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Stromal and immune cells and their interactions have gained the attention of cardiology researchers and clinicians in recent years as their contribution in cardiac repair is increasingly recognized. The repair process in the heart is a particularly critical constellation of complex molecular and cellular events and interactions that characteristically fail to ensure adequate recovery following injury, insult, or exposure to stress conditions in this regeneration-hostile organ. The tremendous consequence of this pronounced inability to maintain homeostatic states is being translated in numerous ways promoting progress into heart failure, a deadly, irreversible condition requiring organ transplantation. Fibrosis is in fact a repair response eventually promoting cardiac dysfunction and cardiac fibroblasts are the major cellular players in this process, overproducing collagens and other extracellular matrix components when activated. On the other hand, macrophages may differentially affect fibroblasts and cardiac repair depending on their status and subsets. The opposite interaction is also probable. We discuss here the multifaceted aspects and crosstalk of this cell dipole and the opportunities it may offer for beneficial manipulation approaches that will hopefully lead to progress in heart disease interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to current statistics, the mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases remains high, with coronary artery disease being the primary cause of death. Despite the widespread adoption of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in recent years, which has led to a notable decrease in the mortality rate of myocardial infarction (MI), the pathological cardiac remodeling and heart failure that follow myocardial infarction still pose significant clinical challenges. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MIR) injury represents a complex pathophysiological process, and the involvement of macrophages in this injury has consistently been a subject of significant focus. Following MIR, macrophages infiltrate, engulfing tissue debris and necrotic cells, and secreting pro-inflammatory factors. This initial response is crucial for clearing damaged tissue. Subsequently, the pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) transition to an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2), a shift that is essential for myocardial fibrosis and cardiac remodeling. This process is dynamic, complex, and continuous. To enhance understanding of this process, this review elaborates on the classification and functions of macrophages within the heart, covering recent research on signaling pathways involved in myocardial infarction through subsequent MIR injury and fibrosis. The ultimate aim is to reduce MIR injury, foster a conducive environment for cardiac recovery, and improve clinical outcomes for MI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a ligand dependent transcription factor which functions as an environmental sensor. Originally discovered as the sensor for man made pollutants such as 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) it has recently gained prominence as an important mediator for environmental triggers via the diet or microbiota which influences many physiological functions in different cell types and tissues across the body. Notably AHR activity contributes to prevent excessive inflammation following tissue damage in barrier organs such as skin, lung or gut which has received wide attention in the past decade. In this review we will focus on emerging common AHR functions across cell types and tissues and discuss ongoing issues that confound the understanding of AHR physiology. Furthermore, we will discuss the need for deeper molecular understanding of the functional activity of AHR in different contexts with respect to development of potential therapeutic applications. In this review, B. Stockinger and colleagues discuss physiology of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and development of potential therapeutic applications targeting AHR, a ligand dependent transcription factor that functions as an environmental sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implantable biomedical patch used in treating abdominal wall defects requires antibacterial, anti‐adhesion, and pro‐healing activities to ensure surgical success and prevent postsurgical complications. However, it often encounters challenges in fulfilling these three critical properties simultaneously, as these processes can always be contradictory during treatment. Herein, to break the barriers between bactericidal activity and cytocompatibility, cell adhesion and anti‐adhesion, a bio‐inspired patch with an asymmetric Janus structure is developed. This bio‐inspired Janus patch features cicada wing‐inspired nanostructures on its top surface, enabling both mechano–bactericidal effects and promotion of fibroblast adhesion and proliferation, which stems from its inherent "selective biocidal activity" toward bacteria and mammalian cells. Subsequently, a poly‐zwitterion layer with robust nonfouling properties is grafted on the bottom surface, realizing cell adhesion and anti‐adhesion on two sides of the same patch. Compared to the commercially available polypropylene (PP) meshes, the top surface of the Janus patch, which faces the abdominal wall, demonstrates superior capabilities in preventing postoperative infection and promoting tissue repair. Simultaneously, the other side facing the viscera efficiently prevents any visceral tissue adhesion. With these prominent performances, the bio‐inspired Janus patch presents a pioneering strategy for designing next‐generation patches to treat abdominal wall defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Wound healing relies on a coordinated process with the participation of different mediators. Natural products are a source of active compounds with healing potential. Isoorientin is a natural flavone recognized as having several pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory effects, making it a potential treatment for wounds. We investigated the effect of isoorientin on the healing of excisional skin wounds. Methods: Male Swiss mice were subjected to the induction of excisional skin wounds (6 mm diameter) and treated with a vehicle (2% dimethyl sulfoxide in propylene glycol) or 2.5% isoorientin applied topically once a day for 14 days. The wound area was measured on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. Histopathological analyses were performed on the cicatricial tissue after 14 days. The myeloperoxidase activity and the interleukin-1β, tumoral necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin-6 concentrations were determined on the third day. Results: We observed that 3 days after the topical application of isoorientin, the lesion area was significantly smaller when compared to those of the vehicle (p < 0.01) and control (p < 0.05) groups. No difference was observed after 7 and 14 days of induction. Despite this, on day 14, histological analysis of cicatricial tissue from the animals treated with isoorientin showed reduced epidermal thickness (p < 0.001) and increased collagen deposition (p < 0.001). These effects were accompanied by decreased myeloperoxidase activity and interleukin-1β concentration on the third day of induction, without alteration in TNF-α and interleukin-6. Conclusions: The treatment with isoorientin promoted better tissue repair in excisional wounds in mice, which may be linked to the modulation of the early inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes-related ulcers and slow-healing wounds pose a significant health risk to individuals due to their uncertain causes. Mortality rates for diabetes foot ulcers (DFUs) range from 10% after 16 months to 24% after five years. The use of bioactive phytochemicals can play a key role in healing wounds in a predictable time. Recent literature has demonstrated that various natural substances, including flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides, play key roles at different