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The Innsbruck Atmospheric Observatory (IAO) aims to investigate atmospheric chemistry, micrometeorology, and mountain meteorology in a synergistic fashion within an urban setting. A new measurement supersite has been established in order to study processes affecting the exchange of momentum, energy, trace gases, and aerosols in an Alpine urban environment. Various long-term continuous measurements are augmented by frequent focused research campaigns with state-of-the-art instrumentation, linking different classes of data and addressing significant gaps in scientific data availability for urban environments. Current activities seek to address research objectives related to the urban heat island, trace gas emissions, the influence of foehn on air quality, and the atmospheric distribution of trace gases and aerosols in a mountainous city. We present initial results from long-term operations and first highlights from two intensive operational phases, showing that 1) the exchange of greenhouse gas emissions is dominated by anthropogenic activities and is driven by location-specific venting of street canyon air; 2) foehn events significantly perturb the photostationary state indicative for an extensive and rapid airmass exchange of the valley atmosphere; 3) the temporal distribution of pollutants is often decoupled from their emissions and primarily modulated by mountain boundary layer dynamics; 4) we can detect a large number of volatile chemical products in the urban atmosphere, which can be used to fingerprint anthropogenic emission sources; and 5) the first urban carbonyl sulfide (COS) flux measurements point toward anthropogenic emission sources.

Objectives Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins are crucial to carcinogenesis since their expression results in evasion of apoptosis. Overexpression of inhibitors of apoptosis has repeatedly been associated with resistance to treatment and poor prognosis in various cancers. The role of inhibitors of apoptosis in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of inhibitors of apoptosis and their potential prognostic value in adenoid cystic carcinoma. Design, setting and participants Forty‐nine patients, diagnosed with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland between 1996 and 2016, were retrospectively included in this study. The expression of cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, Birc6, Livin and Survivin was assessed using immunohistochemistry, and their association of survival and prognosis was evaluated during a median follow‐up of 6.4 years. Main outcome measure Cause‐specific survival and recurrence‐free survival rates. Results XIAP, cIAP2, Livin and nuclear Survivin showed high expression levels in adenoid cystic carcinoma in most patients. There was no significant association of cIAP1, cIAP2, Livin, Birc6 and Survivin with outcome. However, high XIAP expression was associated with worse cause‐specific survival and worse response to radiotherapy and proved to be an independent marker in multivariable analysis. Conclusion Our data indicate that high expression of XIAP may be used as a prognosticator for poor survival and poor response to radiotherapy in adenoid cystic carcinoma patients.

Background and AimsBoth insulin and plasma exchange (PE) are used in hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP). Our aim was to compare the efficacy of both treatments.MethodsA randomized, parallel group study performed in a tertiary hospital in 22 HTG-AP patients with non-severe prognosis and triglycerides between 15 and 40 mmol/L. Patients were randomized to daily PE or insulin infusion until triglycerides were ResultsThere was a trend toward a greater decrease in triglycerides within the first 24 h in the PE group (67 ± 17% vs. 53 ± 17%, p = 0.07), but the absolute difference was modest [mean difference of 6 mmol/L (14% of initial value)]. Triglycerides fell below 10 mmol/L in a median (IQR) of 1 (1–2) and 2 (1–2) days, respectively (p = 0.25). Secondary outcomes related to disease severity were also comparable: highest CRP 229 vs. 211 mg/L (p = 0.69) and severe course of pancreatitis in 2/11 cases in both groups (p = 1.0). Regarding treatment complications, there was one mild hypoglycemia and one allergic reaction during PE. Survival was 100% in both groups.ConclusionThere was no significant difference, but only a trend toward a greater decrease in triglycerides with PE, and the clinical course was also comparable. These results do not support universal use of PE in patients with HTG-AP.Clinical Trial Registration[ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT02622854].

Pregrado Licenciado(a) en Registros M?dicos y Estad?sticas de Salud

To assess the best measures for the improvement of air quality, it is crucial to investigate in situ and columnar pollution levels. In this study, ground-based measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) collected in Rome (Italy) between 2017 and 2022 are analyzed. Pandora sun-spectrometers provided the time series of the NO2 vertical column density (VC-NO2), tropospheric column density (TC-NO2), near-surface concentration (SC-NO2), and the O3 vertical column density (VC-O3). In situ concentrations of NO2 and O3 are provided by an urban background air quality station. The results show a clear reduction of NO2 over the years, thanks to the recent ecological transition policies, with marked seasonal variability, observable both by columnar and in situ data. Otherwise, O3 does not show inter-annual variations, although a clear seasonal cycle is detectable. The results suggest that the variation of in situ O3 is mainly imputable to photochemical reactions while, in the VC-O3, it is triggered by the predominant contribution of stratospheric O3. The outcomes highlight the importance of co-located in situ and columnar measurements in urban environments to investigate physical and chemical processes driving air pollution and to design tailored climate change adaptation strategies.

