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Summary Impact evaluation methods (mixed effects models and matching) were used to investigate the effect of protected areas (PAs) on poverty and livelihoods in Cambodia, comparing households inside PAs with bordering villages and controls. There was no evidence that PAs exacerbated local poverty or reduce agricultural harvests in comparison with controls. Households bordering the PAs were significantly better off due to greater access to markets and services. Non-timber forest product (NTFP) collectors inside PAs were significantly better off than controls and had greater rice harvests, because they had more secure access to land and forest resources. The PAs in Cambodia therefore have some positive impacts on households that use forest and land resources for their livelihoods.

Background and Objectives: in Sweden during 2016, 71.6 million metric tonnes (t) of forest biomass (roundwood and forest fuels) were transported by truck, corresponding to approximately 15% of all national goods truck transport. To reduce the environmental impact of forest product transports and meet Swedish climate goals, the use of 90 t high-capacity transport (HCT) trucks on well-chosen routes has been identified as one potential measure. The objective was, therefore, to develop a method of finding the geographical occurrence of potential roundwood HCT corridors for 90 t trucks, as well as estimating their environmental and economic potential in comparison to the conventional 74 t-truck transport system for Swedish conditions. Materials and Methods: the study used data from actual roundwood transports during 2016 along with a digitalization of the Swedish road network (National Road Database, SNVDB) for corridor identification. In four steps we: 1) identified supportive networks, 2) identified flow supporting corridors on the technically supportive networks, 3) applied a calibrated route finder (CRF) to route relevant transports both directly from the landing to the receiver and via the corridor, gathering drive distance information and, for example, 4) analyzed transports fuel consumption and potential CO2 savings. Results: Results showed there was annual potential for 25 HCT corridors throughout Sweden to employ 20 90 t trucks to transport 2.5 Mt of roundwood, reducing up to 5500 t of CO2 and €3.1 M in fuel costs. Conclusions: the study reinforces previous studies’ findings concerning economic and environmental potential using HCT vehicles and identifies terminal establishment and management costs as a bottleneck in successful large-scale implementation of HCT corridors.

The integration of the Nordic timber markets has been analysed to provide market information to various decision-makers, e.g., climate and industrial policies and investment decisions. This study addresses the interlinkage between Nordic (Sweden, Norway and Finland) roundwood markets (Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)) and Norway spruce ((Picea abies L.) sawlogs and pulpwood). In total, eleven markets were analysed using quarterly data over the period 2006Q1–2017Q4 where various unit root and stationary tests were performed together with Johansen’s cointegration test. In addition, directional causality analyses between the integrated markets were also performed. The results show that the law-of-one-price (LOP) hypothesis can be rejected for most of the studied markets and that no individual market emerges as the price-leader. Only the Swedish and Norwegian pine sawlog markets are integrated suggesting a single market for both countries. Price affecting national and forest-related policies as well as investments in the forestry sector, forest industries, bioenergy sector and other forest product using sectors, will not disperse into a larger international market structure; instead, the price effect will be national and more likely have a more profound effect.

Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar a estrutura arbórea e valorar uma floresta secundária de várzea baixa. A área de estudo está localizada na propriedade florestal da Exportadora de Madeiras do Pará Ltda. - EMAPA, município de Afuá, Estado do Pará. A área inventariada corresponde a 12,5 ha, onde foram medidos todos os espécimes arbóreos com DAP > ou = 15,0 cm. Verificou-se a ocorrência de 73 espécies, que totalizaram 357,7 indivíduos/ha e área basal de 23,4 m²/ha. As espécies mais importantes do ambiente estudado foram Virola surinamensis, Symphonia globulifera, Eschweilera coriacea, Pentaclethra macroloba e Astrocaryum murumuru. Entre os grupos de uso foi verificado que as espécies não-comerciais apresentaram o maior número de toras comercializáveis (24,3 toras/ha), seguidas das espécies comerciais (16,2 toras/ha) e das potenciais (12,9 toras/ha). A receita potencial de toras/ha foi de US$ 501,70 e a de palmito/ha foi de US$ 68,50. The aim of this paper was to analyze tree structure and value a secondary low floodplain forest. The study area is located at EMAPA forest lands, in the county of Afuá, in the state of Pará. The inventoried area presents 12.5 ha, where all the tree specimens with DBH > or = 15.0 cm were measured. A total of 73 species were identified, corresponding to 357.7 individuals/ha and a 23.4 m²/ha basal area, the most important being Virola surinamensis, Symphonia globulifera, Eschweilera coriacea, Pentaclethra macroloba and Astrocaryum murumuru. Among the categories, the non-commercial species showed the highest number of marketable boles (24.3/ha), followed by the commercial (16.2/ha) and potential ones (12.9 boles/ha). The boles and the heartpalms provided a potential income of US$ 501.70/ha and US$ 68.50/ha, respectively.

