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FTIR spectroscopy accompanied by quantum chemical simulations can reveal important information about molecular structure and intermolecular interactions in the condensed phase. Simulations typically account for the solvent either through cluster quantum mechanical (QM) models, polarizable continuum models (PCM), or hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) models. Recently, we studied the effect of aqueous solvent interactions on the vibrational frequencies of lumiflavin, a minimal flavin model, using cluster QM and PCM models. Those models successfully reproduced the relative frequencies of four prominent stretching modes of flavin's isoalloxazine ring in the diagnostic 1450–1750 cm−1 range but poorly reproduced the relative band intensities. Here, we extend our studies on this system and account for solvation through a series of increasingly sophisticated models. Only by combining elements of QM clusters, QM/MM, and PCM approaches do we obtain an improved agreement with the experiment. The study sheds light more generally on factors that can impact the computed frequencies and intensities of IR bands in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The by-products obtained after the extraction of vitamin B2 from fermented soybean (VBP), primarily consisting of soybean meal, soybean oil, vitamin B2, and Bacillus subtilis, may serve as a cost-effective and recycled resource in animal feed. This research aimed to assess the impact of VBP on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood parameters, and meat quality of pigs in the growing–finishing phase. In this 16-week feeding experiment, 140 pigs of mixed breed [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] were used, with an initial average body weight of 26.05 ± 1.32 kg. The pigs were assigned randomly to one of four dietary groups, each consisting of five pigs, with two gilts and three barrows per pen, and a total of seven repetitions per treatment. The animals were fed different levels of by-products after vitamin B2 extraction (0, 10, 20, and 30 g/kg as the CON, VBP10, VBP20, and VBP30 dietary groups, respectively) in a three-phase feeding trial (wk. 0–4, 4–8, and 8–13). When higher levels of VBP were added as supplements, the outcomes indicated that there were no notable variations (p > 0.05) in growth performance and nutrient digestibility among the treatment groups throughout the trial. In phase II (4–8 weeks), the inclusion of VBP in the diets showed a reduction (p = 0.011; with linear and quadratic effects, p = 0.003) in serum norepinephrine concentration. The sensory evaluation of meat color was linearly improved (p = 0.043) in pigs fed with graded levels of VBP supplementation. The percentage of lean meat showed a significant improvement (p = 0.016) with the gradual levels of VBP supplementation. The addition of 30 g/kg (on an as-fed basis) of vitamin B2 by-products in the diet can simultaneously mitigate the negative impacts of acute stress without compromising growth performance and enhance the percentage of lean meat. These findings suggest that VBP could be a viable and economical alternative to corn and soybean meal and partially replace it in pig feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from pathogenic variants in three distinct genes, with most of the variants occurring in the electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase gene (ETFDH). Recent evidence of potential founder variants for MADD in the South African (SA) population, initiated this extensive investigation. As part of the International Centre for Genomic Medicine in Neuromuscular Diseases study, we recruited a cohort of patients diagnosed with MADD from academic medical centres across SA over a three-year period. The aim was to extensively profile the clinical, biochemical, and genomic characteristics of MADD in this understudied population. Methods: Clinical evaluations and whole exome sequencing were conducted on each patient. Metabolic profiling was performed before and after treatment, where possible. The recessive inheritance and phase of the variants were established via segregation analyses using Sanger sequencing. Lastly, the haplotype and allele frequencies were determined for the two main variants in the four largest SA populations. Results: Twelve unrelated families (ten of White SA and two of mixed ethnicity) with clinically heterogeneous presentations in 14 affected individuals were observed, and five pathogenic ETFDH variants were identified. Based on disease severity and treatment response, three distinct groups emerged. The most severe and fatal presentations were associated with the homozygous c.[1067G > A];c.[1067G > A] and compound heterozygous c.[976G > C];c.[1067G > A] genotypes, causing MADD types I and I/II, respectively. These, along with three less severe compound heterozygous genotypes (c.[1067G > A];c.[1448C > T], c.[740G > T];c.[1448C > T], and c.[287dupA*];c.[1448C > T]), resulting in MADD types II/III, presented before the age of five years, depending on the time and maintenance of intervention. By contrast, the homozygous c.[1448C > T];c.[1448C > T] genotype, which causes MADD type III, presented later in life. Except for the type I, I/II and II cases, urinary metabolic markers for MADD improved/normalised following treatment with riboflavin and L-carnitine. Furthermore, genetic analyses of the most frequent variants (c.[1067G > A] and c.[1448C > T]) revealed a shared haplotype in the region of ETFDH, with SA population-specific allele frequencies of < 0.00067–0.00084%. Conclusions: This study reveals the first extensive genotype–phenotype profile of a MADD patient cohort from the diverse and understudied SA population. The pathogenic variants and associated variable phenotypes were characterised, which will enable early screening, genetic counselling, and patient-specific treatment of MADD in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It has been observed that viruses can be inactivated by UVA radiation and visible light. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a medium that contains a photosensitizer might have an influence on viral reduction under irradiation by UVA, violet or blue light. Test virus is the bacteriophage PhiX174 in the photosensitizer-free SM buffer and DMEM-F12, which contains the known photosensitizer riboflavin. Results: The determined PhiX174 D90 doses in SM buffer and DMEM were 36.8 J/cm² and 13.6 J/cm² at 366 nm, 153.6 J/cm² and 129.1 J/cm² at 408 nm and 4988 J/cm² and 2477.1 J/cm² at 455 nm, respectively. It can be concluded that the medium has a large influence on the results. This might be caused by the photosensitizer riboflavin in DMEM-F12. As riboflavin is a key component in many cell culture media, irradiation experiments with viruses in cell culture media should be avoided if the investigation of intrinsical photoinactivation properties of viruses is aimed for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An acetylated riboflavin derivative, 3‐methyl‐tetraacetyl riboflavin (3MeTARF), is a compound with high photostability and photophysical properties similar to riboflavin, including the ability to photogenerate singlet oxygen. In the present study, we compared the effects of irradiation on A431 cancer cells with blue LED light (438 nm) in the presence of 3MeTARF and riboflavin on MAPK phosphorylation, apoptosis, caspase 3/7 activation and PARP cleavage. We observed that photogenerated oxidative stress in this reaction activates MAPK by increasing phosphorylation of p38 and JNK proteins. Preincubation of cells with inhibitors specific for phosphorylation of p38 and JNK proteins (SB203580, SP600125), respectively, results in decreased caspase 3/7 activation and PARP cleavage. We showed that the tetraacetyl derivative more effectively activates MAPK and skin cancer cell death compared to riboflavin. These data, together with results of our previous study, support the hypothesis that 3MeTARF, of riboflavin, might be more useful and desirable as a compound for use in photodynamic oxidation processes, including its therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of vitamin B group in human serum is an important index of human health. Among B vitamins, cyanocobalamin in serum is unstable and its content is extremely low. Rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple B vitamins including cyanocobalamin is a challenge. Herein, we have developed a rapid and stable method that can realize the determination of thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxic acid, biotin, 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate, and cyanocobalamin simultaneously in 6 min. The method was established based on protein precipitation with methanol and then chromatographic separation was achieved using Waters acquity ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography high strength silica T3 column, which was stable and sensitive especially for cyanocobalamin. Limit of quantification, precision, trueness, and matrix effect were validated according to the European Medicines Agency and United States Food and Drug guidelines and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines on bioanalytical method. The limit of quantification for thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxic acid, biotin, 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate, and cyanocobalamin was 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 2.0, 0.4, 0.1, 0.4, and 0.04 ng/mL separately, respectively. Intra‐ and interday precisions were 1.1%–12.4% and 2.0%–13.5%, respectively. The relative errors were between 0.3% and 13.3%, and the matrix effects were between 2.6% and 10.