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This work is inserted in an investigative line, guided by a cognitive learning framework, seeking to understand how speech, in the teaching environment, has impact upon the learning process of students. Using as outline suggested questions from the teacher in participative lectures and the reactions to the students responses, this investigation aimed to answer two questions: a) How does the analysis of the interaction teacher-student in participative lectures enable the identification of possible learning opportunities? b) Which are the variables involved in the process that go from the intentions in teaching practice, to the opportunities of learning offered? To proceed in this analysis, we have sought reference in social-historical psychology authors regarding the caracterization of the thought process and the structure of scientific knowledge ( Petrovsky, 1980; Vygostky, 1993 ); authors who, using as a starting point social-historical psychology, have developed concepts and interpretations on the functions of speech in learning activities ( Scott, 1998; Mercer, 1996; Wegerif et al, 1999 ); authors who deal with forms of relationship in regard to knowledge, as they materialize in the teaching environment ( Edwards, 1997 ). This work is characterized as a descriptive-analytic study of a biology teacher; of qualitative nature, presented in case study format. The data was collected thru means of observation and registry of given lectures as well as an interview with the teacher. Results indicate that the identification of learning opportunities offered by the teacher, by means of interventions, can only be comprehended if articulated to the logics of context ( structure of scientific concepts ) and interaction ( structure of participation, that is, the implied rules that guide the students and teacher s participation in their speech during class). These opportunities sometimes don t correspond to the ones idealized /verbalized by the teacher, as they suffer influence of many variables in the process of materialization in class. Among these are the ones related to the basis of knowledge of the teacher in teaching skills, in terms of knowledge of a specific area as well as in the pedagogic area. A correct articulation between the two types of knowledge can enable a more adequate one between the teacher s interventions and the mental processes necessary to the elaboration of certain scientific knowledge by the students. Beyond that, results also show the utility of theoretical structures, deriving from concepts such as scafolding ( Bruner et al, 1976, apud Scott, 1998 ) for the analysis of concrete situations in teacher-student interaction during participative lectures. Este trabalho está inserido em uma linha investigava que, pautada em uma abordagem cognitivista da aprendizagem, procura compreender como a fala, nas situações de ensino, têm impacto sobre o processo de aprendizagem dos alunos. Tendo como recorte as questões propostas pelo professor em aulas expositivo-participativas e as suas reações às respostas dos alunos, esta investigação procurou responder a duas questões: a) Como a análise da interação professor-aluno em aula expositivo-participativa possibilita que se identifiquem as oportunidades de aprendizagem oferecidas? b) Quais as variáveis envolvidas no processo que vai das intenções de ensino às oportunidades de aprendizagem oferecidas? Para proceder a esta análise, buscamos referências em: autores da psicologia sócio histórica a respeito da caracterização do processo de pensamento e da estrutura dos conhecimentos científicos((Petrovsky, 1980; Vygotsky, 1993); autores que, tendo como ponto de partida a psicologia sócio-histórica, têm desenvolvido conceitos e interpretações sobre as funções da fala em atividades de aprendizagem (Scott, 1998; Mercer, 1996; Wegerif et al, 1999); autores que tratam das formas de relação com o conhecimento tais como se materializam em sala de aula (Edwards, 1997). Este trabalho caracteriza-se como um estudo analítico-descritivo, de natureza qualitativa, apresentado sob a forma de um estudo de caso de um professor de Biologia. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação e registro das aulas ministradas e entrevista com o professor. Os resultados indicam que a identificação das oportunidades de aprendizagem oferecidas pelo professor por meio de suas intervenções só podem ser compreendidas se articuladas as lógicas do conteúdo (estrutura dos conceitos científicos) e da interação (estrutura da participação, ou seja, as regras implícitas que regem a participação de alunos e professor no discurso em sala de aula). Estas oportunidades, muitas vezes, não correspondem àquelas idealizadas/ verbalizadas pelo professor pois, em seu processo de materialização em sala de aula, sofrem a influência de muitas variáveis, dentre elas as relacionadas à base de conhecimentos do professor para o ensino , tanto em termos de conhecimentos do âmbito específico, quanto do âmbito pedagógico. Uma correta articulação entre estes dois tipos de conhecimento podem levar a uma adequada articulação entre as intervenções do professor e os processos mentais que são necessários à elaboração de determinados conhecimentos científicos pelos alunos. Além disso, os resultados também demonstram a proficuidade de construções teóricas oriundas de conceitos como scafolding (Bruner et al, 1976, apud Scott, 1998) para a análise de situações concretas de interação professor-alunos em aulas expositivo-participativas.