Impact of extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) was analyzed in a thorn scrub forest in Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) wildlife sanctuary, India. Six species are most commonly extracted from BRT scrub for subsistence and income generation by an aboriginal tribe, the Soliga. Although the forest has been provided protection from indiscriminate felling since 1978 under a wildlife sanctuary cover, changes in vegetation structure are still occurring as a consequence of anthropogenic pressure in the form of extraction of fuelwood and other NTFPs. The results indicate that large woody species are being replaced by small woody species. The population structure also is becoming increasingly skewed to the smaller size classes due to extraction-bound mortality of the individuals, particularly those>7 cm dbh and above. The data suggest that the scrub community itself may be a manifestation of long persisting anthropogenic pressure in the form of extraction of a variety of forest products, and it currently represents a downward transition from a deciduous forest to a shrub thicket.

The definitive version of record is available at www.jstor.org/stable/26266010. This article addresses the question, to what extent and under which conditions nontimber forest product (NTFP) trade leads to both livelihood improvement and forest conservation. We based the analysis on a standardized expert-judgment assessment of the livelihood and environmental outcomes of 55 cases of NTFP trade from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The results show that NTFP trade benefits several components of peoples' livelihoods, but may increase inequality between households. Involvement of women in the production-to-consumption system (PCS) tends to have a positive impact on intrahousehold equity. In 80% of the cases, the commercial production of NTFPs does not enable people to make financial investments to increase quality and quantity of production, limiting the potential for development. In our set of cases, commercial extraction from the wild, without further management, tends to lead to resource depletion. NTFP production systems are generally considered to have lower environmental values than natural forest, but do contribute positively to the environmental values in the landscape. We found that higher livelihood outcomes are associated with lower environmental outcomes and conclude that NTFP trade is not likely to reconcile development and conservation of natural forest.

Socialization of non-timber forest product utilization as one form of the management of forest area with special purpose of Palangka Raya City is implemented and centered in meeting hall of Mungku Baru sub-distict of Rakumpit of Palangka Raya city. The socialization was conducted using the funding of fiscal inthe year of 2015. The purpose of community service is creating of awareness and participation of the people around the forest area with special purpose to take care of and utilize the forest products sustainably; empowerment and participation of the people around forests aimed at achieving sustainable forest resource management and improving the welfare of forest villagers. The target community in this socialization activity is the community in Mungku Baru Sub-District of Rakumpit of Palangka Raya City with their economic activity mostly still depend on the existence of forests and fields around the forest. Non-timber forest products that can be utilized by the people such as gamor skin, honey, resin gum, and traditional medicines. Population of pilau/damar (Agathis borneensis) is very large in the forest education of University of Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, which is spread naturally in an area of approximately 2,500 Ha. The resin copal can be harvested without damaging and cutting down trees, so that forest conservation can be maintained. University of Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya as one of the forest managers of education is committed to help the welfare of the villagers around the forest. Cooperation system offered is buying and selling resin copal.

