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In Ayurvedic system of healing, Adansonia digitata is used as a medicinal plant for the treatment of several ailments and diseases. This study is aimed to evaluate the toxicological, hematological, biochemical and histological parameters of A. digitata Leaf (ADL) extract in mice. Ethanolic leaf extract was administered to the mice using the Lork's method, after which the toxicity effects, liver and kidney functions, as well as hematological and histological parameters were evaluated. The result showed that there was 25% mortality in both phases which occurred at high concentrations. There was significant difference in Red Blood Cell (RBC) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) counts and also there was a slight increase in the White blood Cell (WBC) and Platelet counts. For the liver function test, Alkaline transaminases (ALT), Aspartate transaminases (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were elevated while Total Protein (TP) decreased at high concentration (800mg/kg). The results of kidney function showed that ADL extract caused decrease in sodium and potassium levels in low concentration and increased in high concentration and there was significant difference in the creatinine level. The histology of organs after the treatment showed no effect on the heart and lung tissues even at 800mg/kg body weight but showed slight Glomerular and Hepatic necrosis and Hyperplasia of inflammatory cells in spleen tissue. The extracts showed normal morphologies on tissue histology of organs from mice at lower concentrations however, all the abnormalities seen were found at higher doses. This suggest that the extract is non-toxic at low doses as such should be used with caution at high doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study targeted investigation of renoprotective ability of the Adansonia digitata on renal function and histopathological changes in vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats (125 ± 0.3 g) were grouped into six of five each: (1) normal control, (2) received 200 mg/kg of VCM only, (3) 200 mg/kg VCM + 200 mg/kg of A. digitata extract, (4) 200 mg/kg VCM + 400 mg/kg of A. digitata extract, (5) 200 mg/kg VCM + vitamin E 1000 IU/kg, and (6) 200 mg/kg + 25 mg/kg of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT). VCM was intraperitoneally administered twice a day for 14 days. Vitamin E was injected 5 min prior to every vancomycin injection. Blood and kidneys obtained were prepared for the determination of the parameters and histopathological studies, respectively. Creatinine and urea concentrations were significantly (p > 0.01) decreased across the test groups as against group 2 (VCM only). Variations of serum electrolytes were recorded against group 2 (VCM only). Total protein significantly (p < 0.05) reduced across the test groups against normal control. PCV, Hb, and WBC increased with little variation of RBC in group 5 (VCM + Vit. E) compared with group 6 (VCM + HTC). Similar observation was made in other groups fed with extract as against group 2 (VCM only). Results revealed severe necrosis of proximal tubule of VCM induced only while treated groups showed different degree of repair of the damage. A. digitata has demonstrated proactive inhibition against nephrotoxicity induced by extension of administration of vancomycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large old trees (LOTs) are emblematic elements of the cultural landscape and can live for hundreds of years. They represent an intermediate aspect of cultural heritage, linking spirits and humans. They can also provide a range of ecosystem services. In spite of their importance, declining numbers have been reported. This study examined the diversity of LOTs and the impact of anthropogenic threats on their preservation in three districts of southern Benin: Ketou and Abomey, which represent historical districts with royal courts, and Lokossa, which does not have a tradition as a dynastic seat. Semi-structured interviews focused on ethnobotanical aspects and storytelling were conducted with a total of 150 community leaders and traditional practitioners; these were coupled with an inventory of LOTs to demonstrate their importance in maintaining the heritage and providing ecosystem services in cultural landscapes. Diversity, cultural importance, and ethnobotanical indices were calculated to compare positive and negative attitudes towards LOTs by the local people of the study areas. A total of 270 LOT individuals belonging to 14 species were recorded. The most common species was Adansonia digitata (70 individuals), followed by Milicia excelsa (47 individuals), Ceiba pentandra (37 individuals), and Blighia sapida (25 individuals). Sacred forests and the royal palaces (ten for Abomey and three for Kétou), which are protected by a traditional veto, had the highest number of LOTs (145 individuals) belonging to nine species. Details of 79 specific uses were documented for each plant part of LOTs. The most frequently reported were related to medicinal (80.64%), cultic (16.65%), and craft uses (2.6%). Based on a standard area of 100 km2, mean Shannon diversity (H') and evenness (J) were lower in the cultural landscape of Ketou (H′ = 0.26 ± 0.42; J = 0.23 ± 0.37) compared to Lokossa (H′ = 0.27 ± 0.32; J = 0.21 ± 0.24) and Abomey (H′ = 0.42 ± 0.37; J = 0.35 ± 0.31). The threat patterns suggest