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To investigate the growth mechanisms of large uterine leiomyoma (LULM) on the basis of a clinical morphology examination, by providing immunohistochemical (IHC) characteristics of the expression of growth factors (transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF)) and markers of stemness (CD117/c-kit, Connexin 43, Nestin) and proliferation (Ki-67).The investigators examined surgical specimens from 38 women diagnosed with simple uterine leiomyoma (ULM), who had been divided into two groups: 1) 21 patients with LULM (6 cm in diameter) (a study group); 2) 17 patients with small ULM (4 cm in diameter) (a comparison group). Each group was also divided into two age subgroups (younger (45 years) and older (≥45 years) subgroups (1a (n=12), 1b (n=9), 2a (n=8) and 2b (n=9), respectively. Histological specimens were used to make IHC examination with antibodies against TGFβ, PD-ECGF, CD117/c-kit, Connexin 43, Nestin, and Ki-67.The growth mechanisms of LULM of simple histological structure were found to be associated with the larger number of growth zones in the tumors, with their enhanced cellular proliferative activity, and with the appearance of cells with signs of stemness, which is combined with the preserved subsequent maturation of tumor cells and determines the benign nature of LULM.There were differences in the molecular profile of LULM and small ULM, as well as LULM in perimenopausal and young women by the expression levels of Ki-67, TGFβ, PD-ECGF, CD117, and Connexin 43, which can be used for diagnosis, prediction, and development of targeted therapies.Цель исследования - изучить механизмы роста лейомиомы матки большого размера (ЛМБР) на основании клинико-морфологического исследования с иммуногистохимической (ИГХ) характеристикой экспрессии ростовых факторов (TGFβ, PD-ECGF), маркеров стволовости (CD117/c-kit, Connexin 43, Nestin) и пролиферации (Ki-67). Материал и методы. Исследован операционный материал 38 женщин с простой лейомиомой матки (ЛМ), разделенных на две группы: 1-я (основная группа) - 21 пациентка с ЛМБР (размер более 6 см в диаметре) и 2-я (группа сравнения) - 17 пациенток с ЛМ малого размера (менее 4 см в диаметре). Каждую группу разделили на две возрастные подгруппы: пациентки в возрасте моложе 45 лет и старше 45 лет (подгруппы 1а (n=12), 1б (n=9), 2а (n=8) и 2б (n=9) соответственно). На гистологическом материале проведено ИГХ-исследование с антителами к TGFβ, PD-ECGF, CD117/c-kit, Connexin 43, Nestin и Ki-67. Результаты. Установлено, что механизмы роста ЛМБР простого гистологического строения связаны с увеличением количества зон роста в опухолях, усилением в них пролиферативной активности клеток, появлением клеток с признаками стволовости, что сочетается с сохранением последующего созревании опухолевых клеток и определяет доброкачественный характер ЛМБР. Заключение. Обнаружены отличия в молекулярном профиле ЛМБР и ЛМ малого размера, а также ЛМБР у женщин перименопаузального и молодого возраста по уровням экспрессии Ki-67, TGFβ, PD-ECGF, СD117 и Connexin 43, которые могут быть использованы для диагностики, прогнозирования и создания таргетных методов терапии.

The alloying principles of promising new hot-rolled, cold-rolled, and hot-galvanized high-strength steels of various types—microalloyed, rephosphorized, and dual-phase steels—are considered. The basic aspects of their production are noted. Mechanical test data for trial batches are presented.

Processes of diffusion zinc and zinc-copper-titanium-aluminum plating of steel 40Kh in a vibrofluidized bed are considered. Comparative analysis of the phase and chemical compositions, microhardness, microbrittleness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of diffusion layers is performed.