Background: early recognition of hypoxia may decrease aviation accidents happening due to human error and measurement of heart rate variability can be a tool to detect hypoxic events. We aim to determine if heart rate variability relates to hypoxia exposure in subjects who carried out hypobaric chamber training. Methods: we studied 44 pilots during hypobaric hypoxia. Oxygen saturation, time of exposure to hypoxia and heart rate variability were measured in the three phases of flight: denitrogenation, hypoxia and descent to ground and analyzed through an autoregressive model, and a fast fourier transform for high frequency, low frequency and the low frequency/high frequency ratio. Results: population was composed of 44 Colombian Air Force male pilots, 42 males and 2 females, between the ages of 20 and 40, with a median age of 27.5 years. The power of high frequency and low frequency decreased from denitrogenation to hypoxia and increased from hypoxia to descent to ground. The low frequency/high frequency ratio increased during the whole experiment in fast fourier transform. The autoregressive model failed to show statistical significance for high frequency from hypoxia to descent to ground and for the low frequency/high frequency ratio from denitrogenation to hypoxia. Conclusion: hypoxia leads to changes in the autonomous nervous system balance that can be assessed through heart rate variability. More studies are needed to quantify the impact of heart rate variability on decision-making ability and accident prevention in the aviation field.

El contexto educativo universitario venezolano, requiere desde la tesitura de la contemporaneidad una verdadera transformaci��n en la construcci��n del conocimiento bajo una educaci��n renovadora y humanista, la cual es distinguida por la traza de la complejidad del pensamiento creador del hombre. La intenci��n del presente art��culo, es develar la perspectiva desde una distintiva mirada ontol��gica de la Formaci��n del docente universitario de educaci��n f��sica en Venezuela. Los autores que fundamentan este entramado articular son: Zapata (2009) con su postura: Referentes Hist��rico Pedag��gicos de la Educaci��n F��sica; as�� como Angarita (2012) con su estudio: Concepci��n epist��mica de la educaci��n f��sica desde la comprensi��n del ser, y Hern��ndez y otros (2015) con su investigaci��n: Visi��n Onto- epistemol��gica -pedag��gica de la educaci��n f��sica, deporte y recreaci��n. Desde el punto de vista metodol��gico se atendi�� un estudio de corte hermen��utico, apoyado en el an��lisis documental. Con el desarrollo de este art��culo se pretende reflejar la mirada distintiva dada en la contemporaneidad a la formaci��n del docente universitario de educaci��n f��sica, sustentada en ejes tem��ticos como: La Formaci��n del docente universitario de educaci��n f��sica venezolano: la mirada develada, y Las perspectivas desde la mirada distinta ontol��gica a la formaci��n del docente universitario de educaci��n f��sica. La pretensi��n audaz es un coopere para el debate centrado en una neo-visi��n conceptual de la performatividad del docente universitario de educaci��n f��sica en la actualidad Venezuela.

This is the final report of WP2126 “PGN Products Quantitative Uncertainty” of the ESA project “Quality Assurance for Earth Observation” (QA4EO). In this report, the algorithm error of a total column NO2 retrieval is discussed as well as the common error for a particular reference spectrum. Further, the uncertainty propagation within the Blick Software Suite is outlined.

El presente trabajo investigativo se desarrolla en el Sitio Los Arenales de la parroquia Crucita, del cant��n Portoviejo, provincia de Manab��, Ecuador, tuvo como objetivo analizar la cadena de valor de la pinchagua y su productividad en el sitio Los Arenales. Se realiz�� un estudio a trav��s de metodolog��as descriptivas y de campo. En relaci��n a los tipos de investigaci��n se encontraron presentes el cuantitativo y cualitativo, en donde, se aplic�� la f��rmula muestral, a los representantes de las organizaciones, cooperativas, asociaciones, habitantes del sector. Los resultados evidencian que la mayor��a de las personas que se dedican a estas actividades se encuentran asociadas, sin embargo, pocos son los beneficios que se reciben por la propia gesti��n de dichas asociaciones, donde las capacitaciones, cr��ditos y seguros han sido por gesti��n de las Instituciones del ramo como la Subsecretar��a de Recursos Pesqueros. En conclusi��n, el nivel de productividad por persona es considerablemente aceptable, el cual podr��a variar dependiendo del nivel de obtenci��n del producto, unidades producidas e insumos empleado. Respecto al nivel de productividad con relaci��n al salario mensual es considerablemente alto, debido que en el barco una persona produce en d��lares la cantidad de 5,32 tinas.