Schulprogramme sind fester Bestandteil von Schulen. Sie beschreiben verschiedene Aspekte des Unterrichtsgeschehens und geben der betreffenden Schule ein spezifisches Schulprofil. Im Folgenden soll das strukturierte Vorgehen am Beispiel des Trainingsraum-Programms beschrieben werden, das zur großen Zufriedenheit aller an Schule Beteiligten, zu einem respektvollen Umgang von Lehrerinnen und Lehrern mit störenden Schülerinnen und Schülern führt und den lernwilligen Schülern die Chance gibt, einen möglichst störungsfreien Unterricht zu erhalten. Es rückt den Erziehungsauftrag von Schulen und den Gedanken der Werteerziehung wieder in den Vordergrund und setzt sich das Ziel, Schüler zu mehr Eigenverantwortung zu führen.

Trata-se de um estudo exploratório que tem por objetivo conhecer os padrões mediacionais propostos pelo Programa MISC - "Mediational Intervention for Sensitizing Caregivers", em uma amostra de educadoras infantis, oriundas de instituições públicas voltadas para o atendimento à criança pequena. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi a gravação em vídeo das interações das educadoras com as crianças, em situações de brinquedo. A análise dos dados forneceu indicações sobre o padrão mediacional de cada uma das educadoras, conforme sugerido pelo programa supra citado, além do reconhecimento de mediações boas e ruins exibidas pelas educadoras na sua prática diária com as crianças. A partir da análise dos resultados da pesquisa foi proposto para as educadoras deste estudo um programa de desenvolvimento profissional baseado na intervenção mediacional, com ênfase no papel das boas mediações para o desenvolvimento das crianças e nas contribuições do lúdico como recurso mediador nas interações educadora-criança. This explorative work aims at studying the international standards proposed by the MISC Program in a sample of caregivers from public institutions that attend small children. A video camera was used to observe interactions between caregivers and children during playtime. Analysis of data indicated mediational standards of each caregiver as suggested by the program above. It also allowed us to recognize the good and bad mediations conducted by the caregivers in their daily practice with the children. From the analysis of the research results, a program for professional development was proposed for the caregivers. Grounded on mediational intervention, the program aimed at training children caregivers with an emphasis on the role of good mediations for child development and playful contributions as mediational resources in child-caregiver interactions. Il s'agit d'une étude exploratoire ayant pour objectif de connaître les normes de médiation proposées par le programme MISC - Mediacional Intervention for Sensitizing Caregivers, dans un échantillon de professeurs de Maternelle originaires d'institutions publiques tournées vers la petite enfance. L'instrument utilisé pour recueillir les données a été l'enregistrement vidéo des interactions des éducateurs avec les enfants, en situation de jeu. L'analyse des données a fourni des indications sur la norme de médiation de chacune des éducatrices, comme suggérée par le programme cité ci-dessus, ainsi que les interventions bonnes et mauvaises montrées par les éducatrices dans leur pratique journalière avec les enfants. À partir de l'analyse des résultats de la recherche on a proposé aux éducatrices de cette étude un programme de développement professionnel basé sur l'intervention de médiation avec l'accent sur le rôle des bonnes interventions pour le développement des enfants et dans les contributions du ludique comme recours médiateur dans les interactions éducatrice-enfant.