that, irrespective of the species involved, certain determining factors (urbanization (35%), the timber trade (18%), and decisions made during the Marxist–Leninist revolution in Benin in 1972 (11%)) have affected and continue to affect LOT abundance and diversity. For better management of LOTs, there is a need to promote decision-making strategies that better align human cultural values and ecological objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the vulnerability of five indigenous agroforestry trees to climate change: Adansonia. digitata, Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa, Tamarindus indica, and Vitex doniana, using the vulnerability of rural communities that rely on these species as a proxy. An integrated assessment approach, encompassing exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity was adopted. Individual questionnaires were administered to 340 farmers, across seven Local Government Areas (LGA): Bosso, Rafi, Lavun, Lapai, Mashegu, Kontagora, and Borgu in Niger State. Data were collected on farmers' perceptions about species vulnerability to climate change. The vulnerability index was computed based on nineteen indicators. Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature dataset over 40 years, indicated on one side no trend of annual rainfall, but a significant increase of annual temperature on the other side, supported by high intra-annual variability. Although observed variabilities in the climate were confined within the known tolerance limits of these species, reduction in productivity was the most reported impact (58.21% of the respondents). A change in species' distribution, progressive extirpation, premature fructification, and tree mortality were also mentioned among the impacts of climate change. V. doniana was perceived to be the most vulnerable by 68.75% of the respondents followed by A. digitata, while V. paradoxa and T. indica seemed not to be vulnerable to climate change according to 48.65% and 27.00% of the respondents, respectively. There was a spatial variability of species vulnerability. The study concluded that the cultural importance of the species influences the extent to which the species are perceived to be vulnerable to climate change. This conclusion draws more attention toward the promotion of sustainable use and conservation of indigenous tree species to reduce their vulnerability to future climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southern Africa is dominated by fire-prone arid and semi-arid landscapes that are expected to experience increased maximum temperatures, rainfall variation and frequency of extreme rainfall events in the future. These conditions will affect fire and vegetation dynamics, but feedback and interactions among fire, rainfall and woody cover limit our ability to predict future ecosystem changes. Moreover, human activities can also drive changes in these components and their interactions. There are few long-term datasets available to monitor these changes over ecologically relevant time-scales. Here the combined analysis of a rainfall proxy, developed from a baobab tree core (Adansonia digitata) and fire proxy, from a sediment core, in the savanna-woodland transition zone in South Central Africa elucidates the history of two major drivers of savanna structure for the past 600 years. They show a system that oscillates between wooded and grassy vegetation states over time, as well as a change in the spatial scale of fires, which could be linked to human activities and recent fire management legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hausa people of north-western Nigeria were reported to utilize the plant Adansonia digitata for the management of depressive illnesses in an ethnobotanical survey. Thus, this study aimed to establish the mechanism(s) via which methanol stem bark extract of A. digitata (MEAD) exhibits antidepressant activity in mice. Methods: Antidepressant activity of MEAD was evaluated using tail suspension test (TST) at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. For the mechanistic studies, mice were pre-treated with sulpiride (50 mg/kg), prazosin (1 mg/kg), yohimbine (1 mg/kg), metergoline (1 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (3 mg/kg), L-arginine (50 mg/kg), N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; 50 mg/kg), atropine (1 mg/kg) and naloxone (2 mg/kg) 15 minutes prior to MEAD (1000 mg/kg) administration, then antidepressant activity was assessed using TST one hour later. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: The extract (at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) and dose-dependently decreased the duration of immobility in the TST. Sulpiride (D2 receptor antagonist), prazosin and yohimbine (α1 and α2 receptor antagonists, respectively), metergoline and cyproheptadine (5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, respectively) significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the antidepressant effect of MEAD. On the other hand, L-NNA (NOS inhibitor) augmented the antidepressant effect of MEAD while L-arginine (nitric oxide substrate) had no effect on MEAD. However, atropine (muscarinic receptor antagonist) significantly (P < 0.01) augmented the antidepressant effect of MEAD. Conclusion: The antidepressant activity of methanol stem bark extract of A. digitata was established to be via the monoaminergic, nitric oxide and cholinergic pathways.