Como consecuencia de las reparaciones capitales que se ejecutan en diferentes tramos de la V��a Central de los Ferrocarriles de Cuba, se retiran de explotaci��n un volumen elevado de traviesas CUBA 71 y CUBA 73 que han permanecido en servicio por m��s de 30 a��os, sin embargo, no se manifiesta severo deterioro en las mismas. No se conocen si las caracter��sticas resistentes presentes en estas traviesas resultan suficientes para su reutilizaci��n. El trabajo describe el estudio realizado para establecer las caracter��sticas resistentes en las traviesas salidas de explotaci��n. Se detalla el estudio experimental, los gr��ficos y las relaciones carga/desplazamiento obtenidas para la secci��n central de la traviesa, la que corresponde con el apoyo del eje del carril y las cargas el��sticas ��ltimas. Adem��s se determin�� la envolvente de los momentos flectores el��sticos, por encima de los cuales no debe encontrarse los valores de los momentos flectores de servicio y la fuerza cortante asociada a los mismos. Posteriormente se realiz�� la modelaci��n de las traviesas, considerando condiciones normales y extremas de su trabajo en la v��a a partir de su apoyo sobre el balasto, el espaciamiento entre traviesas y la presencia de fallo en las traviesas vecinas. Los resultados de los estudios te��ricos se contrastaron con los resultados de los estudios experimentales, definiendo las condiciones para la reutilizaci��n de las traviesas CUBA 71 y CUBA 73.

Las infecciones cong��nitas constituyen una de las causas principales de morbilidad y mortalidad fetal-neonatal. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las infecciones por TORCH y Parvovirus B19 humano en embarazadas y sus implicaciones terap��uticas y de diagn��stico. Se utiliz�� un dise��o documental mediante la b��squeda bibliogr��fica en base de datos cient��ficas como: PubMed. Elsevier, Scielo, Redalyc, Google Acad��mico, Microsoft Academic, Dialnet y DOAJ, utilizando como palabras clave: Toxoplasmosis, citomegalovirus, rubeola, s��filis, herpes simple, VIH, Parvovirus B19 humano. Se incluyeron art��culos en ingl��s y espa��ol publicados a partir del 2015, seleccionados bajo criterios de inclusi��n y exclusi��n. Las infecciones cong��nitas siguen siendo comunes en pa��ses en desarrollo, con complicaciones significativas e incluso muerte; de all�� la importancia de realizar monitoreo y diagn��stico en embarazadas. 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El virus Epstein Barr (VEB) es un pat��geno ubicuo que ha infectado y permanece en m��s del 90% de la poblaci��n adulta, en part��culas infecciosas en c��lulas de tejidos, el virus establece una infecci��n latente de por vida, es uno de los virus m��s comunes en los seres humanos, adem��s se ha relacionado con una gran cantidad de enfermedades, entre la que destacan ciertos tumores y c��ncer de diferentes tipos. El objetivo de la investigaci��n fue analizar la prevalencia y las bases cient��ficas de la inmunopatog��nesis de la infecci��n por el virus Epstein Barr. Se realiz�� una investigaci��n documental, a trav��s de la b��squeda bibliogr��fica de art��culos publicados en los ��ltimos 5 a��os en idioma ingl��s y espa��ol, en bases de datos y buscadores cient��ficos como PubMed, Elsevier, Scielo, Redalyc, Google Acad��mico y DOAJ. La infecci��n por VEB infecta al 90% de la poblaci��n, se transmite principalmente por medio de la saliva, afecta a ni��os y adolescentes predominando en el sexo masculino. El antecedente de infecci��n por el VEB ha sido asociado a capacidad oncog��nica y dada la extensi��n cosmopolita que tiene es evidente la necesidad de investigarlo, especialmente cuando todav��a no existe un tratamiento espec��fico, ni vacuna para su profilaxis, {"references":["Vara Morate FJ, Soriano González MC, Garriguet López FJ, Valle Alonso ME. Síndrome de Alicia en el País de las Maravillas e infección por virus de Epstein-Barr. Pediatría Atención Primaria [Internet]. 2019;21(82):e67-70. Disponible en: https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1139-76322019000200009","Medina-Ortega AP, López-Valencia D, Mosquera-Monje SL, Mora-Obando DL, Dueñas-Cuéllar RA. Virus de Epstein-Barr y su relación con el desarrollo del cáncer. Iatreia [Internet]. 2017;30(2):131-45. 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The accumulation of nitrogen (-N) is a serious problem in aquaculture as it could lead to mass mortality events of the cultivated species. Chemilitotrophic nitrification is the most recognized in nitrogen removal underestimating the role of heterotrophic nitrifiers. In the present study, the heterotrophic nitrification capacity of 8 bacterial strains isolated from mangrove soil, periphyton and biofilters was evaluated. The strains were grown in heterotrophic nitrification base medium (HNM medium) with three different nitrogen sources, ammonium, nitrite or nitrate at a final concentration of 8 mg L-1, 5 mg L-1 and 80 mg L-1 respectively. The concentration of nitrogen (-N) and OD (600 nm) were determined periodically. Only in 4 strains belonging to the Bacillus genus was the capacity for heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification observed. Among these strains, SM4 strain presented a good removal profile of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate, achieving an average nitrification efficiency of 98.33 ± 2.89%, 83.67 ± 7.51% and 98.00 ± 0.01% respectively, and a nitrification rate (mg L-1 h-1) of 1.71 ± 0.70, 0.13 ± 0.07 and 0.21 ± 0.06 respectively. The nxrB, nirS, nirK genes in the selected strains were identified by PCR. Additionally, several proteins (enzymes) involved in the nitrogen cycle were identified by proteomic analysis, reporting for the first time the presence of the enzymes ammonia monoxygenase (AMO) and nitrite oxide reductase (NXR) in the genus Bacillus. These findings suggest that the strains studied would have a potential use in the biological removal of nitrogen in aquaculture systems. © The Author(s) 2019.

