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The combination of carbon-based materials with semiconductor nanoparticles of different structures promotes the unique properties that arise from the construction of heterojunctions. This improves the charge separation, and enhances the light absorption and steadiness of the composite. Thus, it offers a promising approach to achieving an efficient photocatalyst. In this study, the photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride and copper-doped bismuth sulphide heterostructure (g-C 3 N 4 /Cu–Bi 2 S 3) obtained by the solvothermal method is reported. The prepared heterostructures were characterized to understand their morphological, optical, and electronic properties, and the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl orange was studied. The formation of heterostructure between g-C 3 N 4 and Cu–Bi 2 S 3 led to a narrowing of band gaps compared to the pristine g-C 3 N 4 and Cu–Bi 2 S 3. Evaluation of the photocatalytic activity of the heterostructure showed about 95% degradation efficiency for methyl orange. The radical scavenging studies showed that superoxide radicals and photogenerated holes had the most significant impact on the photocatalytic process. The results confirm that the formation of the heterostructure of g-C 3 N 4 with semiconductor nanomaterials offers a unique and facile route to enhancing the catalytic degradation of dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review highlights the advantages of incorporating hexagonal Boron Nitride (BN) into the current membrane-based architectures for water remediation over other well-explored 2D nanomaterials such as graphene, graphene oxide, molybdenum sulphide, MXenes. BN has an interlayer spacing of 3.3A0 which is similar to that of graphene, but smaller than that of the other 2D nanomaterials. BN is bioinert, and stable under harsh chemical and thermal conditions. When combined with thin film composite and mixed matrix membrane architectures, BN can help achieve high permeance, dye rejection, and desalination. Laminar membranes assembled by BN nanosheets do not swell uncontrollably in aqueous environments unlike graphene oxide. BN nanomaterials have a large specific surface area which implies more adsorption sites, and are inherently hydrophobic in nature, which means the adsorbent in its powder form can be easily separated from contaminated water. BN adsorbents can be regenerated by treating with chemicals or heating to high temperatures to remove the adsorbate, without damaging the BN, due to its thermal and chemical inertness. BN nanomaterials have the potential to circumvent the current shortcomings of membranes and adsorbents, while greatly enhancing the performance of membranes and adsorbents for water remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of photothermal agents (PTAs) with robust photostability and high photothermal conversion efficiency is of great importance for cancer photothermal therapy. Herein, a novel PTA was created using two‐dimensional intermetallic PtSnBi nanoplates (NPs), which demonstrated excellent photostability and biocompatibility with a high photothermal conversion efficiency of ∼61 % after PEGylation. More importantly, PtSnBi NPs could be employed as photoacoustic imaging contrast agents for tumor visualization due to their strong absorbance in the NIR range. In addition, both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that PtSnBi NPs had a good photothermal efficacy under NIR laser irradiation. Therefore, the remarkable therapeutic characteristics of PtSnBi NPs make them a most promising candidate for cancer theranostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work aims to offer a specific overview of the homogeneous dispersions of 2D nanomaterials in heat transfer base fluids—so-called 2D nanofluids. This data compilation emerged from the critical overview of the findings of the published scientific articles regarding 2D nanofluids. The applicability of such fluids as promising alternatives to the conventional heat transfer and thermal energy storage fluids is comprehensively investigated. These are fluids that simultaneously possess superior thermophysical properties and can be processed according to innovative environmentally friendly methods and techniques. Furthermore, their very reduced dimensions are suitable for the decrease in the size of thermal management systems, and the devices have attracted a lot of attention from researchers in different fields. Some examples of 2D nanofluids are those which incorporate graphene, graphene oxide, hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles, and hybrid formulations. Although the published results are not always consistent, it was found that this type of nanofluid can improve the thermal conductivity of traditional base fluids by more than 150%, achieving values of approximately 6500 W·m−1·K−1 and interface thermal conductance above 50 MW·m−2·K−1. Such beneficial features permit the attainment of increments above 60% in the overall efficiency of photovoltaic/thermal solar systems, a 70% reduction in the entropy generation in parabolic trough collectors and increases of approximately 200% in the convective heat transfer coefficient in heat exchangers and heat pipes. These findings identify those fluids as suitable heat transfer and thermal storage media. The current work intends to partially suppress the literature gap by gathering detailed information on 2D nanofluids in a single study. The thermophysical properties of 2D nanofluids and not of their traditional counterparts, as it is usually encountered in the literature, and the extended detailed sections dedicated to the potential applications of 2D nanofluids are features that may set this research apart from previously published works. Additionally, a major part of the included literature references consider exclusively 2D nanomaterials and the corresponding nanofluids, which also constitutes a major gathering of specific data regarding these types of materials. Upon its conclusion, this work will provide a general overview of 2D nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum emitters in