Adansonia digitata (African baobab) is one of the most important wild edible plant and a key species with high ecological and socioeconomic significance in most of tropical Africa. It is a multipurpose fruit-bearing and physically huge tree with more than 300 traditional uses and commercial values. The lack of literature on traditional uses and management practices for A. digitata by various ethnic groups hinder the promotion of sustainable management of the tree species in Ethiopia. The aims of this study were to: (i) document traditional uses and local management practices of A. digitata among three ethnic groups; and (ii) identify major threat factors that affect A. digitata population. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 101 households, using multi-stage sampling techniques, selected from three representative kebeles, the lowest administrative unit, (Gelegu, Banbaho and Dubaba) in Quara wereda. Group discussions and key informant interviews were also held with 15 and 3 informants, respectively. Socioeconomic data were analyzed using inferential statistics like chi-square tests and narrative analysis. Overall seven main traditional uses of A. digitata products (food, fodder, medicine, fiber, hanging beehive, commercial and soil improvement) were documented among three ethnic groups, with a greater number of uses mentioned within Gumuz ethnic group. The uses of A. digitata products are found to be lower in the Quara wereda than in other African countries. The traditional knowledge on commercial, fiber and food uses of A. digitata didn't vary among ethnic groups. The fruit (pulp) was commonly used as supplementary food, to make beverages, for medicine and it seems to be the only plant part sold commercially by all ethnic groups. Traditional knowledge on medicinal uses of A. digitata tree products have significantly varied among ethnic groups (P

Conservation and restoration measures which consider the participation of the local community are necessary to save the baobab trees from being vanished. This study was conducted to assess communities' average willingness to pay and identify factors that determines households' willingness to pay (WTP) for the conservation and restoration of baobab tree. The study used primary data obtained from a survey conducted on 192 randomly selected households. Double bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) elicitation format of contingent valuation method was employed. The data were analyzed using a bivariate probit model. The response of households' for the scenario indicated that the mean WTP for the conservation and restoration of baobab tree was found to be 105 birr per year per household. The results of the model revealed that household's age, annual income of household head, marital status of household head, distance and awareness of household have positive and significant effect on WTP. On the other hand, bid values of have a significant negative effect on WTP indicating that Households that are provided with lower initial bid value are more likely to be willing to contribute for conservation. Improving the livelihood of households, creation of awareness and setting fair contribution need to be considered to enhance community's participation in baobab tree conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food-to-food fortification (FtFF) with moringa leaf (iron source) and/or baobab fruit (citric acid and ascorbic acid source) (each 13–15 g/100 g porridge dry basis (db)) was studied to improve iron and zinc nutritive quality in African-type wholegrain maize-based porridges using in vitro dialysability assay. Moringa FtFF decreased percentage and total bioaccessible iron and zinc, by up to 84% and 45%, respectively. Moringa was very high in calcium, approximately 3% db and calcium–iron–phytate complexes inhibit iron bioavailability. Baobab FtFF increased percentage and total bioaccessible iron and zinc, especially in porridges containing carrot + mango (β-carotene source) and conventionally fortified with FeSO4, by up to 111% and 60%, respectively. The effects were similar to those when ascorbic and citric acids were added as mineral absorption enhancers. While moringa FtFF could be inhibitory to iron and zinc bioavailability in cereal-based porridges, baobab fruit FtFF could improve their bioavailability, especially in combination with conventional iron fortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a result of high percentage of women infected with urinary tract infection (UTI) annually, many rural dwellers use Adansonia digitata fruit pulp as herbal cure. Adansonia digitata L. (Malvaceae) is one of the great trees idolised in Africa because of its therapeutic properties. Aim: This study aimed at identifying chemical compounds in the ethylacetate fraction of the baobab fruit pulp and indicated their biological activities to justify its use for the folkloric treatment of UTI. Methods: The crude extract from Baobab fruit pulp was partitioned and ethylacetate extract was used for assay. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was performed to identify the bioactive compounds in the ethylacetate fraction, antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays whilst the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by already adopted protocols. The antibacterial properties were tested against some urinary tract pathogens using macro broth dilution method. Results: A total of 36 bioactive compounds were identified by GC–MS analysis, most of them have been reported as antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiasthma, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents. The extract exhibited highest activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 19582 (1.22 mg/mL) whilst Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 (˃ 8.6 mg/mL) displayed high level of resistance amongst the five bacterial isolates used in this study. Conclusion: These findings indicated that the extract contained bioactive compounds of therapeutic importance with significant antioxidant and antibacterial potentials and justify the folkloric use of this fruit in the treatment of UTIs by many African dwellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) are significant ecosystem engineers – having profound effects on the vegetation when at high population densities. To provide a context for modern conservation decisions it would be useful to know the 'natural' population densities prior to the arrival of firearms in Africa. Here, we use botanical and archaeological arguments to suggest a lower density of elephant populations than in some present protected areas over at least the last few millennia, and arguably much longer. This suggests that elephant population densities seen in some protected areas during the second half of the twentieth century are likely higher than those seen in the past and so have the potential to result in significant negative impacts on associated fauna and flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) seeds are underutilized and native to Savannah regions of Africa. The problem of the hard-to-cook (HTC) phenomenon with antinutrients exists. The application of monovalent ion salt solutions becomes important. This study analyzed the effect of soaking in deionized water, 0.5% w/v monovalent ion salts (NaCl, NaHCO3), sodium salt of a divalent ion (Na2S2O5) on the polyphenyl, antioxidant activity, and functional properties. The salts caused protein, crude fiber, vitamin C, and dry matter contents of 40.2–44.6 g/100 g, 7.78–9.46%, 3.0–3.4 mg/100 g, and 80.4–86.2%, respectively. Seed thickness, weight, and color were influenced by soaking in monovalent salt solutions. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and proanthocyanidins range was 251–326 mg GAE/100 g, 236–288 mg TE/100 g, and 59–70.4 mg LE/100 g respectively. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging, and ABTS+ (2,2'-azinobis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) ranged between 208.4–291.3 mg EA/g, 86.0–104 mg TE/g, and 98.3–110 µmol AEAC/100 g respectively. Bulk density, phytates, and oxalates were reduced significantly (p < 0.05), and gelatinization temperature increased. Monovalent salts reduce antinutrients, promote solubilization of polyphenols, modify the seed properties, and contribute to softening of the seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adansonia digitata L (Baobab) contains different classes of bioactive compounds which were identified from various parts of the plant such as seed, leaves, and roots and also stem bark. The study was designed to determine the antibacterial activity of Adansonia digitata leaf and stem bark extracts. Methods: The plant material was extracted using aqueous, ethanol and methanol; and their activity against the three clinical isolates Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) was ascertained using agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the different extracts were also determined. One way analysis of variance was conducted using Stata/SE11.1 and t-test to determine the significant difference between the effects at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The extracts were found to be effective against the tested organisms. The methanolic extracts showed significantly higher activity against the test organisms compared to aqueous and ethanolic extracts (p = 0.000). The result also demonstrated that the leaf extract is more active than the stem bark extract with significant difference (p=0.000). The methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited highest inhibitions zone of 19mm and 16mm against E. coli at concentration of 1000mg/mL respectively. The MIC result of the study showed that the methanolic and ethanolic extracts inhibited the growth of the organisms at 25 mg/ml. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts have MBC at 25 mg/mL. Conclusion: The methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts have significant effect against the test organisms at all concentration tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiropterophily, or bat pollination, is typically considered a highly specialized pollination system that has evolved independently numerous times across the angiosperm phylogeny, with distinct lineages often converging on a similar suite of floral traits. The African baobab, Adansonia digitata, occurs widespread across continental Africa and introduced throughout much of the tropics, possesses floral traits classically associated with bat pollination, namely nocturnal anthesis, pendulous white flowers, and a "musky" fragrance. Despite this, our observations and pollination exclusion experiments in South African baobab populations suggested little if any role for bats, but instead showed that hawkmoths are the main pollinators. Hand pollination indicated strong self‐incompatibility and crossing experiments suggest minimal diurnal receptivity. Furthermore, our analyses of floral volatiles revealed not only sulfur‐containing compounds, commonly associated with bat pollination, but also a high concentration of the sesquiterpene β‐caryophyllene, a compound generally more typical of hawkmoth pollination. Comparing previous pollination studies and published floral scent profiles from West Africa suggests that the classic bat pollination system in baobabs may be more labile than previously thought. This study provides an empirical example of a species that most likely evolved due to bat pollination yet has some degree of generality and possible geographic variation in floral traits and pollinator visitation patterns across its range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability and environmental consciousness directed attention toward research and innovation in the field of natural fiber composites. Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is tropical tree of the silk-cotton family that is native to Africa. The aim of this study is to pore over the use of baobab bast fibers as potential reinforcement in polymer composites. The baobab bast fibers were extracted from the bark of baobab tree in Sudan. Fibers were investigated by chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and single fiber tensile test. Further, the density and relative humidity of fibers were determined.The cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, ash, and moisture contents present in the fiber are 60.70%, 21.98%, 5.91%, 5.32%, 13%, respectively. The fiber has a density of 1.1041 g/cm3. FTIR spectra for cellulose and nanocellulose confirms absorption bands characteristic of pure celluloses at 3330, 2919, 1640, 1028. Scanning electron micrographs showed roughening of the fiber surface and crack-like lines indicate fiber clusters being held together. The baobab fiber possessed a crystallinity index of 48.01% with thermal stability up to 250°C. The results revealed that baobab fiber can be utilized as reinforcement in polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly accepted that species should move toward higher elevations and latitudes to track shifting isotherms as climate warms. However, temperature might not be the only limiting factor determining species distribution. Species might move to opposite directions to track changes in other climatic variables. Here, we used an extensive occurrence data set and an ensemble modelling approach to model the climatic niche and to predict the distribution of the seven baobab species (genus Adansonia) present in Madagascar. Using climatic projections from three global circulation models, we predicted species' future distribution and extinction risk for 2055 and 2085 under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and two dispersal scenarios. We disentangled the role of each climatic variable in explaining species range shift looking at relative variable importance and future climatic anomalies. Four baobab species (Adansonia rubrostipa, Adansonia madagascariensis, Adansonia perrieri¸ and Adansonia suarezensis) could experience a severe range contraction in the future (>70% for year 2085 under RCP 8.5, assuming a zero‐dispersal hypothesis). For three out of the four threatened species, range contraction was mainly explained by an increase in temperature seasonality, especially in the North of Madagascar, where they are currently distributed. In tropical regions, where species are commonly adapted to low seasonality, we found that temperature seasonality will generally increase. It is, thus, very likely that many species in the tropics will be forced to move equatorward to avoid an increase in temperature seasonality. Yet, several ecological (e.g., equatorial limit, or unsuitable deforested habitat) or geographical barriers (absence of lands) could prevent species to move equatorward, thus increasing the extinction risk of many tropical species, like endemic baobab species in Madagascar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current resurgence in crude drug research and its moorings in underpinning the importance of phytochemicals provide the cue to study plants implicated as remedies in traditional heath care assists. The two exotic trees Adansonia digitata and Crescentia cujete and the medicinal seed legume Caesalpinia bonduc known for long in regional and local traditions investigated here show the species to contain constituents such as glycosides, flavonoids, phytosterols, tannins, free aminoacids, fixed oils and fats in somatic tissues, fruit pulp and seeds which can possibly be used as medicaments. As preliminary report on histochemical aspects alongside observations made on the feasibility quelling and controlling certain common potential pathogens lends credence to age old belief and claim that the said species can be hired in an organ specific and case specific manner to treat ailments. This fortifies the significance of TM in dealing with infections and treating vexing health disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Chemotherapy is the most widely used means of controlling trypanosomosis, however, effectiveness of the drugs available is limited by a number of factors. This study investigates the oxidative stress profile of aqueous extract of the fruit pulp of Adansonia digitata on some organs in rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Methods Thirty-five male albino rats were divided into 7 groups of 5 rats each. Groups B, C, D, E, F and G were inoculated with 0.20 ml of suspension containing 106 T. b. brucei. Group A were neither infected nor treated. Group B were infected but not treated. At onset of parasitaemia, rats in group C were treated with diminazene aceturate at 3.5 mg/kg body weight once, while rats in group D were treated with vitamin C at 200 mg/kg body weight for 3 days consecutively. Rats in groups E, F and G were treated orally for 3 days with the aqueous extract of fruit pulp of A. digitata at a dosage of 40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg and 160 mg/kg body weight respectively. Liver and kidney tissues of the rats were collected at necropsy (10 days PI) for oxidative stress analysis. Results There was a significant (p