Pandora spectrometers can retrieve nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical column densities (VCDs) via two viewing geometries: direct-sun and zenith-sky. The direct-sun NO2 VCD measurements have high quality (0.1 DU accuracy in clear-sky conditions) and do not rely on any radiative transfer model to calculate air mass factors (AMFs); however, they are not available when the sun is obscured by clouds. To perform NO2 measurements in cloudy conditions, a simple but robust NO2 retrieval algorithm is developed for Pandora zenith-sky measurements. This algorithm derives empirical zenith-sky NO2 AMFs from coincident high-quality direct-sun NO2 observations. Moreover, the retrieved Pandora zenith-sky NO2 VCD data are converted to surface NO2 concentrations with a scaling algorithm that uses chemical-transport-model predictions and satellite measurements as inputs. NO2 VCDs and surface concentrations are retrieved from Pandora zenith-sky measurements made in Toronto, Canada, from 2015 to 2017. The retrieved Pandora zenith-sky NO2 data (VCD and surface concentration) show good agreement with both satellite and in situ measurements. The diurnal and seasonal variations of derived Pandora zenith-sky surface NO2 data also agree well with in situ measurements (diurnal difference within ±2 ppbv). Overall, this work shows that the new Pandora zenith-sky NO2 products have the potential to be used in various applications such as future satellite validation in moderate cloudy scenes and air quality monitoring.

Salivary gland malignancies of the head and neck form a heterogeneous group. Adenoid cystic carcinomas are an aggressive entity of salivary gland malignancies characterized by frequent distant metastases and poor response to radio- and chemotherapy. AF1Q is a MLL fusion partner, which can activate Wnt and STAT3 signaling. Recently, overexpression of AF1q has been identified as a poor prognosticator in patients of different malignancies. A total of 46 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma were immunohistochemically evaluated for expression of AF1q and clinical outcome was analyzed in this context. Additionally, STAT3 and the Wnt downstream target CD44 were investigated and correlated with AF1q. AF1q was overexpressed in 52.2%. Overexpression of AF1q was associated with poorer overall survival (p = 0.03). Additionally, lymph node metastases and solid tumor parts were more frequently observed in AF1qhigh patients (p = 0.07 and 0.05, respectively). AF1q did not influence the occurrence of distant metastases. Expression of AF1q was associated with higher levels of STAT3 and CD44 (p = 0.003 and 0.006, respectively). AF1q is a novel prognostic marker for poor overall survival in adenoid cystic carcinoma patients. The deleterious effects on survival may be a result of promotion of the STAT3 and Wnt pathway.

Objective Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare entity of salivary gland cancer. Inflammatory and hematologic markers and their prognostic and predictive value have been intensively studied in several cancer entities. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of such markers in patients with ACC. Study Design This retrospective analysis investigated hematologic and inflammatory markers in patients with ACC in the period between the years 1996 and 2016. We assessed the preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, cross-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels. A total of 28 to 31 patients were included, depending on the examined parameter. All markers were evaluated for their effects on outcome and prognostic value. Results Patients with an elevated preoperative NLR (>2) had a significantly higher multiple recurrence rate (44.4% vs 8.3%; P = .049). Other hematologic markers showed no significant effects on outcome. Conclusions This study showed that the NLR may serve as a useful prognosticator for a high risk of multiple recurrences in patients with ACC.

EPIC (Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera) raw level-0 (L0) data in one channel is a 12-bit 2048x2048 pixels image array plus auxiliary data such as telemetry, temperature readings, cloud, aerosol, ocean surface and vegetation properties, sulfur dioxide, etc. The EPIC L1a processor applies a series of correction steps on the L0 data to convert them into corrected count rates (level-1a or L1a data): Dark correction, Enhanced pixel detection, Read wave correction, Latency correction, Non-linearity correction, Temperature correction, Conversion to count rates, Flat fielding, and Stray light correction. L1a images should have all instrumental effects removed and only need to be multiplied by one single number for each wavelength to obtain radiances, which are the basis for all higher-level EPIC products, such as ozone and sulfur dioxide total column amounts, vegetation index, cloud, aerosol, ocean surface and vegetation properties, etc. This paper gives an overview of the mathematics and the pre-launch and on-orbit calibration behind each correction step.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar la efectividad de la metodolog��a Flipped Classroom o Aula Invertida (FC o AI) en Moodle con estudiantes de cuarto de b��sica en la asignatura de Ciencias Naturales, para lo cual se cuenta con una docente que imparte clases a dos cursos con un total de 72 estudiante, se toma un grupo para la experimentaci��n del FC y con la aprobaci��n y autorizaci��n de los padres familia se logra aplicar, quienes tomaron el compromiso de supervisar el tratamiento del FC con sus representados. Los resultados demuestran que los estudiantes mejoran su rendimiento a diferencia del grupo que no experimento la metodolog��a FC. La recomendaci��n del autor es aplicar de forma contin��a FC, puesto que, durante el a��o 2020 y 2021, investigaciones demuestran que el aprendizaje tiene mayor rendimiento al implementar metodolog��as de FC mediante plataformas online y recursos digitales.

