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This article addresses the complex issue of sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) data collection in workplaces, highlighting the intricate balance between fostering inclusion and mitigating potential harm and exclusion. This tension manifests uniquely across diverse cultural, legal, and organizational settings. We review existing literature, offer practical guidance for decision-makers, and outline future research avenues. While SOGI data collection in workplaces can enhance diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives and elevate the visibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ+) employees, challenges include the risk of discrimination, privacy concerns, and linguistic complexities. To address these, researchers and practitioners must consider the purpose, language, and cultural context of data collection, involving LGBTIQ+ stakeholders, and conducting reconnaissance studies. Future research opportunities lie in understanding employee willingness to share SOGI data, motivations of human resource (HR) and DEI professionals, and the impact on organizational culture. Reimagining LGBTIQ+ research to ease the tension between inclusion and protection, we conclude that responsible SOGI data collection demands a nuanced approach that prioritizes inclusion and equity while addressing privacy concerns and potential harm.

This study examined how employees experience humanness in organizations related to leadership behavior. More specifically, it was aimed to define what experienced humanness is from the perspective of employees, and which leadership behaviors employees perceive to contribute to these experiences of organizational humanness. To fulfill this aim, an exploratory grounded theory study was conducted, in which 13 employees were interviewed until saturation was attained, investigating their experiences in organizations that relate to humanness and examples of leadership behavior that influence it. Three overarching categories of experienced humanness were identified in organizations i.e., bounded space, attentive care, and human connection. Furthermore, eight specific sets of leadership behaviors appear to contribute to the experience of humanness. The findings were compared to the scientific literature and led to the conclusion that the findings yield unique elements, (e.g., fostering human connection within a team) that have not been covered in previous conceptualizations.

In modern Western cultures, gender is largely viewed as binary, and individuals who challenge the gender/sex binary face discrimination and marginalization. Across three preregistered studies (N = 1,096), we examine gender discrimination against gender-nonconforming people. Studies 1 and 2 show that behavioral and appearance-based gender nonconformity leads to the misgendering of cisgender and transgender women and men. This was true for the gendered perception of these targets and the binary assignment to gender/sex-based spaces and policies (e.g., access to bathrooms or gender/sex-based leadership training). Surprisingly, whether the target was transgender or cisgender did not affect these results. Study 3 replicated findings for transgender targets and showed that adherence to gender stereotypes is seen as a necessity for transgender individuals who want their gender identity recognized by others (e.g., on official documents or through pronoun use).

Limited population-based data on the gender differences and association between arteriosclerotic calcification at different sites and atrial fibrillation (AF) exist. We aimed to investigate the (gender-specific) associations between arteriosclerotic calcification at different sites with the risk of AF in the general population. Arteriosclerotic calcification was quantified using computed tomography examinations between 2003 and 2006 in 2,259 participants free of AF from the population-based Rotterdam Study. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors, were used to assess the associations of volumes of coronary artery calcification (CAC), aortic arch calcification (AAC), extracranial and intracranial carotid arteries, vertebrobasilar arteries, and the aortic valve with incident AF. During a median follow-up of 8.6 years, 182 incident AF cases occurred. A larger CAC was associated with incident AF (hazard ratio [HR], 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25 1.09 to 1.44, p = 0.0019). The gender-stratified analyses showed that larger CAC in men (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.86, p = 0.0068) and larger AAC in women were associated with incident AF (HR1.44, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.01, p = 0.0299). In conclusion, CAC in the general population, especially in men, and AAC in women were significantly associated with new-onset AF. Our findings imply that interventions to lower arteriosclerotic calcification, particularly, CAC, carry potential for the prevention of AF in the general population, especially in men.

In this research, we aim to develop a better understanding of the different ways in which employees can advance or resist the diversity and inclusion (D&I) policies implemented by their organization. To this end, we complement prior work by distinguishing between employees' attitudinal and behavioral opposition versus support for D&I policies. We combine these to distinguish different combinations of attitudinal and behavioral responses that characterize specific groups of employees, which we label opponents, bystanders, reluctants, and champions. In a large-scale survey study conducted among employees from seven organizations located in the Netherlands (n = 2913), we find empirical support for the validity of this taxonomy and its value in understanding the likelihood that employees advance or resist D&I policies. Furthermore, we find more convergence between attitudinal and behavioral support when employees perceive a more positive climate for inclusion. Together, these results advance existing scholarly work by providing both a theoretical account of and empirical evidence for the different ways in which D&I policies may find support or resistance from employees. In addition, our work offer practitioners a practical tool to examine the likelihood that D&I policies meet support or opposition from their employees and therefore enables them to design and implement more effective D&I interventions.