two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are of significant interest because of their unique photophysical properties, such as single-photon emission at room temperature, and promising applications in quantum computing and communications. The photoemission from hBN defects covers a wide range of emission energies but identifying and modulating the properties of specific emitters remain challenging due to uncontrolled formation of hBN defects. In this study, more than 2000 spectra are collected consisting of single, isolated zero-phonon lines (ZPLs) between 1.59 and 2.25 eV from diverse sample types. Most of ZPLs are organized into seven discretized emission energies. All emitters exhibit a range of lifetimes from 1 to 6 ns, and phonon sidebands offset by the dominant lattice phonon in hBN near 1370 cm−1. Two chemical processing schemes are developed based on water and boric acid etching that generate or preferentially interconvert specific emitters, respectively. The identification and chemical interconversion of these discretized emitters should significantly advance the understanding of solid-state chemistry and photophysics of hBN quantum emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible sensors have been extensively employed in wearable technologies for physiological monitoring given the technological advancement in recent years. Conventional sensors made of silicon or glass substrates may be limited by their rigid structures, bulkiness, and incapability for continuous monitoring of vital signs, such as blood pressure (BP). Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have received considerable attention in the fabrication of flexible sensors due to their large surface-area-to-volume ratio, high electrical conductivity, cost effectiveness, flexibility, and light weight. This review discusses the transduction mechanisms, namely, piezoelectric, capacitive, piezoresistive, and triboelectric, of flexible sensors. Several 2D nanomaterials used as sensing elements for flexible BP sensors are reviewed in terms of their mechanisms, materials, and sensing performance. Previous works on wearable BP sensors are presented, including epidermal patches, electronic tattoos, and commercialized BP patches. Finally, the challenges and future outlook of this emerging technology are addressed for non-invasive and continuous BP monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The global population explosion necessitates more natural resources for energy, making it a major factor in climate change. CO 2 is a leading actor in the greenhouse gas effect, and advancements in CO 2 capture processes have attracted researchers in recent years. Numerous technologies are practiced for CO 2 separation. Nevertheless, due to the intricate nature of gases and different process conditions, most of them continue to face challenges. To overcome these challenges, researchers focus on finding or designing innovative materials compatible with various processes. From the discovery of high CO 2 solubility of ionic liquids (ILs), these unique compounds have rapidly gained popularity for different applications like gas separation. Molecular simulations play a crucial role in supporting researchers in understanding the connection between the properties and chemical structure of newly developed materials as ILs in a time-efficient manner. Despite the growing number of molecular simulation studies, there is a gap in the review papers that effectively highlight the benefits and feasibility of the theoretical approach. Up to date, mostly experimental studies mainly focusing on gas transport mechanisms and the relationship between chemical composition and properties were summarized. Herein, we concentrated on molecular simulation studies investigating the adsorption- and membrane-based CO 2 separation performance of confined ILs. We systematically addressed prominent questions posed by researchers in each simulation study, demonstrating how to examine confined ILs and interpret the resulting data in relation to gas separation performance. The most pertinent inquiries encompass the influence of ion type (cation or anion) on gas adsorption at the gas–liquid interface and through the confined IL phase, the significance of the confined form of cation or anion in gas transport, the impact of IL thickness on gas separation, and the discernible effects of the material in which ILs are confined. Therefore, we hope to guide researchers in developing innovative membranes or adsorbents by leveraging insights obtained from the answers to these questions derived from molecular simulations of confined ILs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• B-C-N monolayers were prepared on Rh(111) from borazine and benzene • Mixed honeycomb BCN layer was formed at an optimal benzene–borazine ratio • XPS revealed the intimate mixing of B, C, and N atoms realized mostly via B-C bonds • According to STS measurements, the obtained BCN monolayer is semiconducting Atomic level studies of solid state surfaces performed in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) had already an energetic 15–20 years past when our research group in Szeged started working in this field in mid 1970s. Till then several very important methods had been developed, like UHV technology, commercially available electron and photoelectron spectroscopy techniques, etc. Characterization of metal and semiconductor (oxide) surfaces and their adsorption properties had already been widely studied. In any case, the last 40–50 years also witnessed great discoveries and exciting new techniques. Considering only the activity related to heterogeneous catalysis, the main focus of our research group, new breakthrough methods emerged like HREELS, RAIRS, SPM, NAPXPS, EXAFS, NEXAFS. Along this path, new experimental and theoretical approaches appeared like planar model catalysts and inverse catalysts, atomic level investigation and understanding of surface diffusion-controlled phenomena (particle growth and disruption, strong metal-support interaction (SMSI), decoration, spillover), atomic level identification of active sites, self-organized nano-systems, surface alloys and nanotemplates. It was great to participate in this magical activity for more than 50 years. Both internationally and locally in Szeged, in the last two decades, surface science has opened to the wide world of 2D materials like the semimetal graphene and the insulator hexagonal boron nitride. However, the formation of a mixed layer of C, B and N proved to be a difficult task due to the primary tendency for phase separation. In the present work, we report on a preparation method of honeycomb "BCN" materials on Rh(111) by using benzene/borazine mixtures as precursors. It was demonstrated that by a suitable choice of the growth parameters, the formation of large, separated graphene and h-BN islands can be avoided. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, researchers have been striving to develop efficient and economically viable multifunctional photocatalysts. This is in effort to address the currently faced energy and water crises. Herein, tin disulfide/vanadium carbide MXene (SnS 2 /V 2 CT x) heterojunction was prepared through facile self-assembly approach, followed by calcination for strong integration of the two materials (SnS 2 and V 2 CT x). The prepared pristine and composite materials' structural characteristics, chemical composition, morphology, and charge transfer kinetics were studied using spectroscopic, microscopic techniques, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The prepared SnS 2 /V 2 CT x composites exhibited improved optical and photoelectrochemical properties compared to the pristine materials. In particular, the energy bandgap (Eg) was reduced from 1.30 eV (SnS 2) to 0.81 eV (SnS 2 /V 2 CT x). Additionally, the calculated band alignments exhibited superior redox potentials towards the generation of useful reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the formation of a heterostructure between SnS 2 and V 2 CT x MXene presents a reproducible approach towards fabrication of efficient photocatalyst with combined synergistic catalytic attributes. [Display omitted] • A SnS 2 /V 2 CT x Schottky-junction was prepared using the facile self-assembly method. • SnS 2 delineated well-defined nanoflowers. • SnS 2 /V 2 CT x composite displayed a narrow energy bandgap of 0.82 eV. • V 2 CT x MXene had an electron trapping ability promoting electron-hole separation. • SnS 2 /V 2 CT x band alignment exhibited superior redox potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing systems have surged in popularity in recent years, making significant strides in sensing and biosensing applications. The realization of high-throughput ECL sensors hinges on the implementation of novel signal amplification strategies, propelling the field toward a new era of ultrasensitive analysis. A key strategy for developing advanced ECL sensors and biosensors involves utilizing novel structures with remarkable properties. The past few years have witnessed the emergence of MXenes as a captivating class of 2D materials, with their unique properties leading to exploitation in diverse applications. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest advancements in MXene-modified materials specifically engineered for ECL sensing and biosensing applications. We thoroughly analyze the structure, surface functionalization, and intrinsic properties of MXenes that render them exceptionally suitable candidates for the development of highly sensitive ECL sensors and biosensors. Furthermore, this study explores the broad spectrum of applications of MXenes in ECL sensing, detailing their multifaceted roles in enhancing the performance and sensitivity of ECL (bio)sensors. By providing a comprehensive overview, this review is expected to promote progress in related areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nanocomposite electrocatalysts composed of cobalt molybdenum sulfide flower-like nanosheets intermixed with reduced graphene oxide (Co x Mo (1−x) S 2 /rGO) were prepared by a facile one-step hydrothermal method and were used to prepare counter electrodes (CE) of high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The structural and morphological analysis of the nanocomposites were carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, which revealed 2-dimensional petal-like nanosheets of the ternary metal sulfides intermixed with the reduced graphene oxide sheets. The DSSCs fabricated using Co x Mo (1−x) S 2 /rGO (CMS-2/rGO) as the counter electrode material exhibited power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.04%, which was found to be superior to the PCEs of DSSCs with CEs made of MoS 2 /rGO (7.56%), Co x Mo (1-x) S 2 (7.04–7.78%), and conventional Pt (8.72%). The electrochemical measurements showed that the excellent electrocatalytic activity of the Co x Mo (1−x) S 2 /rGO on I 3 - can be attributed to the expanded active sites, improved charge transfer across the CE, and reduced electrode/electrolyte interface resistance. The facile preparation approach and outstanding catalytic behavior of Co x Mo (1−x) S 2 /rGO indicate that the nanostructured Co x Mo (1-x) S 2 /rGO intermix would be a cost-effective material over the platinum used in the CE of DSSCs. [Display omitted] • Co x Mo (1-x) S 2 /rGO hybrids were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method. • Co x Mo (1-x) S 2 /rGO hybrids have a high surface area and high electrocatalytic activity. • The DSSCs with Co x Mo (1-x) S 2 /rGO CEs (PCE = 9.04%) shows a better photovoltaics performance than the Pt (PCE = 8.72%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with chemical and structural diversity have piqued the interest of the scientific community due to their superior photonic, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic capabilities that distinguish them from their bulk counterparts. Among these 2D materials, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides with a general chemical formula of Mn+1XnTx (where n = 1–3), together known as MXenes, have gained tremendous popularity and demonstrated competitive performance in biosensing applications. In this review, we focus on the cutting-edge advances in MXene-related biomaterials, with a systematic summary on their design, synthesis, surface engineering approaches, unique