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Research in wireless body area network (WBAN) has gained interest and has become an emerging health service application because of the potential for its use in continuous monitoring of human well-being. The natural human body movements and environmental interference impose difficulties on WBAN performance, such as operational lifetime and data delivery reliability. This work proposes a cross-layer approach, called CL, based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard to guarantee quality of service in terms of packet delivery and network lifetime. The proposed protocol is compared to the original standard and results suggest that CL outperforms when interference is the cause of packet delivery failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless networks' applications are increasing gradually necessitating their performance to enhance. Evolution of these networks over time indicates the need for algorithms which can operate based on their dynamic nature. Wireless mesh networks provide Intranet and Internet access for different applications in various environments. It is expected that the traffic load will be high on these networks. As gateway nodes are responsible for the traffic load transmission, gateway selection is known as one of the important research issues in that it can lead to optimized use of the network capacity and reduce congestion effects. In addition, utilizing multi-radio multi-channel architecture is one of the promising methods for increasing performance and decreasing interference. Channel assignment determines the most appropriate channel-radio associations for transmitting and receiving data through different channels simultaneously. Taking into account this architecture, this paper was written to propose a distributed gateway selection algorithm along with a cross-layer concept which predicts environment dynamics by learning automata. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method in various configurations on average improves packet delivery ratio 17.66%, throughput 5.36%, network overhead ratio 6.34%, and average end-to-end delay 15.94% higher than reinforcement learning-based best path routing algorithm (RLBPR), the best studied algorithm; therefore, it leads to more efficient utilization of network capacity compared to nearest gateway, minimum load index, expected transmission count, best path to best gateway, and RLBPR algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless networks are extremely vulnerable to a plethora of security threats, including eavesdropping, jamming, and spoofing, to name a few. Recently, a number of next-generation cross-layer attacks have been unveiled, which leverage small changes on one network layer to stealthily and significantly compromise another target layer. Since cross-layer attacks are stealthy, dynamic, and unpredictable in nature, novel security techniques are needed. Since models of the environment and attacker's behavior may be hard to obtain in practical scenarios, machine learning techniques become the ideal choice to tackle cross-layer attacks. In this paper, we propose FORMAT, a novel framework to tackle cross-layer security attacks in wireless networks. FORMAT is based on Bayesian learning and made up by a detection and a mitigation component. On one hand, the attack detection component constructs a model of observed evidence to identify stealthy attack activities. On the other hand, the mitigation component uses optimization theory to achieve the desired trade-off between security and performance. The proposed FORMAT framework has been extensively evaluated and compared with existing work by simulations and experiments obtained with a real-world testbed made up by Ettus Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) radios. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology as FORMAT is able to effectively detect and mitigate the considered cross-layer attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is nowadays a growing demand in vehicular communications for real-time applications requiring video assistance. The new state-of-the-art high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard is very promising for real-time video streaming. It offers high coding efficiency, as well as dedicated low delay coding structures. Among these, the all intra (AI) coding structure guarantees minimal coding time at the expense of higher video bitrates, which therefore penalizes transmission performances. In this work, we propose an original cross-layer system in order to enhance received video quality in vehicular communications. The system is low complex and relies on a multiple description coding (MDC) approach. It is based on an adaptive mapping mechanism applied at the IEEE 802.11p standard medium access control (MAC) layer. Simulation results in a realistic vehicular environment demonstrate that for low delay video communications, the proposed method provides significant video quality improvements on the receiver side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-layer reliability is becoming the preferred solution when reliability is a concern in the design of a microprocessor-based system. Nevertheless, deciding how to distribute the error management across the different layers of the system is a very complex task that requires the support of dedicated frameworks for cross-layer reliability analysis. This paper proposes SyRA, a system-level cross-layer early reliability analysis framework for radiation induced soft errors in memory arrays of microprocessor-based systems. The framework exploits a multi-level hybrid Bayesian model to describe the target system and takes advantage of Bayesian inference to estimate different reliability metrics. SyRA implements several mechanisms and features to deal with the complexity of realistic models and implements a complete tool-chain that scales efficiently with the complexity of the system. The simulation time is significantly lower than micro-architecture level or RTL fault-injection experiments with an accuracy high enough to take effective design decisions. To demonstrate the capability of SyRA, we analyzed the reliability of a set of microprocessor-based systems characterized by different microprocessor architectures (i.e., Intel x86, ARM Cortex-A15, ARM Cortex-A9) running both the Linux operating system or bare metal in the presence of single bit upsets caused by radiation induced soft errors. Each system under analysis executes different software workloads both from benchmark suites and from real applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DESYNC-TDMA is a representative bio-inspired MAC protocol which assigns slots of each node evenly in decentralized manner. However, it could suffer from bottleneck node on the delivery path because the slot is evenly assigned according to the number of neighbors in two hop range. In such a case the routing path having smaller slot length could be chosen due to its shorter hop count. This problem causes performance degradation. In this paper, we propose a routing metric using both slot length and hop count with cross-layer approach. Our scheme improves overall network performance by choosing and updating better route.

