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One of the major challenges for agriculture related to climate change is drought. The increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation in many parts of the world have enhanced the frequency and severity of drought events. Therefore, a detailed analysis is required in order to determine the drought frequency and take the necessary precautions. In this study, the climatic conditions in the agricultural region of Çukurova (Turkey) were analysed. Meteorological data for the three provinces of Adana, Mersin, and Osmaniye were used. The aim was to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for each of the three provinces analysed, and to use these values to detect drought during the different growth periods of maize. We also investigated whether the SPI values for the last 30 years differ significantly between the provinces. Furthermore, indicators such as the duration, magnitude, severity, recurrence, and drought frequency were also calculated. Using linear regression analysis, we determined whether there were trends in the multi-year data for the total precipitation and mean temperature. In addition, the water deficiency was determined by examining the amount of water required by maize and the adequacy of the precipitation in each development period. As a result, it was found that the Çukurova region is prone to droughts, but they follow a mild course in most cases. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the SPI values in the three provinces. The calculated average approximate drought recurrences (Tr) and expected intensities (Iave) were Tr ~ 1.036 years and Iave ~ 5.634 mm year−1 in 3 years for Adana, Tr ~ 1.031 years and Iave ~ −0.312 mm year−1 in 3 years for Mersin, and Tr ~ 1.052 years and Iave ~ −0.084 mm year−1 in 3 years Osmaniye. The research carried out in this paper confirmed that maize cultivation in the Çukurova region is vulnerable to drought, and adaptation actions should be taken immediately.

[ES] El objetivo de este Trabajo fin de grado es la implementación de un sistema de riego localizado en una finca que se encuentra en el término municipal de Picassent (Valencia). La finca a la que está destinada el proyecto recoge varias parcelas cuya extensión total es de aproximadamente 10 hectáreas. El proyecto comenzará con la estimación de las necesidades hídricas de los cítricos en función de sus condiciones de plantación, las características de la especie, la composición del suelo y la climatología de la zona. Después se determinarán los parámetros de riego en parcela para que la uniformidad de emisión en el riego sea adecuada. Para llevar a cabo el proyecto se diseñará y dimensionará un sistema de riego alimentado con un bombeo directo desde un pozo. El sondeo se encuentra en la propia finca cercano a un almacén donde se ubicará el cabezal de riego y el sistema de fertirrigación. Para finalizar el proyecto se realizará una valoración económica de la instalación proyectada, [EN] The aim of this final degree project is the implementation of a drip irrigation system on a plantation located in the municipality of Picassent (Valencia). The plantation for which the project is destined includes several plots whose total extension is approximately 10 hectares. The project will begin with the estimation of the water needs of citrus fruits based on their planting conditions, the characteristics of the species, the composition of the soil and the climate of the area. Then the irrigation parameters in the plot will be determined so that the emission uniformity is adequate. To carry out the project, an irrigation system fed by direct pumping from a well will be designed and sized. The survey is located on the plantation itself near a warehouse where the irrigation head and the fertigation system will be located. To finalize the project, an economic assessment of the projected installation will be carried out.

Water is very important in an irrigation area. In the growth of plants such as rice, they really need an adequate amount of water, so there is a need for research on effectiveness in terms of water requirements and in terms of water availability in irrigation buildings such as reservoirs. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of effectiveness of the availability of water in Embung Anggotoa in supplying water needs in the fields of Kukuluri Village. In this study, a modified Penman method was used to calculate the level of water use by plants, then calculated the need for clean water in the fields and then compared with the availability of water in the fields. the member pond. In analyzing the availability of water in the Anggotoa reservoir, a minimum discharge calculation is used using the Rational method. The results of the analysis of the need for clean water in the fields based on effective rainfall data and climatological data analyzed resulted in the water demand in the fields of 10.4605 mm/day/ha, then multiplied by the land area to determine the overall discharge required in Kukuluri rice fields with a land area of ​​95 ha. then the result is 993.7475 mm3/day. The results of the analysis of the minimum discharge in the upstream of the Anggotoa Reservoir based on rainfall data using the Rational method for a return period of 2 years = 61.198 m3/s, a return period of 5 years = 74,899 m3/s, a return period of 10 years = 87,686m3/s, a return period of 20 years = 100.930 m3/s, return period of 25 years = 105.041m3/s, return period of 50 years = 117.828, and return period of 100 years = 130.616 m3/s. Based on the results of the analysis of the flow of water availability, it shows that the capacity of the Anggotoa reservoir is still effective in meeting the water needs of the Kukuluri rice fields, the current accommodated discharge reaches 99405 m3 from the initial planning of 100000 m3.