properties, and biological properties. We particularly emphasize the property–activity–effect relationship of MXenes at the nano–bio interface. We also discuss the recent trends in the application of MXenes in accelerating the performance of conventional point of care (POC) devices towards more practical approaches as the next generation of POC tools. Finally, we explore in depth the existing problems, challenges, and potential for future improvement of MXene-based materials for POC testing, with the goal of facilitating their early realization of biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal camouflage is one of the most effective ways to guarantee the security and survival of military objects against infrared (IR) detectors. However, with the rapid development of IR detection technology, the IR thermal camouflage of objects and weapons has become more and more difficult, and advanced thermal camouflage materials are urgently needed to meet the demands of warfare. So far, two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have demonstrated excellent performances with low IR emissivity, optoelectronic tunability, and compatible stealth capabilities. Among them, graphene and MXenes are the most attractive 2D materials used for thermal camouflage applications. Here we present a review of recent progress on the thermal camouflage properties of graphene and Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene in the form of composite film, microcapsule and aerogel structures, a summary of current understanding of the working principle of thermal camouflage materials, and current limitations and future opportunities in graphene and Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy conversion and storage is the key avenue of research as the energy demand is growing with the life style and standard of living. Supercapacitors are important class of devices which convert and store chemical energy into electrical. Batteries differ with these devices with their capacity to deliver the stored energy. To tune performance of these devices, focusing on design of the electrode material is the key. Nano-materials, especially 2D with one or few atoms thick, contribute in a peculiar way by exhibiting unusual characteristics in this direction. Also, they exhibit many special properties such as highly chemically active edge sites relative to basal planes, high mechanical and chemical stability, etc. This review discusses fundamentals of supercapacitors and relevance of 2D nanomaterials especially metal phosphides as their electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D carbides and nitrides-based nanomaterials because of their unusual physical and chemical properties and a vast range of energy-storage applications have attracted tremendous attention. However, 2D carbides and nitrides-based nanomaterials and their corresponding composites have many intrinsic constraints in terms of energy-storage applications. The nano-engineering of these 2D materials is widely investigated, to improve their performance for practical application. In this Review article, the current progress and research on 2D carbides and nitrides-based nanostructures are presented and debated, concentrating on their methods of preparation, and energy conservation applications for example Lithium-ion-battery, supercapacitors, and Sodium-ion-battery. In conclusion, the problems, and recommendations essential to be discussed for the progress of these 2D nanomaterials for energy-storage applications based on carbides and nitrides are displayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials have assumed an imperative part in the advancement of human evolution and are more intertwined in our thinking and application. Contrary to the conventional micron-filled composites, the unique nanofillers often modify the properties of the polymer matrix at the same time, bestowing new functionality because of their chemical composition and their nano dimensions. The unprecedented technological revolution is driving people to adapt to miniaturized electronic gadgets. The sources of electromagnetic fields are ubiquitous in a tech-driven society. The COVID-19 pandemic has escalated the proliferation of electromagnetic interference as the world embraced remote working and content delivery over mobile communication devices. While EMI shielding is performed using the combination of reflection, absorption, and electrical and magnetic properties, under certain considerations, the dominant nature of any one of the properties may be required. The miniaturization of electronic gadgets coupled with wireless technologies is driving us to search for alternate lightweight EMI shielding materials with improved functionalities relative to conventional metals. Polymer nanocomposites have emerged as functional materials with versatile properties for EMI shielding. This paper reviews nanomaterials-based polymer nanocomposites for EMI shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) attract intensive attention owing to their unmatched catalytic activities and high atom utilization. Besides metal species themselves, the substrates play a key role for the improvement of their catalytic performance by optimizing metal–support interactions and coordination structures. In the past years, various 2D nanomaterials have been employed to anchor single metal atoms for renewable energy technologies and other important industrial processes. Tremendous progress has been achieved in the development of 2D supported SACs for advanced energy conversion reactions. This article provides a comprehensive and critical review of up‐to‐date advances in the field of 2D supported SACs. The state‐of‐the‐art characterizations including ex/in situ microscopic and spectroscopic techniques are summarized with the emphasis on their specific superiorities in identifying the reactive sites and reaction mechanisms, combined with theoretical calculations and experimental results. A brief overview of various reactions including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e‐ORR), carbon dioxide reduction (CO2RR), and nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under the framework of electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, is presented on basis of versatile 2D nanomaterial supports. Last, the key challenges and opportunities in this rising field are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fibers, which are known for their high strength to weight ratio and thermal and chemical stability, are key components in advanced structural composites. Controlling the fiber-matrix interface is key to achieving required physical performance. Functional two-dimensional (2D) materials that can conformally coat the fiber surface facilitate interface and interphase engineering for enhanced mechanical properties and added functionalities. Understanding how 2D flakes bond, integrate, and perform at carbon fiber interfaces is key to developing multifunctional high-strength composites. In this study, we focus on the surface interactions of graphene oxide (GO) and Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanoflakes at the surface of low-tension carbon fibers with and without amine functionalization by in-depth multimode scanning probe microscopy. We suggest that beyond strengthening the interfaces, GO and MXene provide efficient charge transfer with MXene also adding conductivity to the fiber surface, extending potential applications of composites to broad areas including structural supercapacitors and battery cooling/packaging materials. GO and MXene modified fibers not only create opportunities for increased interfacial adhesion in composites via increased surface roughness, but also act as anchors for bonding, energy dissipation, charge transport, and local interface stiffening. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tribological studies using 2D nanomaterials have gained notable attention in the last decade owing to their outstanding friction and wear performance. Within this group, MXenes are an emerging class that has moved into the focus of tribological research due to their easy-to-shear ability, favorable mechanical properties, and ability to generate beneficial tribo-films. The present study aims at scrutinizing the tribological performance of multilayer Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets when used as a lubricant additive in poly-(α)-olefin oil under non-conformal contact conditions. Ball-on-disc tests were carried out at varying speeds, temperatures, loads, slide-to-roll ratios, and MXene concentrations (0.5 and 3 wt %) to assess their performance over a broad range of experimental conditions. Our results demonstrate that multilayer Ti3C2Tx MXenes (3 wt %) considerably reduced the coefficient of friction under most conditions considered. Particularly, under severe conditions (higher loads, sliding ratios, and elevated temperatures), which result in reduced film thicknesses and harsher contacts, MXenes showed a notable friction reduction of about 30%. Therefore, multilayer Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets demonstrated excellent potential as lubricant additives for components that operate under severe and varying working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Critical views on the structural composition of dye-sensitized photoanodes. • Photoanodes serve as solar energy conversion centers in DSSCs. • Two-dimensional functionalized dye-sensitized photoanode solar cell are focussed to revolutionize the spectrum of solar photovoltaic technology. • Interfacial energetics of various components are highlighted to transform DSSCs. • Discrete energy levels facilitate photoexcited electron transport between wide semiconductor and sensitizer (dye) for high efficiency DSSCs. High-efficiency functionalized dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are next-generation solar photovoltaics owing to low production costs, flexibility, excellent transparency, and sustainable outputs. The structural transformation of photoanode materials promotes the conversion efficiency of DSSCs. DSSCs comprise multiple components i.e., photoanode, sensitizer, electrolyte, and counter electrode. The photoanode (working electrode) is a major component and has two primary functions: to support the loading of the dye and to facilitate the movement of photo-excited charge carriers to the external circuit from the sensitized dye. Two-dimensional (2D) functionalized photoanodes have abundant surface sites and excellent optical and electrical properties. 2D materials are commonly used to reduce the charge recombination efficiency of semiconductor photoanodes because of the formation of suitable interfacial nanochannel sand discrete energy levels. The interaction of organic groups in 2D materials with wide-band-gap semiconductors prevents the recombination process. Photoexcited electron transfer depends on the functional interaction of the 2D functionalized photoanode with the photosensitive dye. Continuous photoexcited transport requires nanochannels on the extended surface of the dye-sensitized photoanode. Beyond graphene-oriented research has reached a maturity phase and requires the additional investigation of advanced 2D materials. In the modern era of 2D materials, particularly Sb 2 TeSe 2 monolayers, black phosphorus 2D materials, MXenes, and transition metal dichalcogenides with fascinating properties have attracted significant research interest to enhance the phenomena in energy, optoelectronics, and electronics applications. Moreover, beyond-graphene advanced 2D layers have introduced a new thrill in research because of their tunable work function, low cost, catalytic effect, and high absorption coefficient. This review focuses on various 2D layer nanostructures that have revolutionized the fields of energy storage, photovoltaics, and conversion science for zero-carbon emissions. Furthermore, 2D materials exhibit relatively high flexibility to tune the functional composition of photoanodes and improve visible-light absorption to achieve a higher photoconversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, research on and the application of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal–organic frameworks has become increasingly popular in tissue engineering. In 2014, a two-dimensional sheet of black phosphorus (BP) was isolated from massive