The balance of long-shore momentum flux requires that the solution of zonally retroflecting currents involve ring shedding on the western side. An important aspect of the ring dynamics is the ring intensity α (analogous to the Rossby number), which reaches its maximum value of unity when the upstream potential vorticity (PV) is zero. Friction leads to a slow-down and a decrease in α. The main difficulty is that the solution of the system of equations for conservation of mass and momentum of zonal currents leads to the conclusion that the ratio (Φ) of the mass flux going into the rings and the total incoming mass flux is approximately 4α/(1+2α). This yields the "vorticity paradox" – only relatively weak rings (α≤1/2) could satisfy the necessary condition Φ≤1. Physically, this means, for example, that the momentum-flux of zero PV currents upstream is so high that, no matter how many rings are produced and, no matter what size they are, they cannot compensate for it. To avoid this paradox, we develop a nonlinear analytical model of retroflection from a slanted non-zonal coastline. We show that when the slant of coastline (γ) exceeds merely 150, Φ does not reach unity regardless of the value of α. Namely, the paradox disappears even for small slants. Our slowly varying nonlinear solution does not only let us circumvent the paradox. It also gives a detailed description of the rings growth rate and the mass flux going into the rings as a function of time. For example, in the case of zero PV and zero thickness of the upper layer along the coastline, the maximal values of Φ can be approximately expressed as, 1.012+0.32exp(−γ/3.41)−γ/225. Interestingly, for significant slants γ≥300), the rings reach a terminal size corresponding to a balance between the β-force and both the upstream and downstream momentum fluxes. This terminal size is unrelated to the ultimate detachment and westward drift due to β. Our analytical solutions are in satisfactory agreement with the results of a numerical model that we run.

The balance of long-shore momentum flux requires that the solution of zonally retroflecting currents involve ring shedding on the western side. An important aspect of the ring dynamics is the ring intensity α (analogous to the Rossby number), which reaches its maximum value of unity when the upstream potential vorticity (PV) is zero. Friction leads to a slow-down and a decrease in α. The main difficulty is that the solution of the system of equations for conservation of mass and momentum of zonal currents leads to the conclusion that the ratio (Φ) of the mass flux going into the rings and the total incoming mass flux is approximately 4α/(1+2α). This yields the "vorticity paradox" – only relatively weak rings (α≤1/2) could satisfy the necessary condition Φ≤1. Physically, this means, for example, that the momentum-flux of zero PV currents upstream is so high that, no matter how many rings are produced and, no matter what size they are, they cannot compensate for it. To avoid this paradox, we develop a nonlinear analytical model of retroflection from a slanted non-zonal coastline. We show that when the slant of coastline (γ) exceeds merely 150, Φ does not reach unity regardless of the value of α. Namely, the paradox disappears even for small slants. Our slowly varying nonlinear solution does not only let us circumvent the paradox. It also gives a detailed description of the rings growth rate and the mass flux going into the rings as a function of time. For example, in the case of zero PV and zero thickness of the upper layer along the coastline, the maximal values of Φ can be approximately expressed as, 1.012+0.32exp(−γ/3.41)−γ/225. Interestingly, for significant slants γ≥300), the rings reach a terminal size corresponding to a balance between the β-force and both the upstream and downstream momentum fluxes. This terminal size is unrelated to the ultimate detachment and westward drift due to β. Our analytical solutions are in satisfactory agreement with the results of a numerical model that we run.

Contusion spinal injury of different severity was induced by the weight drop method in male rats by dropping standard weight from the heights of 6.5, 12.5, 25, and 50 mm on the spine after laminectomy at the Th9 level. The dynamics of recovery of voluntary movements was evaluated over 8 weeks after the operation by comparing the traditional semiquantitative BBB score with objective parameters of exercise tests. Exercise tests detected cessation of spontaneous recovery of impaired functions 1-2 weeks earlier than the BBB method. The maximum performance according to the rotarod and narrowing track tests was 20-40% lower than the level of voluntary movement recovery evaluated by the BBB score. No appreciable differences between the levels of maximum recovery of voluntary movements (BBB score) and swimming velocity were detected. According to morphometric analysis of the volumes of pathological cavities and intact white matter in the focus of injury, exercise tests adequately reflected the severity of spinal contusion in rats. Exercise tests used in the study are recommended for objective preclinical evaluation of the efficiency of new means for the treatment of spinal injuries.