Os mecanismos sociais e as práticas educativas produtoras das dificuldades escolares enfrentadas por crianças pobres no Brasil têm sido minuciosamente estudados nas últimas décadas. A partir de observações de cenas escolares e de entrevistas com professores notamos um crescente processo de "coisificação" do professor e do aluno. Quando estes estão destituídos do que lhes é mais pessoal e significativo como seu estilo, ritmo e valores, participam do ritual educativo de forma mecânica, repetitiva e submissa. Refletimos sobre o papel do psicólogo enquanto profissional que pode resgatar, reconhecer e valorizar o indivíduo humano, sua necessidade de se comunicar (ensinar e aprender) e seu potencial para isso, participando da recriação da cultura escolar de forma inovadora e singular. The social mechanisms and the educational practices that lead to school failure have been thoroughly studied in the last decades. Observing schools and interviewing teachers we realized a growing "thing-ification" of the teacher and the student. When they are deprived from what is more personal and meaningful as their style, rythm and values, they take part in the educative process in a mechanical, repetitive and submissive way. We reflect upon the phychologist role as a professional who can rescue, recognize and valorize the individual, his/her communication needes (teach and learn) and his/her potential to it, being part of the re-creation of the school culture in a creative and singular way.

Ist es möglich, mit einigen leicht realisierbaren Maßnahmen in der Schule eine Gewaltverminderung zu erreichen? Den Kollegen von vier Grundschulen wurde insbesondere vorgeschlagen, (1) in allen Klassen regelmäßig Gesprächsrunden abzuhalten (zu Verhaltensregeln, Hilfe für angegriffene Mitschüler u.a.), (2) akutaggressives Verhalten zu stoppen, Positives anzuregen, (3) einige situative Faktoren (vornehmlich in Pausen) zu verändern. Die vorläufigen Befunde legen nahe, daß ein engagiertes Kollegium mit der Intervention Gewalt vermindern kann. Ausmaß und Dauerhaftigkeit der erreichbaren Effekte sowie das Gewicht einzelner Maßnahmen bedürfen aber weiterer Klärung. Can physically aggressive behavior among pupils be reduced by some easily applicable interventions? The teaching staffs of four elementary schools were advised (1) to hold regular classroom meetings (on rules of behavior, helping attacked peers etc.), (2) to stop acute aggressive behavior and encourage positive behavior, and (3) to change some situational factors (especially during break-time). Preliminary results suggest that a highly committed staff can reduce aggressive behavior by these interventions. Further study is needed, however, as to the contribution of individual measures and the extent and stability of the effects to be obtained.

Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 46 (1997) 3, S. 182-194, Für eine konstruktive Bearbeitung von Gewaltsituationen in Schulen ist eine pädagogische Konzeption anzustreben, bei der die Lehrkräfte neben der fachorientierten Lernspur immer auch die Beziehungs- und die Selbst-Entwicklungs-Spur eines Kindes im Blick haben (Drei-Spur-Pädagogik). Bei diesem Konzept haben Klärungsdialoge im Anschluß an Konflikte einen gleichrangigen Platz neben anderen Unterriehtsereignissen. Sie finden parallel dazu statt. Dieses Verfahren setzt eine flexible Unterrichtsorganisation voraus, bei der Schüler und Schülerinnen mit selbständigen Arbeitsformen vertraut sind. Für Lehrer und Lehrerinnen sind Kompetenzerweiterung erforderlich. Sie beziehen sich auf genaue Wahrnehmungen sozialer Abläufe und auf Erklärungsmodelle für problematische Schülerverhaltensweisen. Wenn es z.B. gelingt, Teile ihres Verhaltens als szenisches Agieren zu interpretieren, dann kann diese andere Sichtweise zu neuen Lösungen führen. Das pädagogische Konzept orientiert sich an psychoanalytischen Erklärungsmodellen. Dabei steht die Gegenwartssituation im Vordergrund. Die in ihr sichtbar werdende Problematik wird über die Rekonstruktion der äußeren Abläufe (Interaktionen) und über die symbolische Darstellung innerer Wahrnehmungen (Ärger, Wut, Zorn) bearbeitet. So lernen Schüler und Schülerinnen konstruktiv mit ihren inneren Turbulenzen umzugehen. Für das Handeln im Außen werden Formen der Wiedergutmachung praktiziert. Körperarbeit wird als eine wichtige Grundlage für Selbst- und Sozialprozesse angesehen. Die Arbeit in Jungengruppen mit einem Mann und in in Mädchengruppen mit einer Frau bietet Entfaltungsmöglichkeiten für sexuelle Identität.(DIPF/Orig.), ln order to deal with physical aggression in schools it is necessary to develop an educational concept in which the teachers parallel to their observations of the subject orientated learntrack include the relationship- and the selfdevelopmenttrack (three-track-education). ln this concept of classifying dialogs which follow the conflict situations have equal importance to other events during school-lessons. The dialogs take place parallel to the lessons. This method requires a flexible Organisation of the lessons in which the pupils are used to work on their own. An extension of the teachers competence is necessary. The extension of competence is related to a close Observation of social events and to a development of models to explain the problematic behavior of pupils. If it becomes possible for example to interpret part of the pupils' behavior as scenic acting this new point of view may lead to new Solutions. The educational concept is orientated on a model of psychoanalytical explanation in which the current Situation stands in the foreground. The problem which thus becomes apparent can be now be handled by reconstructing the exterior events (interactions) and by the symbolic presentation of the interior perception (annoyance, anger, rage). Thus the pupils learn to deal with their inner turbulences in a constructive manner. For the acting in the public forms of making amends are practised. Physical aweness and fitness is seen as an important base for self- and social processes. The work of a man within a boys' group and of a woman within a girls' group offers the possibility of sexual identity.(DIPF/Orig.)