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) and vitamin B2 (VitB2) all play essential roles in participating in hepatic lipid metabolism regulation. In this study, we aimed to identify whether Se combined with VitB2 could meliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by high‐fat (HF) diet in rats. To this end, 50 SD male rats were randomly allotted into five groups equally after receiving a HF diet for 2 weeks. Rats were fed high‐fat diets and gavaged daily with 0.83 or 8.33 µg kg–1 Se combined with 0.70 or 3.50 mg kg–1 VitB2 for 8 weeks. Another 10 rats were given a conventional diet as a control group. The result showed that Se combined with VitB2 decreased NAFLD activity score and liver lipid's levels, relieved hepatic steatosis and lipid deposition and promoted the balance of ApoA1/ApoB ratio. The hepatic 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) level was declined, and the serum HL level was increased in NAFLD rats through the combined intervention. In addition, Se and VitB2 regulated hepatic metabolism factor's (FAS, ACC, ACAT1, PPARγ, and SREBP‐1c) expression level. Taken together, the combined intervention of Se and VitB2 can alleviate HF‐diet‐induced NAFLD in rats. The molecular mechanism may be related to affecting the activities of lipid metabolic enzymes such as FAS, ACC, HMGR, ACAT1, and HL by inhibiting the expression of PPARγ and SREBP‐1c. Practical Applications: The present study showed that a combination of Se and VitB2 can effectively reduce hepatic lipid accumulations, exert hepatoprotective effects and regulate hepatic lipid metabolism in NAFLD rats caused by a high‐fat diet. The possible molecular mechanism may be related to affecting the activities of lipid metabolic enzymes such as FAS, ACC, HMGR, ACAT1, and HL, and inhibiting the expression of PPARγ and SREBP‐1c. Se and VitB2 cosupplementation may be a potential therapeutic strategy in overcoming hepatic lipid disorders' adverse effects beyond pharmacological interventions to ameliorate NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Fazio‐Londe disease and Brown‐Vialetto‐Van Laere syndrome are rare related neurological disorders. Although SLC52A3 and SLC52A2 that encode riboflavin transporters are their only known causative genes, many patients without mutations in these genes have been reported. Clinical and genetic data of a patient with features suggestive of Fazio‐Londe disease are presented. Neurological examination revealed significant involvement of cranial nerves and weakness in the lower extremities. Pontobulbar presentations were prominent. EDX study suggested motor neuronopathy. Hearing was normal. She was diagnosed with FL disease. Response to riboflavin supplementation was not favorable. The patient's pedigree suggested recessive inheritance. SLC52A3 and SLC52A2 were screened and mutations were not observed. Results of exome sequencing and segregation analysis suggested that a mutation in TNRC18 is a candidate cause of disease in the patient. The three dimensional structure of the TNRC18 protein was predicted and it was noted that its two conserved domains (BAH and Tudor) interact and that the valine residue affected by the mutation is positioned close to both domains. A mutation in TNRC18 is cautiously reported as the possible cause of FL disease in the patient. The finding warrants further inquiries on TNRC18 about which little is presently known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice landraces conserved by tribal farmers are important for their nutritional richness. Landraces are rich in essential amino acids, vitamins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids useful to cure noncommunicable diseases and metabolic disorders. A study was carried out with 10 rice landraces from the tribal‐dominated belt of Southern Odisha to investigate grain nutrition, proximate composition, and vitamin and mineral contents. The protein content of the landraces was higher (>6 g/100 g) and the fat content was lower (<0.6 g/100 g) than popular Indian rice varieties. The mean nutrient content of 10 rice landraces was as follows: protein 6.3 ± 0.313 g/100 g, total dietary fiber 1.6 ± 0.094 g/100 g, fat 0.536 ± 0.008 g/100 g, ash 10.514 ± 6.753%, and total sugar 77.18 ± 2.118 g/100 g. The high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was observed for alkali spreading value (31.11%), capacity of grain hydration (52.705), index of hydration (171.439), moisture (46.343%), and vitamin B2 (23.994%) in rice landraces. Few landraces had superior iron content: Kalamalli (1.49 mg/100 g), Kandulakathi (1.42 mg/100 g), and Dudhamani (1.39 mg/100 g) compared to popular Indian rice varieties. Tikichudi had highest moisture (19%) and fat (0.53 g/100 g) content, which signifies the taste quality of rice. Kanakchudi exhibited the highest fiber content (1.8 g/100 g) and ash content (22.80%). Kalamalli contained higher zinc (0.49 mg/100 g), iron (1.49 mg/100 g), potassium (108.33 mg/100 g), magnesium (78.33 mg/100 g), and phosphorus (125.00 mg/100 g), whereas Muktabali was found to have higher Ca (3.88 mg/100 g) and Baunsidubraj exhibited higher niacin (4.9 mg/100 g). The indigenous landraces Kalamalli, Kandulakathi, and Dudhamani had considerably high iron content, whereas Kalamalli, Baunsidubraj, and Muktabali possessed less phytic acid in comparison with existing varieties and other landraces reported from various states of our country. Landraces Kalamalli, Kanakchudi, Tikichudi, and Muktabali from southern Odisha, India, represented nutritionally better genetic pool for future rice improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels in tears of mild-moderate keratoconus patients after high-dose oral riboflavin and direct sun UV-A exposure. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada, and Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from December 2022 until April 2023. Methods: The TNF-α from tear of 8 patients (10 eyes) was evaluated before and after therapy. All patients received a high dose of oral riboflavin (800 mg/day) and direct UV-A exposure (≥15 minutes/day) for a total of three months of follow-up. The TNF-α expression in tears, visual acuity and the risk factors were examined at baseline until three months follow-up. Results: TNF-α levels in tears decreased significantly from baseline (6.74±1.39 pg/ml) to1st month (5.98±0.69 pg/ml; p=0.048). However, in the following months, the levels of TNF-α elevated in the 2nd month (6.29±0.84; p=0.390) and the 3rd month (6.20±0.95; p=0.177). Although re-elevated after two months, TNF-α concentration still decreased from the beginning of the study (6.74±1.39 to 6.20±0.95 pg/ml). The Uncorrected visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity were significantly improved from baseline to the last follow up (p = 0.02 and p = 0.026 respectively). Conclusion: There was a significant decrease of TNF-α l evels i n t ears o f mild-moderate keratoconus patients 1st month after therapy but no significant decrease in the subsequent follow-up. Furthermore, UCVA and BCVA values were improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have explored the antinociceptive effects of riboflavin (vitamin B2) across various experimental models. However, there remains a gap in the literature regarding its potential to alleviate neuropathic pain in diabetes. This study aims to investigate the effects of riboflavin on hyperalgesia and serum glutamine-to-glutamate ratio in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy. In fasted rats, a model of painful diabetic neuropathy was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. In the fifth week post-injection, diabetic rats experiencing neuropathic pain were administered daily doses of riboflavin (25 or 50 mg), dissolved in their drinking water, for a duration of two weeks. Results demonstrate that riboflavin significantly reduced mechanical and cold-induced hyperalgesia in diabetic rats compared to controls. Formalin-induced hyperalgesia was alleviated by riboflavin in the second phase. Additionally, riboflavin supplementation increased the serum glutamine-to-glutamate ratio in these animals. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of riboflavin in managing neuropathic pain associated with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vestibular migraine (VM) has conventionally been treated through acute migraine-aborting therapeutic interventions and prevention to reduce migraines' occurrence, length and intensity. There is growing attention to the development of non-pharmaceutical prophylactic interventions for migraines in the search for effective treatments, such as through mineral, vitamin and other supplementation. This research aims to examine the effectiveness of magnesium, vitamin B2 and Co-enzyme 10 supplementation to decrease vestibular migraines' frequency, duration and severity. Method: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a Jordanian context over 57- VM patients, each patient attending the outpatient dizziness clinic between August 2022 and February 2023. Patients were treated for six months with a combined supplementation of magnesium, vitamin B2, and Co-enzyme Q10. Assessments were made of three measures of VM attack, namely frequency, duration and severity, both before and after intervention. Result: Supplements administration demonstrated a significant reduction (by 81.1%) in VM-symptoms frequency (p < 0.001). Moreover, reductions in symptom duration in minutes occurred progressively as the treatment period continued and showed statistical significance, with impacts upon over 80% of the sample and a reduction from 763.9 minutes to 122.5 minutes (p < 0.001). The mean of pre-intervention severity was 7.2/10, with a significant decrease shown following treatment, at 2.1/10, and very positive results for over 71% of the sample (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The preliminary findings of this study showed a promising potential for such supplements in the treatment and prevention of VM; however, more research and a prospective trial are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is scarce information on the effects of feed storage period on poultry performance, which has not been investigated thus far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding broilers on feeds stored for different periods, with or without supplemental amino acids and vitamins. This study followed a factorial design (3 x 3), i.e. three dietary treatments and three feed storage periods. The three dietary treatments consisted of 1) a basal diet, 2) a basal diet including additional 5g methionine and 13 g lysine/kg, and 3) a basal diet including 3 g vitamin premix/kg. The 3 dietary treatments were tested with feeds stored for three different periods (Fresh, 4-months, and 6-months). A total of 450 one-day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the 9 treatments, each treatment contained 5 replicates of 10 chicks each (n= 50/group). The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results indicated that the final BWs of the birds received 4- or 6-months stored feed were greater than that of those fed fresh diets. The best total BWG was seen in the 4-month-stored feed group. There was no significant effect of storage period on total FC and FCR during period from 0 to 6 weeks of age, but the FCR tended to be better with the feed stored for 4 months. Haemoglobin was significantly higher in the birds fed fresh or 4-month stored feed. The percent of liver and spleen of the birds received 6-month-stored feed were the highest (P < 0.01). Plasma content of albumin was higher in the birds received 4-or 6-month stored feed than the fresh diet. The use of additional amino acids increased the final BW and total BWG than those of the control and vitamin-supplemented treatments. The