Airborne and ground-based Pandora spectrometer NO2 column measurements were collected during the 2018 Long Island Sound Tropospheric Ozone Study (LISTOS) in the New York City/Long Island Sound region, which coincided with early observations from the Sentinel-5P TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) instrument. Both airborne- and ground-based measurements are used to evaluate the TROPOMI NO2 Tropospheric Vertical Column (TrVC) product v1.2 in this region, which has high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in NO2. First, airborne and Pandora TrVCs are compared to evaluate the uncertainty of the airborne TrVC and establish the spatial representativeness of the Pandora observations. The 171 coincidences between Pandora and airborne TrVCs are found to be highly correlated (r2 =0.92 and slope of 1.03), with the largest individual differences being associated with high temporal and/or spatial variability. These reference measurements (Pandora and airborne) are complementary with respect to temporal coverage and spatial representativity. Pandora spectrometers can provide continuous long-term measurements but may lack areal representativity when operated in direct-sun mode. Airborne spectrometers are typically only deployed for short periods of time, but their observations are more spatially representative of the satellite measurements with the added capability of retrieving at subpixel resolutions of 250m×250m over the entire TROPOMI pixels they overfly. Thus, airborne data are more correlated with TROPOMI measurements (r2 = 0.96) than Pandora measurements are with TROPOMI (r2 = 0.84). The largest outliers between TROPOMI and the reference measurements appear to stem from too spatially coarse a priori surface reflectivity (0.5°) over bright urban scenes. In this work, this results during cloud-free scenes that, at times, are affected by errors in the TROPOMI cloud pressure retrieval impacting the calculation of tropospheric air mass factors. This factor causes a high bias in TROPOMI TrVCs of 4%–11%. Excluding these cloud-impacted points, TROPOMI has an overall low bias of 19%–33% during the LISTOS timeframe of June–September 2018. Part of this low bias is caused by coarse a priori profile input from the TM5-MP model; replacing these profiles with those from a 12 km North American Model–Community Multiscale Air Quality (NAMCMAQ) analysis results in a 12%–14% increase in the TrVCs. Even with this improvement, the TROPOMI-NAMCMAQ TrVCs have a 7%–19% low bias, indicating needed improvement in a priori assumptions in the air mass factor calculation. Future work should explore additional impacts of a priori inputs to further assess the remaining low biases in TROPOMI using these datasets.

In this work, we study tracker phantom dark energy models with a general parameterization of the scalar potentials. Our analysis also considers the scenario of having both phantom field and the cosmological constant as the dark energy components. A detailed statistical analysis with current cosmological observations shows an increase in the value of the Hubble parameter due to the presence of phantom dark energy but it can not alleviate the Hubble tension completely. Our results using Bayesian methods suggests a decisive evidence in favor of a phantom field over a positive cosmological constant, although the possibility of a negative cosmological constant cannot be ruled out hidden in the dark sector., 14 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables

International audience; For more than three years now, the first atmospheric satellite of the Copernicus EO programme, Sentinel-5p (S5P) TROPOMI, has acquired spectral measurements of the Earth radiance in the visible range, from which near-real-time (NRTI) and offline (OFFL) processors retrieve the total, tropospheric and stratospheric column abundance of NO2. The S5P Mission Performance Centre performs continuous QA/QC of these data products enabling users to verify the fitness-for- purpose of the S5P data. Quality Indicators are derived from comparisons to ground-based reference data, both station-by-station in the S5P Automated Validation Server (AVS), and globally in more in-depth analyses. Complementary quality information is obtained from product intercomparisons (NRTI vs. OFFL) and from satellite-to-satellite comparisons. After three years of successful operation we present here a consolidated overview of the quality of the S5P TROPOMI NO2 data products, with particular attention paid to the impact of the various processor improvements, especially in the latest version (v1.4), activated on 2 December 2020, which introduces an updated cloud retrieval resulting in higher NO2 columns in polluted regions. Also the upcoming v2, due in April 2021 but already used to produce a Diagnostic Data Set, is discussed.S5P NO2 data are compared to ground-based measurements collected through either the ESA Validation Data Centre (EVDC) or network data archives (NDACC, PGN). Measurements from the Pandonia Global Network (PGN) serve as a reference for total NO2 validation, Multi-Axis DOAS data for tropospheric NO2 validation, and NDACC zenith-scattered-light DOAS data for stratospheric NO2 validation. Comparison methods are optimized to limit spatial and temporal mismatch errors (co-location strategy, photochemical adjustment to account for local time difference). Comparison results are analyzed to derive Quality Indicators and to conclude on the compliance w.r.t. the Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)mission requirements. This include estimates of: (1) the bias, as proxy for systematic errors, (2) the dispersion of the differences, which combines random errors with seasonal and mismatch errors, and (3) the dependence of these on key influence quantities (surface albedo, cloud cover...)Overall, the MPC quality assessment of S5P NO2 data concludes to an excellent performance for the stratospheric data (bias