The baobab is a tree of multipurpose and biological properties; being its roots, tubers, twigs, fruits, seeds, leaves and edible flowers and used as common ingredients in traditional dishes in Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical scarification with sulfuric acid and caustic soda to overcome the integumentary dormancy in baobab seeds. The design was completely randomized in a 2 x 4 + 1 factorial scheme (chemical scarification: sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and caustic soda (NaOH) x immersion times: 2; 4; 6 and 8 hours + untreated seeds (control)). The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by the emergence, speed index and mean time of emergence, stem diameter, length and dry mass of shoot and root system of normal seedlings. The results showed that the chemical scarification with caustic soda and sulfuric acid for the periods of 2; 4; 6 and 8 hours caused the tegument rupture of the seeds, which contributed to increase the emergence of baobab seedlings, however, the emergence of seedlings of the seeds scarified with caustic soda for 2 hours did not differ from the values of the seedlings from the untreated seeds. Caustic soda and sulfuric acid were efficient in overcoming the integumentary dormancy of baobab seeds, however, caustic soda is more indicated because it is easy to acquire and low cost.

Background: As a result of high percentage of women infected with urinary tract infection (UTI) annually, many rural dwellers use Adansonia digitata fruit pulp as herbal cure. Adansonia digitata L. (Malvaceae) is one of the great trees idolised in Africa because of its therapeutic properties. Aim: This study aimed at identifying chemical compounds in the ethylacetate fraction of the baobab fruit pulp and indicated their biological activities to justify its use for the folkloric treatment of UTI. Methods: The crude extract from Baobab fruit pulp was partitioned and ethylacetate extract was used for assay. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was performed to identify the bioactive compounds in the ethylacetate fraction, antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays whilst the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by already adopted protocols. The antibacterial properties were tested against some urinary tract pathogens using macro broth dilution method. Results: A total of 36 bioactive compounds were identified by GC–MS analysis, most of them have been reported as antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiasthma, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents. The extract exhibited highest activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 19582 (1.22 mg/mL) whilst Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 (˃ 8.6 mg/mL) displayed high level of resistance amongst the five bacterial isolates used in this study. Conclusion: These findings indicated that the extract contained bioactive compounds of therapeutic importance with significant antioxidant and antibacterial potentials and justify the folkloric use of this fruit in the treatment of UTIs by many African dwellers.

Ice cream’s appeal is unrivaled. Nonmilk and milk ingredients in ice cream formulas affect their nutritional value, structure, and organoleptical qualities. Seeking novel dietary ingredients instead of artificial flavoring compounds is vital for improving ice cream taste preference, adding antioxidants, and increasing nutritional value. The current study examines the feasibility of manufacturing a new flavored ice cream with excellent dietary value using Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) fruit pulp (ADFP). The prepared ice cream’s physicochemical and microbiological quality, and rheological, microstructural, and organoleptic properties were investigated. Using ADFP instead of skim milk powder with a partial or complete replacement, five ice cream samples were produced and marked as IB-0, IB-25, IB-50, IB-75, and IB-100. Chemical characteristics were not noticeably impacted except protein and ash, which considerably decreased with increasing ADFP levels. Increasing ADFP in the samples increased titratable acidity and reduced pH. All ice cream samples were microbiologically acceptable with no pathogenic bacteria. By increasing ADFP in the samples, the daily values (%DV) of sodium, potassium, and magnesium were not considerably affected. Calcium reduced from 14.91% in IB-0 to 7.75% in IB-100. All microelements found in the study rose considerably as ADFP increased. Increasing ADFP levels significantly boosted antioxidant levels. The IB-100 sample had the highest total phenolic content (149.29 mg GAE 100 g−1), antioxidant activity (98.12 µmol of TE 100 g−1), total flavonoids (5.96 mg QE 100 g−1), and total flavanols (4.01 mg QE 100 g−1). The inclusion of ADFP had a beneficial effect on the color of the samples. It did not negatively affect the ice cream’s organoleptic acceptability as determined by organoleptic, rheological, and microstructural examinations. Interestingly, when skim milk powder was replaced with 50% and 75%, the hardness, viscosity, and aqueous phase separation were significantly improved. In conclusion, ADPF improves the nutritional value of ice cream and can be used as a natural coloring ingredient without affecting microstructural and rheological properties.