Resumo Esta pesquisa buscou identificar a percepção dos professores quanto à relação professor-aluno a partir de indicadores de conflito e afinidade, relacionando-os com as variáveis desempenho acadêmico, idade, sexo dos alunos e dos docentes. Realizou-se pesquisa transversal de caráter correlacional, com 10 professoras do ensino médio de uma escola pública estadual, que avaliaram 10 alunos utilizando a Escala da Relação Professor-Aluno (ERPA). Os resultados sugerem que as professoras tendem a ter maior afinidade com alunas e relação conflituosa com os discentes do sexo masculino. Ao correlacionar a variável de desempenho acadêmico com os indicadores de afinidade e conflito verificou se que existe correlação positiva fraca entre o indicador de conflito e o desempenho acadêmico da disciplina Filosofia. Contudo, na disciplina de Geografia, existe também uma correlação positiva fraca, mas com o indicador de afinidade. Conclui-se pela necessidade de novos estudos que aprofundem o tema abordado considerando outros contextos. Abstract This research aimed to identify the teachers' perception of the teacher-student relationship from conflict and affinity indicators, relating them to the variables academic performance, age, gender of students and teachers. Transversal cross-sectional research was carried out with 10 high school teachers from a state public school, who evaluated 10 students using the Teacher-Student Relationship Scale (ERPA). The results suggest that teachers tend to have greater affinity with female students and a conflicting relationship with male students. When correlating the academic performance variable with the affinity and conflict indicators, it was verified that there is a weak positive correlation between the conflict indicator and the academic performance of the discipline Philosophy. However, in the Geography discipline, there is also a weak positive correlation, but with the affinity indicator. It was concluded that new studies are needed to deepen the theme addressed in other contexts. Resumen En esta investigación se buscó identificar la percepción de los profesores en lo que se refiere a la relación profesor-alumno a partir de indicadores de conflicto y afinidad, relacionándolos con las variables desempeño académico, edad, sexo de los alumnos y de los docentes. Se realizó investigación transversal de carácter correlacional, con 10 profesores de la enseñanza secundaria de escuela pública estadual, que evaluaron 10 alumnos utilizando la Escala de la Relación Profesor-Alumno (ERPA). Los resultados sugieren que las profesoras tienden a tener más afinidad con alumnas y relación de conflictos con los discentes del sexo masculino. Al correlacionar la variable de desempeño académico con los indicadores de afinidad y conflicto se verificó que hay correlación positiva escasa entre el indicador de conflicto y el desempeño académico de la asignatura Filosofía. Pero, en la asignatura de Geografía, hay también una correlación positiva escasa, pero con el indicador de afinidad. Se concluye por la necesidad de nuevos estudios que profundicen el tema abordado considerando otros contextos.