main effect of dietary treatments on percentages of immune organ weight was insignificant. The control (basal diet) recorded higher lymphocytes percentage, while T2 (BD + double level of amino acids) recorded higher eosinophil, heterophil and H/L ratio, whereas T3 (BD + double level of vitamins) recorded higher levels of haemoglobin, eosinophil, and monocytes. The main effect of dietary treatments on blood plasma proteins was insignificant. The tested treatments did not show a significant effect on broilers mortality. The detected values of AF1, AF2, AG1, and AG2 were very low in all 9 diets. In conclusion, enrichment of broiler feeds with higher levels of lysine and methionine (double level of NRC, 1994) together with antioxidants supplement could prolong their shelf-life to 6 months without any deleterious impact on productive performance of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Catheter line infection is a common complication within clinical environments, and there is a pressing need for technological options to aid in reducing the possibility of sepsis. The early identification of contamination could be pivotal in reducing cases and improving outcomes. Method: A sensing rationale based on a riboflavin-modified electrode system integrated within a modified 3D-printed catheter needle-free connector is proposed, which can monitor changes in pH brought about by bacterial contamination. Results: Riboflavin, vitamin B2, is a biocompatible chemical that possesses a redox-active flavin core that is pH dependent. The oxidation peak potential of the adsorbed riboflavin responds linearly to changes in pH with a near-Nernstian behavior of 63 mV/pH unit and is capable of accurately monitoring the pH of an authentic IV infusate. Conclusions: The proof of principle is demonstrated with an electrode-printed hub design offering a valuable foundation from which to explore bacterial interactions within the catheter lumen with the potential of providing an early warning of contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Objectives: Survival with favorable neurologic outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains elusive. Post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) involves myocardial and neurological injury, ischemia-reperfusion response, and underlying pathology. Neurologic injury is a crucial determinant of survival and functional outcomes, with damage caused by free radicals among the responsible mechanisms. This study explores the feasibility of adding intravenous vitamin C to the treatment of OHCA survivors, aiming to mitigate PCAS. Vitamin C, a nutrient with antioxidative and free radical-scavenging properties, is often depleted in critically ill patients. Materials and Methods: This randomized, double-blinded trial was conducted at a tertiary-level university hospital with adult OHCA survivors. Participants received either standard care or the addition of 1.5 g of intravenous vitamin C every 12 h for eight consecutive doses. Neurologic injury was assessed using neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels, with additional clinical and laboratory outcomes, such as enhanced neuroprognostication factors, inflammatory markers, and cardiac parameters. Results: NSE levels were non-significantly higher in patients who received vitamin C compared to the placebo group (55.05 µg/L [95% confidence interval (CI) 26.7–124.0] vs. 39.4 µg/L [95% CI 22.6–61.9], p > 0.05). Similarly, a non-significantly greater proportion of patients in the vitamin C group developed myoclonus in the first 72 h. We also observed a non-significantly shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, fewer arrhythmias, and reduced length of stay in the intensive care unit in the group of patients who received vitamin C (p = 0.031). However, caution is warranted in interpretation of our results due to the small number of participants. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that intravenous vitamin C should not be used outside of clinical trials for OHCA survivors. Due to the small sample size and conflicting results, further research is needed to determine the potential role of vitamin C in post-cardiac arrest care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis featured by iron‐dependent lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in tumor regression, offering an alternative therapeutic target for the treatment of aggressive triple‐negative breast cancer. However, the traditional delivery strategy to enrich iron deposition is limited in producing a surplus of lipid oxidation because of the aggressive antioxidant response established in solid tumors. Here, vitamin B2‐ferric chloride nanocomplex self‐assembled through the coordination of ferric iron and hydroxy groups to simultaneously promote iron accumulation and oxidative stress is employed. It is observed that the self‐assembly nanostructures with appropriate size enable effective delivery of the therapeutic agents to the tumor site and cancer cells. More importantly, sonosensitizer vitamin B2 and ferric chloride cooperatively facilitate the production of reactive oxygen species and amplify nanocatalytic therapy. To further disrupt the antioxidant system, metformin with solute carrier family 7 member 11 inhibitory activity is used to synergistically boost ferroptosis of tumor cells. The combinational ferroptosis promoter exhibits augmented nanocatalytic antitumor efficacy in 4T1 tumor‐bearing mice with negligible adverse effects. Taken together, this study may provide a novel paradigm of self‐assembled vitamin B2‐ferric nanocomplex for ferroptosis regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnostic process for psychiatric conditions is guided by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in North America. Revisions of the DSM over the years have led to lowered diagnostic thresholds across the board, incurring increased rates of both misdiagnosis and over-diagnosis. Coupled with stigma, this ambiguity and lack of consistency exacerbates the challenges that clinicians and scientists face in the clinical assessment and research of mood disorders such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). While current efforts to characterize MDD have largely focused on qualitative approaches, the broad variations in physiological traits, such as those found in the gut, suggest the immense potential of using biomarkers to provide a quantitative and objective assessment. Here, we propose the development of a probiotic Escherichia coli (E. coli) multi-input ingestible biosensor for the characterization of key gut metabolites implicated in MDD. DNA writing with CRISPR based editors allows for the molecular recording of signals while riboflavin detection acts as a means to establish temporal and spatial specificity for the large intestine. We test the feasibility of this approach through kinetic modeling of the system which demonstrates targeted sensing and robust recording of metabolites within the large intestine in a time-and dose- dependent manner. Additionally, a post-hoc normalization model successfully controlled for confounding factors such as individual variation in riboflavin concentrations, producing a linear relationship between actual and predicted metabolite concentrations. We also highlight indole, butyrate, tetrahydrofolate, hydrogen peroxide, and tetrathionate as key gut metabolites that have the potential to direct our proposed biosensor specifically for MDD. Ultimately, our proposed biosensor has the potential to allow for a greater understanding of disease pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment response for many mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of riboflavin-induced collagen photocrosslinking on the scaffold printing accuracy, namely on the area of formed niches and filament thickness, as well as on the degradation time and biocompatibility of scaffolds, has been studied. The thickness of the filaments in the riboflavin-modified scaffolds was 13–29% less and the niche area was 23–40% larger than in the control group without riboflavin. The riboflavin addition reduced weight loss and increased the scaffold degradation time in the buffer solution and collagenase solution by 1.2–1.3, and 1.4–2.0 times, respectively, depending on the time of exposure to UV light. The existence of an optimal illumination interval was established. Cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells on a riboflavin-crosslinked scaffold for a week did not lead to a decrease in their viability and proliferation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal vitamin status preconception and during pregnancy has important consequences for pregnancy outcome and offspring development. Changes in vitamin status from preconception through early and late pregnancy and postpartum have been inferred from cross-sectional data, but longitudinal data on vitamin status from preconception throughout pregnancy and postdelivery are sparse. As such, the influence of vitamin supplementation on vitamin status during pregnancy remains uncertain. This study presents one prespecified outcome from the randomized controlled NiPPeR trial, aiming to identify longitudinal patterns of maternal vitamin status from preconception, through early and late pregnancy, to 6 months postdelivery, and determine the influence of vitamin supplementation. Methods and findings: In the NiPPeR trial, 1,729 women (from the United Kingdom, Singapore, and New Zealand) aged 18 to 38 years and planning conception were randomized to receive a standard vitamin supplement (control; n = 859) or an enhanced vitamin supplement (intervention; n = 870) starting in preconception and continued throughout pregnancy, with blinding of participants and research staff. Supplement components common to both treatment groups included folic acid, β-carotene, iron, calcium, and iodine; components additionally included in the intervention group were riboflavin, vitamins B6, B12, and D (in amounts available in over-the-counter supplements), myo-inositol, probiotics, and zinc. The primary outcome of the study was glucose tolerance at 28 weeks' gestation, measured by oral glucose tolerance test. The secondary outcome reported in this study was the reduction in maternal micronutrient insufficiency in riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and vitamin D, before and during pregnancy. We measured maternal plasma concentrations of B-vitamins, vitamin D, and markers of insufficiency/deficiency (homocysteine, hydroxykynurenine-ratio, methylmalonic acid) at recruitment, 1 month after commencing intervention preconception, in early pregnancy (7 to 11 weeks' gestation) and late pregnancy (around 28 weeks' gestation), and postdelivery (6 months after supplement