The African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is a multipurpose orphan tree species of the semi-arid and sub-humid Sub-Saharan Africa where it plays an important role in rural livelihoods. Its wide distribution and dense nutrition properties make it an important species for food and nutrition security in Africa. However, despite the increasing interest in the species over the past two decades, the full potential of baobab remains underexploited. This review highlights strides made over the past 20 years (2001–2020) towards harnessing and unlocking the potential values of baobab in Benin, West Africa, to contribute to food and nutrition security. Challenges and threats are identified, and next steps suggested to guide research and development initiatives for orphan tree fruit species like baobab to address hunger and malnutrition in Africa.

This study was designed to determine the effects of graded levels of Adansonia digitata leaves on semen quality in Red Sokoto bucks (RSB). Twenty RSB were randomly assigned into four groups comprising 5 RSB each. Groups A, B, C, and D were given 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of A. digitata leave powder, respectively, for 14 weeks. Semen was collected every 2 weeks and evaluated for semen volume, sperm cell motility, semen pH, percentage sperm abnormalities, sperm livability, semen concentration, colour, and consistency. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in semen volume, pH, and sperm livability between bucks fed A. digitata leaves and those in the control group throughout the study. Sperm cell motility was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in group B at week 14, but the overall mean was not significantly (p > 0.05) different among the groups. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in sperm cell abnormalities in group C at week 2, but no significant (p > 0.05) difference till the end of the study. The semen concentration of group B significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to the control at week 4. However, there was significant (p < 0.05) increase in group D compared to groups A and B at week 6. The overall concentration was not significantly (p > 0.05) different among the groups. The semen colour varied from milky to creamy, while consistency ranged from viscous to semi-viscous in both the control and A. digitata fed bucks. The study showed that A. digitata leaves have no deteriorative effects on semen quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) is an integral component of many dryland farming systems in sub-Sahara Africa. Such traditional agroforestry systems can foster a variety of benefits; besides positive livelihood implications baobab can particularly address food security objectives due to its highly nutritious fruits. However, many bottlenecks persist inhibiting the broader potential of indigenous trees in farming systems and their increased utilisation and commercialisation. We suggest that traditional farming systems with baobab trees can be advanced by stimulating the emergence of local markets for baobab products while promoting businesses and innovations aimed at meeting the arising market demand. Increasing the perceived value of local agroforestry products in combination with facilitating additional commercialisation pathways will in turn lead to food security and livelihood benefits. Using a multi-stakeholder approach such considerations were put into practice in Kilifi, Kenya, by initiating a community-based enterprise development producing high-quality baobab powder and oil. Initial results demonstrate behavioural changes, an improved practical knowhow with regard to baobab management and utilisation, and an increased consumption of baobab, which may already contribute to food security objectives. Baobab is increasingly seen as a valuable resource as opposed to 'food for the poor' and a tree possessed by evil spirits. This may lay the groundwork for further value addition activities and enterprise development in the communities. With baobab being a common, yet so far underutilised feature of local farming systems in Kilifi, activities based on its increasing commercialisation can be complementary and easily integrable to prevailing livelihood strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrinsic to several hypotheses explaining the evolution of foraging behavior complexity, such as proto‐tool use, is the assumption that more complex ingestive behaviors are adaptations allowing individuals to access difficult to procure but nutritionally or energetically rewarding foods. However, nutritional approaches to understanding this complexity have been underutilized. The goal of this study was to evaluate potential nutritional determinants of two unusual foraging behaviors, fruit