Recent proxies analysis suggest that, at the end of the last glacial, there was a significant increase in the injection of Agulhas rings into the South Atlantic (SA). This brought about a dramatic increase in the salt-influx (from the Indian Ocean) into the SA helping re-start the then-collapsed meridional overturning cell (MOC), leading to the termination of the Younger Dryas (YD). Here, we propose a mechanism through which large variations in ring production take place. Using nonlinear analytical solutions for eddy shedding we show that there are restricted possibilities for ring detachment when the coast is oriented in the north-south direction. We define a critical coastline angle below which there is rings shedding and above which there is almost no shedding. In the case of the Agulhas region, the particular shape of the African continent implies that rings can be produced only when the retroflection occurs beyond a specific latitude where the angle is critical. During glaciation, the wind stress curl (WSC) vanished at a latitude lower than that of the critical angle, which prohibited the retroflection from producing rings. When the latitude at which the WSC vanishes migrated poleward towards its present day position, the corresponding coastline angle decreased below the critical angle and allowed for a vigorous production of rings. Simple process-oriented numerical simulations (using the Bleck and Boudra model) are in very good agreement with our results and enable us to affirm that, during the glacials, the behavior of the Agulhas Current (AC) was similar to that of the modern East Australian Current (EAC), for which the coastline slant is supercritical.

The production of dual-phase ferritic-martensitic steel in the hot-rolled and hot-galvanized states is considered, as well as the production of cold-rolled steel microalloyed with phosphorus (≤0.12% P), which is characterized by increased resistance to residual denting. The mechanical properties of trial industrial batches for auto parts are outlined.

A technique is developed for optimal control of dynamic processes in boiler aggregate based on the nonlinear mathematical programming and its program implementation is conducted. A comparison is presented for the regulation of dynamic process of the loading variation of the TP-81 boiler on the basis of the given technique and while using the conventional proportional-integral-differential regulators.

It is shown that the efficiency of district heating cogeneration systems should be improved by raising the fuel heating value utilization factor rather than their electrical efficiency. The drawbacks of using fuel cells and binary combined-cycle plants at cogeneration stations are pointed out. An advanced schematic arrangement of a district-heating cogeneration station is proposed.

The article considers the changes of gas composition, acid-base blood balance, lipid peroxidation processes, and activity of the antioxidant defense system in rat myocardium in the course of adaptation to physical activity (swimming). It has been found out that during the first five days physical activity is accompanied by hypoxia, acidotic blood changes, and increase of lipid peroxidation processes in myocardium. Adaptation to swimming activity (15-30 days) leads to hypoxic and acidotic blood changes, and increases antioxidant defense system in myocardium.

Hydrocarbon deposits of the Vikulov suite are currently the primary development targets for OAO "Rosneft-Nyaganneftegaz." More than 90% of the base production from the Em-Yogovskiy and Kamenny license areas consists of these horizon reserves. This became possible by drilling out conventional traps, dome, and incised river valley areas with lower oil water contact (OWC) than in other areas. In spite of this, less than a half of the oil in place reserves of this horizon appear to be involved in production, though much of these reserves are marginal zones. The primary problems developing such reserves are relatively small net oil thickness (net pay thickness), the presence of mobile water, high OWC, and the absence of a reliable seal between oil-saturated (VK1) and water saturated horizons (VK2 and VK3). All of these factors contribute to the reduced efficiency of the primary method for production stimulation in this horizon—hydrofracturing. One solution to help address the current situation is drilling of horizontal wells in oil-saturated upper layers. When developing these reserves, it is particularly important to create an accurate and detailed geological model of the deposit to help identify high-risk zones with potential minor faults. When drilling in a formation of true thickness less than 2 m, it is necessary to know the exact location of the borehole in relation to the structure to help prevent, if possible, drilling out of the reservoir.