A violência no contexto escolar é um fenômeno que apresenta um forte incremento, atraindo crescentemente a atenção dos pesquisadores da área. Entretanto, as escolas instaladas nas unidades de privação de liberdade não têm merecido o mesmo interesse, apesar de sua reconhecida importância no direcionamento dos seus alunos, especialmente quando são adolescentes, para formas não delituosas de viver. Este artigo focaliza a violência dirigida ao professor por seus alunos adolescentes, em sala de aula, no contexto de unidades de privação de liberdade. A pesquisa objetivou compreender a percepção dos professores acerca do fenômeno, discutindo as especificidades das relações de ensino-aprendizagem, marcadas pelas características de uma escola inserida no sistema socioeducativo. Para a obtenção dos dados, foi utilizado um questionário com questões estruturadas e semiestruturadas, que permitiu constatar que, para os professores, as manifestações de violência se dão, em grande parte, de formas sutis, e são percebidas como capazes de afetar diretamente a atuação dos mesmos em sala de aula. Violence in the school context is a phenomenon that has been strongly incremented and has also attracted the attention of researchers in the field. However, schools located in units of deprivation of freedom haven´t aroused the same interest, in spite of their already acknowledged importance in directing the students, specially teenagers, into non-transsgressive ways of living. This article focuses the violence directed to the teacher from his teenage students in the classroom, in the context of deprivation of freedom units. The research aimed at understanding the teachers´ perceptions on the phenomenon, discussing teaching-learning relationships marked by the characteristics of a school inside the prision system. To obtain the data, a questionnaire with structured and semi-structured questions was used, allowing us to find that, for the teachers, violence manifestations are mostly shown in a subtle manner and perceived as capable of directly affect their performance in the classroom. La violencia en el contexto escolar es un fenómeno que presenta un fuerte incremento, atrayendo crecientemente la atención de los investigadores del área. No obstante, las escuelas instaladas en las unidades de privación de libertad no han merecido el mismo interés, a pesar de su reconocida importancia en el direccionamiento de sus alumnos, especialmente cuando son adolescentes, para formas no delictuosas de vivir. Este artículo focaliza la violencia dirigida al profesor por sus alumnos adolescentes, en sala de aula, en el contexto de unidades de privación de libertad. La pesquisa tuvo por objetivo comprender la percepción de los profesores acerca del fenómeno, discutiendo las especificidades de las relaciones de enseñanzaaprendizaje, marcadas por las características de una escuela inserida en el sistema socioeducativo. Para la obtención de los datos, fue utilizado un cuestionario con cuestiones estructuradas y semi-estructuradas, que permitió constatar que, para los profesores, las manifestaciones de violencia se dan, en gran parte, de formas sutiles, y son percibidas como capaces de afectar directamente la actuación de los mismos en sala de aula.

RESUMO O artigo analisa comentários de professores (n=414), em duas redes sociais, sobre a temática da indisciplina escolar. A abordagem é plurimetodológica, com caráter exploratório-descritivo e procedente análise de conteúdo. Para análise textual dos comentários, utilizou-se o software Alceste, que repartiu o corpus em três classes: classe 1, problemas disciplinares encontrados no cotidiano docente, em sala de aula; classe 2, causas extraescolares para indisciplina; classe 3, ações coercitivas para reprimir a indisciplina. Pelos comentários, conclui-se que há uma representação social dominante pautada em atitudes defensivas, compreensão heterônoma e explicação exógena ao ambiente escolar e pedagógico, e outra minoritária, de natureza relacional, que leva em consideração a interação dos fatores que a produzem. ABSTRACT The article analyzes the commentaries of teachers (n=414) in two social networks on the topic of school indiscipline. The approach is pluri-methodological, with an exploratory-descriptive character based on content analysis. For the textual analysis of commentaries, the software Alceste was employed, which divided the corpus in three classes: Class 1, disciplinary problems encountered in everyday teaching in the classroom; class 2, extracurricular causes of indiscipline; class 3, coercive actions to curb indiscipline. On the basis of the commentaries the conclusion was made that there is a dominant social representation guided by defensive attitudes, heteronomous understanding and explanation exogenous to the school and educational environment, and another minor one, of relational nature that takes into account the interaction of the factors that produce it.