[ES] El objetivo de este proyecto es implantar una instalación de riego localizado y sustituir el riego tradicional en una plantación de cítricos (naranjo dulce) perteneciente al término municipal de Sagunto de 14,6 hectáreas. Para dimensionar la red de riego se van estudiar las características agronómicas del cultivo, especialmente sus necesidades hídricas. La explotación agraria cuenta con un pozo propio desde donde se suministra el agua de riego. Para el abastecimiento de agua de riego se seleccionará un grupo de bombeo, analizando que el sistema pueda cubrir la demanda de riego en las condiciones de funcionamiento adecuadas. Además, se va a dimensionar una instalación solar fotovoltaica que suministre la energía necesaria para garantizar el funcionamiento de la bomba sumergida. Por tanto, con este proyecto se pretende modernizar la explotación sustituyendo el sistema de riego tradicional por el riego localizado para automatizarlo e incorporar la fertirrigación, así como hacer uso de las energías renovables con el bombeo solar., [EN] The objective of this project is to implement a localized irrigation facility and replace traditional irrigation in a citrus plantation (sweet orange) belonging to the Sagunto municipal area of 14.6 hectares. To size the irrigation system, the agronomic characteristics of the crop will be studied, especially its water needs. The farm has its own well from which irrigation water is supplied. For the supply of irrigation water, a pumping group will be selected, analyzing that the system can cover the irrigation demand under the appropriate operating conditions. In addition, a photovoltaic solar installation that supplies the necessary energy to guarantee the operation of the submerged pump is going to be dimensioned. Therefore, this project aims to modernize the plantantion by replacing the traditional irrigation system with localized irrigation to automate it and incorporate fertigation, as well as make use of renewable energy with solar pumping.

The article characterizes the importance of water in the production and management of potato crops. Potato is a species with a relatively low transpiration coefficient, but the high biomass yield obtained from the surface unit in a short time span determines the high water needs set for 350 to 450 mm of rainfall during the growing season. The work determines the potato water requirements in individual phases of plant development, as well as analyzed the amount of atmospheric precipitation in Poland in recent years. The influence of irrigation on the yield and changes in the quality of potato tubers was also determined. In modern agrotechnics, natural rainfills replenished more and more often with irrigation allow to obtain very high potato yields. Methods improving the use of water needed for irrigation on potato plantations include: retention of winter water resources in reservoirs, cultivation on soils with high retention, compliance with optimal agrotechnical dates, cultivation of varieties with increased tolerance to drought stress, irrigation based on field deficit monitoring water capacity and the use of drip irrigation. The demand for water is not limited only to growing potatoes, but also to prepare tubers for modern trade (washing) as well as in food processing, starch production and distilling alcohol.

[ES] El objetivo de este proyecto final de carrera es realizar el diseño de una instalación de riego localizado por goteo para el cultivo del almendro en una finca situada en el término municipal de Sisante, provincia de Cuenca. El terreno objeto de estudio posee una superficie total de 10,76 hectáreas. Se realizará previamente un estudio del cultivo a implementar, eligiendo la variedad y su distribución en parcela. A partir del cultivo y dadas las condiciones climáticas de la zona se obtendrán las necesidades hídricas con las cuales se realizará el diseño y dimensionado de la red de transporte para el abastecimiento de agua del cultivo. El agua proveniente de acuífero se extraerá mediante un pozo y a través de un cabezal de riego pertinente se filtrará y regulará el caudal y la presión de entrada al sistema de riego. Por tanto en el proyecto se elegirán y dimensionarán también los equipos de bombeo, filtrado y de automatización requeridos., [EN] The aim of this final project is to design a drip irrigation system and its instalment in relation to the cultivation of almond trees. The area of study is in the municipality of Sisante, Province of Cuenca, and with a total area of 10,76 hectares. Initial research will be completed on the cultivation of almond trees. The study will look at varieties of almond trees, their requirements and land distribution requirements. The study will look at the climatic data for the area in question. Water requirements for the cultivation of the chosen variety of almond tree will be calculated for the study area in question. When all data is collected and collated the design and dimensions of the transport network of water supply for the almond trees will be the focus of this project The water provided will be extracted from an aquifer through a water well. With the corresponding hydrant the water pressure and water flow needed in the network will be regulated. This project will identify the pumping, filtration and control equipment required for the irrigation process in the cultivation of almond trees