The worldwide operating Pandonia Global Network (PGN) is measuring atmospheric trace gases at high temporal resolution with the purpose of air quality monitoring and satellite validation. It is an activity carried out jointly by NASA and ESA as part of their “Joint Program Planning Group Subgroup” on calibration and validation and field activities, with additional collaboration from other institutions, most notably a strongly growing participation of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The more than 50 official PGN instruments are homogeneously calibrated and their data are centrally processed in real-time. Since 2019, total NO2 column amounts from the PGN are uploaded daily to the ESA Atmospheric Validation Data Centre (EVDC), where they are used for operational validation of Sentinel 5P (S5P) retrievals. During 2020, a new processor version 1.8 has been developed, which produces improved total NO2 column amounts and also the following new PGN products: total columns of O3, SO2 and HCHO based on direct sun observations and tropospheric columns, surface concentrations and tropospheric profiles of NO2 and HCHO based on sky observations. In this presentation we show some first examples of comparisons of the new PGN products with S5P data. Compared to the total NO2 columns from the previous processor version 1.7, the 1.8 data use better estimations for the effective NO2 temperature and the air mass factor. The effect of this improvement on the comparison with S5P retrievals is shown for some remote and high-altitude PGN sites. The new PGN total O3 column algorithm also retrieves the effective O3 temperature, which is a rather unique feature for ground-based direct sun retrievals. This allows us to analyze whether potential differences to satellite O3 columns might be influenced by the O3 temperature. Including the O3 temperature in the spectral fitting has also allowed the retrieval of accurate total SO2 columns. This PGN data product is of particular interest for satellite validation, as ground-based total SO2 column amounts are hardly measured by other instrumentation. An initial comparison of the PGN SO2 columns with S5P retrievals at selected PGN sites around the world is shown. PGN total HCHO columns from direct sun measurements are now possible for those PGN instruments, where the hardware parts made of Delrin, which outgasses HCHO, have been replaced by Nylon pieces. An initial comparison to HCHO retrievals from S5P is shown for locations with these upgraded instruments. Another new feature in the 1.8 PGN data is that they come with comprehensive uncertainty estimations, separated in the output files as independent, structured, common and total uncertainty.

For more than three years now, the first atmospheric satellite of the Copernicus EO programme, Sentinel-5p (S5P) TROPOMI, has acquired spectral measurements of the Earth radiance in the visible range, from which near-real-time (NRTI) and offline (OFFL) processors retrieve the total, tropospheric and stratospheric column abundance of NO2. The S5P Mission Performance Centre performs continuous QA/QC of these data products enabling users to verify the fitness-for-purpose of the S5P data. Quality Indicators are derived from comparisons to ground-based reference data, both station-by-station in the S5P Automated Validation Server (AVS), and globally in more in-depth analyses. Complementary quality information is obtained from product intercomparisons (NRTI vs. OFFL) and from satellite-to-satellite comparisons. After three years of successful operation we present here a consolidated overview of the quality of the S5P TROPOMI NO2 data products, with particular attention paid to the impact of the various processor improvements, especially in the latest version (v1.4), activated on 2 December 2020, which introduces an updated cloud retrieval resulting in higher NO2 columns in polluted regions. Also the upcoming v2, due in April 2021 but already used to produce a Diagnostic Data Set, is discussed. S5P NO2 data are compared to ground-based measurements collected through either the ESA Validation Data Centre (EVDC) or network data archives (NDACC, PGN). Measurements from the Pandonia Global Network (PGN) serve as a reference for total NO2 validation, Multi-Axis DOAS data for tropospheric NO2 validation, and NDACC zenith-scattered-light DOAS data for stratospheric NO2 validation. Comparison methods are optimized to limit spatial and temporal mismatch errors (co-location strategy, photochemical adjustment to account for local time difference). Comparison results are analyzed to derive Quality Indicators and to conclude on the compliance w.r.t. the mission requirements. This include estimates of: (1) the bias, as proxy for systematic errors, (2) the dispersion of the differences, which combines random errors with seasonal and mismatch errors, and (3) the dependence of these on key influence quantities (surface albedo, cloud cover…)Overall, the MPC quality assessment of S5P NO2 data concludes to an excellent performance for the stratospheric data (bias2 vs. ground-based data. This dispersion is larger than the mission requirement on data precision, but it can partly be attributed to comparison errors such as those due to differences in resolution. Total column data are found to be biased low by 20%, with a 30% station-to-station scatter. After gridding to monthly means on a 0.8°x0.4° grid, comparisons to OMI data yield a much smaller dispersion (within the requirement of 0.7Pmolec/cm2), and a minor relative bias. NRTI and OFFL perform similarly, even if they occasionally differ over specific scenes. Besides the impact of the processor upgrade to v1.4 on the bias in polluted scenes, we discuss the implications of the reported negative biases in S5P tropospheric (and total) columns on NO2 reduction estimates, e.g. in the context of SARS-CoV-2 lockdown measures. Feedback from this work on the ground-based reference data is also briefly reported.