A partir do fato de que a escola pública elementar tem fracassado em sua função de escolarizar a maioria das crianças brasileiras e levando em conta que as crianças mais atingidas pertencem aos segmentos mais pobres das classes trabalhadoras, o artigo analisa os determinantes da má qualidade da escola oferecida a estas crianças. Entre estes determinantes, o preconceito contra pobres e negros, de profundas raízes na sociedade brasileira, atua como poderoso estruturante das práticas e processos que se dão na escola. A superação deste estado de coisas é discutida no âmbito dos direitos da cidadania e das relações de poder numa sociedade de classes.

Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 30 (1981) 3, S. 95-100, Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, abzuklären, welche Bedeutung ,Strafen' sowie ,logischen Konsequenzen' als pädagogische Steuerungsmaßnahmen zukommt. Als Ansätze zur Verhaltenssteuerung im pädagogischen Feld' werden der lerntheoretische Ansatz (...), der individualpsychologisch orientierte Ansatz (..) und der sogenannte klientenzentrierte Ansatz (...) vorgestellt. Die genannten drei Konzeptionen werden insbesondere daraufhin geprüft, inwieweit sie einen Beitrag zu einer ‚humanen und dennoch wirksamen Verhaltensänderung’ zu leisten imstande sind. Wir können pädagogische Steuerungsmaßnahmen nur dann als vertretbar werten, wenn sie Verhaltensauffällige, also solche, die sich innerhalb und außerhalb von pädagogischen Situationen sozial/zwischenmenschlich abweichend verhalten, prosozial beeinflussen. Verhaltensauffälligkeit liegt vor bei gruppenpassivem, autoaggressivem und gruppenresistentem Verhalten in Verbindung mit Misserfolgsmotivation bei überdurchschnittlicher bis durchschnittlicher bzw. unterdurchschnittlicher Intelligenz im Kontext von sozialintegrativem Führungsstil. (DIPF/ Orig.), This contribution aims at elucidating the significance of 'punishment' and 'logical consequences' as paedagogical measures. As approaches to behavioral guidance in the 'paedagogic field' the learning theory approach (…), the individual-psychologically oriented approach (…), and the so-called client-centered approach (…) are introduced. The three concepts mentioned above are investigated especially with regard to the extent in which they are able to contribute to a humane and still effective change of behaviour. In our opinion paedagogic directive measures can only be supported in the event that their influence upon the behaviorally conspicuous, exhibiting socially or interactionally deviant behaviour in or outside paedagogic situations, is prosocial. Behavioral conspiuousness is group-passive, auto-aggressive, and group-resistant behaviour in connection with failure motivation linked to above average to average or less than average intelligence in the context of a socially integrative guidance style. (DIPF/ Orig.)

Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 32 (1983) 4, S. 150-157, Lehrer sind in ihrem Berufsalltag mit verhaltensauffälligen Kindern z.T. besonders intensiven psychischen Belastungen ausgesetzt. Sie sind deshalb schnell bereit, nach „schlüssigen" Hilfen und Entlastungen zu rufen. Notwendig ist deshalb längerfristige Supervision. Wo dies aus äußeren Gründen nicht möglich ist, bietet sich das hier vorgestellte praktische Modell an. Lehrerstudenten werden während des Schulpraktikums in das Verständnis des Umgangs mit dem eigenen Verhalten eingewiesen. Theoretisches Modell ist Gruppenarbeit im Sinne Michael Balints und die Psychoanalyse S. Freuds. (DIPF/Orig.)

Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 34 (1985) 6, S. 231-239, Als Beispiel für pädagogisch-therapeutischen Unterricht wird die Konfliktgruppenarbeit in der Grundschule vorgestellt. Es handelt sich bei diesem Aufsatz um eine Nachuntersuchung dieser Selbsterfahrungsarbeit, die zeigen soll, auf welche Weise die psychoanalytisch orientierte Gruppenarbeit, in den Unterricht eingebettet, zur Persönlichkeitsentwicklung beitragen kann, zum Zu-sich-selbst-finden der Person zur Individuation. (DIPF/ Orig.), The work of conflict groups in elementary school is presented as an example of educational-therapeutic teaching. This essay is concerned with a post-analysis of such encounter groups, in order to show in which ways psychoanalytically-orientated group dynamics, when embedded in a teaching situation, can contribute towards the development of the personality, the process of self-knowledge, and towards individualization. (DIPF/ Orig.)

Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 32 (1983) 2, S. 76-82, Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit den Einflüssen der Persönlichkeitsstruktur auf die schulische Situation und schildert typische, strukturspezifische Verhaltensweisen von Schülern und Lehrern. Die Kenntnis der Charakterstrukturen der Schüler erleichtert es dem Lehrer, deren Verhalten zu verstehen und erwartbare Reaktionen vorauszusehen. Die Kenntnis der eigenen Persönlichkeitsstruktur ermöglicht es ihm, bei ausreichender Selbsterfahrung, seine, sich aus seinen persönlichen Problemen ergebenden Gefühle dem Schüler gegenüber von dem Konfliktbereich des Schülers abzugrenzen. Balintgruppen für Lehrer oder analytische Selbsterfahrungsgruppen können dabei eine wertvolle Hilfe sein. (DIPF/Orig.)

Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 29 (1980) 8, S. 302-308, Suchtprophylaxe ist weitgehend ein psychologisch-pädagogisches Problem. Suchtgefährdeten Schülern kann durch Information über die Gefahren eines Suchtmittelmissbrauchs nicht geholfen werden. In der Schule gibt es zwei Möglichkeiten der Suchtprophylaxe, die zusammenwirken. Zum einen sollen die Schüler den Unterricht möglichst oft als sinnvoll und lebensnah erleben. Besonders geeignet ist das Angebot und die Durchführung von Projekten, z.B. „Urbarmachung eines verwilderten Grundstückes" oder „Zeltlager übers Wochenende" oder „Erkundung einer Großstadt" usw. (= Suchtprophylaxe im weiteren Sinne). Zum andern geht es darum, abweichende Verhaltensweisen einzelner Schüler, die möglicherweise auf eine Suchtentwicklung schließen lassen, gezielt zu korrigieren (= Suchtprophylaxe im engeren Sinne). Suchtprophylaxe gilt für alle Schularten. Sie hat in der Grundschule zu beginnen. (DIPF/ Orig.), The prevention of addiction is largely a psychologicalpaedagogical problem. School-children in danger of addiction cannot be helped by information describing the dangers of drug abuse. At school there are two possible approaches to the prevention of addiction which are complementary on the one hand, the school-children should experience learning as much as possible as something meaningful and relevant to life. A particularly good way of implementing this is to offer and carry out a project, e.g. the reclamation of a piece of land that has been allowed to run wild, or "Camping out for a week-end" or "Exploring a big city", etc. ( = addiction prophylaxis in the widest sense). On the other hand, deviant behaviour of individual pupils which might possibly lead to the development of addiction must be corrected (= addiction prophylaxis in the strict sense). Addiction prophylaxis is required in all types of schools. It must begin in elementary school. (DIPF/ Orig.)

Auffälliges Verhalten von Kindern im Kindergarten kann von vielen Faktoren verursacht werden Um notwendige Hilfen fur das Kind einzuleiten, oder um es vor einer Stigmatisierung zu schützen, sollten Einflüsse aus folgenden Bereichen geprüft werden: Bedingungen des Kindergartens, Beziehung zwischen Erzieherin und Kind, Lebensumstände der Familie und organische Funktionsfähigkeit des Kindes Erzieherinnen benötigen fachkundige Beratung, durch die die kurativen und kompensatorischen Möglichkeiten des Kindergartens besser genutzt werden können.