Les ressources en eaux souterraines en Afrique sahélienne et soudanienne sont plus limitées que dans d’autres régions du globe (faible pluviométrie, forte évapotranspiration et abondance des roches endogènes peu perméables). Ces ressources sont très vulnérables à toute modification de leur environnement. Les prélèvements actuels sont encore réduits (faible densité de population et niveau de vie très bas). Les ressources couvrent ainsi largement les besoins. Il n’en sera plus de même dans les futures grandes villes ou périmètres irrigués. La qualité chimique des eaux est généralement satisfaisante. La qualité bactériologique des eaux est très médiocre et constitue un redoutable problème de santé publique. The groundwater resources are more rare in northern Africa than elsewhere in the world (light rainfall, much evaporation and impervious rocks). These resources are very vulnerable to any alteration in their surroundings. The present pumpings are limited (scarce population, low life style). So the resources exceed widely the water needs. It will be different in the future big cities and irrigation plants. The water chemical quality is generally sufficient. The bacteriological quality is very poor. It is a very important problem for public health.

Water problems due to scarcity, inaccessibility, or poor quality are a major barrier to household functioning, livelihood, and health globally. Household-to-household water borrowing has been posited as a strategy to alleviate unmet water needs. However, the prevalence and predictors of this practice have not been systematically examined. Therefore, we tested whether water borrowing occurs across diverse global contexts with varying water problems. Second, we tested if household water borrowing is associated with unmet water needs, perceived socio-economic status (SES), and/or water-related system failures, and if water access moderated (or changed) these relationships. Using survey data from the Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) study from 21 sites in 19 low- and middle-income countries (n = 5495 households), we found that household-to-household water borrowing was practiced in all 21 sites, with 44.7% (11.4–85.4%) of households borrowing water at least once the previous month. Multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression models demonstrate that high unmet water needs (odds ratio [OR] = 2.86], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.09–3.91), low perceived SES (OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.05–1.13), and water-related system failures (23–258%) were all significantly associated with higher odds of water borrowing. Significant interactions (all p < 0.01) between water access, unmet water needs, and water-related system failures on water borrowing indicate that water access moderates these relationships. These data are the first to demonstrate that borrowing water is commonly used by households around the world to cope with water insecurity. Due to how prevalent water borrowing is, its implications for social dynamics, resource allocation, and health and well-being are likely vast but severely under-recognized.

[SPA] En España, el desarrollo agrario en general, y citrícola en particular, se encuentra limitado principalmente por la escasez de recursos hídricos. Este panorama de déficit hídrico hace necesaria la búsqueda de soluciones que mejoren la eficiencia en el uso del agua. El objetivo principal de este estudio es la evaluación de la sostenibilidad del riego de precisión en cítricos, con especial atención al uso de recursos hídricos de distinta calidad y de sensores del sistema suelo-planta-atmósfera. El ensayo se llevará a cabo en una parcela de árboles jóvenes de limero (Citrus latifolia Tan., cv. Bearss), en donde se determinarán las necesidades hídricas mediante balance hídrico en macetas-lisímetros y se evaluará el efecto de diversas prácticas (cultivo en meseta y con sombreo) y en otra parcela de árboles adultos de pomelo (Citrus paradisi Macf., cv. Star Ruby) en los que se evaluará la respuesta agronómica y fisiológica al riego deficitario con agua salina procedente de EDAR. Los resultados esperables de este estudio nos permitirán disponer de un conocimiento científico-técnico del riego de precisión en cítricos. [ENG] In Spain, agricultural development in general, and citrus in particular, is limited mainly by the scarcity of water resources. This panorama of water deficit makes it necessary to search for solutions that improve the water use efficiency. The main objective of this study is the evaluation of the sustainability of precision irrigation in citrus trees, with special attention to the use of water resources of different quality and sensors of the soil-plant-atmosphere system. The trial will be carried out on a plot of young lime trees (Citrus latifolia Tan., cv. Bearss), where water needs will be determined by water balance in pots-lysimeters and the effect of various practices (cultivation in ridges and shade screen) will be evaluated and in another plot of adult grapefruit trees (Citrus paradisi Macf., cv. Star Ruby) in which the agronomical and physiological response to deficit irrigation with saline water from tertiary wastewater treatment plant will be evaluated. The expected results of this study will allow us to have a scientific-technical knowledge of precision irrigation in citrus trees. Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad- FEDER (AGL2016-77282-C3-1-R) y por la Fundación Séneca de la Región de Murcia (99/03/GERM/15).