stages of the wound-healing process through diverse mechanisms. These studies have categorized the compounds according to their characteristics, bioactivities, and modes of action. In this study, we evaluated the role of natural compounds derived from plant sources that have been shown to play a crucial role in immunomodulation. Macrophages are closely involved in immunomodulation within the wound microenvironment and are key players in efferocytosis, inflammation resolution, and tissue regeneration, all of which contribute to successful wound healing. Phytochemicals and their derivatives have shown capabilities in immune regulation, including macrophage migration, nitric oxide synthase inhibition, lymphocyte and T-cell stimulation, cytokine activation, natural killer cell enhancement, and the regulation of NF-κβ, TNF-α, and apoptosis. In this review, we have studied the role of phytochemicals in immunomodulation for the resolution of diabetic wound inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic hard-to-heal wounds are one of the health problems affecting millions of people worldwide. Assessing the wound condition promptly and implementing effective treatments are essential for wound healing management, yet this remains a clinical challenge. Surgical suture plays an important role in the closure and healing of wound tissue. In recent years, it has become a research hotspot to modify sutures using physical and chemical methods, endowing them with monitoring and pro-healing functions. The current relevant research has made considerable progress in the materials, structural design and functionalization of sutures and intelligent modifications. This paper describes the classification and function of sutures, introduces the strategies for constructing functional diagnostic sutures and their research progress, and discusses the challenges and prospects faced by functional sutures. It aims to provide ideas and references for the design and research direction of intelligent diagnostic sutures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the vanguard of biomedical innovation, regenerative medicine emerges as a transformative paradigm, concentrating its efforts on rectifying tissue deficits and functional aberrations in patients through the strategic augmentation of endogenous cellular processes. Central to this approach is nucleic acid therapy, which offers a novel pathway for tissue regeneration by modulating key signaling pathways. As one of the most effective ways to regulate cell function, nucleic acids are crucial for various tissue regeneration; however, their in vivo therapeutic applications face substantial challenges, including nuclease degradation, cell membrane impermeability, and targeted intracellular transport. Biomaterial-based gene delivery systems offer a solution for stable and localized drug delivery by enabling the controlled overexpression of therapeutic nucleic acids, producing functional regulatory agents. This review presents examples of nucleic acid applications in regenerative medicine, highlighting the synergy between nucleic acids and biomaterial technologies. It underlines the importance of nucleic acid delivery techniques, the choice of therapeutic nucleic acids, and biomaterials for advancing tissue repair. The latest developments in designing nucleic acid biomaterial-based delivery vehicles are explored, the mechanism of nucleic acids in tissue regeneration is elucidated, and their limitations are discussed while considering future directions for the clinical translation of nucleic acid-based therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels have garnered significant attention for their versatile applications across various fields, including biomedical engineering. This review delves into the fundamentals of hydrogels, exploring their definition, properties, and classification. Hydrogels, as three-dimensional networks of crosslinked polymers, possess tunable properties such as biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and hydrophilicity, making them ideal for medical applications. Uniquely, this article offers original insights into the application of hydrogels specifically for corneal tissue engineering, bridging a gap in current research. The review further examines the anatomical and functional complexities of the cornea, highlighting the challenges associated with corneal pathologies and the current reliance on donor corneas for transplantation. Considering the global shortage of donor corneas, this review discusses the potential of hydrogel-based materials in corneal tissue engineering. Emphasis is placed on the synthesis processes, including physical and chemical crosslinking, and the integration of bioactive molecules. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels, which react to environmental triggers, are identified as promising tools for drug delivery and tissue repair. Additionally, clinical applications of hydrogels in corneal pathologies are explored, showcasing their efficacy in various trials. Finally, the review addresses the challenges of regulatory approval and the need for further research to fully realize the potential of hydrogels in corneal tissue engineering, offering a promising outlook for future developments in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new biomaterials for musculoskeletal tissue repair is currently an important branch in biomedicine research. The approach presented here is centered around the development of a prototypic synthetic glycerogel scaffold for bone regeneration, which simultaneously features therapeutic activity. The main novelty of this work lies in the combination of an open meso and macroporous nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)-based glycerogel with a fully biocompatible microporous bioMOF system (CaSyr-1) composed of calcium ions and syringic acid. The bioMOF framework is further impregnated with a third bioactive component, i.e., ibuprofen (ibu), to generate a multifold bioactive system. The integrated CaSyr-1(ibu) serves as a reservoir for bioactive compounds delivery, while the NCC scaffold is the proposed matrix for cell ingrowth, proliferation and differentiation. The measured drug delivery profiles, studied in a phosphate-buffered saline solution at 310 K, indicate that the bioactive components are released concurrently with bioMOF dissolution after ca. 30 min following a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Furthermore, according to the semi-empirical Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model, this release is governed by a case-II mechanism, suggesting that the molecular transport is influenced by the relaxation of the NCC matrix. Preliminary in vitro results denote that the initial high concentration of glycerol in the NCC scaffold can be toxic in direct contact with human osteoblasts (HObs). However, when the excess of glycerol is diluted in the system (after the second day of the experiment), the direct and indirect assays confirm full biocompatibility and suitability for HOb proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare devices play an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients. MXene, as a new member of the two-dimensional materials family, has characteristic conductivity, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and antibacterial ability, which makes it suitable for fabricating healthcare devices. By combining MXene with self-healing polymers, durable and self-healing healthcare devices that are resistant to mechanical damage during dynamic work can be achieved. Thanks to the dual biocompatibility of MXene and polymers, the self-healing MXene/polymer composites have the functions of sensing and self-healing in vivo and in vitro, serving as a basis for modern healthcare devices. Herein, we summarize the recent progress of using MXene/polymer composites to fabricate skin-friendly sensors with self-healing capability: universal strategies for fabricating self-healing MXene sensors and their fundamental performance are discussed, and biomedical healthcare applications are demonstrated. This review aims to provide a reference for MXene-based