A cross-layer resource allocation model in multiuser OFDM system was proposed，which combined the channel state in physical layer and the user’s queue in MAC layer.The proposed hybrid optimization algorithm made use of the advantages of genetic algorithm and tabu search algorithm to improve the crossover of genetic algorithm.It would improve the global search ability，converge to the global optimal value faster，solve the cross-layer resource allocation problem more effectively and meet the user’s quality of service better.The simulation results show that the improved hybrid algorithm increases the throughput，reduces the average delay and improves the QoS of the system.

An application oriented cross-layer multi-channel(AOCM)MAC protocol was proposed for VANET.The AOCM protocol could derive the optimal control channel(CCH)interval to ensure the timely and reliable transmission of safety messages on the CCH,based on real-time statistics and prediction for different types of sages coming from upper application layer.In the service channels(SCH),the proposed protocol relies on a reservation mechanism for con-tention-free transmission,so as to improve the throughput of SCH.The proposed protocol was suitable for both saturation and unsaturation conditions,and has low computational complexity and high scalability.Extensive simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the AOCM protocol compared with other existing protocols.

Considering that networks based on New Radio (NR) technology are oriented to provide services of desired quality (QoS), it becomes questionable how to model and predict targeted QoS values, especially if the physical channel is dynamically changing. In order to overcome mobility issues, we aim to support the evaluation of second-order statistics of signal, namely level-crossing rate (LCR) and average fade duration (AFD) that is missing in general channel 5G models. Presenting results from our symbolic encapsulation point 5G (SEP5G) additional tool, we fill this gap and motivate further extensions on current general channel 5G. As a matter of contribution, we clearly propose: (i) anadditional tool for encapsulating different mobile 5G modeling approaches; (ii) extended, wideband, LCR, and AFD evaluation for optimal radio resource allocation modeling; and (iii) lower computational complexity and simulation time regarding analytical expression simulations in related scenario-specific 5G channel models. Using our deterministic channel model for selected scenarios and comparing it with stochastic models, we show steps towards higherlevel finite state Markov chain (FSMC) modeling, where mentioned QoS parameters become more feasible, placing symbolic encapsulation at the center of cross-layer design. Furthermore, we generate values within a specified 5G passband, indicating how it can be used for provisioningoptimal radio resource allocation.

Inerter-based vibration control systems have been developed rapidly in recent years. However, previous studies mainly focus on the development of new devices and parameter optimization strategies, while ignoring the improvements in the utilization efficiency of the inerter system that the bracing system and novel installation methods may bring. In this paper, a cross-layer installed cable-bracing inerter system (CICBIS) is proposed to improve the utilization efficiency of the inerter system, which can cross more layers and is suitable for shear-type multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structures. A demand-based cable-bracing inerter system (CBIS) design method is developed. The mass enhancement and utilization efficiency improvement of the inerter system caused by the cross-layer installation are quantified through calculating the effective inerter-mass ratio of the CBIS-equipped MDOF structure. A 10-story benchmark structure is used to verify the control performance of the CICBIS and the design method. The analysis results show that the proposed design method can exert the cable-bracing system’s adjustability and the damping enhancement of the inerter system. The CICBIS can reduce the total apparent mass and damping coefficient requirements of the inerter systems without increasing the control force. It means that the proposed design method is effective, and the CICBIS has a high efficiency.