We've estimated the cellular and metabolic part of geroprophylactic effects of short synthetic tripeptides vesugen and pinealon for correction of the biological age. 32 people (18 men, 12 women) aged 41-83 years with polymorbidity and the organic brain syndrome in remission participated in the study. The preparations of "Pinealon" and "Vesugen" have had the significant anabolic effect. They have improved the activity of the Central nervous system and other vital organs, which slows the rate of aging by biological age indicators. Vesugen has demonstrated more visible geroprophylactic effect than Pinealon. At the same time we've found the prooxidant activity through chemiluminescence. Decrease of markers CD34+ positive hematopoietic polypotent cells in blood has shown significant inhibition of hemopoiesis. Apparently, the cells have not been involved in the adaptive reactions. Pinealon and Vesugen haven't affected the degree of chromatin condensation, so they are safe on nuclear genetic level. This property should be studied in future. In geriatric practice, we recommend to apply the peptides Pinealon and Vesugen as geroprotectors anabolic neuroprotective and no antioxidant type for reducing the rate of aging in patients with the organic brain syndrome vascular and/or traumatic genesis.

Sherardizing and zinc-aluminizing Ct3 steel in a fluidized bed are considered. Microhardness, microbrittleness, porosity, and corrosion resistance of zinc coatings are analyzed.

The space distribution of flexural strains induced in a floating ice cover by its oscillations caused by the motion of an area of constant pressure is investigated. The dependences of flexural strains in front the load, in the loaded area, and in the wave track on the thickness of ice, velocity of propagation of pressure, and the type of its distribution are analyzed.

Experimental data on the removal of tritium, by isotopic exchange, from VM-5 vacuum oil are presented. It is shown that the most efficient method of extracting tritium from oil is contact with concentrated sulfuric acid and oleum. At 80°C, 93% of the tritium is extracted over 5 h. Recommendations for recycling tritium are made.

The reactions resulting in the tritium contamination of mineral oils in pumps during transfer of tritium-containing gas mixtures are examined. The basic chemical forms of tritium dissolved in oils are established. The adsorption of tritium-containing impurities of spent oils and the chemical isotopic exchange of adsorbed impurities with concentrated sulfuric acid are studied. A method for handling tritium-containing waste oils that permits decreasing the radiation hazard due to storage of these oils and recycling tritium gas is proposed on the basis of these investigations.

We study the dependence of the hydrodynamic pressure induced in a liquid as a result of motion of a load of constant intensity over the floating ice cover on the flexural stiffness of ice and the character of distribution of the load over the moving region. The contribution of the deflection of ice in the vicinity of the load and the induced flexural and flexural-gravitational waves to the formation of the field of hydrodynamic pressure near the ice-water interface is estimated.

The patients (11 cases) with massive invasion in the thoracic aorta have been operated in the period from 2002 till 2010. The tumor of left lung was diagnosed in 9 cases and tumor of the mediastinum--in 2 cases. Prosthetics of the arch of aorta was performed under condition of artificial circulation in 6 cases. The prosthetics of the descending aorta was performed in 5 cases. A condition of artificial circulation was partially used in 1 case, fully used in one and the assist circulation was applied in 3 cases. The hospital lethality consisted of 4 patients. The common number of patients with severe hospital complications was 5. The survival of one-, two- or three--year estimated 36.4 +/- 14.5%, 18.2 +/-11.6% and 0% respectively. A median of survival was 1,63 months. The remaining 7 patients died in a long-term period. The cause of death was a progress of tumor process in vast majority of cases.

A method is presented for calculating the basic technological parameters of rectification systems for separating tritium-containing mixtures of hydrogen isotopes with intermediate homomolecular isotopic exchange stages. The method of independent determination of the concentrations was used in simulating the rectification process. The liquid-vapor equilibrium problem was solved with a correction for the nonideality of the mixtures. Heat release due to tritium decay is taken into account in the heat balance equations. The quantum-statistical method was used to calculate the equilibrium constants for simulating the homomolecular isotopic exchange. The CRYDIST computer code implementing this method is used to determine the optimal parameters of the apparatus for separative processing of two isotopic mixtures with different composition and including two low-temperature rectification columns and two homomolecular isotopic exchange units.

The influence of drifting broken ice on the propagation of small-amplitude plane surface waves from an infinitely deep region of a basin to a region of finite depth over a bottom shelf is analyzed on the basis of wave source theory. The variations in the characteristics of the reflected and transmitted waves and the fluid surface perturbation profile due to the drifting ice are estimated as functions of the distance from the shelf.