BP crystals. Since then, BP has attracted significant attention as an emerging nanomaterial. BP possesses many advantages such as light responsiveness, electrical conductivity, degradability, and good biocompatibility. Thus, it has broad prospects in biomedical applications. Moreover, BP is composed of phosphorus, which is a key bone tissue component with good biocompatibility and osteogenic repair ability. Thereby, BP exhibits excellent advantages for application in bone tissue engineering. In this review, the structure and the physical and chemical properties of BP are described. In addition, the current applications of BP in bone tissue engineering are reviewed to aid the future research and application of BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials offer a transformative platform for photothermal therapy (PTT) due to their unique physicochemical properties and exceptional photothermal conversion efficiencies. This Minireview summarizes the photothermal mechanisms of common 2D nanomaterials and details their synthesis, surface modification, and optimization strategies. Recent advances leveraging 2D nanomaterials for enhanced PTT are highlighted, with particular emphasis on synergistic therapeutic modalities. Despite the significant potential of 2D nanomaterials in PTT, challenges persist, including scalable and reproducible manufacturing, precise targeted delivery, understanding of the underlying biological interactions, and comprehensive assessment of long-term biocompatibility and toxicity. Looking forward, emerging technologies such as machine learning are expected to play a crucial role in accelerating the design and optimization of 2D nanomaterials for PTT, enabling the prediction of optimal structures, properties, and therapeutic efficacy, and ultimately paving the way for personalized nanomedicine., (© 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Effective treatment of diabetic wounds remains challenging because of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections, excessive oxidative stress, and impaired angiogenesis. In this study, a tissue-adhesive and antibacterial hydrogel incorporating MXene and deferoxamine (DFO)-loaded microspheres is developed for the treatment of MDR bacteria-infected diabetic wounds. The hydrogel is built based on covalent crosslinking between ε-poly(L-lysine) and o-phthalaldehyde-terminated four-arm poly(ethylene glycol). The hydrogel exhibited excellent mechanical properties, tissue adhesion strength, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the MXene converted light into heat and elevated the local temperature rapidly, enabling the rapid disintegration of MDR bacterial biofilms. Simultaneously, the hydrogel exerted inherent antibacterial activity, persistently killing planktonic bacteria, and effectively controlling wound infections. The encapsulated DFO is then released from the hydrogel in a sustained and controlled manner, and promoted angiogenesis during diabetic wound healing. Additionally, MXenes can scavenge excessive reactive oxygen species and alleviate wound inflammation. In the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected diabetic wound model in mice, the composite hydrogel along with NIR irradiation efficiently reduced the infectious bacteria, and accelerated the wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and alleviating inflammation. This composite hydrogel has great clinical potential for the treatment of diabetic wounds, particularly in challenging healing environments involving motion and infection., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Biomolecule isolation is a crucial process in diverse biomedical and biochemical applications, including diagnostics, therapeutics, research, and manufacturing. Recently, MXenes, a novel class of two-dimensional nanomaterials, have emerged as promising adsorbents for this purpose due to their unique physicochemical properties. These biocompatible and antibacterial nanomaterials feature a high aspect ratio, excellent conductivity, and versatile surface chemistry. This timely review explores the potential of MXenes for isolating a wide range of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules, while highlighting key future research trends and innovative applications poised to transform the field. This review provides an in-depth discussion of various synthesis methods and functionalization techniques that enhance the specificity and efficiency of MXenes in biomolecule isolation. In addition, the mechanisms by which MXenes interact with biomolecules are elucidated, offering insights into their selective adsorption and customized separation capabilities. This review also addresses recent advancements, identifies existing challenges, and examines emerging trends that may drive the next wave of innovation in this rapidly evolving area., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a kind of inflammation homeostasis disorder that dysfunctions the joints. Clinically, medications against RA focus simply on mitigating the focal inflammation, without considering pro-osteogenesis re-modeling of the bone microenvironment. In the present work, 2D layered calcium disilicide nanoparticles (CSNs) are fabricated by facile aqueous exfoliation. The hydrolysis of CSNs produces anti-oxidative H 2 , alkaline Ca(OH) 2 , and silica. These moieties play significant roles in anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and pro-osteogenesis resulting in considerably better RA therapeutic consequences than anti-inflammation alone. Hydrogen gas is validated to eliminate excessive hydroxyl radicals and regulate macrophage re-polarization; the generated Ca(OH) 2 can neutralize the acidic microenvironment and inhibit the osteoclast activity; and, the dissolved Ca 2+ can effectively complex with phosphates to mineralize Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , promoting the osteogenesis of the focal joint. The multifunctional performances of CSNs are further confirmed in arthritic mouse and rabbit models, providing an advanced and robust therapeutic strategy against RA with high biocompatibility and clinical transformable promises., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Breast