discontinuation). We derived standard deviation scores (SDS) to characterize longitudinal changes among participants in the control group and measured differences between the 2 groups. At recruitment, the proportion of patients with marginal or low plasma status was 29.2% for folate (<13.6 nmol/L), 7.5% and 82.0% for riboflavin (<5 nmol/L and ≤26.5 nmol/L, respectively), 9.1% for vitamin B12 (<221 pmol/L), and 48.7% for vitamin D (<50 nmol/L); these proportions were balanced between the groups. Over 90% of all participants had low or marginal status for one or more of these vitamins at recruitment. Among participants in the control group, plasma concentrations of riboflavin declined through early and late pregnancy, whereas concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were unchanged in early pregnancy, and concentrations of vitamin B6 and B12 declined throughout pregnancy, becoming >1 SDS lower than baseline by 28 weeks gestation. In the control group, 54.2% of participants developed low late-pregnancy vitamin B6 concentrations (pyridoxal 5-phosphate <20 nmol/L). After 1 month of supplementation, plasma concentrations of supplement components were substantially higher among participants in the intervention group than those in the control group: riboflavin by 0.77 SDS (95% CI 0.68 to 0.87, p < 0.0001), vitamin B6 by 1.07 SDS (0.99 to 1.14, p < 0.0001), vitamin B12 by 0.55 SDS (0.46 to 0.64, p < 0.0001), and vitamin D by 0.51 SDS (0.43 to 0.60, p < 0.0001), with higher levels in the intervention group maintained during pregnancy. Markers of vitamin insufficiency/deficiency were reduced in the intervention group, and the proportion of participants with vitamin D insufficiency (<50 nmol/L) during late pregnancy was lower in the intervention group (35.1% versus 8.5%; p < 0.0001). Plasma vitamin B12 remained higher in the intervention group than in the control group 6 months postdelivery (by 0.30 SDS (0.14, 0.46), p = 0.0003). The main limitation is that generalizability to the global population is limited by the high-resource settings and the lack of African and Amerindian women in particular. Conclusions: Over 90% of the trial participants had marginal or low concentrations of one or more of folate, riboflavin, vitamin B12, or vitamin D during preconception, and many developed markers of vitamin B6 deficiency in late pregnancy. Preconception/pregnancy supplementation in amounts available in over-the-counter supplements substantially reduces the prevalence of vitamin deficiency and depletion markers before and during pregnancy, with higher maternal plasma vitamin B12 maintained during the recommended lactational period. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.govNCT02509988; U1111-1171-8056. In this pre-specified secondary analysis of the NiPPeR double-blind randomized controlled trial, Keith M Godfrey and colleagues investigate maternal B-vitamin and vitamin D status before, during and after pregnancy, and the influence of supplementation preconception and during pregnancy Author summary: Why was this study done?: A mother's vitamin status preconception and during pregnancy are important for healthy pregnancy outcomes and offspring development. Truly longitudinal data on changes in vitamin status from preconception to early and late pregnancy and postpartum are sparse, with changes generally inferred from cross-sectional data and lower pregnancy concentrations often ascribed to plasma volume expansion. Few studies have evaluated the influence of vitamin supplementation preconception and during pregnancy. What did the researchers do and find?: As prespecified secondary outcomes of a randomized trial, this study characterized longitudinal patterns of maternal vitamin status from preconception, through early and late pregnancy, to 6 months postdelivery, and determined the influence of supplementation. Significant proportions of preconception women living in high-income countries had marginal or low status of folate, riboflavin, vitamin B12, and vitamin D, and many developed markers of vitamin B6 deficiency in late pregnancy. In the absence of intervention supplementation, maternal plasma concentrations of different vitamins showed differing longitudinal patterns from preconception to early and late pregnancy, and markers of functional B6 and B12 insufficiency increased during pregnancy. Our trial indicates that preconception and pregnancy supplementation in amounts available in over-the-counter supplements substantially reduced the prevalence of deficiency/depletion markers before and during pregnancy, with a higher maternal plasma vitamin B12 maintained during the recommended lactational period. What do these findings mean?: The study findings are inconsistent with plasma volume expansion wholly accounting for lower gestational vitamin concentrations. In the setting of advocacy for more sustainable diets that are likely to be less nutrient dense, the findings suggest a need to reappraise dietary recommendations for preconception and pregnancy and to consider further the role of multiple micronutrient supplements in women living in higher-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An increasing number of adults are over the age of 65, and there is concern about the increasing prevalence of age-associated cognitive decline and poor mental health status in older adults in the United States. Several nutrients are known to have important biological roles in brain health and neurological function, but many individuals fall short of recommended intake levels. The objective of this study was to examine the association between nutrient intake and cognitive function. We also explored whether nutrient intake was associated with depression. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 and included participants ≥ 60 years of age who had reliable day 1 dietary recall data and either valid cognitive function data (n = 2713) or valid depression score data (n = 2943). The sample was stratified by gender, and cognitive functioning test (CFT) composite z-scores were analyzed by quartiles. Depression status was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Results: Higher intake and adequacy of a number of different nutrients from food were associated with higher cognitive function in both males and females. Nutrients that showed the most consistent associations with cognitive function across intake and adequacy analyses for food in both males and females were vitamin A, vitamin E, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, magnesium, potassium, zinc, vitamin K, and lutein and zeaxanthin (p < 0.05 for all). These associations were positive with increasing intake and adequacy being associated with higher CFT composite z-scores. Analysis of nutrient intake and depression yielded results that differed by gender. In females, the nutrients that showed consistent inverse associations with depression scores across both intake and adequacy analyses for food were vitamin A, vitamin C, magnesium, vitamin K, potassium, and dietary fiber (p < 0.05 for all). In males, no significant associations between nutrient intake from food and depression scores were observed. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that older adults with sufficient intakes of certain essential nutrients have higher cognitive function. Future studies are needed to confirm whether a well-balanced diet and/or dietary supplements which emphasize these nutrients are effective for prevention of age-related declines in cognitive function and mood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain oxygen deprivation causes morphological damage involved in the formation of serious pathological conditions such as stroke and cerebral palsy. Therapeutic methods for post-hypoxia/anoxia injuries are limited and still have deficiencies in terms of safety and efficacy. Recently, clinical studies of stroke have reported the use of drugs containing riboflavin for post-injury clinical rehabilitation, however, the effects of vitamin B2 on exposure to cerebral oxygen deprivation are not completely elucidated. This review aimed to investigate the potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of riboflavin in cerebral hypoxia/anoxia. After a systematic search, 21 articles were selected, 8 preclinical and 12 clinical studies, and 1 translational study. Most preclinical studies used B2 alone in models of hypoxia in rodents, with doses of 1–20 mg/kg (in vivo) and 0.5–5 µM (in vitro). Together, these works suggested greater regulation of lipid peroxidation and apoptosis and an increase in neurotrophins, locomotion, and cognition after treatment. In contrast, several human studies have administered riboflavin (5 mg) in combination with other Krebs cycle metabolites, except one study, which used only B2 (20 mg). A reduction in lactic acidosis and recovery of sensorimotor functions was observed in children after treatment with B2, while adults and the elderly showed a reduction in infarct volume and cognitive rehabilitation. Based on findings from preclinical and clinical studies, we conclude that the use of riboflavin alone or in combination acts beneficially in correcting the underlying brain damage caused by hypoxia/anoxia and its inflammatory, oxidative, and behavioral impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mushrooms are rich in fiber and vitamins B and vitamin D when exposed to UV light and are sometimes used as a meat substitute. A modeling study showed that adding a mushroom portion (84 g/d) to the diet of an American population caused a significant improvement in the intake of several nutrients. Objective: To study the association between habitual intake of mushrooms and nutrient intake and to assess the change in micronutrient intake with the modeled addition of 60 or 84 grams of UV-exposed mushrooms to the diet of the Dutch population, with a subanalysis on subjects with a low animal: plant protein ratio. Methods: A modeling study was conducted in 3121 Dutch persons aged 9-80 y, using cross-sectional data from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2012-2016. Linear regression was used to explore the association between habitual intake of mushrooms and nutrients. Habitual intake and nutritional adequacy were calculated before and after the modeled addition of mushrooms. Results: A small association was observed between the habitual intake of mushrooms and the intake of copper, niacin, and vitamin B2 (beta ranging from 0.002 to 0.039). The modeled addition of UV-exposed mushrooms increased the intakes of plant protein (by 5-7%), fiber (4-6%), niacin (10-20%), vitamin D (176-388%), folate (11-17%), potassium (6-10%), and copper (29-48%). Nutritional adequacy also improved significantly. For subjects with a low animal:plant protein ratio, the