Cowpea is a widely explored crop in northeastern Brazil, a region where the semiarid is the predominant climate. In arid and semi-arid regions, the use of irrigation is a fundamental aspect for supplying, in whole or in part, the water needs of the crops, as well as the use of plants as soil cover, to contribute to the increase in the availability of water to the crops. Another important aspect is the nutritional status, in which phosphorus plays an important role in the main components of bean bean production. The objectives were: to evaluate the effects of irrigation depths, associated with soil coverings in experiment I, as well as to measure the effects of splitting and doses of phosphorus applied via fertigation in the culture of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), in experiment II. The research used cowpea cultivar, Canapu cultivar, in the edaphoclimatic conditions of Iguatu, Ceará, located in the northeastern semi-arid region, from October to December 2018. The field experiments were developed in the experimental area, belonging to the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará - Campus Iguatu. In experiment I, the effects of three soil coverings and the control treatment, without soil cover (C1 - control, C2 - Crotalaria - Crotalaria juncea, C3 - Mucuna-Preta - Mucuna purpureus and C4 Guandu - Cajanus cajan) and five irrigation depths (L1 - 50%, L2 - 75%, L3 - 100%, L4 - 125% and L5 - 150% of the crop evapotranspiration). In experiment II, the effects between three phosphorus splits were evaluated, being: P1 - dose splitting in weekly applications with different percentages according to the culture absorption rate; P2 - dose split in weekly applications with equal percentage and P3 - split in two applications at 7 and 28 days after sowing, associated with five doses of phosphorus (D1 - 0, D2 - 50, D3 - 100, D4 - 150 and D5 - 200% of the recommended dose, 30 kg ha-1). In experiment I, there was a significant effect for the interaction between the irrigation blade treatments and soil cover, at a level of 1% probability by the F test for grain yield and 5% for variables: pod length and mass of one hundred grains. In experiment II, there was a significant effect between the splitting factors and phosphorus doses at a level of 1%, probability by the F test, for grain yield and 5% for pod mass. The soil cover with black mucuna was responsible for the highest grain yield (1,441.6 kg ha-1), estimated with the use of 414.9 mm, only 12% above the recommended amount of water. Phosphorus parceling with equal weekly applications (10% of the recommended dose) was responsible for the highest grain yield (1,276.74 kg ha-1), estimated for an optimal phosphorus dose of 34.82 kg ha-1, 16% higher than the recommended dose. O feijão-caupi é uma cultura muito explorada no nordeste do Brasil, região em que o semiárido é o clima predominante. Em regiões áridas e semiáridas a utilização de irrigação é um aspecto fundamental para o suprimento, total ou parcial, das necessidades hídricas das culturas, bem como a utilização de plantas como cobertura do solo, para contribuir com o aumento da disponibilidade de água às culturas. Outro aspecto importante é o estado nutricional, em que o fósforo desempenha papel importante nos principais componentes de produtividade de grãos do feijão. Os objetivos foram: avaliar os efeitos de lâminas de irrigação, associadas com coberturas do solo no experimento I, bem como mensurar os efeitos do parcelamento e doses de fósforo aplicadas via fertirrigação na cultura do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), no experimento II. Na pesquisa foi utilizada a cultura do feijão-caupi, cultivar Canapu, nas condições edafoclimáticas de Iguatu, Ceará, localizada no semiárido nordestino, durante o período de outubro a dezembro de 2018. Os experimentos de campo foram desenvolvidos na área experimental, pertencente ao Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará - Campus Iguatu. No experimento I, foram avaliados os efeitos de três coberturas do solo e o tratamento controle, sem cobertura do solo (C1 – controle, C2 – Crotalária - Crotalaria juncea, C3 – Mucuna-Preta - Mucuna purpureus e C4 Guandu - Cajanus cajan) e cinco lâminas de irrigação (L1 – 50%, L2 – 75%, L3 – 100%, L4 – 125% e L5 – 150% da evapotranspiração da cultura). No experimento II, foram avaliados os efeitos entre três parcelamentos do fósforo, sendo: P1 – parcelamento da dose em aplicações semanais com porcentagens diferenciadas de acordo com a marcha de absorção da cultura; P2 – parcelamento da dose em aplicações semanais com porcentagem iguais e P3 – parcelamento em duas aplicações aos 7 e 28 dias após a semeadura, associadas a cinco doses de fósforo (D1 – 0, D2 – 50, D3 – 100, D4 – 150 e D5 – 200% da dose recomendada, 30 kg ha-1). No experimento I, houve efeito significativo para a interação entre os tratamentos lâmina de irrigação e cobertura do solo, em nível de 1% de probabilidade pelo teste F para produtividade de grãos e 5% para variáveis: comprimento da vagem e massa de cem grãos. No experimento II, houve efeito significativo entre os fatores parcelamento e doses de fósforo em nível de 1%, de probabilidade pelo teste F, para produtividade de grãos e 5% para massa das vagens. A cobertura do solo com mucuna-preta foi a responsável pela maior produtividade de grãos (1.441,6 kg ha-1), estimada com a utilização de 414,9 mm, apenas 12% acima da quantidade de água recomendada. O parcelamento do fósforo com aplicações semanais em porcentagens iguais (10% da dose recomendada), foi o responsável pela maior produtividade de grãos (1.276,74 kg ha-1), estimada para uma dose de fósforo ótima de 34,82 kg ha-1, 16% superior a dose recomendada.