self-healing healthcare electronics and facilitate further efforts in the innovation of modern biomedical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) sheets constructed with different doses of Ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AA-2G) in conjunction with N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-associated epigenetic genes analysing transcriptome sequencing data. Experimental groups of BMSCs induced by different AA-2G concentrations were set up, and the tissue structures were observed by histological staining of cell slices and scanning electron microscopy. Expression patterns of DEGs were analysed using short-time sequence expression mining software, and DEGs associated with m6A were selected for gene ontology analysis and pathway analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was analysed and gene functions were predicted using the search tool of the Retrieve Interacting Genes database. There were 464 up-regulated DEGs and 303 down-regulated DEGs between the control and high-dose AA-2G treatment groups, and 175 up-regulated DEGs and 37 down-regulated DEGs between the low and high-dose AA-2G treatment groups. The profile 7 exhibited a gradual increase in gene expression levels over AA-2G concentration. In contrast, profile 0 exhibited a gradual decrease in gene expression levels over AA-2G concentration. In the PPI network of m6A-related DEGs in profile 7, the cluster of metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (Timp1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (Icam1), insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (Mmp2), serpin family E member 1 (Serpine1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (Cxcl2), galectin 3 (Lgals3) and angiopoietin-1 (Angpt1) was the top hub gene cluster. The expression of all hub genes was significantly increased after AA-2G intervention (P < 0.05), and the expression of Igf1 and Timp1 increased with increasing intervention concentration. The m6A epigenetic modifications were involved in the AA-2G-induced formation of BMSCs. Igf1, Serpine1 and Cxcl2 in DEGs were enriched for tissue repair, promotion of endothelial and epithelial proliferation and regulation of apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short sequences of amino acids called peptides have a wide range of biological functions and the potential to treat a number of diseases. Bioactive peptides can be derived from different sources, including marine organisms, and synthetic design, making them versatile candidates for production of therapeutic agents. Their therapeutic effects span across areas such as antimicrobial activity, cells proliferation and migration, synthesis of collagen, and more. This current review explores the fascinating realm of bioactive peptides as promising therapeutic agents for skin wound healing. This review focuses on the multifaceted biological effects of specific peptides, shedding light on their potential to revolutionize the field of dermatology and regenerative medicine. It delves into how these peptides stimulate collagen synthesis, inhibit inflammation, and accelerate tissue regeneration, ultimately contributing to the effective repair of skin wounds. The findings underscore the significant role several types of bioactive peptides can play in enhancing wound healing processes and offer promising insights for improving the quality of life for individuals with skin injuries and dermatological conditions. The versatility of peptides allows for the development of tailored treatments catering to specific wound types and patient needs. As continuing to delve deeper into the realm of bioactive peptides, there is immense potential for further exploration and innovation. Future endeavors may involve the optimization of peptide formulations, elucidation of underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there are still great challenges in promoting bone defect healing, a common health problem affecting millions of people. Herein an osteoimmunity‐regulating biopatch capable of promoting stem cell‐based therapies for bone regeneration is developed. A totally biodegradable conjugate is first synthesized, which can self‐assemble into bioactive nano micelles (PPT NMs). This nanotherapy effectively improves the osteogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) under pathological conditions, by simultaneously regulating IL‐17 signaling and ferroptosis pathways. Incorporation of PPT NMs into biodegradable electrospun nanofibers affords a bioactive patch, which notably improves bone formation in two rat bone defect models. A Janus bio patch is then engineered by integrating the bioactive patch with a stem cell sheet of PDLSCs. The obtained biopatch shows additionally potentiated bone regeneration capacity, by synergistically regulating osteoimmune microenvironment and facilitating stem cell differentiation. Further surface functionalization of the biopatch with tannic acid considerably increases its adhesion to the bone defect, prolongs local retention, and sustains bioactivities, thereby offering much better repair effects in rats with mandibular or cranial bone defects. Moreover, the engineered bioactive patches display good safety. Besides bone defects, this osteoimmunity‐regulating biopatch strategy can be applied to promote stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury, wound healing, and skin burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue repair and regeneration, such as bone and nerve restoration, face significant challenges due to strict regulations within the immune microenvironment, stem cell differentiation, and key cell behaviors. The development of 3D scaffolds is identified as a promising approach to address these issues via the efficiently structural regulations on cell fates and behaviors. In particular, 3D‐printed polymer scaffolds with diverse micro‐/nanostructures offer a great potential for mimicking the structures of tissue. Consequently, they are foreseen as promissing pathways for regulating cell fates, including cell phenotype, differentiation of stem cells, as well as the migration and the proliferation of key cells, thereby facilitating tissue repairs and regenerations. Herein, the roles of structural functions of 3D‐printed polymer scaffolds in regulating the fates and behaviors of numerous cells related to tissue repair and regeneration, along with their specific influences are highlighted. Additionally, the challenges and outlooks associated with 3D‐printed polymer scaffolds with various structures for modulating cell fates are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ortho-R (ChitogenX Inc., Kirkland, QC, Canada) is an injectable combination drug–biologic product that is used as an adjunct to augment the standard of care for the surgical repair of soft tissues. The drug product comprises lyophilized chitosan, trehalose and calcium chloride, and it is dissolved in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), a blood-derived biologic, prior to injection at the surgical site where it will coagulate. The first step of the Ortho-R manufacturing process involves dissolving the chitosan in hydrochloric acid. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing the amount of acid used to dissolve the chitosan on final drug product performance, more specifically, on the chitosan–PRP coagulation kinetics. Chitosans were solubilized in hydrochloric acid, with concentrations adjusted to obtain between 60% and 95% protonation of the chitosan amino groups. Freeze-dried Ortho-R was solubilized with PRP, and coagulation was assessed using thromboelastography (TEG). The clotted mixtures were observed with histology. Clot reaction time (TEG R) increased and clot maximal amplitude (TEG MA) decreased with protonation levels as pH decreased. Chitosan distribution was homogeneous in chitosan–PRP clots at the lowest protonation levels, but it accumulated toward the surface of the clots at the highest protonation levels as pH decreased. These changes in coagulation kinetics, clot strength and chitosan distribution induced by high protonation of the chitosan amino groups were partially reversed by adding sodium hydroxide to the dissolved chitosan component in order to decrease pH. Careful control of manufacturing processes is critical, and it is important to consider the impact of each manufacturing step on product performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin is crucial for homeostasis and body defense, requiring quick healing to maintain internal balance. Initially used for bone repair, calcium hydroxyapatite (HAp) is now being studied for soft tissue engineering. This literature review investigated HAp's role in tissue repair through searches on PubMed, Scopus (Elsevier), Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar databases without time restrictions, using keywords "hydroxyapatite AND skin AND wound" and "hydroxyapatite AND skin repair". Inclusion criteria encompassed in vivo studies in humans and animals, English publications, full access, and sufficient data on HAp's role in tissue repair. Exclusions included duplicates, unrelated articles, editor letters, reviews, comments, conference abstracts, dissertations, and theses. Out of the 472 articles initially identified, 139 met the inclusion criteria, with 21 focusing on HAp for tissue repair. Findings indicate that HAp and nano-HAp in skin regeneration are promising, especially when combined with other biomaterials, offering antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory benefits and stimulating angiogenesis. This suggests their potential application in dermatology, surgery, and dentistry, extending HAp's versatility from hard tissues to enhancing critical properties for soft tissue repair and accelerating healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing, a complex physiological process orchestrating intricate cellular and molecular events, seeks to restore tissue integrity. The burgeoning interest in leveraging the therapeutic potential of natural substances for advanced wound dressings is a recent phenomenon. Notably, Sericin, a silk-derived protein, and Chelidonium majus L. (C. majus), a botanical agent, have emerged as compelling candidates, providing a unique combination of natural elements that may revolutionize conventional wound care approaches. Sericin, renowned for its diverse properties, displays unique properties that accelerate the wound healing process. Simultaneously, C. majus, with its diverse pharmacological compounds, shows promise in reducing inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration. As the demand for innovative wound care solutions increases, understanding the therapeutic potential of natural products becomes imperative. This review synthesizes current knowledge on Sericin and C. majus, envisioning their future roles in advancing wound management strategies. The exploration of these natural substances as constituents of wound dressings provides a promising avenue for developing sustainable, effective, and biocompatible materials that could significantly impact the field of wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Root Canal Treatments play a critical role in managing periapical and pulp diseases, but failure to control the inflammation may result in treatment failure. Newer developments have targeted anti-inflammatory bioactive sealers as potential contenders. The objective of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory potential of Endoseal E-MTA (E-MTA), Ketac-Endo (Ketac-E), and Sealapex (S-apex) on cultured Human periodontal ligament stem cells. Methods: After Study approval (BMU-EC/06-2022) from Baqai Medical University Karachi, this study was conducted from September 2022 to February 2023. Three Sealers as commercially available products were used on the cultured hPDLSCs via in-vitro experiments and treated with serial concentrations of 20ul, 40ul, and 60ul respectively to perform MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] cell viability assay. Expression profiling via Real Time-PCR of anti-inflammatory biometers was determined via RNA extract from 24h MTT assay due to its greater reproducibility. Data were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA Testing) to compare the effectiveness of each sealer using SPSS version 22 with a significant p-value

Abstract Inflammation is a key pathological feature of many diseases, disrupting normal tissue structure and resulting in irreversible damage. Despite the need for effective inflammation control, current treatments, including stem cell therapies, remain insufficient. Recently, extracellular vesicles secreted by adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC-EVs) have garnered attention for their significant anti-inflammatory properties. As carriers of bioactive substances, these vesicles have demonstrated potent capabilities in modulating inflammation and promoting tissue repair in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and wound healing. Consequently, ADSC-EVs are emerging as promising alternatives to conventional ADSC-based therapies, offering advantages such as reduced risk of immune rejection, enhanced stability, and ease of storage and handling. However, the specific mechanisms by which ADSC-EVs regulate inflammation under pathological conditions are not fully understood. This review discusses the role of ADSC-EVs in inflammation control, their impact on disease prognosis, and their potential to promote tissue repair. Additionally, it provides insights into future clinical research focused on ADSC-EV therapies for inflammatory diseases, which overcome some limitations associated with cell-based therapies.

Abstract Background Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC)-based therapy has become a major focus for treating liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. However, although these cell therapies promote the treatment of this disease, the heterogeneity of BMMSCs, which causes insufficient efficacy during clinical trials, has not been addressed. In this study, we describe a novel Percoll–Plate–Wait procedure (PPWP) for the isolation of an active cell subset from BMMSC cultures that was characterized by the expression of neuroglial antigen 2 (NG2/BMMSCs). Methods By using the key method of PPWP and other classical biological techniques we compared NG2/BMMSCs with parental BMMSCs in biological and functional characteristics within a well-defined diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis injury male C57BL/6 mouse model also in a culture system. Of note, the pathological alterations in the model is quite similar to humans’. Results The NG2/BMMSCs revealed more advantages compared to parental BM MSCs. They exhibited greater proliferation potential than parental BMMSCs, as indicated by Ki-67 immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Moreover, higher expression of SSEA-3 (a marker specific for embryonic stem cells) was detected in NG2/BMMSCs than in parental BMMSCs, which suggested that the “stemness” of NG2/BMMSCs was greater than that of parental BMMSCs. In vivo studies revealed that an injection of NG2/BMMSCs into mice with ongoing DEN-induced liver fibrotic/cirrhotic injury enhanced repair and functional recovery to a greater extent than in mice treated with parental BMMSCs. These effects were associated with the ability of NG2/BMMSCs to differentiate into bile duct cells (BDCs). In particular, we discovered for the first time that NG2/BMMSCs exhibit unique characteristics that differ from those of parental BMMSCs in terms of producing liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) to reconstruct injured blood vessels and sinusoidal structures in the diseased livers, which are important for initiating hepatocyte regeneration. This unique potential may also suggest that NG2/BMMSCs could be an novel off-liver progenitor of LSECs. Ex vivo studies revealed that the NG2/BMMSCs exhibited a similar trend to that of their in vivo in terms of functional differentiation responding to the DEN-diseased injured liver cues. Additionally, the obvious core role of NG2/BMMSCs in supporting the functions of BMMSCs in bile duct repair and BDC-mediated hepatocyte regeneration might also be a novel finding. Conclusions Overall, the PPWP-isolated NG2/BMMSCs could be a novel effective cell subset with increased purity to serve as a new therapeutic tool for enhancing treatment efficacy of BMMSCs and special seed cell source (BDCs, LSECs) also for bioliver engineering.