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Video transmission over IEEE 802.11e wireless networks still shows poor performance for large bandwidth demand and frequently changed environments. Thus, several enhancements of IEEE 802.11e were proposed. On the other hand, big frames and simultaneous sending of adjacent frames always cause packet dropping for buffer overflow. In the past, we proposed an IEEE 802.11e enhancement named DFAA and a content aware mechanism to solve the above problems. The motivation of this paper is to find a proper way to integrate these two mechanisms. A DFAA enhancement (DFAA-E) is proposed to make up the insufficiency of content aware mechanism. Experiments results show that the combination of DFAA-E and content aware mechanism improves the video decoded quality greatly. And its performance can be further enhanced by selecting the suitable settings of certain parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network-on-Chip provides a packet-based and scalable inter-connected structure for spiking neural networks. However, existing neural mapping methods just distribute all neurons of a population into an on-chip network core or nearby cores sequentially. As there is no connection among population, the population based mapping degrades inter-neuron communicating performance between different cores. This paper presents a Cross-LAyer based neural MaPping method that maps synaptic connected neurons belonging to adjacent layers into the same on-chip network node. In order to adapt to various input patterns, the strategy also takes input spike rate into consideration and remap neurons for improving mapping efficiency. The method helps to reduce inter-core communication cost. The experimental results demonstrate the efficient results of the proposed mapping strategy in the aspect of spike transfer latency as well as dynamic energy cost improvement. In the applications of handwritten digits and edge extraction, in which the type of interconnection among neurons is different, the neural mapping algorithm reduces spike average transfer latency by maximum 42.83%, and reduces dynamic energy by maximum 36.29%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present bandwidth efficient selective retransmission method in conjunction with adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme for OFDM waveform. In the proposed method, when a packet failure occurs, receiver requests retransmission of information symbols prone to error corresponding to the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) sub-carriers of OFDM modulation. The selective retransmission avoids unnecessary retransmission and AMC chooses a proper modulation and coding scheme with an objective to maximize the throughput. Our method achieves higher throughput as compared to conventional retransmission methods such as Chase combining hybrid automatic repeat reQuest (CC-HARQ) and incremental redundancy hybrid automatic repeat reQuest (IR-HARQ). We also provide the throughput and delay analysis of the proposed method for non-truncated ARQ. The simulation results demonstrate throughput gain without significant impact on delay as compared to the conventional retransmission approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Systems Engineering & Electronics is the property of Journal of Systems Engineering & Electronics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the fast development of vehicular technology and the emergence of mobile applications, it has become urgent to connect moving vehicles to Internet due to the ever-growing user demands. As an emerging paradigm of Internet of vehicles (IoV), vehicular fog communication (VFC) can not only efficiently enable drivers to access traditional Internet multimedia services, but also possible to enjoy new Internet applications dedicated to intelligent transportations. However, in VFC, travelling vehicles move with a high velocity and change their points of attachment frequently, which results in frequent network handoffs and even connection interruptions. In order to provide a satisfactory user experience, and enable vehicles to keep always-on-line connections when they are moving along urban roads, this paper proposes a cross-layer and neighboring vehicle-aided fast handoff (CVFH) scheme. A vehicle in CVFH utilizes the neighboring vehicle’s assistance to find a qualified vehicle to determine the target AP, and get related information before the vehicle moves into the coverage of the target AP. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve the handoff performance in terms of handoff delay and throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For improving the efficiency and the reliability of the opportunistic routing algorithm, we propose a cross-layer and reliable opportunistic routing algorithm (CBRT) for mobile ad hoc networks, in which the fuzzy logic and topology control are introduced into the opportunistic routing algorithm. In CBRT, the inputs of the fuzzy logic system are the relative variances (rv) of the metrics rather than the metrics’values; by this, the number of fuzzy rules is reduced dramatically. Moreover, the number of fuzzy rules does not increase when the number of inputs increases. For improving routing reliability and reducing the control cost, in CBRT, the relay node degree is a range rather than a constant number. The nodes are divided into different categories based on their relay node degree. The nodes adjust their transmission power based on which categories that they belong to. In addition, for investigating the effect of the node mobility on routing performance, we propose a link lifetime prediction algorithm which takes the moving speed and moving direction into account. In CBRT, the source node determines the relaying priorities of the candidate relay nodes based on their utilities. The relay node whose utility is large has high priority to forward the data packet to next hop. By these innovations, the performance of CBRT is much better than that of ExOR; however, the computation complexity does not increase in CBRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a cross-layer design for the stations (STAs) in a distributed coordination function (DCF) network. By selecting the modulation scheme, coding scheme, and packet length of each STA in the network, the design aims to maximize the total throughput of all the STAs and satisfy the minimum throughput requirement or delay requirement of each STA, thus addressing the fairness and delay issues. The proposed scheme applies to the system where each STA employs a contention based channel access mechanism, Furthermore, unlike the existing optimization schemes, it takes two important factors, changeable data rate and changeable packet error rate (PER), into consideration. Using an existing Markov chain model to predict the performance of the STAs, we propose an approach