added mushrooms increased the intakes of niacin (11-22%), potassium (6-11%), and vitamin D (190-445%). Conclusions: Consumption of mushrooms contributes to higher intakes of copper, niacin, and vitamin B2. Addition of UV-exposed mushrooms to the diet of the Dutch further improves nutrient intakes and, most notably, vitamin D, especially for people with low animal food consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Our recent studies have shown that flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) exerts cardiovascular protective effects by supplementing short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD). The current study aimed to elucidate whether riboflavin (the precursor of FAD) could improve heart failure via activating SCAD and the DJ‐1–Keap1–Nrf2 signalling pathway. Experimental Approach: Riboflavin treatment was given to the mouse transverse aortic constriction (TAC)‐induced heart failure model. Cardiac structure and function, energy metabolism and apoptosis index were assessed, and relevant signalling proteins were analysed. The mechanisms underlying the cardioprotection by riboflavin were analysed in the cell apoptosis model induced by tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). Key Results: In vivo, riboflavin ameliorated myocardial fibrosis and energy metabolism, improved cardiac dysfunction and inhibited oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in TAC‐induced heart failure. In vitro, riboflavin ameliorated cell apoptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the molecular level, riboflavin significantly restored FAD content, SCAD expression and enzymatic activity, activated DJ‐1 and inhibited the Keap1–Nrf2/HO1 signalling pathway in vivo and in vitro. SCAD knockdown exaggerated the tBHP‐induced DJ‐1 decrease and Keap1–Nrf2/HO1 signalling pathway activation in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. The knockdown of SCAD abolished the anti‐apoptotic effects of riboflavin on H9C2 cardiomyocytes. DJ‐1 knockdown hindered SCAD overexpression anti‐apoptotic effects and regulation on Keap1–Nrf2/HO1 signalling pathway in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Conclusions and Implications: Riboflavin exerts cardioprotective effects on heart failure by improving oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis via FAD to stimulate SCAD and then activates the DJ‐1–Keap1–Nrf2 signalling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A creatively designed novel two-step enhancement technique is presented in which B vitamin molecules are dynamically adsorbed onto the surface of silver nanoparticles by sodium borohydride, followed by local plasmon resonance in the presence of cations (calcium ions), ultimately achieving synergistic chemical and physical enhancement on the same molecule and constructing a "surface hot spots" two-step enhancement platform for vitamin detection. The Raman signal of the promoted vitamin molecule is enhanced by nine orders of magnitude. In a subsequent study it was observed that the vitamin B2 molecules were in a near-vertical image on the surface of the silver nanoparticles, which may also contribute to the Raman signal enhancement. Combined with deep learning techniques, the method has been successfully applied to the detection of B vitamins in body fluids. As an accurate, rapid, reproducible, non-invasive, and versatile assay platform, it holds great promise for the intelligent identification of trace B molecules in food, pharmaceuticals, and the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a robust inference method for high‐dimensional single index models with an unknown link function and elliptically symmetrically distributed covariates, focusing on signal recovery and inference. The proposed method is built on the Huber loss and the estimation of the unknown link function is avoided. The ℓ1$$ {\ell}_1 $$ and ℓ2$$ {\ell}_2 $$ consistency of a Lasso estimator up to a multiplicative scalar is established. When the covariance matrix of the predictors satisfies the irrepresentable condition, our method is shown to recover the signed support of the true parameter under mild conditions. Based on a debiased Lasso estimator, we study component‐wise and group inference for the high‐dimensional index parameter. The finite‐sample performance of our method is evaluated through extensive simulation studies. An application to a riboflavin production dataset is provided to illustrate the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of magnesium oxide (MgO) alone and, secondarily, MgO plus riboflavin as preventive treatment of migraines in pregnancy. We hypothesize that MgO alone will be effective for the majority of patients and, when clinically indicated, the addition of riboflavin will result in further benefit. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnant patients treated for migraines between 2015 and 2020. We evaluated pre-/post-differences in the following primary outcomes: migraine frequency, severity, and duration. Secondary outcomes included associated migraine symptoms. Results: Of 203 total patients, 117 received MgO alone and 86 received MgO plus riboflavin. There were no significant differences in baseline demographics between the two groups. There was a statistically significant decrease in migraine frequency, severity, and duration in the groups receiving MgO alone and MgO plus riboflavin (p < 0.01 for all). In total, 154 patients reported migraine-associated symptoms, of which 119 (77%) improved after treatment, 18 (12%) did not improve, and 17 (11%) patients' data were missing. The MgO plus riboflavin group had a lower gestational age at treatment initiation and was more likely to receive treatment prior to pregnancy (p < 0.01). Significant differences were observed for several baseline migraine symptoms, including photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting, which were more common in the group receiving MgO plus riboflavin (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusion: Migraine frequency, severity, and duration all decreased with MgO alone and MgO plus riboflavin in this pregnancy cohort. Associated symptoms also significantly decreased for both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine dietary nutrient intake and parental perspectives on nutrition in a diverse sample (e.g., age, ethnicity) of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the U.S. state of Florida. Forty-one parents of children with ASD (ages 2–17 years) completed a food record, and 25 of these parents participated in semi-structured focus groups. Children with ASD were significantly less likely to meet the recommendation for calcium compared with children in the general population (66.7% vs. 53.1%, odds ratio [OR] = 3.1; p =.002). Riboflavin and vitamin B12 intakes were significantly lower among children with ASD (p <.001). Focus group results indicated parental concerns on children's diet and mealtime behaviors. Parents discussed the quality of existing nutrition information to be a concern, reported wanting intervention content on effective feeding strategies and healthy eating specific to children with ASD, and wanted to receive a nutrition intervention in multiple delivery formats. These findings will be utilized in developing a nutrition education intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the effect of two different riboflavin solutions we use in the accelerated crosslinking (CXL) process on the pachymetry value. Materials and Methods: Patients who had accelerated CXL treatment with dextranfree riboflavin solution due to progressive keratoconus were retrospectively screened. Thirty-seven eyes of 27 patients (group 1) treated with Hydroxyl Propyl MethylCellulose (HPMC) and 0.1% riboflavin containing solution and 29 eyes of 23 patients (group 2) treated with D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene-glycol 1000 succinate (VE-TPGS) and 0.1% riboflavin containing solution were compared in terms of pachymetry changes during treatment. Results: In groups 1 and 2, the mean age was 23.92 ± 5.66 and 23.30 ± 4.89, respectively. Mean age, gender, initial keratometry values, mean central corneal thickness (CCT) before (p = 0.158) and after epithelial debridement (p= 0.320) did not differ significantly between the two groups (p>0.05). The CCT measured after riboflavin instillation was 453.22 ± 37.48 µm in the group 1 and 479.34 ± 38.54 µm in the group 2 (p=0.007). After instillation of riboflavin, according to the initial CCT, there was an average thinning of 21.57 ± 16 µm in the group 1 and 18.72 ± 22.13 µm thickening in the group 2 (p<0.001). According to the CCT measured after epithelial debridement, a thickening of 20.70 ± 21.77 µm in the group 1 and 62.76 ± 21.65 µm in the group 2 was observed (p<0.001). The rate of change of CCT after riboflavin instillation of significant differences existed between both groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: VE-TPGS, which is utilized to increase the cornea's permeability to riboflavin tissue during crosslinking treatment, significantly increases the corneal thickness compared to HPMC and provides a safer tissue thickness for ultraviolet A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruit of most wild Actinidia eriantha are late maturing, which greatly restrict their commercial development. Fortunately, our team found an early maturing genotype, 'Ganlv 2', with excellent fruit quality traits at an altitude of 750 m in Nancheng County, Jiangxi Province, China. In order to clarify whether the early maturity trait is stable and provide evidence for new cultivar protection, we performed DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) tests during 2017-2019 and used SSR technology to construct a molecular fingerprint. The results showed that 'Ganlv 2' is a novel diploid genotype, and matures about 20 d earlier than other A. eriantha cultivars. The average fruit weight of 'Ganlv 2' was 45 g, and the maximum was 58 g at harvest. The fruit shape was oval and the peelable skin were covered with dense white hair. The three-year average value was 15.2% for its fruit soluble solids concentration, 17.4% for dry matter, 9.3% for total sugar content, 1.0% for total acid content, and 466.24 mg/100 g FW for vitamin C. In conclusion, the early maturity trait of 'Ganlv 2' appears to be stable, and it provides a novel genotype for studying the mechanism of early fruit maturity in kiwifruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B vitamins are essential for maintaining several body functions. Assessing micronutrient status in a population is crucial for evaluating the individual or the population’s levels of nutrient sufficiency, deficiency, or toxicity; examining the relationship between a nutrient’s