Infection is the most common complication after orthopedic surgery and can result in prolonged ailments such as chronic wounds, enlarged bone defects, and osteomyelitis. Iron, which is essential for bacterial metabolism and immune cell functions, is extremely important. Bacteria harness iron from nearby cells to promote biofilm formation, ensuring their survival. Iron deficiency within the infection microenvironment (IME) consequently hampers macrophage function, enabling further dissemination of the infection and hindering macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype. Therefore, a novel approach is proposed to regulate macrophage polarization, aiming to restore the inflammatory immune environment. A composite hydrogel derived from natural polymers is developed to address infections and manage iron metabolism in macrophages. This IME‐responsive hydrogel, named FCL‐ECMH, is synthesized by encapsulating vermiculite functional core layers within a decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel. It is noteworthy that FCL‐ECMH can produce reactive oxygen species within the IME. Supplementary photothermal treatment enhances bacterial iron uptake, leading to ferroptosis‐like death. This process also rejuvenates the iron‐enriched macrophages around the IME, thereby enhancing their antibacterial and tissue repair functions. In vivo experiments confirmed the antibacterial and repair‐promoting capabilities of FCL‐ECMH, indicating its potential for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory T cells (Tregs), characterized by the expression of Forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3), constitute a distinct subset of T cells crucial for immune regulation. Tregs can exert direct and indirect control over immune homeostasis by releasing inhibitory factors or differentiating into Th-like Treg (Th-Treg), thereby actively contributing to the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases. The epigenetic regulation of FOXP3, encompassing DNA methylation, histone modifications, and post-translational modifications, governs the development and optimal suppressive function of Tregs. In addition, Tregs can also possess the ability to maintain homeostasis in diverse microenvironments through non-suppressive mechanisms. In this review, we primarily focus on elucidating the epigenetic regulation of Tregs as well as their multifaceted roles within diverse physiological contexts while looking forward to potential strategies involving augmentation or suppression of Tregs activity for disease management, particularly in light of the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Late-stage pressure sore (PS) patients are particularly susceptible to osteomyelitis (OM), as bony prominences commonly constitute the focal point of the ulcer. There are lack of data regarding the associated factors and the clinical relevance of this diagnosis in the context of PS treatment. Methods: This retrospective analysis investigated the clinical characteristics, blood markers indicative of infection in PS patients, and development of histologically evident OM. A total of 125 patient were included from 2014 to 2019. The patient records were especially scanned for histological diagnosis of OM. Results: OM was detected in 39% (37/96) of the samples taken during the index procedure. OM prevalence increased to 56% (43/77) at the second and 70% (41/59) at the third debridement. Therefore, the diagnosis of OM was acquired during treatment in 35 cases. Patients diagnosed with initial OM presented significantly higher blood markers, indicative of infection upon admission. Only patients with consistent OM (three positive biopsies) showed higher flap revision rates. Conclusion: This study found no compelling evidence linking OM to worse clinical outcomes in PS patients. In the absence of elevated inflammatory markers, reducing bone biopsy frequency and adopting a less aggressive bone debridement approach may help prevent OM in PS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) are a promising source of adult stem cells for cell therapy, drug testing for renal toxicity, and biomarker discovery in kidney disease. USCs can be non-invasively isolated from the donor's own urine, making them a good candidate for precision medicine. Preclinical studies have shown that USCs and exosomes can be used to repair damaged tissues (particularly urinary tract tissues and organs, including the kidneys), to test the toxicity of new drugs, and to identify biomarkers for kidney disease. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential of USCs and to develop safe and effective ways to explore their full potential in precision medicine. Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) are a promising source of stem cells for cell therapy, renal toxicity drug testing, and renal disease biomarker discovery. Patients' own USCs can be used for precision medicine. In this review we first describe the isolation and characterization of USCs. We then discuss preclinical studies investigating the use of USCs in cell therapy, exploring the utility of USCs and USC-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (u-iPSCs) in drug toxicity testing, and investigating the use of USCs as biomarkers for renal disease diagnosis. Finally, we discuss the challenges of using USCs in these applications and provide insights into future research directions. USCs are a promising tool for advancing renal therapy, drug testing, and biomarker discovery. Further research is needed to explore their potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages are versatile immune cells with remarkable plasticity, enabling them to adapt to diverse tissue microenvironments and perform various functions. Traditionally categorized into classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes, recent advances have revealed a spectrum of macrophage activation states that extend beyond this dichotomy. The complex interplay of signaling pathways, transcriptional regulators, and epigenetic modifications orchestrates macrophage polarization, allowing them to respond to various stimuli dynamically. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the signaling cascades governing macrophage plasticity, focusing on the roles of Toll‐like receptors, signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins, nuclear receptors, and microRNAs. We also discuss the emerging concepts of macrophage metabolic reprogramming and trained immunity, contributing to their functional adaptability. Macrophage plasticity plays a pivotal role in tissue repair and regeneration, with macrophages coordinating inflammation, angiogenesis, and matrix remodeling to restore tissue homeostasis. By harnessing the potential of macrophage plasticity, novel therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage polarization could be developed for various diseases, including chronic wounds, fibrotic disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning macrophage plasticity will pave the way for innovative regenerative medicine and tissue engineering approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most tympanic membrane (TM) perforations heal spontaneously, but 10%–20% remain chronic and might lead to impaired hearing and recurrent middle ear infections. Alpha1‐antitrypsin (AAT) is a circulating tissue‐protective protein that is elevated under inflammatory conditions and is currently indicated for genetic AAT deficiency. Recently, AAT has been shown to promote tissue remodeling and inflammatory resolution. Objective: This study aimed to examine the effects of local clinical‐grade AAT treatment on tissue repair in a mouse model of acute traumatic TM perforation. Methods: Wild‐type mice underwent unilateral TM perforation and were either left untreated or treated locally with human AAT (9 × 10−3 mL at 20 mg/mL on days 0, 1, and 2; n = 15/group). The perforations were evaluated macroscopically on a serial