Submitted by Emanoele Caroline Amendola (emanoele.amendola@gmail.com) on 2019-01-30T22:41:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 emanoele_amendola_final.pdf: 2500422 bytes, checksum: bdf6cd2de33e6676fc34811dd4f3c9f6 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2019-01-31T10:41:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amendola_ec_me_ilha.pdf: 2500422 bytes, checksum: bdf6cd2de33e6676fc34811dd4f3c9f6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-31T10:41:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amendola_ec_me_ilha.pdf: 2500422 bytes, checksum: bdf6cd2de33e6676fc34811dd4f3c9f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-30 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A citricultura brasileira exerce participação importante no mercado internacional agrícola. Atualmente o país é o maior exportador do suco destas frutas no mundo. A participação dos sistemas de irrigação na citricultura vem sendo cada vez mais acentuada, entretanto pesquisas com as aplicações do sensoriamento remoto, especialmente do algoritmo SAFER (Simple Algorith for Evapotranspiration Retrieving), e análises comparativas entre sistemas de irrigação em citros são escassas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram detectar diferenças de temperatura de superfície entre os sistemas de irrigação (autopropelido, pivô central, microaspersão e gotejamento) e verificar a evapotranspiração atual de diferentes copas dos citros, utilizando o sensoriamento remoto, com o algoritmo SAFER, aplicado a fazendas comerciais cultivadas em diferentes idades - diferenciadas em adultas (plantas com 3 ou mais anos desde o plantio) e jovens (inferiores a 3 anos de plantio) - e tipos de copas de citros - laranjeiras, tangerineiras e limeira ácida Thaiti - no Noroeste Paulista. Após a aplicação da metodologia, foi verificada diferença significativa na temperatura de superfície dos pomares irrigados por diferentes sistemas de irrigação e encontrou-se uma copa com maior potencial para consumo de água entre os cítricos. Brazilian citriculture has a significant stake in the international agricultural market. Currently the country is the biggest exporter of the juice in the world. The participation of irrigation systems in citriculture has been increasing steadily. However, research with the applications of remote sensing, especially the SAFER algorithm, and comparative analyzes between irrigation systems in citrus are scarce. The objective of this work was to detect differences in surface temperature between irrigation systems (self-propelled, center pivot, micro sprinkler and drip) and to verify the current evapotranspiration of different citrus canopies, using remote sensing with the SAFER algorithm applied to farms (plants with 3 years or more since planting) and young (less than 3 years of planting) - and citrus canopy types - orange, tangerine and Thaiti acid lime trees - in the Northwest region of São Paulo. After the application of the methodology, a significant difference in the surface temperature of orchards irrigated by different irrigation systems was verified, and a canopy with greater potential for water consumption among citrus was found. CAPES: Código de Financiamento 001