La comunicaci?n educativa es un proceso de interacci?n de los actores educativos entre s? y que tiene como objetivo optimizar el intercambio de ideas y pensamientos que contribuyan al mejoramiento de los entornos educativos y el clima institucional en el cual se desenvuelven. La presente investigaci?n analiz? problemas en los canales de comunicaci?n, reflejados en el ambiente de la comunidad educativa de la escuela Educaci?n B?sica Fiscal ?Herm?genes Barcia?, la poca interacci?n entre colegas considerando que los conflictos internos se reflejan en el desempe?o de sus funciones como docentes y redunda en la falta de compromiso, la ausencia del sentido de pertenencia factores que afectan a la calidad de la educaci?n que se imparte en la escuela objeto de estudio. Se aplic? un proceso de investigaci?n enmarcado en el paradigma cualitativo considerando la fundamentaci?n humanista y la realidad social con la que debi? ser observado el problema, se aplic? a la totalidad del personal docente de la escuela objeto de estudio, los cuales participaron en grupos focales y entrevistas semiestructuradas que permitieron conocer la realidad institucional. Los resultados evidenciaron que el clima organizacional en la Escuela Herm?genes Barcia, se encontraba afectado por la falta de un sistema de comunicaci?n bidireccional, lo cual no permit?a que la autoridad como los docentes logren acuerdos, derivando en una convivencia complicada y llena de conflictos diarios. Se propone una estrategia de afrontamiento para mejorar el clima organizacional est? basada en el proceso de fortalecimiento de la comunicaci?n, en base a una gu?a estrat?gica que incluye procesos de sensibilizaci?n, convivencia arm?nica, comunicaci?n efectiva, liderazgo y participaci?n activa, adem?s de un plan de comunicaci?n que se sugiere forme parte del PEI.