cancer is the leading cause of women's deaths and associated comorbidities. The advanced and targeted strategies against breast cancer have gained considerable attention due to their potential enhanced therapeutic efficacy over conventional therapies. In this context, phototherapies like photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) have shown promise as an effective and alternative strategy due to reduced side effects, noninvasiveness, and spatiotemporal specificity. With the advent of nanotechnology, several types of nanomaterials that have shown excellent prospects in increasing the efficacy of photo therapies have been exploited in cancer treatment. In recent years, 2D nanomaterials have stood out promising because of their unique ultrathin planar structure, chemical, physical, tunable characteristics, and corresponding remarkable physiochemical/biological properties. In this review, the potential and the current status of several types of 2D nanomaterials such as graphene-based nanomaterials, Mxenes, Black phosphorous, and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for photo/thermo and combination-based imaging and therapy of breast cancer have been discussed. The current challenges and prospects in terms of translational potential in future clinical oncology are highlighted., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

2D Fe-chalcogenides emerge with rich structures, magnetisms, and superconductivities, which spark the growing research interests in the torturous transition mechanism and tunable properties for their potential applications in nanoelectronics. Uniaxial strain can produce a lattice distortion to study symmetry breaking induced exotic properties in 2D magnets. Herein, the anomalous Raman spectrum of 2D tetragonal (t-) and hexagonal (h-) FeTe is systematically investigated via uniaxial strain engineering strategy. It is found that both t- and h-FeTe keep the structural stability under different uniaxial tensile or compressive strain up to ± 0.4%. Intriguingly, the lattice vibrations along both in-plane and out-of-plane directions exceptionally harden (softened) under tensile (compressive) strain, distinguished from the behaviors of many conventional 2D systems. Further, the difference in thickness-dependent strain effect can be well explained by their structural discrepancy between two polymorphs of FeTe. These results can supply a unique platform to explore the vibrational properties of many novel 2D materials., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Presently, plasmonic sensors are widely employed for the detection of numerous biomolecules found in the human body, owing to their high sensitivity and selectivity even in complex media (e.g., serum, urine, saliva). The most advanced plasmonic sensing technique for real-time screening and monitoring of analyte interactions is surface plasmon resonance (SPR)/localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). In recent years, the advancement of signal amplification tags such as gold/silver thin films (nanoparticles) and diverse sensing substrates such as 2D materials (e.g., graphene/MXene) has accelerated the development of SPR/LSPR sensors. This review of the literature focuses on 2D materials-based plasmonic sensors for the detection of various biomolecules, including creatinine, cardiac troponin I, alanine aminotransferase, acetylcholine, cholesterol, glucose, uric acid, and p-cresol. The review concludes with an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of 2D diagnostic materials.

The burden of cancer is increasing, being widely recognized as one of the main reasons for deaths among humans. Despite the tremendous efforts that have been made worldwide to stem the progression and metastasis of cancer, morbidity and mortality in malignant tumors have been clearly rising and threatening human health. In recent years, nanomedicine has come to occupy an increasingly important position in precision oncotherapy, which improves the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term prognosis of cancer. In particular, LDNs with distinctive physicochemical capabilities have provided great potential for advanced biomedical applications, attributed to their large surface area, abundant surface binding sites, and good cellular permeation properties. In addition, LDNs can integrate CT/MR/US/PAI and PTT/PDT/CDT/NDDS into a multimodal theranostic nanoplatform, enabling targeted therapy and efficacy assessments for cancer. This review attempts to concisely summarize the classification and major properties of LDNs. Simultaneously, we particularly emphasize their applications in the imaging, diagnosis, and treatment of cancerous diseases.

Two-dimensional nanosheets of semiconductor metal oxides are considered as promising for use in gas sensors, because of the combination of a large surface-area, high thermal stability and high sensitivity, due to the chemisorption mechanism of gas detection. In this work, 2D SnO2 nanosheets were synthesized via the oxidation of template SnS2 nanosheets obtained by surfactant-assisted one-pot solution synthesis. The 2D SnO2 was characterized using transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and IR spectroscopy. The sensor characteristics were studied when detecting model gases CO and NH3 in dry (RH25 = 0%) and humid (RH25 = 30%) air. The combination of high specific-surface-area and increased surface acidity caused by the presence of residual sulfate anions provides a high 2D SnO2 sensor's signal towards NH3 at a low temperature of 200 °C in dry air, but at the same time causes an inversion of the sensor response when detecting NH3 in a humid atmosphere. To reveal the processes responsible for sensor-response inversion, the interaction of 2D SnO2 with ammonia was investigated using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) in dry and humid air at temperatures corresponding to the maximum "positive" and maximum "negative" sensor response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a one‐pot approach for the covalent functionalization of few‐layer black phosphorus (BP) by anionic ring opening polymerization of glycidol