status and adverse health outcomes; and determining nutrient needs to establish reference values. There is lack of periodical national surveys in Saudi Arabia that assess the status of the B vitamins. Therefore, this review summarizes and critique the literature of B vitamin status in Saudi adults age of ≥18 years. Databases (PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar) were searched for articles published between January 1980 to December 2022 using combinations of the terms “Saudi Arabia”, “status”, “level” along with all the corresponding vitamin B keywords and metabolites. Forty three studies were obtained. Only 28 studies were included to the current review. Several studies conducted in Saudi adults measured folate and vitamin B12 status. Fewer studies assessed thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine status. No relevant studies were found on the status of niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin. Studies on thiamin status have not reported rates of deficiency except for one study reporting a prevalence of 3%. Conflicting findings were observed for riboflavin status, but the most recent evidence suggests a prevalence of 36.9% deficiency among Saudi adults. Folate deficiency appears to be low, whereas vitamin B12 might be of concern among Saudi adults. There were discrepancies in the results of some vitamin status in Saudi adults mainly attributed to differences in biomarkers used, methodologies, regional differences, and/or age group/population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are T cells that express a semi‐invariant αβ T‐cell receptor (TCR), recognizing non‐peptide antigens, such as microbial‐derived vitamin B2 metabolites, presented by the nonpolymorphic MHC class I related‐1 molecule. Like NKT cells and γδT cells, MAIT cells belong to the group of innate‐like T cells that combine properties of the innate and adaptive immune systems. They account for up to 10% of the blood T‐cell population in humans and are particularly abundant at mucosal sites. Beyond the emerging role of MAIT cells in antibacterial and antiviral defenses, increasing evidence suggests additional functions in noninfectious settings, including immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases and tissue repair. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of MAIT cell functions in sterile tissue inflammation, with a particular focus on autoimmunity, chronic inflammatory diseases, and tissue repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is essential in developing multiple bone metabolism diseases, including osteoporosis. Single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) have been associated with oxidative stress, promoting an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the ability to neutralize them, and it has been reported that antioxidant nutrient intake can influence bone mineral density (BMD). This work reports the association between oxidative stress-related SNVs (GPX1-rs1050450, rs17650792, SOD2-rs4880, and CAT-rs769217), BMD, and antioxidant nutrient intake. The study included 1269 Mexican women from the Health Workers Cohort Study. Genotyping was performed using predesigned TaqMan assays. Dietary data were collected using a 116-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS) was used to estimate antioxidant–nutrient intake. Association analysis was estimated via linear, logistic, or quantile regression models. The results showed an association of the rs1050450-A and rs17650792-A alleles with femoral neck BMD (p = 0.038 and p = 0.017, respectively) and the SNV rs4880-A allele with total hip BMD (p = 0.026) in respondents aged 45 years or older. In addition, antioxidant–nutrient intake was associated with the rs4880-GG genotype, being significant for fiber (p = 0.007), riboflavin (p = 0.005), vitamin B6 (p = 0.034), and vitamin D (p = 0.002). The study showed an association between oxidative stress-related SNVs, BMD, and antioxidant–nutrient intake in Mexican women. Therefore, treatments for low BMD could be developed based on antioxidant supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To scrutinize the relationship between vitamin B2 consumption and cognitive function based on the NHANES database. Methods: This cross-sectional study included eligible older adults from the NHANES 2011–2014. Vitamin B2 intake was determined from dietary interview data for two 24-h periods. Cognitive function was evaluated through the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). The regression analyses were used to evaluate the association of vitamin B2 intake with cognitive performance. Stratified analyses based on gender, race, and body mass index (BMI) were conducted. Results: Higher vitamin B2 intake was correlated with higher scores on each test. As compared to the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of vitamin B2 intake was related to a 45.1-fold increase (P = 0.004) on the DSST test sores. Moreover, those who were males, non-Hispanic whites, or had a BMI of 18.5 to 30 kg/m2 had a stronger relationship between total vitamin B2 consumption and cognitive function. Conclusion: It's possible that older persons who consume more vitamin B2 have enhanced performance in some areas of cognitive function. To determine the causal link between vitamin B2 consumption and cognitive performance, further long-term research is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomaterial engineering approaches involve using a combination of miscellaneous bioactive molecules which may promote cell proliferation and, thus, form a scaffold with the environment that favors the regeneration process. Chitosan, a naturally occurring biodegradable polymer, possess some essential features, i.e., biodegradability, biocompatibility, and in the solid phase good porosity, which may contribute to promote cell adhesion. Moreover, doping of the materials with other biocompounds will create a unique and multifunctional scaffold that will be useful in regenerative medicine. This study is focused on the manufacturing and characterization of composite materials based on chitosan, hydroxyapatite, and riboflavin. The resulting films were fabricated by the casting/solvent evaporation method. Morphological and spectroscopy analyses of the films revealed a porous structure and an interconnection between chitosan and apatite. The composite material showed an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to pure chitosan. In vitro studies on riboflavin showed increased cell proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and osteosarcoma cells, thus demonstrating their potential for bone tissue engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in kynurenine metabolites are reported in users of estrogen containing contraception. We have assessed kynurenines, vitamin B6, vitamin B2 and the inflammation markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and neopterin, in healthy, never-pregnant women between 18 and 40 years (n = 123) and related this to their use of hormonal contraception. The population included 58 women, who did not use hormonal contraceptives (non-users), 51 users of estrogen-containing contraceptives (EC-users), and 14 users of progestin only contraceptives (PC-users). EC-users had significantly lower plasma kynurenic acid (KA) and higher xanthurenic acid (XA) levels compared to non-users. Serum CRP was significantly higher and negatively associated with both vitamin B6 and B2 status in EC-user compared to non-users. No significant differences in any parameters were seen between PC-users and non-users (p > 0.1). The low KA and high XA concentration in users of estrogen containing contraception resemble the biochemical profile observed in vitamin B6 deficiency. The hormonal effect may result from interference with the coenzyme function of vitamin B6 and B2 for particular enzymes in the kynurenine metabolism. KA has been suggested to be neuroprotective and the significantly reduced concentration in EC-users may be of importance in the observed increased risk of mood disorders among users of oral contraceptives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chanterelles are one of the most highly valued wild edible mushroom genera worldwide. This work aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics and volatile compounds' profile of Cantharellus alborufescens for the first time. Proximate analysis was performed according to the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, while the mineral contents and the volatile compounds were determined using ICP-MS and GC-MS, respectively. C. alborufescens had an average of 25.8% protein, 5.5% fat, 12.7% ash, and 55.9% carbohydrates, including 11.4% fiber per dw of mushroom. Further analyses of the fat and protein contents revealed high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as monosodium glutamate-like amino acids. Linoleic acid (42.0% of fat) and oleic acid (28.6% of fat) were the major fatty acids, while leucine (1.2%) and lysine (0.9%) were the most abundant essential amino acids. The results showed that C. alborufescens contained 3.1 µg/g vitamin D2 and 4.9 mg/g vitamin E per dw, as well as notable quantities of macro- and microelements, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. GC-MS analysis revealed various volatile compounds such as acetaldehyde, n-hexanal, 3-methylbutanal, 1-octen-3-ol, etc. In conclusion, this study supports the use of C. alborufescens as a food rich in fiber and vitamin E, with a suitable amount of protein and other nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Riboflavin, an essential B-vitamin, plays a crucial role in poultry metabolism, impacting energy production, growth, and immune regulation. Its role in redox reactions and energy metabolism is vital for optimal growth and development. Riboflavin is essential for ATP production and the conversion of tryptophan into niacin. Deficiency can lead to skeletal deformities, impaired growth, and compromised immune function. Dietary riboflavin supplementation is necessary due to variable bioavailability in plant-derived sources. The vitamin is absorbed through specialized transport proteins, and its cellular uptake is facilitated by specific receptors. Riboflavin's role in protein synthesis and its antioxidant properties influence poultry growth and defense against oxidative stress. Its impact on reproductive performance, hatchability, and overall poultry health underscores its significance in poultry nutrition. Future research should focus on its interactions with other nutrients, exploring analogs, and integrating advanced technologies like precision nutrition and nanotechnology for enhanced delivery. Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, is indispensable for poultry, profoundly impacting their metabolic equilibrium, growth, and overall health. In a climate of increasing demand for poultry products and heightened production intensity, grasping the multifaceted roles of riboflavin in domestic fowl nutrition becomes paramount. This essential vitamin serves as a precursor to two vital coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, integral players in pivotal redox reactions and energy metabolism. Inadequate riboflavin levels translate into stunted growth, skeletal deformities, and compromised feed conversion efficiency, thereby adversely affecting poultry performance and bottom-line profitability. Riboflavin goes beyond its fundamental role, ameliorating nutrient utilization, facilitating protein synthesis, and augmenting enzyme activity, rightfully earning its epithet as the "growth-promoting vitamin". Poultry's reproductive success intricately hinges on riboflavin levels, dictating egg production and hatchability. It is imperative to note that riboflavin requirements exhibit variations among poultry species and distinct production phases, emphasizing the importance of judicious and balanced supplementation strategies. Aligning dietary recommendations with genetic advancements holds the promise of fostering sustainable growth within the poultry sector. Exploring the multifaceted aspects of riboflavin empowers researchers, nutritionists, and producers to elevate poultry nutrition and overall well-being, harmonizing with the industry's evolving demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crosslinking technique (CXL) is an effective low-risk therapeutic treatment of keratoconus and other ectatic disorders of the human cornea. The effect of corneal CXL is to increase the stiffness of the stroma to prevent the progression of the cornea distortion. Several clinical and experimental studies have shown that the stiffening effects predominantly localize on the anterior portion of the stroma and that the in-depth stiffening distribution is highly dependent on the duration of treatment. Yet, how the stiffening effects distribute through the cornea thickness as a function of the treatment duration is an open question. Here, we propose an analytical model of the stiffening profile due to CXL treatment as a function of the irradiation time. We consider linear and nonlinear variations of the crosslinking effects across the thickness and implement them into a finite element model of the porcine cornea. We present a time-dependent in-depth stiffening profile that allows us to predict the post-operative cornea response to physiological intraocular pressure for different irradiation times. We anticipate that this predictive model will support the development of patient specific three-dimensional models that will allow clinicians to design customized CXL treatment, thus enhancing treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been implicated in various inflammatory diseases of barrier organs, but so far, their role in kidney disease is unclear. Here we report that MAIT cells that recognize their prototypical ligand, the vitamin B2 intermediate 5-OP-RU presented by MR1, reside in human and mouse kidneys. Single cell RNAseq analysis reveals several intrarenal MAIT subsets, and one, carrying the genetic fingerprint of tissue-resident MAIT17 cells, is activated and expanded in a murine model of crescentic glomerulonephritis (cGN). An equivalent subset is also present in kidney biopsies of patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody (ANCA)-associated cGN. MAIT cell-deficient MR1 mice show aggravated disease, whereas B6-MAITCAST mice, harboring higher MAIT cell numbers, are protected from cGN. The expanded MAIT17 cells express anti-inflammatory mediators known to suppress cGN, such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and TGF-β. Interactome analysis predicts CXCR6 – CXCL16-mediated cross-talk with renal mononuclear phagocytes, known to drive cGN progression. In line, we find that cGN is aggravated upon CXCL16 blockade. Finally, we present an optimized 5-OP-RU synthesis method which we apply to attenuating cGN in mice. In summary, we propose that CXCR6+ MAIT cells might play a protective role in cGN, implicating them as a potential target for anti-inflammatory therapies. Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells reside in barrier organs, but their contribution to inflammatory processes in the kidneys is not fully known. Here authors find by single cell RNA sequencing that among the different MAIT cell subtypes found at steady state, a population with MAIT17 signature is expanded in both human crescentic glomerulonephritis and its mouse model, and these cells may play protective role in the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riboflavin is a precursor of the essential coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Both possess antioxidant properties and are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, which have a significant impact on energy metabolism. Also, the coenzymes participate in metabolism of pyridoxine, niacin, folate, and iron. Humans must obtain riboflavin through their daily diet because of the lack of programmed enzymatic machineries for de novo riboflavin synthesis. Because of its physiological nature and fast elimination from the human body when in excess, riboflavin consumed is unlikely to induce any negative effects or develop toxicity in humans. The use of riboflavin in pharmaceutical and clinical contexts has been previously explored, including for preventing and treating oxidative stress and reperfusion oxidative damage, creating synergistic compounds to mitigate colorectal cancer, modulating blood pressure, improving diabetes mellitus comorbidities, as well as neuroprotective agents and potent photosensitizer in killing bloodborne pathogens. Thus, the goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of riboflavin's biological applications in medicine, key considerations of riboflavin safety and toxicity, and a brief overview on the nanoencapsulation of riboflavin for various functions including the treatment of a range of diseases, photodynamic therapy, and cellular imaging. Riboflavin (Vitamin B 2) is an essential nutrient and important in the prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases. This review provides an overview on the role of riboflavin in the regulation of human health and metabolic processes and discusses the key points of riboflavin (RF) safety and toxicity, and potential of RF nanoparticles as photoactivatable agents in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and molecular cell imaging applications. The graphical abstract was created using BioRender illustration tool, accessed at https://www.biorender.com. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study investigates the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using riboflavin and a blue diode laser (BDL), combined with shock wave-enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS), against Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 extracted single-rooted human teeth were used. The root canals were instrumented, sealed at their apices, had the smear layer removed, and then underwent autoclave sterilization. Subsequently, each canal was inoculated with E. faecalis bacterial suspension and allowed to incubate for ten days. After confirming the presence of biofilms through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in three teeth, the remaining teeth were randomly allocated into nine groups, each containing five teeth: control, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), BDL, SWEEPS + normal saline, SWEEPS + NaOCl, riboflavin, riboflavin + SWEEPS, riboflavin + BDL, and riboflavin + BDL + SWEEPS. After the treatment, the numbers of colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL were calculated. The data were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test for comparisons. Results: All groups, with the exception of the BDL group, exhibited a significant reduction in E. faecalis CFU/mL when compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The difference in CFU/mL value between riboflavin + BDL + SWEEPS and riboflavin + SWEEPS was significant (p = 0.029), whereas there was no significant difference between riboflavin + BDL + SWEEPS and riboflavin + BDL (p = 0.397). Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the riboflavin + SWEEPS group and the riboflavin + BDL group (p = 0.893). Conclusions: The results demonstrated that combining the SWEEPS technique with riboflavin as a photosensitizer activated by BDL in aPDT effectively reduced the presence of E. faecalis in root canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beyond their nutritional benefits, vitamins could decrease the risk of chronic diseases due to their potent antioxidant capacity. The present work is aimed at reviewing the state of the art regarding (1) the vitamins involved in oxidative stress prevention in accordance with the requirements established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and (2) the foods of plant origin that are sources of those vitamins and have potential benefits against oxidative stress in humans. According to the European regulations based on EFSA scientific evidence, riboflavin, vitamin C, and vitamin E are those vitamins subjected to the approved health claim "contribute to the protection of cells from oxidative stress". Scientific studies conducted in humans with some natural food sources of riboflavin (almonds, wheat germ, mushrooms, oat bran), vitamin C (guava, kale, black currant, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, orange), and vitamin E (hazelnuts, almonds, peanuts, pistachio nuts, extra virgin olive oil, dates, rye) have been performed and published in the literature. However, no food of plant origin has obtained a favorable EFSA opinion to substantiate the approval of health claims related to its potential properties related to oxidative stress prevention. Further studies (concretely, well-controlled human intervention studies) must be carried out in accordance with EFSA requirements to provide the highest level of scientific evidence that could demonstrate the potential relationship between foods of plant origin and antioxidant capacity. This review could be useful for the scientific community to study the application of health claims referring to the antioxidant capacity potentially exerted by foods of plant origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic uncertainty and relapse rates in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are relatively high, indicating the potential involvement of other pathological mechanisms that could serve as diagnostic indicators to be targeted for