This paper reports on consolidated ground-based validation results of the atmospheric NO2 data produced operationally since April 2018 by the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board of the ESA/EU Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite. Tropospheric, stratospheric, and total NO2 column data from S5P are compared to correlative measurements collected from, respectively, 19 Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS), 26 Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) Zenith-Scattered-Light DOAS (ZSL-DOAS), and 25 Pandonia Global Network (PGN)/Pandora instruments distributed globally. The validation methodology gives special care to minimizing mismatch errors due to imperfect spatio-temporal co-location of the satellite and correlative data, e.g. by using tailored observation operators to account for differences in smoothing and in sampling of atmospheric structures and variability and photochemical modelling to reduce diurnal cycle effects. Compared to the ground-based measurements, S5P data show, on average, (i) a negative bias for the tropospheric column data, of typically −23 % to −37 % in clean to slightly polluted conditions but reaching values as high as −51 % over highly polluted areas; (ii) a slight negative median difference for the stratospheric column data, of about −0.2 Pmolec cm−2, i.e. approx. −2 % in summer to −15 % in winter; and (iii) a bias ranging from zero to −50 % for the total column data, found to depend on the amplitude of the total NO2 column, with small to slightly positive bias values for columns below 6 Pmolec cm−2 and negative values above. The dispersion between S5P and correlative measurements contains mostly random components, which remain within mission requirements for the stratospheric column data (0.5 Pmolec cm−2) but exceed those for the tropospheric column data (0.7 Pmolec cm−2). While a part of the biases and dispersion may be due to representativeness differences such as different area averaging and measurement times, it is known that errors in the S5P tropospheric columns exist due to shortcomings in the (horizontally coarse) a priori profile representation in the TM5-MP chemical transport model used in the S5P retrieval and, to a lesser extent, to the treatment of cloud effects and aerosols. Although considerable differences (up to 2 Pmolec cm−2 and more) are observed at single ground-pixel level, the near-real-time (NRTI) and offline (OFFL) versions of the S5P NO2 operational data processor provide similar NO2 column values and validation results when globally averaged, with the NRTI values being on average 0.79 % larger than the OFFL values. This research has been supported by the ESA/ESRIN (grant no. 4000117151/16/I-LG) and the BELSPO/ESA ProDEx (TROVA-E2 (PEA grant no. 4000116692)). Part of the reported work was carried out in the framework of the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor Mission Performance Centre (S5P MPC), contracted by the European Space Agency and supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO), the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), the Netherlands Space Office (NSO), and the German Aerospace Centre (DLR). Part of this work was carried out also in the framework of the S5P Validation Team (S5PVT) AO projects NIDFORVAL (ID no. 28607, PI Gaia Pinardi, BIRA-IASB) and CESAR (ID no. 28596, PI Arnoud Apituley, KNMI). The authors express special thanks to Ann Mari Fjæraa, José Granville, Sander Niemeijer, and Olivier Rasson for post-processing of the network and satellite data and for their dedication to the S5P operational validation. The LATMOS real-time processing facility is acknowledged for fast delivery of ZSL-DOAS SAOZ data. Fast delivery of MAX-DOAS data tailored to the S5P validation was organized through the S5PVT AO project NIDFORVAL. The authors are grateful to ESA/ESRIN for supporting the ESA Validation Data Centre (EVDC) established at NILU and for running the Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRM) programme and in particular the FRM4DOAS and Pandonia projects. The PGN is a bilateral project between NASA and ESA, and the NASA funding for the PGN is provided through the NASA Tropospheric Composition Program and Goddard Space Flight Center Pandora project. The MAX-DOAS, ZSL-DOAS, and PGN instrument PIs and staff at the stations are thanked warmly for their sustained effort on maintaining high-quality measurements and for valuable scientific discussions. Aleksandr Elokhov and Aleksandr Gruzdev acknowledge national funding from RFBR through the project 20-95-00274. IUP Bremen acknowledges DLR Bonn for funding received through project 50EE1709A. The SAOZ network acknowledges funding from the French Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU) of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), and Institut polaire français Paul Emile Victor (IPEV). Work done by Hitoshi Irie was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (2-1901) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan, JSPS KAKENHI (grant nos. JP19H04235 and JP17K00529), the JAXA 2nd Research Announcement on the Earth Observations (grant no. 19RT000351), and JST CREST (grant no. JPMJCR15K4). The University of Toronto ZSL-DOAS measurements at Eureka were made at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) by the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC), with support from the Canadian Space Agency (AVATARS project), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (PAHA project), and Environment and Climate Change Canada. 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Background Today virtual surgical planning (VSP) is a standard method in maxillofacial corrective surgery and is the key to reach satisfactory esthetic outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate usability of three established virtual surgical planning software applications by comparing feasibility, time consumption, and costs in a standardized workflow for a modified intraoral quadrangular Le Fort II osteotomy (IQLFIIO). Results A cross-sectional study was performed based on retrospective and re-planned data of patients with midfacial deficiency treated by modified IQLFIIO, using three software applications: IPS Case Designer ®, Dolphin Imaging ®, and ProPlan CMF ®. Feasibility: All evaluated steps of the VSP procedure could be successfully performed in all three evaluated applications. In all software packages, it was possible to design the surgical splints with CAD/CAM technology. Working time: The mean value of time needed was IPS Case Designer ®, 36.5 min; Dolphin Imaging ®, 33.6 min; ProPlan CMF ®, 45.5 min. We found statistical significant difference between ProPlan CMF ® and Dolphin Imaging ® (p value, 0.02). Costs: Asset costs for acquiring the software, license fee, license possibilities, paying for support services, and service contracts were evaluated and are found in similar ranges. Conclusion All three tested software applications are usable for virtual planning of an IQLFIIO and splint production by CAD/CAM technology. Successful movement of bone segments and overlaying soft tissues proved feasibility. Time consumption and costs were found in similar ranges.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx≡NO+NO2) in the NOx-limited upper troposphere (UT) are long-lived and so have a large influence on the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere and formation of the greenhouse gas ozone. Models misrepresent NOx in the UT, and observations to address deficiencies in models are sparse. Here we obtain a year of near-global seasonal mean mixing ratios of NO2 in the UT (450–180 hPa) at 1∘×1∘ by applying cloud-slicing to partial columns of NO2 from TROPOMI. This follows refinement of the cloud-slicing algorithm with synthetic partial columns from the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. TROPOMI, prior to cloud-slicing, is corrected for a 13 % underestimate in stratospheric NO2 variance and a 50 % overestimate in free-tropospheric NO2 determined by comparison to Pandora total columns at high-altitude free-tropospheric sites at Mauna Loa, Izaña, and Altzomoni and MAX-DOAS and Pandora tropospheric columns at Izaña. Two cloud-sliced seasonal mean UT NO2 products for June 2019 to May 2020 are retrieved from corrected TROPOMI total columns using distinct TROPOMI cloud products that assume clouds are reflective boundaries (FRESCO-S) or water droplet layers (ROCINN-CAL). TROPOMI UT NO2 typically ranges from 20–30 pptv over remote oceans to >80 pptv over locations with intense seasonal lightning. Spatial coverage is mostly in the tropics and subtropics with FRESCO-S and extends to the midlatitudes and polar regions with ROCINN-CAL, due to its greater abundance of optically thick clouds and wider cloud-top altitude range. TROPOMI UT NO2 seasonal means are spatially consistent (R=0.6–0.8) with an existing coarser spatial resolution (5∘ latitude × 8∘ longitude) UT NO2 product from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). UT NO2 from TROPOMI is 12–26 pptv more than that from OMI due to increase in NO2 with altitude from the OMI pressure ceiling (280 hPa) to that for TROPOMI (180 hPa), but possibly also due to altitude differences in TROPOMI and OMI cloud products and NO2 retrieval algorithms. The TROPOMI UT NO2 product offers potential to evaluate and improve representation of UT NOx in models and supplement aircraft observations that are sporadic and susceptible to large biases in the UT.