Process of diffusion zincing of steel St3 in a fluidized bed are compared with conventional diffusion zincing. Acomparative analysis of the phase composition, microhardness, microbrittleness, porosity, and corrosion resistance of diffusion zirconium layers is performed.

The equilibrium association of urethane groups in a series of 4, 4′ - diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)/polypropylene oxide) (PPO) based poly(ether urethane) elastomers (PUE) was studied on the basis of IR-spectroscopy data. The concentration of associates containing 2,3 and 4 urethane groups is calculated, which permits immediate monitoring of changes in PUE mechanical properties using the model of a physically cross-linked polymer.

Perturbations of the surface of an exponentially stratified liquid of finite depth, free or covered by an elastic plate, are studied on the assumption that the perturbations are caused by internal waves generated by the steady motion of a constant -intensity source. The dependence of the spatial distribution of perturbations on the plate properties, velocity and the submersion depth of the source is considered.

This report is devoted to an analysis of the findings of surveys of sex-role stereotypes of upper-grade students; the surveys were carried out in 1989 and 1993, respectively. The respondents were boys attending the tenth and eleventh grades in the same schools of the city of Vladimir (because of the absence of significant discrepancies, they will be analyzed together). The size of the samples were 72 and 76 persons, respectively. In the 1993 survey, we also added groups of second and third-year students in the pedagogical institute (n = 31) and technicum students (n = 25). In a maximally impersonal form the subjects were asked to state their attitudes toward various problems relating to sex and married life. The following results were obtained.

International audience; An AOST Fourier spectrometer of the Phobos-Soil project is intended for studying Mars and Phobos by means of measurements of IR radiation spectra of the Martian surface and atmosphere, the Phobos surface, and the spectrum of solar radiation passing through the Martian atmosphere on its limb. The main scientific problems to be solved with the spectrometer on Mars are measurements of methane content, search for minor constituents, and study of diurnal variations in the temperature and atmospheric aerosol. The spectrometer will also study the Martian and Phobos surface both remotely and after landing. The spectral range of the instrument is 2.5-25 μm, the best spectral resolution (without apodization) is 0.6 cm−1, and the instantaneous field of view is 2.5°. The recording time of one spectrum is equal to 5 s in solar observations and 50 s in observations of Mars and Phobos. The instrument has self-thermal stabilization and two-axis pointing systems, as well as a built-in radiation source for flight calibration. The spectrometer mass is 4 kg, and power consumption is up to 13 W. Scientific problems, measurement modes, and, briefly, engineering implementation of the experiment are discussed in this work.

The p-adic theory of the stock market is presented. It is shown that the price dynamics is very naturally described by the adelic function. The procedure of derivation of the functional integral formulation of adelic type is derived from microscopic models using generalized supercoherent states., 10 pages,15 figures, International Workshop "Perm Winter School", Russia, Perm, 2011

Ship waves generated in an exponentially stratified fluid when an axisymmetrical area of pressure of constant intensity moves over a floating ice cover are studied in a linear statement. The influence of ice rigidity on the distribution of amplitudes of the internal wave disturbances along the constant phase lines is analysed.

The Agulhas leakage to the South Atlantic (SA) exhibits strong anti-correlations with the mass flux of the Agulhas Current. This is accompanied by the migration of the Agulhas retroflection whose normal position (NPR) is near Cape Agulhas, where the slant of the South African coast is very small. During periods of strong incoming flux (SIF), the retroflection shifts upstream to Port Elizabeth or East London, where the coastline shape has a "kink", i.e., the slant changes abruptly from small on the west side, to large (about 55°) on the east side. Here, we show that the variability of rings shedding maybe attributed to this kink. To do so, we develop a nonlinear analytical model for retroflection near a coastline that consists of two sections, one strongly slanted (corresponding to the east side) and the other zonal (corresponding to the west side). The principal difference between this and the model of a single straight slanted coast discussed in our earlier papers is that a free purely westward propagation of eddies along the zonal coastline section is allowed in the kinked case. This introduces the interesting situation where the strong slant of the coast east of the kink prohibits the formation and shedding of rings whereas the coast west of the kink encourages such shedding. Therefore, the kink model "locks" the position of the retroflection forcing it to occur just downstream of the kink. That is, rings are necessarily shed from the retroflection area in our kinked model, regardless of the eastern coast slant. By contrast, the application of "no-kink" model for an "averaged" slant (at the same point as the kink) leads to the conclusion that shedding is almost completely arrested by the slant. We suggest that the difference between the intensities of rings shedding during NPR and SIF is due to the shift in the zero curl line in respect to the kink. When the zero curl intersects the coast north of the kink the transport is small but it is large when the zero curl is situated south of the kink. Simple process-oriented numerical simulations are in fair agreement with our results.