adjunctive treatment. This study aimed to seek objective evidence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR C677T genotype-related bio markers in blood and urine. Vitamin and mineral cofactors related to methylation and indolamine-catecholamine metabolism were investigated. Biomarker status for 67 symptomatically well-defined cases and 67 asymptomatic control participants was determined using receiver operating characteristics, Spearman's correlation, and logistic regression. The 5.2%-prevalent MTHFR 677 TT genotype demonstrated a 100% sensitive and specific case-predictive biomarkers of increased riboflavin (vitamin B2) excretion. This was accompanied by low plasma zinc and indicators of a shift from low methylation to high methylation state. The 48.5% prevalent MTHFR 677 CC genotype model demonstrated a low-methylation phenotype with 93% sensitivity and 92% specificity and a negative predictive value of 100%. This model related to lower vitamin cofactors, high histamine, and HPLC urine indicators of lower vitamin B2 and restricted indole-catecholamine metabolism. The 46.3%-prevalent CT genotype achieved high predictive strength for a mixed methylation phenotype. Determination of MTHFR C677T genotype dependent functional biomarker phenotypes can advance diagnostic certainty and inform therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical studies demonstrate that supplemental riboflavin is an efficacious and low risk prophylactic treatment for migraine. However, background riboflavin intake of adults with migraine from nutritional sources has not been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate riboflavin consumption of adults with migraine in the United States, and further investigate the relationship between nutritional riboflavin consumption and the prevalence of migraine among adults. This cross-sectional secondary analysis included 3439 participants ages 20–50 years old in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2001 to 2004. Presence of migraine in the past three months was self-reported. Riboflavin intake was determined from one 24-hour recall interview. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for riboflavin intake quartiles using an adjusted logistic regression model. Statistical significance was determined using an adjusted Wald test. Results showed that mean dietary consumption of riboflavin fulfilled the Recommended Dietary Allowance for migraine and control groups. Dietary riboflavin intake was associated with the odds of migraine (pWald = 0.002), but no association was found for supplemental or total riboflavin consumption (pWald = 0.479 and 0.136). When stratified by gender, there was no association of dietary riboflavin with migraine in males (pWald = 0.423), but an association was observed in females (pWald = 0.014). The RDA value for riboflavin was not relevant for assessing odds of migraine; however, differing odds of migraine were detected across dietary riboflavin consumption groups at levels above the RDA. Future riboflavin supplementation trials for migraine prophylaxis should consider measuring background dietary intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern statistical studies often encounter regression models with high dimensions in which the number of features p is greater than the sample size n. Although the theory of linear models is well–established for the traditional assumption p < n, making valid statistical inference in high dimensional cases is a considerable challenge. With recent advances in technologies, the problem appears in many biological, medical, social, industrial, and economic studies. As known, the LASSO method is a popular technique for variable selection/estimation in high dimensional sparse linear models. Here, we show that the prediction performance of the LASSO method can be improved by eliminating the structured noises through a mixed–integer programming approach. As a result of our analysis, a modified variable selection/estimation scheme is proposed for a high dimensional regression model which can be considered as an alternative of the LASSO method. Some numerical experiments are made on the classical riboflavin production and some simulated data sets to shed light on the practical performance of the suggested method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yogurt represent one of the oldest fermented foods containing viable lactic acid bacteria and many bioactive compounds that could exhibit beneficial effects on human health and train our immune system to better respond to invading pathogens. Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus are commonly used for yogurt preparation under controlled temperature and environmental conditions. In this study, we investigated probiotic features of S. thermophilus BGKMJ1-36 and L. bulgaricus BGVLJ1-21 strains isolated from artisanal sour milk and yogurt by using Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo model system. Further, we evaluated content of total fat, saturated fatty acids, proteins, and lactose, as well as vitamins and AA of yogurt prepared from above-mentioned starter cultures during 21 d of storage at 4°C to get insights of final product stability. We showed that S. thermophilus BGKMJ1-36 and L. bulgaricus BGVLJ1-21 strains applied in combination upregulated the expression of autophagy-related genes in C. elegans. Beside autophagy, we observed activation of TIR-1-dependent transcription of lysozyme-like antimicrobial genes involved in the immune defense of C. elegans. Upregulation of these genes strongly correlates with an increase in the longevity of the worms fed with yogurt culture bacteria. Further, we showed that yogurt prepared with S. thermophilus BGKMJ1-36 and L. bulgaricus BGVLJ1-21, as a final product, is rich with vitamin B 2 and dominant AA known by their prolongevity properties. Taken together, our study pointed to the beneficial features of the tested starter cultures and yogurt and highlighted their potential to be used as a fermented food with added-value properties. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the principal staple food, a fundamental component of food security, a significant source of energy and major nutrients, and a key player in the overall nutritional status in Bangladesh. Parboiling is a common rice-processing treatment in Bangladesh. Recently, polishing has also become a common practice among millers seeking to attract consumers. Polishing may influence the nutrient composition of rice. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of parboiling and polishing on the nutritional content of the five High Yield Varieties (HYVs) of rice (BR11, BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan49, and BRRI dhan84) and their percent contributions to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) of vitamins and minerals. All of the rice samples were analyzed for proximate parameters, vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, and folate), and minerals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Na, K, P). Moisture, ash, fat, and total dietary fiber (TDF) were determined gravimetrically, according to the AOAC Official Methods; protein was measured by the Kjeldahl method; B-group vitamins were measured using Ultra Pressure Liquid Chromatography; and mineral content was determined by ICP-OES. The energy, protein, fat, and total dietary fiber (TDF) content of the samples ranged between 342–357 kcal/100 g, 6.79–10.74 g/100 g, 0.31–1.69 g/100 g, and 2.59–3.92 g/100 g respectively. Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxin, and folate content ranged from 0.11–0.25 mg/100 g, 0.01–0.05 mg/100 g, 2.82–6.42 mg/100 g, 0.12–0.30 g/100 g, and 5.40–23.95 g/100 g respectively. In a comparison of parboiling and polishing, macronutrients and vitamin retention were higher in parboiled unpolished rice than in polished unparboiled rice. The minerals (mg/100 g) Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Na, K, and P were in the ranges 32.82–44.72, 30.69–58.34, 0.51–0.70,1.83–2.79, 5.00–5.36, 106.49–112.73, and 162.23–298.03. Minerals of BRRI dhan84 were unaffected by polishing and parboiling. BRRI dhan84 contributed a higher percentage of RDA of all B vitamins and minerals. Therefore, to reduce nutrient loss in rice, industries and consumers should be encouraged to avoid polishing or limit polishing to 10% DOM and to consume unpolished rice, either parboiled or unparboiled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundEarly-onset sarcopenia refers to the progressive loss of muscle mass and function that occurs at an early age. This condition perpetuates the vicious cycle of muscle loss and is associated with adverse outcomes. It is important to identify the contributing factors for early intervention and prevention. While diet is known to impact muscle mass, the association of B vitamins with early-onset sarcopenia remains unexplored.ObjectivesTo investigate the association of B vitamins intake with early-onset sarcopenia risk in a cross-sectional study.MethodsWe conducted data analysis on a total of 8,711 participants aged between 20 and 59 years who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2018. Early-onset sarcopenia was defined as a SMI measured by DXA that was one standard deviation below the sex-specific mean of the reference population. B vitamins intake (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, and B12) was assessed by 24-h dietary recall. We used weighted multiple logistic regression and RCS models to estimate the OR and 95% CI of sarcopenia by B vitamins intake, adjusting for demographic, physical, lifestyle, comorbidities, and nutritional covariates.ResultsHigher intake of vitamin B1 was associated with a 22% lower sarcopenia risk (OR = 0.78, CI = 0.63–0.97, p = 0.022), and higher intake of vitamin B2 with a 16% lower risk (OR = 0.84, CI = 0.74–0.97, p = 0.012) in both genders. Gender-specific analyses showed a 28% reduction in sarcopenia risk among males with each additional mg of vitamin B1 intake (OR = 0.72, CI = 0.52–0.97, p = 0.038), and a 26% decrease among females with each additional mg of vitamin B2 intake (OR = 0.74, CI = 0.57–0.96, p = 0.021). No significant differences were found between vitamin B2 and males, or between vitamin B1 and females. The RCS model suggested a nonlinear relationship between vitamin B2 intake and sarcopenia risk (POverall = 0.001, PNonlinear = 0.033), with a plateau effect above 3 mg/d.ConclusionHigher intake of vitamin B1 and B2 may lower the risk of early-onset sarcopenia, with gender differences. This suggests the potential of nutritional intervention by increasing these vitamins intake through diet and supplements. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and design targeted interventions.