basis. Mice were sacrificed on various days post‐injury, and TMs were excised for gene analysis by RT‐PCR. Results: There were no adverse reactions in hAAT‐treated ears throughout the study period. Compared with untreated animals, TM closure occurred earlier in the treated group (days until full closure, median: 4 and 9, respectively). According to gene expression analysis, VEGF, TGFβ, and collagen‐5A1 were induced earlier in AAT‐treated mice (day 4–5 compared with day 9). Additionally, IL‐10 expression levels were higher and IL‐6 levels were lower in treated versus untreated mice. Conclusion: A local tissue environment rich in AAT promotes early tissue repair in a perforated TM model both macroscopically and molecularly. Studies are underway to examine TM functionality and recombinant AAT formulations for micro‐dosing in the format of a single local application. Level of Evidence: NA Laryngoscope, 134:3802–3806, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of innate-like nonconventional T cells characterized by multifunctionality. In addition to their well-recognized antimicrobial activity, increasing attention is being drawn towards their roles in tissue homeostasis and repair. However, the precise mechanisms underlying these functions remain incompletely understood and are still subject to ongoing exploration. Currently, it appears that the tissue localization of MAIT cells and the nature of the diseases or stimuli, whether acute or chronic, may induce a dynamic interplay between their pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory, or pathogenic and reparative functions. Therefore, elucidating the conditions and mechanisms of MAIT cells' reparative functions is crucial for fully maximizing their protective effects and advancing future MAITrelated therapies. In this review, we will comprehensively discuss the establishment and potential mechanisms of their tissue repair functions as well as the translational application prospects and current challenges in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparations are prepared at the point of care. Centrifugation cellular density separation sequesters a fresh unit of blood into three main fractions: a platelet-poor plasma (PPP) fraction, a stratum rich in platelets (platelet concentrate), and variable leukocyte bioformulation and erythrocyte fractions. The employment of autologous platelet concentrates facilitates the biological potential to accelerate and support numerous cellular activities that can lead to tissue repair, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and, ultimately, functional and structural repair. Normally, after PRP preparation, the PPP fraction is discarded. One of the less well-known but equally important features of PPP is that particular growth factors (GFs) are not abundantly present in PRP, as they reside outside of the platelet alpha granules. Precisely, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are mainly present in the PPP fraction. In addition to their roles as angiogenesis activators, these plasma-based GFs are also known to inhibit inflammation and fibrosis, and they promote keratinocyte migration and support tissue repair and wound healing. Additionally, PPP is known for the presence of exosomes and other macrovesicles, exerting cell–cell communication and cell signaling. Newly developed ultrafiltration technologies incorporate PPP processing methods by eliminating, in a fast and efficient manner, plasma water, cytokines, molecules, and plasma proteins with a molecular mass (weight) less than the pore size of the fibers. Consequently, a viable and viscous protein concentrate of functional total proteins, like fibrinogen, albumin, and alpha-2-macroglobulin is created. Consolidating a small volume of high platelet concentrate with a small volume of highly concentrated protein-rich PPP creates a protein-rich, platelet-rich plasma (PR-PRP) biological preparation. After the activation of proteins, mainly fibrinogen, the PR-PRP matrix retains and facilitates interactions between invading resident cells, like macrophages, fibroblast, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as well as the embedded concentrated PRP cells and molecules. The administered PR-PRP biologic will ultimately undergo fibrinolysis, leading to a sustained release of concentrated cells and molecules that have been retained in the PR-PRP matrix until the matrix is dissolved. We will discuss the unique biological and tissue reparative and regenerative properties of the PR-PRP matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effects of red and infrared wavelengths, separately and combined, on the inflammatory process and collagen deposition in muscle damage caused by B. leucurus venom. 112 mice were inoculated with diluted venom (0.6mg/kg) in the gastrocnemius muscle. The animals were divided into four groups: one control (CG) and three treatments, namely: 1) red laser (λ=660 nm) (RG), 2) infrared laser (λ=808 nm) (IG) and 3) red laser (λ=660 nm) + infrared (λ=808 nm) (RIG). Each group was subdivided into four subgroups, according to the duration of treatment application (applications every 24 hours over evaluation times of up to 144 hours). A diode laser was used (0.1 W, CW, 1J/point, ED: 10 J/cm2). Both wavelengths reduced the intensity of inflammation and the combination between them significantly intensified the anti-inflammatory response. Photobiomodulation also changed the type of inflammatory infiltrate observed and RIG had the highest percentage of mononuclear cells in relation to the other groups. Hemorrhage intensity was significantly lower in treated animals and RIG had the highest number of individuals in which this variable was classified as mild. As for collagen deposition, there was a significant increase in RG in relation to CG, in RIG in relation to CG and in RIG in relation to IG. Photobiomodulation proved to be effective in the treatment of inflammation and hemorrhage caused by B. leucurus venom and stimulated collagen deposition. Better results were obtained with the combined wavelengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue regeneration and remodeling involve many complex stages. Macrophages are critical in maintaining micro-environmental homeostasis by regulating inflammation and orchestrating wound healing. They display high plasticity in response to various stimuli, showing a spectrum of functional phenotypes that vary from M1 (pro-inflammatory) to M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages. While transient inflammation is an essential trigger for tissue healing following an injury, sustained inflammation (e.g., in foreign body response to implants, diabetes or inflammatory diseases) can hinder tissue healing and cause tissue damage. Modulating macrophage polarization has emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing immune-mediated tissue regeneration and promoting better integration of implantable materials in the host. This article provides an overview of macrophages' functional properties followed by discussing different strategies for modulating macrophage polarization. Advances in the use of synthetic and natural biomaterials to fabricate immune-modulatory materials are highlighted. This reveals that the development and clinical application of more effective immunomodulatory systems targeting macrophage polarization under pathological conditions will be driven by a detailed understanding of the factors that regulate macrophage polarization and biological function in order to optimize existing methods and generate novel strategies to control cell phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC)-based therapy has become a major focus for treating liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. However, although these cell therapies promote the treatment of this disease, the heterogeneity of BMMSCs, which causes insufficient efficacy during clinical trials, has not been addressed. In this study, we describe a novel Percoll–Plate–Wait procedure (PPWP) for the isolation of an active cell subset from BMMSC cultures that was characterized by the expression of neuroglial antigen 2 (NG2/BMMSCs). Methods: By using the key method of PPWP and other classical biological techniques we compared NG2/BMMSCs with parental BMMSCs in biological and functional characteristics within a well-defined diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis injury male C57BL/6 mouse model also in a culture system. Of note, the pathological alterations in the model is quite similar to humans'. Results: The NG2/BMMSCs revealed more advantages compared to parentalBMMSCs. They exhibited greater proliferation potential than parental BMMSCs, as indicated by Ki-67 immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Moreover, higher expression of SSEA-3 (a marker specific for embryonic stem cells) was detected in NG2/BMMSCs than in parental BMMSCs, which suggested that the "stemness" of NG2/BMMSCs was greater than that of parental BMMSCs. In vivo studies revealed that an injection of NG2/BMMSCs into mice with ongoing DEN-induced liver fibrotic/cirrhotic injury enhanced repair and functional recovery to a greater extent than in mice treated with parental BMMSCs. These effects were associated with the ability of NG2/BMMSCs to differentiate into bile duct cells (BDCs). In particular, we discovered for the first time that NG2/BMMSCs exhibit unique characteristics that differ from those of parental BMMSCs in terms of producing liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) to reconstruct injured blood vessels and sinusoidal structures in the diseased livers, which are important for initiating hepatocyte regeneration. This unique potential may also suggest that NG2/BMMSCs could be an novel off-liver progenitor of LSECs. Ex vivo studies revealed that the NG2/BMMSCs exhibited a similar trend to that of their in vivo in terms of functional differentiation responding to the DEN-diseased injured liver cues. Additionally, the obvious core role of NG2/BMMSCs in supporting the functions of BMMSCs in bile duct repair and BDC-mediated hepatocyte regeneration might also be a novel finding. Conclusions: Overall, the PPWP-isolated NG2/BMMSCs could be a novel effective cell subset with increased purity to serve as a new therapeutic tool for enhancing treatment efficacy of BMMSCs and special seed cell source (BDCs, LSECs) also for bioliver engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol–gel synthesis parameters can significantly influence bioactive glass's structure, dissolution rates, and biocompatibility. For this study, various drying times and calcining temperatures were explored for a Zinc (Zn2+), Copper (Cu2+), and Cobalt (Co2+) doped silicate-based sol–gel bioactive glass composition. Surface area measurements showed an increase in the particle's surface area with decreased calcining temperature, whereas the particle size decreased with longer drying time and higher calcining temperature. The micropore area and volume showed an inverse relationship to the reduced particle size, with the microporosity increasing as the drying time was extended with the calcining temperature below the glasses' transition temperature (560–586 °C). A Kilchoanite (Ca3(Si2O7)) crystalline phase was present in each sample, and with increased calcining temperature above the Tg of the glasses, the degree of crystallinity increased. A drying time of 72 hrs with a calcining temperature of 450 °C showed an enhanced surface area (120 m2/g) with smaller average particle size (0.43 µm), increased microporosity, ion release rates within toxicity and pH limits, and growth inhibition for both gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. Highlights: A drying time of 72 hrs leads to smaller particle size and increased microporosity below the Tg. A calcining temperature of 450 °C increases surface area and decreases crystallinity. Zinc, copper, and cobalt ion releases were within the limits of cytotoxicity and pH. A drying time of 72 hrs and calcining temperature of 450 °C presented bacterial growth inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is by definition an autologous plasma product with a higher concentration of platelets than that of collected blood. It is a modern treatment, which has already earned a place among the most used products in the category of orthobiologics. Platelets are key elements in tissue repair processes. They release numerous growth factors, stimulate fibroblasts and endothelial cells, and can trigger the anagen phase. The principle behind obtaining PRP by centrifugation is that it causes the platelets to settle in the deep layer of the plasma, thus separating them from the superficial layer. The optimal concentration of platelets in separated plasma has not yet been established, despite the many studies performed to date and the variety of fields in which PRP has been used. However, the most important factors that influence cell proliferation have been established, and their observance allows the use of platelet concentrations close to the upper limit of the optimal range: 3.7 x 106 plt/µL. From the point of view of medical ethics, procedures using PRP must be supported by the diagnosis and pathogenic mechanism of the condition to be treated, and the quality of the devices used must be supported by clear evidence of platelet concentration, purity and viability. The interest shown by patients for this type of treatment has caused the global market for PRP to have a significant growth and, starting from the value of 2017 ($195.2 million), with an annual percentage increase estimated at 11.6%, this will reach approximately 715.65 million dollars in 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conformal 3D printing can construct specific three-dimensional structures on the free-form surfaces of target objects, achieving in situ additive manufacturing and repair, making it one of the cutting-edge technologies in the current field of 3D printing. To further improve the repair efficacy in tissue engineering, this study proposes a conformal path planning algorithm for in situ printing in specific areas of the target object. By designing the conformal 3D printing algorithm and utilizing vector projection and other methods, coordinate transformation of the printing trajectory was achieved. The algorithm was validated, showing good adherence of the printing material to the target surface. In situ repair experiments were also conducted on human hands and pig tibia defect models, verifying the feasibility of this method and laying a foundation for further research in personalized medicine and tissue repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regenerative medicine, encompassing various therapeutic approaches aimed at tissue repair and regeneration, has emerged as a promising field in the realm of physical therapy. Aim: This comprehensive review seeks to explore the evolving role of regenerative medicine within the domain of physical therapy, highlighting its potential applications, challenges, and current trends. Researchers selected publications of pertinent studies from 2015 to 2024 and performed an exhaustive review of electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar using the targeted keywords "regenerative medicine", "rehabilitation", "tissue repair", and "physical therapy" to screen applicable studies according to preset parameters for eligibility, then compiled key insights from the extracted data. Several regenerative medicine methods that are applied in physical therapy, in particular, stem cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), tissue engineering, and growth factor treatments, were analyzed in this research study. The corresponding efficacy of these methods in the recovery process were also elaborated, including a discussion on facilitating tissue repair, alleviating pain, and improving functional restoration. Additionally, this review reports the challenges concerning regenerative therapies, among them the standardization of protocols, safety concerns, and ethical issues. Regenerative medicine bears considerable potential as an adjunctive therapy in physiotherapy, providing new pathways for improving tissue repair and functional results. Although significant strides have been made in interpreting the potential of regenerative