The spectrum of some portion of the Phobos surface was measured at the same points by two instruments (KRFM and ISM) on board the Phobos-2 mission in two ranges: 0.315–0.6 and 0.8–3.1 μm. An example of a spectrum based on data from both experiments obtained in the same locations is presented and discussed. It is substantially different from a previously published “average” spectrum of Phobos / 1 /. There is no direct analog to the presented spectrum among the known reflectivity spectra of meteorites and asteroids. The spectral reflectivity of observed part of Phobos is like carbonaceous C1–C2 chondrites for the range λ μ m, but not at λ >0.8 μ m, where it shows a rise of reflectivity with wavelength even stronger than in the case of CM chondrites. No traces of the hydration band near 3 μm are visible. The nature of the surface layer is probably complicated, and it consist of inhomogeneous material.

Photometric limb to limb profiles of Mars were obtained in 8 narrow bands between 315 and 550 nm from the Phobos-2 spacecraft. Tentative results of analysis are presented in terms of optical properties of the atmosphere and surface. Imaginary part of the refraction index ae from 0.0075 to 0.02 for 315 nm and from 0.005 to 0.01 for 550 nm was estimated for the “constant” dust haze, using Mie theory for spherical particles. These values of ae are in a few times higher than obtained by laboratory tests of terrestrial analogues including basalt, andesit and montmorillonite. Two explanations are possible: influence of irregular shape of particles and/or presence of some more absorbing substances ( as goethit ). Particle sizes a few tenths micron having refraction index 1.55 are compatible with the discussed model of the “constant” haze. Full shape of the near equatorial photometric profile on 550 nm can be explained by the slightly absorbed atmosphere ( with the optical depth 0.4 and imaginary part of the refraction index 0.0075 ). Icy particles with the same average sizes as in the haze (r m =0.4 microns) but with more narrow size distribution can explaine the bright spot above the Arsia Mons. Optical depth τ =0.1 and column mass density 7·10 −5 g cm −2 of the icy clouds were evaluated.

At least two maxima have been defined in the relatively narrow domain (240 to 280°C, 1 Hz) on the temperature-dependent internal friction curves for the quenched and cold-worked austenitic alloys with different chemical composition. The first peak is connected with reorientation of interstitial atoms couples in the applied stresses, the second with the dislocation motion. Analysis of the temperature-dependent internal friction spectrum for heat treated or mechanical treated alloys or both is considered to be difficult. A new approach for the investigation of this complex spectrum has been developed. Computer simulation of internal friction (IF) peak splitting to a few partial peaks is suggested. The method applied for the splitting of complex IF peaks in the heat treated iron-nickel-molybdenum (Fe-Ni-Mo) alloys is based on different activation energies of diffusion for carbon and nitrogen atoms in face-centered-cubic solid solution. The optimization procedure has been carried out with the use of experiment planning and by searching for the function minimum by the method of steepest descent. After plastic deformation the IF spectrum of the quenched specimens becomes more complicated. The superposition of three IF peaks Q - 1 C (carbon), Q - 1 N (nitrogen) and strain-induced IF peak Q - t P takes place. The results of computer simulation of the IF spectrum as well as the obtained data for activation energies for the heat treated and deformed iron-nickel, iron-nickel-molybdenum, iron-chromium-nickel, and iron-manganese-aluminum alloys are discussed. The influence of the degree of plastic deformation and chemical composition on the IF peak is analyzed on this basis.

Ice cover oscillations induced by a moving load are studied in a linear formulation using a threedimensional flexural-gravity wave model. Theoretically-derived ice deflection profiles and critical velocities of the moving vehicle are compared with known experimental data.