The problem of providing clean water is now a very serious problem in Kediri Regency, especially in the Ngancar region. The purpose of this study is to predict the need for clean water for the service area of the Ngancar PDAM Kediri Regency in the next 10 years and analyze the availability of clean water from the Ngancar unit for the next 10 years using secondary data references from the PDAM of Kediri Regency. In calculations using linear regression formula. The results of this study are that the need for water in the service area of the Ngancar unit for 2026 with 3,431 customers and 80% service plan reaches Q = 79.25 lt / sec and the availability of raw water of the Ngancar unit for 2026 is 11.97 lt / det. So that the raw water source of the Ngancar unit can be used sustainably to meet the clean water needs of the Ngancar unit service area, it is necessary to optimize the raw water of the Ngancar unit by increasing the flow of old raw water sources with a larger discharge to maintain the stability of the discharge and reduce the level of leakage in distribution network. Masalah penyediaan air bersih saat ini menjadi permasalahan yang sangat serius di Kabupaten Kediri khususnya di wilayah Ngancar. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memprediksikan kebutuhan air bersih untuk wilayah pelayanan unit PDAM Ngancar Kabupaten Kediri pada kurun waktu 10 tahun kedepan dan menganalisis ketersediaan air bersih unit Ngancar sampai 10 tahun kedepan dengan menggunakan acuan data sekunder dari PDAM Kabupaten Kediri. Dalam perhitungan menggunakan rumus regresi linier. Adapun hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa kebutuhan air di wilayah pelayanan unit Ngancar untuk tahun 2026 dengan jumlah pelanggan 3,431 dan rencana pelayanan 80% mencapai sebesar Q = 79,25 lt/det dan ketersediaan air baku unit Ngancar untuk tahun 2026 sebesar 11,97 lt/det. Agar sumber air baku unit Ngancar dapat dimanfaatkan secara berkelanjutan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air bersih wilayah pelayanan unit Ngancar, maka perlu tindakan optimalisasi air baku unit Ngancar dengan menambah debit sumber air baku yang lama dengan debit yang lebih besar untuk menjaga kestabilan debit dan mengurangi tingkat kebocoran pada jaringan distribusi.

CCWI 2017 - Computing and Control for the Water Industry , Sheffield, , 05-/09/2017 - 07/09/2017; International audience; The issue of demand calibration and estimation under uncertainty is known to be an exceptionally difficult problem in water distribution system modelling. In the context of real-time event modelling, the stochastic behaviour of the water demands and non-geographical distribution of the demand patterns makes it even more complicated. This paper considers a predictor - corrector approach, implemented by a particle filter model, for solving the problem of demand multiplier factor estimation. A demand forecasting model is used to predict the water demand multiplier factors. The EPANET hydraulic solver is applied to simulate the hydraulic behaviour of a water network. Real time observations are integrated via a formulation of the particle filter model to correct the demand predictions. A water distribution network of realistic size with two configurations of demand patterns (geographically distributed demand patterns and non-geographically distributed demand patterns) are used to evaluate the particle filter model. Results show that the model is able to provide good estimation of the demand multiplier factors in a near real-time context if the measurement errors are small. Large measurement errors may result in inaccurate estimates of the demand values.

Istraživano područje „Penave“ obuhvaća 1000 ha poljoprivrednih površina. Površine su djelomično hidromeliorirane, a u potpunosti meliorirane otvorenom kanalskom mrežom koju je neophodno pravilno održavati kako bi odvodnja suvišnih oborinskih i podzemnih voda bila nesmetana. Na istraživanom području utvrđen je problem zbijenosti tla te je potrebno utvrditi mjere uređenja i popravka istog. Prije navodnjavanja područja „Penave“, potrebno je izvesti dodatne mjere uređenja vodnog režima tla na nekim proizvodnim površinama, a na većem dijelu površine za preporučiti je agromeliorativne i biološke mjere poboljšanja plodnosti tla. Na avodnjavanim površinama lokaliteta „Penave“ preporučuje se tehnika kišenja i lokaliziranog navodnjavanja, te intenzivna proizvodnja povrća i sjemenskih kultura (kukuruz, šećerna repa), kako u redovnoj tako i u postrnoj sjetvi i/ili sadnji., Research area "Penave" covers 1000 ha of agricultural land. Surfaces are partly hydromeliorated, and completely meliorated by an open canal network. It is imperative to maintain proper maintenance so that drainage of surplus rainwater and groundwaters would be smooth. In the area investigated, the problem of soil compactness has been established and needs to be determined arranging and repairing the same. Before watering the "Penave" area, it is necessary to perform it additional measures to regulate the water regime of the soil on some production areas, and on a larger scale Part of the surface to recommend agro-biodegradable and biological measures to improve soil fertility. On irrigated surfaces of the "Penave" site is recommended rainfall technique and localized irrigation, and intensive production of vegetables and seed crops (maize, sugar beet), both in regular and in post-sowing and / or planting.