The Brazil nut is a highly valuable non‐timber forest product from a wild, hyperdominant, emergent tree species that is increasingly vulnerable and exposed to habitat degradation. We provide evidence for how Brazil nut genetic resources are negatively affected by forest degradation and discuss the consequences of this for reproductive success. To avoid negative effects of genetic erosion and inbreeding, we discuss the need to cease large‐scale forest conversion and to promote landscape connectivity. This could support gene flow, maintain genetic diversity across individuals reproducing in clustered patterns and contribute to securing the long‐termed reproductive viability and resilience of this high socio‐economically and ecologically valuable species.

This study aims to present a holistic image of the strategic development needs and potential solutions within the Finnish non-timber forest product (NTFP) business sector and demonstrate a new hybrid methodology for collaborative strategy formulation. The perceived challenges and solutions were collected with the 635 group-working method in a nationwide series of NTFP actor workshops. The analysis applied the Strategic Option Development and Analysis (SODA) approach and the formal network analysis. Business actors emphasised two complex and interrelated aims of development at the core of the business activity: (1) to improve the profitability of the NTFP business and (2) to facilitate the growth of the sector. The present bottleneck is perceived in the raw material acquisition and productising, and many wider development themes, such as business logic and sustainability, received little attention.

Brazil nuts are an economically important non-timber forest product throughout the Amazon Basin, but the forests in which they grow are under threat of severe degradation by logging, road building, agricultural expansion and forest fires. As a result, many Brazil nut trees grow within a mosaic of young secondary forest, primary forest remnants and agricultural fields. Little is known about the reproductive ecology and fruit production of Brazil nut in such degraded landscapes. Previous studies on Brazil nut productivity did not explicitly address forest degradation as a factor. In this study, we analyzed the extent to which Brazil nut fruit production is affected by the level of forest degradation. We collected three years of fruit production data of 126 Brazil nut trees occurring in degraded forest (the above-mentioned mosaics) and closed canopy (i.e. undegraded) forest in and around the Tambopata National Reserve in Madre de Dios, Peru. We analyzed the effect of forest degradation at two different levels: at the site type (i.e. degraded vs undegraded forest) and the individual tree level (quantified as stand basal area and stem density around the individual Brazil nut trees). Stand basal area around the individual Brazil nut trees significantly positively influenced tree fruit production in all three years and stem density in year 2 and 3, with strongest effects in the third year, and weakest effect in the first year, coinciding with an El Nino year. Trees in undegraded forest produced more fruits in the second and third year than trees in degraded forest (29.4 % and 35.8 % more respectively), but not in the first year in which trees in undegraded forest produced 31.7 % less fruits than trees in degraded forest. These within year effects were not significant, although the effects significantly differed between years. Our results show that forest degradation can affect Brazil nut fruit production, and suggest that the strength (and possibly the sign) of this effect might be different in (extreme) El Nino years. This illustrates the potential importance of restoring degraded forest to enhance resilience and protect the livelihoods of people depending on the Brazil nut trade.

The conservation of forest resources has been recognized as crucial to the sound and sustained development of tropical developing nations. Preservation of undisturbed tropical forest remnants, particularly in mountainous regions, through such means as national parks is justified on the basis that forest reserves: (1) provide invaluable watershed protection to growing lowland populations, agricultural crops, and industries; (2) contain extremely diverse, but as yet poorly understood, flora and fauna of potentially significant educational, pharmaceutical, and economic value; (3) offer subsistence resources critical to poor, landless farmers and minor forest product collectors; (4) represent a potential source of much needed foreign exchange earnings through the development of tourism; and (5) are rapidly disappearing. However, successful establishment and management of forest preserves will likely be difficult in most tropical developing countries as a consequence of the following: (1) growing land-use pressures, particularly the spontaneous and frequently illegal conversion of forests to farm lands by impoverished landless families; (2) national development goals and continued reliance upon raw materials, such as timber, minerals, and energy, and plantation-grown agricultural products (for example, coconut, sugar-cane, pineapple, coffee, rubber, and oil palm) for foreign exchange earnings; and (3) insufficient and conflicting support within government agencies. All of these factors impede current efforts to establish and manage the Leyte Mountains National Park in Leyte, Philippines, and are also present to varying degrees in attempts to conserve tropical rainforest remnants elsewhere.