techniques, further research is warranted to enhance protocols, establish safety profiles, and increase access and availability. Merging regenerative medicine into the structure of physical therapy indicates a transformative alteration in clinical practice, with the benefit of increasing patient care and improving long-term results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: MXene nanoparticles have considerable application prospects as effective functional components of skin wound dressings due to their unique properties of conductivity, hydrophilicity, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility. OBJECTIVE: To review the synthesis methods, functional properties, and application of MXene nanoparticles in skin injury repair. METHODS: “MXene, nanoparticles, nanomaterials, bioactive nanoparticles”, “wound dressing, wound dressing, wound repair materials”, “wound repair, wound healing, wound surface” were used as Chinese search terms to search Wanfang and CNKI databases. “MXene, nanoparticles, nano-materials, bioactive nanoparticles”, “wound dressing, wound healing material”, “wound healing, wound repair, wound” were used as English search terms to search the PubMed database. Finally, 88 articles were included for review analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) MXene synthesis can be divided into two methods: bottom-up synthesis and top-down synthesis. The synthesized MXene can be further modified to enhance biocompatibility for better application in biomedicine. (2) MXene has a series of excellent properties such as hydrophilicity, antibacterial, photothermal properties, electrical conductivity, and good biocompatibility, all of which make it the basis for excellent skin repair materials. (3) At present, many scholars have developed new composite materials for wound dressings. Currently, these composite materials are based on MXene nanomaterials and make full use of its excellent characteristics as mentioned above, which play a role in local skin wound sterilization, drug delivery, and sustained release, active regulation of cytokines, and can integrate the advantages of other biologically active agents. It plays a better role in wound healing, especially in the treatment of complex chronic wounds. (4) Various composite materials such as MXene@PVA hydrogel and MXene@CH sponge developed based on various properties of MXene have shown good effects on improving tissue repair performance and repairing skin damage as drug carriers. It shows that MXenes nanoparticles are in the initial stage of development and have great prospects in the field of promoting skin repair. The characteristics and surface modification of MXenes nanoparticles have been well studied, but the molecular mechanism of dose-dependent biotoxicity is relatively incomplete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The fish's skin is the tissue whose total area is in permanent contact with the aquatic environment. Despite its relevance, there are currently very few studies aimed at evaluating tissue repair mechanisms. In this study, we assessed the tissue repair response to mechanical damage in the skin of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), revealing differences in the modulation of neuroimmune–endocrine response gene markers depending on the location of the lesion. Furthermore, wound healing in the ventral region was observed to be higher in magnitude and faster than in the dorsal region. We registered an increase in the expressions of hormone-related genes compared to the dorsal lesion. This research improves our understanding of the neuroendocrine and tissue repair response to mechanical damage in S. aurata. This study provides biologically relevant molecular markers for future studies of tissue repair. The skin of bony fish is the first physical barrier and is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the fish. Lesions make the skin vulnerable to potential infection by pathogens present in the aquatic environment. In this way, wound repair has barely been studied in gilthead sea bream. Thus, this study investigated the modulation of peripheral neuro-endocrine and tissue repair markers at the transcriptional level in the skin of teleost fish subjected to mechanical damage above or below the lateral line (dorsal and ventral lesions, respectively). Samples were evaluated using RT-qPCR at 2-, 4-, and 20-days post-injury. Fish with a ventral lesion presented a trend of progressive increase in the expressions of corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh), pro-opiomelanocortin-A (pomca), proenkephalin-B (penkb), cholecystokinin (cck), oxytocin (oxt), angiotensinogen (agt), and (less pronounced) somatostatin-1B (sst1b). By contrast, fish with a dorsal lesion registered no significant increase or biological trend for the genes evaluated at the different sampling times. Collectively, the results show a rapid and more robust response of neuro-endocrine and tissue repair markers in the injuries below than above the lateral line, which could be attributable to their proximity to vital organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the intersection of the academic and medical domains has increasingly spotlighted the utilization of biomaterials in radioactive disease treatment and radiation protection. Biomaterials, distinguished from conventional molecular pharmaceuticals, offer a suite of advantages in addressing radiological conditions. These include their superior biological activity, chemical stability, exceptional histocompatibility, and targeted delivery capabilities. This review comprehensively delineates the therapeutic mechanisms employed by various biomaterials in treating radiological afflictions impacting the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and hematopoietic systems. Significantly, these nanomaterials function not only as efficient drug delivery vehicles but also as protective agents against radiation, mitigating its detrimental effects on the human body. Notably, the strategic amalgamation of specific biomaterials with particular pharmacological agents can lead to a synergistic therapeutic outcome, opening new avenues in the treatment of radiation- induced diseases. However, despite their broad potential applications, the biosafety and clinical efficacy of these biomaterials still require in-depth research and investigation. Ultimately, this review aims to not only bridge the current knowledge gaps in the application of biomaterials for radiation-induced diseases but also to inspire future innovations and research directions in this rapidly evolving field. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometritis is a common postpartum disease of female animals that causes significant losses to the goat industry. High levels of cortisol induced by various stresses after delivery severely inhibit innate immunity and tissue repair. The repair ability of the endometrium is closely related to the reproductive performance of goats. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in animals that has powerful antioxidant and immunity-enhancing functions. In this study, we established a goat model of endometritis at high cortisol (Hydrocortisone) levels to investigate the effect of Se (supplement additive) on endometrial repair. The results showed that the clinical symptoms, %PMN in uterine secretions, morphological endometrial damage, and the gene expression of BAX were reduced in the goats with Se supplementation compared with those in the model group. Se increased the gene expression of BCL2, VEGFA, TGFB1, and PCNA and activated the PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in goats with Se supplementation. In conclusion, Se reduced the inflammatory response, increased the proliferation, and decreased the apoptosis of endometrial cells to promote endometrial tissue repair in goats with endometritis at high cortisol levels. It probably achieved this effect of promoting repair by activating the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT pathways and affecting the gene expression of VEGFA, TGFB1, PCNA, BCL2, and BAX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]