The most difficult water resources management challenge in the Ganges Basin is the imbalance between water demand and seasonal availability. More than 80 % of the annual flow in the Ganges River occurs during the 4-month monsoon, resulting in widespread flooding. During the rest of the year, irrigation, navigation, and ecosystems suffer because of water scarcity. Storage of monsoonal flow for utilization during the dry season is one approach to mitigating these problems. Three conjunctive use management strategies involving subsurface water storage are evaluated in this study: Ganges Water Machine (GWM), Pumping Along Canals (PAC), and Distributed Pumping and Recharge (DPR). Numerical models are used to determine the efficacy of these strategies. Results for the Indian State of Uttar Pradesh (UP) indicate that these strategies create seasonal subsurface storage from 6 to 37 % of the yearly average monsoonal flow in the Ganges exiting UP over the considered range of conditions. This has clear implications for flood reduction, and each strategy has the potential to provide irrigation water and to reduce soil waterlogging. However, GWM and PAC require significant public investment in infrastructure and management, as well as major shifts in existing water use practices; these also involve spatially-concentrated pumping, which may induce land subsidence. DPR also requires investment and management, but the distributed pumping is less costly and can be more easily implemented via adaptation of existing water use practices in the basin.

International audience; Modeling of water distribution systems is fundamental for the design, analysis and operation of any water network. As with all hydraulic models, water demands are one of the most important input components in the model. However, estimation of the demand parameters is usually complicated due to the stochastic behavior of the water consumptions. Several methods have been proposed for estimating water demands. Most of them have been developed based on given frameworks where the number of unknown parameters is assumed to be equal or less than the number of measurements. The outcomes, therefore, rely on this assumption, which can lead to significant approximation errors in real water distribution systems. The approach proposed in this paper does not require the number of known inputs to be equal to the number of variables. In fact, nodes in the model could each have a different demand pattern. The genetic algorithm approach adopted here shows that the average results of multiple GA runs can estimate the demand patterns at each node. Moreover, the model can also be used to estimate the flow rates and nodal heads at non-measured locations of the water network, although the accuracy of the estimation depends on number, type and location of the measurements. Results are shown and discussed for a literature case study tested for a 24-hour time period.

How can water resource agencies make smart investments to ensure long-term water reliability when the future is fraught with deep climate and economic uncertainty? This study helped SEDAPAL, the water utility serving Lima, Peru, answer this question by drawing on state of the art methods for decision making under deep uncertainty. These methods provide techniques for evaluating the performance of a water system over a wide range of plausible futures and then developing strategies that are robust across these futures. Rather than weighting futures probabilistically to define an optimal strategy, these methodologies identify the vulnerabilities of a system and then evaluate the key trade-offs among different adaptive strategies. Through extensive iteration and collaboration with SEDAPAL, the study used these methods to define an investment strategy that is robust, ensuring water reliability across as wide a range of future conditions as possible while also being economically efficient. First,on completion, the study helped SEDAPAL realize that not all projects included in the Master Plan were necessary to achieve water reliability, and the utility could save 25 percent (more than $600 million) in investment costs. Second, the study helped focus future efforts on demand-side management, pricing, and soft infrastructure, a refocusing that is difficult to achieve in traditional utility companies. Third, the study helped SEDAPAL gain the support of regulatory and budget agencies through the careful analysis of alternatives. Fourth, the study allowed the utility to postpone lower priority investments, and to analyze future options based on climate and demand information that simply is not available now.

This study draws upon state-of-the-art methods for decision making under deep uncertainty (DMU) to give SEDAPAL and decision makers in Lima answers to pressing questions. It draws upon several methodologies including Robust Decision Making, Decision Scaling, and Adaptive Pathways, to prioritize the investments in SEDAPAL’s Master Plan. Together these methods help define an investment strategy that is robust, ensuring water reliability across as wide a range of future conditions as possible while also being economically efficient.