The current research investigated whether mothers of transgender youth experience stigma-by-association. Mturk participants (N = 489) were randomly assigned to read a vignette about a family in which the social identity (transgender, gay/lesbian, cisgender/heterosexual control) and gender (girl, boy) of a child was manipulated, while all other information was held constant. Results revealed stigma targeting mothers as a function of children's social identity (but not gender), such that mothers of transgender girls and boys were viewed substantially more negatively than identical mothers of cisgender/heterosexual youth. Moreover, this stigma was particularly robust among politically conservative participants. In contrast, mothers of gay/lesbian youth did not encounter systematic stigma, though they were sometimes perceived more negatively than mothers of cisgender/heterosexual youth. Results provide novel experimental evidence of stigma-by-association targeting mothers of transgender youth and raise serious concerns about the treatment of parents who seek to affirm their transgender children.

Futile recanalization hampers prognoses of ischemic stroke after successful mechanical thrombectomy, hypothetically through post-recanalization perfusion deficits, onset-to-groin delays and sex effects. Clinically, acute multiparametric imaging studies remain challenging. We assessed possible relationships between these factors and disease outcome after experimental cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, using translational MRI, behavioral testing and multi-model inference analyses. Male and female rats (N = 60) were subjected to 45-/90-min filament-induced transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Diffusion, T2- and perfusion-weighted MRI at occlusion, 0.5 h and four days after recanalization, enabled tracking of tissue fate, and relative regional cerebral blood flow (rrCBF) and -volume (rrCBV). Lesion areas were parcellated into core, salvageable tissue and delayed injury, verified by histology. Recanalization resulted in acute-to-subacute lesion volume reductions, most apparently in females (n = 19). Hyperacute normo-to-hyperperfusion in the post-ischemic lesion augmented towards day four, particularly in males (n = 23). Tissue suffering delayed injury contained higher ratios of hypoperfused voxels early after recanalization. Regressed against acute-to-subacute lesion volume change, increased rrCBF associated with lesion growth, but increased rrCBV with lesion reduction. Similar relationships were detected for behavioral outcome. Post-ischemic hyperperfusion may develop differentially in males and females, and can be beneficial or detrimental to disease outcome, depending on which perfusion parameter is used as explanatory variable.

Objectives: There is a lack of information on the development of arteriosclerosis over time. This study aims to assess long-term sex-specific changes in arterial calcifications in five arteries, and the influence of cardiovascular risk factors hereon. Methods: From a population-based cohort, 807 participants (mean baseline age, 65.8; SD, 4.2) underwent a non-contrast computed tomography (CT) examination between 2003 and 2006, and after a median follow-up of 14 years. We assessed incidences and changes in volumes of coronary artery calcification (CAC), aortic arch calcification (AAC), extracranial (ECAC) and intracranial carotid artery calcification (ICAC), and vertebrobasilar artery calcification (VBAC). We investigated the simultaneous presence of severe progression (upper quartile of percentual change volumes). Associations of cardiovascular risk factors with changes in calcification volumes were assessed using multivariate linear regression models. Results: The difference in AAC was most substantial; the median volume (mm 3) increased from of 129 to 916 in men and from 93 to 839 in women. For VBAC, no change in volumes was observed though more than a quarter of participants without baseline VBAC developed VBAC during follow-up. Severe progression was most often observed in only one artery at the same time. Hypertension was most consistently associated with increase in calcifications. Associations of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking with changes in calcifications varied across arteries and sex. Conclusions: We found a considerable incidence and increase in volumes of calcifications in different arteries, over a 14-year time interval. Cardiovascular risk factors were associated with increase of calcifications with sex-specific differential effects across arteries. Clinical relevance statement: There is a considerable incidence and increase in volumes of calcifications in different arteries, over a 14-year time interval. Cardiovascular risk

General anesthesia is routinely used in endovascular thrombectomy procedures, for which volatile gas and/or intravenous propofol are recommended. Emerging evidence suggests propofol may have superior effects on disability and/or mortality rates, but a mode-of-action underlying these class-specific effects remains unknown. Here, a moderate isoflurane or propofol dosage on experimental stroke outcomes was retrospectively compared using serial multiparametric MRI and behavioral testing. Adult male rats (N = 26) were subjected to 90-min filament-induced transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Diffusion-, T2- and perfusion-weighted MRI was performed during occlusion, 0.5 h after recanalization, and four days into the subacute phase. Sequels of ischemic damage—blood–brain barrier integrity, cerebrovascular reactivity and sensorimotor functioning—were assessed after four days. While size and severity of ischemia was comparable between groups during occlusion, isoflurane anesthesia was associated with larger lesion sizes and worsened sensorimotor functioning at follow-up. MRI markers indicated that cytotoxic edema persisted locally in the isoflurane group early after recanalization, coinciding with burgeoning vasogenic edema. At follow-up, sequels of ischemia were further aggravated in the post-ischemic lesion, manifesting as increased blood–brain barrier leakage, cerebrovascular paralysis and cerebral hyperperfusion. These findings shed new light on how isoflurane, and possibly similar volatile agents, associate with persisting injurious processes after recanalization that contribute to suboptimal treatment outcome.