concrete sentences from which the history is received, the modality through which a semantic content is transmitted to us: for example, by which words we understand an undecomposable action such as “he kills the ogre”, or “he goes on a trip”. Secondly, we will analyze the narrative roles in the tales, especially the patient and the agent, according to the taxonomy established by Claude Bremond. In conclusion, we have considered necessary to study the meaning as a whole and the comprehension of the tale, its perception beyond the written text that a speaker has before his eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional safety standards such as IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 advocate a particularly stringent requirements engineering where safety requirements must be structured in a hierarchical manner and specified in accordance with the system architecture. In contrast to the stringent requirements engineering in functional safety standards, according to previous studies, requirements engineering in industry is in general of poor quality. Contracts theory has been previously shown to be suitable for supporting such a stringent requirements engineering effort; this support has also been implemented in tools. However, to use these contract-based tools, requirements must be formalized, which is a major challenge in industry. Therefore, to support current industrial requirements engineering practice and the stringent requirements engineering in functional safety standards, it is shown how tool support can be provided even when requirements, and also architectures, are not formalized. This is achieved by enforcing syntactic, yet formal, conditions in contracts theory. Despite the need for further validation, initial findings in an industrial case study indicate high potential in realizing the proposed support in an industrial setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Language is an important tool for us to communicate and transfer information day by day. It is really hard to imagine a situation without language delivery. Furthermore, a natural language is not so perfectly designed to transfer all the information in an expected way. More or less, some gaps in a language cannot be avoided, such as the ambiguity of a language which causes confusion in people's common utterances. There are frequently ambiguous words and sentences appearing in our utterances which acquire more succinct clarification from speakers. Various interpretations of the same utterance may lead to various interpretations and to the difficulty of comprehension of listeners. Taken for granted, ambiguous sentences and words can be quite often interpreted in an accurate way when they are used in reality; moreover, writers and speakers use this characteristic of ambiguity to make an artistic impact on their language. Both syntactic and lexical ambiguity, are ruled by the same types of knowledge representations and processing mechanisms. Highly similarly empirical, theoretical and methodological issues have arisen in both the lexical and syntactic domains; the role of frequency information, the types of information involved in contextual constraints, the extent to which contextual information constrains the interpretation of ambiguities and whether the processing system is modular or interactive. Even though structural ambiguities are rarely noticed in ordinary language use, yet, they are extremely common like lexical ambiguities. They are a major contributor to the large number of parses produced by computational parsing systems. Syntactic and lexical ambiguity is very pervasive in linguistics and although the language intentions might have an objective sensationalistic interpretation, it can also be a misconstrued manipulative device. Recent types of theorizing eliminate the strong distinction between accessing a meaning and constructing a syntactic representation, which was central to previous accounts. These parallels between the domains are not coincidental; they reflect common underlying processes and types of knowledge representations. The parallels derive from the fact that the syntactic ambiguities in question are based on ambiguities at the lexical level. The same ambiguity resolution mechanisms apply in both domains because both involve ambiguities over various types of lexical representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • Use of industrial waste (i.e., cenosphere) to develop composite filaments. • 3D printing of syntactic foams with PETG/cenosphere filaments. • Addition of cenosphere significantly affected density and porosity. • The tensile and flexural strength significantly improved by adding 40% cenosphere. Additively manufactured syntactic foam composites are widely employed in weight-sensitive and damage-tolerance applications. Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) filaments with cenosphere (i.e., 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%) were used for 3D printing, and further physical and mechanical properties of the 3D printed samples are investigated. Results revealed that samples with 40 % cenosphere exhibited higher values for tensile strength (25±1.25 MPa), and flexural strength (32.14±1.61 MPa). These results would be productive for guiding future design for syntactic foams based on specific properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]