To evaluate and reflect the sustainability of services in the region, an overall sector sustainability assessment was done, taking into account four main dimensions: access to services, quality of services, efficiency of services, and financing of services. Each of these dimensions is measured through three simple and objective indicators. For each indicator, best practice values are established by looking at the best performers in the region, and countries closest to those best performers are deemed to have a more mature sector. A more complete description of the methodology to assess sector sustainability is included in the Annex of the State of the Sector Regional Report from the Danube Water Program. The outcomes of this assessment for Hungary’s water sector are displayed, which also shows average and best practices in the Danube region. The Hungarian sector sustainability score is 74, which is far above the Danube average sustainability of 64, and is among the best practices in the region. The assessment shows that, on average, the country performs well in terms of continuity of access to piped water and flush toilet, collection ratio, nonrevenue water and staffing level. The main deficiencies of Hungary’s water sector identified through the sector sustainability assessment are the operating cost ratio, affordability, and investments. The main sector challenges are: achieving full cost recovery; preventing the degradation of assets in the long term; and preparing for the risks caused by climate change.

Potential water scarcity is currently considered a common threat to mankind. In this article, we provide some answers to this question, starting with an evaluation of the resources, mostly as the annual meteoric flux, but also freshwater stocks, then of the water needs for domestic, agricultural and industrial use, and ecosystem needs; the balance between needs and resources is examined at the global and local scales. The concepts of blue water, green water, grey water and virtual water are introduced, and used to present the French water balance and its " water footprint ". The expected effects of climate change are summarized, followed by the risks of severe droughts, major water scarcity, and conflicts., Le « problème de l'eau » est de grande actualité, on parle parfois de « l'or bleu », de la pénurie actuelle supposée ou annoncée, de l'effet des changements climatiques, de l'augmentation des besoins du fait de la croissance démographique. Cet article tente de réunir quelques éléments de réponse à ces questions, en donnant d'abord un ordre de grandeur des ressources, principalement en flux mais également en stock, puis des besoins, en distinguant les principaux usages de l'eau (domestique, agricole, industriel, besoins des écosystèmes…), et enfin en examinant l'adéquation besoins-ressources, aux échelles globales mais aussi locales. On définit à cette occasion les notions d'eau bleue, d'eau verte, d'eau grise et d'eau virtuelle, que l'on applique au bilan en eau de la France pour définir « l'empreinte eau ». L'effet des changements climatiques est brièvement abordé, suivi des risques de sécheresse extrêmes, des problèmes de grande pénurie et de conflits.

Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia Regarding the maintenance of green spaces, watering is essential. This will help meet the aesthetic and functional objectives stipulated by the Landscape Architect. However, with increasing concerns about saving this resource, it is essential to do the watering in the most efficient manner possible. This paper aims to highlight the importance of the presence of water in a green space; make known how has the water distribution in irrigation systems evoluted; Demonstrate one of the most used methods in the procedure of calculation of water requirements and also illustrates how to design and manage an irrigation system. The methodologies used are based on lessons learned in the classes of Applied Engineering to Landscape Architecture (at the Higher Institute of Agronomy - University of Lisbon) with certain adjustments in the Project. To conclude, the only way to sustainably use water in a green space is to mandatorily incorporate a well structured irrigation system and that water is distributed in the amount, which corresponds only to the requirements of the plants. To conclude, the only way to sustainably use water in a green space, is to mandatorily incorporate a well structured irrigation system and that water is distributed in the amount, which corresponds only to the requirements of the plants. In summary, pointing to the requirement of in each case, to conceive a project of irrigation, based on satisfying the water needs of plants to benefit, to develop a set schedule of watering, so to minimize the loss of water and subsequently monitor the functioning of the system with proper management

This policy paper records the outcome of a strategic analysis of investment requirements in the water sector in Zimbabwe as of December 2013. The work, entitled Zimbabwe water sector investment analysis, was undertaken in close collaboration with senior officials in Zimbabwe as an exercise in determining where World Bank investments may be most effective in the future, and to assist the government of Zimbabwe to develop its own investment strategies. The analysis was framed around two key questions: (1) what immediate investments are required to ensure that water in sufficient quantity and at adequate quality will be available to underpin recovery? This is in order to ensure that water availability would not constitute a constraint to future growth and development; and (2) where in the water sector should the next dollar be best spent? This paper summarizes the context of the water sector in Zimbabwe at the time of the study and reflects the key elements of policy advice derived from the analysis. It is important to record and recognize the key elements of policy advice provided by the World Bank through the water sector investment analysis.