that updates the selection of each STA sequentially, thus avoiding the large complexity from the exhaustive search. Many issues are discussed based on the numerical results, including how the approximations in our design affect the processing time and result of the design, how the change of one STA affects the performance of the other STAs, how the minimum throughput constraints affect the fairness and total throughput, how to select these constraints to satisfy the delay requirements, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the cross-layer energy efficiency of cooperative MIMO networks. At the physical layer, the transmit power determines the outage probability and the number of contending nodes per unit area. At the medium access control (MAC) layer, accessing the channel takes additional time and energy, which impacts the throughput and the energy efficiency. Then, we propose a new cooperative MAC protocol based on IEEE 802.11 in order to coordinate cooperation and to improve the energy efficiency. Moreover, we focus on slow fading scenarios and we analyze the performance of antenna selection (AS), singular value decomposition (SVD) diversity beamforming, and spatial multiplexing (SM) transmission schemes. Results show that SVD and SM have smaller delay and, consequently, larger throughput; however, AS is more energy efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recently using Scalable Video Coding (SVC) in Dynamic Adaptive Streaming of over HTTP (DASH) has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, we present a Quality-of-Experience (QoE) driven Cross-Layer Scheme (QCLS) for DASH-based scalable video transmission over LTE. Specifically, assuming the priority-based extraction be exploited for bitstream adaption, we first propose a new continuous Rate-Distortion (RD) model for scalable video stream. Then to guarantee continuous playback, a two-level rate adaption algorithm is presented: a novel throughput-based algorithm is implemented for dynamic selection of segment bitrate on the DASH client side at the first level, and the second level applies the rate adaption by designing a suitable packet scheduling strategy at the Base Station. The packets of each segment with lower priority that are still left in the packet queues when their playback deadline is missed, would be considered as the ones that are beyond the actual transmission ability and discarded by the second-level rate adaption. Furthermore, in order to reasonably utilize the wireless resources in LTE (Long-Term Evolution) system, a cross-layer optimization problem that maximizes the total weighted received quality of the currently transmitted segments for all clients is formulated. In view of its high complexity of obtaining the optimal solution, we develop an approach of the suboptimal solution, which can determine a locally optimal transmission strategy in resource allocation as well as the corresponding Modulation and Coding Scheme. Accordingly, the transmission rate of each client can be obtained. Simulation results show that our proposed cross-layer scheme can provide better performance than the existing ones for DASH-based scalable video transmission over LTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonging the network lifetime is a crucial constraint in wireless sensor networks. Since data communication requires a more energy consumption than any other process, sensor nodes necessitate an energy efficient communication. Most related works generally consider the propagation path loss model to capture the channel effects for the energy consumption model and the routing metric choice. Nevertheless, this model does not incorporate the small-scale fading. Thus, it is inaccurate to evaluate link reliability. In this paper, we derive the analytical expression of the energy consumption by including the small-scale channel fading and its impact on energy efficiency. Then, we propose a cross-layer approach based on joint network and physical layers by including small and large scale fading. We improve the ad hoc on-demand distance vector protocol at the route discovery mechanism and the data transmission by considering both SNR and residual energy thresholds, and a power adjustment algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed cross-layer approach significantly prolongs the network lifetime while guaranteeing a communication efficiency level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality of group communication using mobile ad-hoc networks depends on various factors like channel fading, signal quality, path loss, transmission and reception power of mobile nodes, mobility, link life and battery backup. Different layers are involved in communication, but the behavior of these layers is isolated with each other and overall network performance may effect from their operations. A cross-layer approach can extract the critical information from multiple layers which can be further utilized to enhance the overall network performance and Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, Cross-layer Multicast Routing (CLMR) is introduced to enhance the QoS using a tree-based multicast routing protocol. In order to achieve QoS, optimization of the tree operations and tree management cost has been done. CLMR exploits the functionality of PHY layer, Application layer and Routing Layer for QoS oriented communication. Performance of CLMR is analyzed using Multicast Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) routing protocol under various parameters, i.e. Throughput, Delay, Packet Delivery Ratio, Link Cost and Energy Consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-layer based asymmetric resource allocation strategy for multi-destination relay systems in cellular downlink is proposed in this paper. Existing cross-layer schemes on relay networks are based on symmetric resource allocation (RA) where the transmit duration is assumed to be symmetric between base station to relay station (RS) and RS to mobile station links. This may not be realistic and hence our proposed model considers an asymmetric RA (ARA) in which the transmit durations are asymmetric. Very little work has been done in asymmetric resource allocation and many have failed to consider the queue stability and quality of service (QoS) requirements. Packet length ratio is also ignored in many of these works. In this paper, maximum delay threshold, minimum data rate requirement and zero overflow are considered as QoS requirements. This paper evolves an optimal cross-layer based ARA taking into account the above-mentioned factors. Simulation results are also verified in a cellular testbed which shows that the proposed ARA serves the edge users satisfactorily. Cellular parameters, such as blocking ratio, operating expenditure, electromagnetic pollution index, and QoS assurance, are evaluated and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]