Color ratio images created from multispectral observations of Phobos are analyzed in order to characterize the spectral properties of Phobos' surface, to assess their spatial distributions and relationships with geologic features, and to compare Phobos' surface materials with possible meteorite analogs. Data calibration and processing is briefly discussed, and the observed spectral properties of Phobos and their lateral variations are examined. Attention is then given to the color properties of different types of impact craters, the origin of lateral variations in surface color, the relation between the spatial distribution of color properties and independently identifiable geologic features, and the relevance of color variation spatial distribution to the origin of the grooves.

Photometric limb-to-limb profiles of Mars were obtained in eight narrow bands between 315 and 550 nm from the Phohos 2 spacecraft. Tentative results of the analysis are presented in terms of optical properties of the atmosphere and surface. The imaginary part of the refraction index k from 0.01 to 0.03 for 315 nm and from 0.005 to 0.01 for 550 nm was estimated for the “constant” dust haze, using Mie theory for spherical particles. These values of k are a few times higher than obtained by laboratory tests of terrestrial analogues including basalt, andesit and montmorillonite. Two explanations are possible: influence of irregular shape of particles and/or the presence of some more absorbing substances (such as goethite). Particle sizes of a few tenths of micrometres having a refraction index of 1.55 are compatible with the discussed model of the “constant” haze. The full shape of the near equatorial photometric profile on 550 nm can be explained by the slightly absorbed atmosphere (with optical depth 0.4 and imaginary part of the refraction index 0.0075) above the moonlike (roughness factor q ≅ 0) surface. Icy particles with the same average sizes as in the haze ( r m = 0.4 μm ) but with more narrow size distribution can explain the bright spot above Arsia Mons. Optical depth τ ≅ 0.1 and column mass density 7·10 −5 g cm −2 of the icy clouds were evaluated.

A 0.3–0.6 (μm UV-visible spectrophotometer and a 5–50 μm radiometer in the KRFM experiment on Phobos 2 measured two groundtracks in the equatorial region of Phobos. Preliminary results indicate that three surface units can be recognized on the basis of differing UV-visible spectral reflectance properties. One of the units is most comparable spectrally to optically darkened mafic material, and a second is comparable either to anhydrous carbonaceous chondrite or to blackened mafic material. Spectral properties of the third unit do not resemble those of known meteorite types. Brightness temperatures measured by the radiometer are consistent with a typlcal surface thermal inertia of 1-3 x 10^(-3) cal/(cm^2) deg S^(1/2), as suggested by previous investigations, implying a lunar-like regolith texture. At least one area of possibly higher thermal inertia has been tentatively identified, where a large degraded crater is crossed by several grooves. These results indicate significant lateral heterogeneity in the optical and textural properties of Phobos's surface.

The effect of a thin elastic floating plate on the three-dimensional internal waves in the near zone of a moving region of constant pressure is studied with reference to a two-layer model of a liquid of finite depth. The dependence of the spatial distributions of the amplitudes of the wave disturbances due to the internal waves at the plateliquid interface and on the surface of density discontinuity on the rate of displacement of the pressure region and the characteristics of the plate is analyzed.

The paper describes a case of small-cell high-grade endocrine carcinoma of the rectum concurrent with tubular-villous adenoma in a 58 year-old woman. All epithelial cells of adenoma have been ascertained to be "mixed" exoendocrine endocrinocytes (secrete mucus and contain neuroendocrine granules), contain progesterone receptors, and express CK 8, 18, and 19. Some high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma cells also secrete mucus. The presence of mitotic activity (Ki-67, 35%), high p53 protein expression (more than 50%), marked CK 18 expression, and clinical data confirm high malignancy of this histological type of the tumor.

The work is devoted to studying a possibility to use, for cytological diagnostics of urogenital neoplasms, of macrosystemic approaches, aimed to estimate cell systemic reactions during blasttransformation and treatment (exemplified by 95 urinary bladder cancer patients). Changes in size of nuclear and cytoplasmic areas were studied, in addition to the average activity of synthetic processes or functional activity of cell structures, and to the level of heterogeneity of functional tension in the cell space.