to obtain multifunctional BP‐polyglycerol (BP‐PG) with high amphiphilicity for near‐infrared‐responsive drug delivery and biocompatibility is reported. Straightforward synthesis in combination with exceptional biological and physicochemical properties designates functionalized BP‐PG as a promising candidate for a broad range of biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets with different content in the defective carbon species bound to oxygen sp3 were functionalized with the angiogenin (ANG) protein, to create a novel nanomedicine for modulating angiogenic processes in cancer therapies. The GO@ANG nanocomposite was scrutinized utilizing UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. GO exhibits pro- or antiangiogenic effects, mostly attributed to the disturbance of ROS concentration, depending both on the total concentration (i.e., >100 ng/mL) as well as on the number of carbon species oxidized, that is, the C/O ratio. ANG is considered one of the most effective angiogenic factors that plays a vital role in the angiogenic process, often in a synergic role with copper ions. Based on these starting hypotheses, the GO@ANG nanotoxicity was assessed with the MTT colorimetric assay, both in the absence and in the presence of copper ions, by in vitro cellular experiments on human prostatic cancer cells (PC-3 line). Laser confocal microscopy (LSM) cell imaging evidenced an enhanced internationalization of GO@ANG than bare GO nanosheets, as well as significant changes in cell cytoskeleton organization and mitochondrial staining compared to the cell treatments with free ANG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy are nonselective and nonspecific for cell killing, causing serious side effects and threatening the lives of patients. It is of great significance to develop more accurate tumor‐targeting therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology is in a leading position to provide new treatment options for cancer, and it has great potential for selective targeted therapy and controlled drug release. 2D nanomaterials (2D NMs) have broad application prospects in the field of tumor‐targeted delivery systems due to their special structure‐based functions and excellent optical, electrical, and thermal properties. This review emphasizes the design strategies of tumor‐targeted delivery systems based on 2D NMs from three aspects: passive targeting, active targeting, and tumor‐microenvironment targeting, in order to promote the rational application of 2D NMs in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene has been widely investigated and applied in almost all areas of science and technology. Modulation of graphene properties is needed for its potential utilization in various applications. Chemical doping is one of the most attractive and efficient strategies to alter graphene properties. To date, substantial progress in this area has been reported, which needs to be thoroughly reviewed for its effective implementation in the development of commercial products in the days to come. This article presents a systematic, critical, and more informative review of the recent advancement in the chemical doping of graphene and its applications. Starting with a brief history along with the properties and synthesis of graphene, different experimental approaches to chemical doping and their outcomes reported so far are systematically documented. Further, extensive studies based on potential applications of doped graphene in various fields including light‐emitting diodes, photodetectors, solar cells, energy storage devices, sensors, and medical diagnoses are discussed and presented. Finally, the study is concluded with discussions on future prospective research work in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the discovery of graphene, diverse kinds of 2D nanomaterials have been explored and exhibited great promise for application in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. However, the restacking of 2D nanomaterials severely reduces their exposed active sites and thus impairs their electrochemical performance. Moreover, except for graphene, a large number of 2D nanomaterials normally possess unsatisfactory electrical conductivity. One of the effective strategies to address the aforementioned shortcomings is to hybridize 2D nanomaterials with 3D graphene architectures since large specific surface area and rapid transport pathways for electrons, ions, and mass can be achieved in the obtained hybrid materials. This review summarizes the typical strategies to hybridize 2D nanomaterials with 3D graphene architectures and then highlights the application of these hybrid materials in rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and electrocatalytic water splitting. The challenges and future research directions in this research area are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing need for portable, compact, low-cost, and efficient biosensors, plasmonic materials hold the promise to meet this need owing to their label-free sensitivity and deep light–matter interaction that can go beyond the diffraction limit of light. In this review, we shed light on the main physical aspects of plasmonic interactions, highlight mainstream and future plasmonic materials including their merits and shortcomings, describe the backbone substrates for building plasmonic biosensors, and conclude with a brief discussion of the factors affecting plasmonic biosensing mechanisms. To do so, we first observe that 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides play a major role in enhancing the sensitivity of nanoparticle-based plasmonic biosensors. Then, we identify that titanium nitride is a promising candidate for integrated applications with performance comparable to that of gold. Our study highlights the emerging role of polymer substrates in the design of future wearable and point-of-care devices. Finally, we summarize some technical and economic challenges that should be addressed for the mass adoption of plasmonic biosensors. We believe this review will be a guide in advancing the implementation of plasmonics-based integrated biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]