cracking with anvils and seed reingestion, by adult male western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal during the baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit season. We examined these behaviors in relation to nutrient and energy intake, and compared macronutrient and energy concentrations found in baobab fruits to other plant foods. Adult males ingested at least 31 distinct foods from 23 plant species. Baobab fruit comprised the majority of daily energy intake (68 ± 34%, range: 0%–98%). The energetic concentration of baobab fruit varied by phenophase and part ingested, with ripe and semi‐ripe fruit ranking high in energy return rate. Males preferred ripe and semi‐ripe baobab fruit but unripe fruit intake was higher overall. The seed kernels were high in protein and fat relative to fruit pulp, and these kernels were easier to access during the unripe stage. During the ripe stage, seed kernels were accessible by reingestion, after the seed coat was softened during gut passage. In addition to providing macronutrients and energy, baobab fruit was a relatively abundant food source. We conclude that baobab pulp and seed are high quality foods at Fongoli during the baobab season because they are nutritionally balanced, high in energy, and relatively abundant in the environment. These nutritional and abundance characteristics may explain, in part, why these chimpanzees use anvils and reingestion to access a mechanically challenging food. HIGHLIGHTS: 1.Fongoli chimpanzees use anvils to open hard unripe and ripe baobab fruits, and they reingest seeds from ripe fruits.2.Baobab fruit pulp is high in carbohydrates. Its seed is high in fat and protein.3.Energy, macronutrients, abundance, and hardness may explain anvil use and seed reingestion at Fongoli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adansonia digitata L. (Malvaceae, Baobab) is a medicinal tree with antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The leaves, fruit pulp, stem bark, and roots have been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the glucose-lowering and in vitro antidiabetic potentials of the aqueous extract of A. digitata seed. The aqueous extract of A. digitata seed was prepared by dissolving 50 g of powder seed in 500 mL of distilled water for 24 h, filtered using Whatman filter paper, and concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 40 °C. Following an oral administration of glucose (2 g/kg body weight), distilled water, metformin (14.2 mg/kg body weight), and A. digitata seed extracts at 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The results show that the untreated mice had an average 11.09% increase in plasma glucose concentration, while metformin, aqueous seed extract of A. digitata had average decreases of 17.05%, 0.99%, and 19.21% in plasma glucose concentration, respectively. The aqueous seed extract of A. digitata inhibited α amylase in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 24.27 ± 2.14 mg/mL compared with acarbose with IC50 of 22.61 ± 1.05 mg/mL. However, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the extract (IC50 34.37 ± 1.67 mg/mL) were significantly lower compared to acarbose (IC50 53.46 ± 2.06). The study concludes that aqueous seed extract of A. digitata possesses glucose-lowering properties, in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials. Further studies will required a bioguided fractionation of aqueous seed extract of A. digitata, to identify its phytochemical constituents using fingerprint chromatography among other techniques.

The Omusati region belongs to historic Ovamboland, an area of northern Namibia populated by tribes of the Ovambo group. Four very large African baobabs of Omusati played an important role in historic events of the area, such as the tribal wars and the Namibian War of Independence. The four historic baobabs are the Ombalantu baobab (8 stems; circumference 24.50 m), Okahao baobab (4+ stems; around 25 m), Amadhila baobab (12 stems; 25.35 m) and Sir Howard baobab (9 stems; 31.60 m). Two historic baobabs collapsed totally or partially. The stems of the Amadhila baobab toppled and died in 2021, while 3 stems of the Okahao baobab collapsed a long time ago, but are still alive. Our research aimed to determine the architecture and age of these baobabs. Three baobabs (Ombalantu, Amadhila, Sir Howard) exhibit a closed ring-shaped structure, with a false cavity inside. One baobab (Okahao) had an open ring-shaped structure, before its collapse. Several wood cores were extracted from the baobabs and investigated by radiocarbon dating. The dating results indicate ages of 770 ± 50 years for the Ombalantu baobab, 650 ± 50 years for the Okahao baobab, 1100 ± 50 years for the Amadhila baobab and 750 ± 50 years for the Sir Howard baobab.

Adansonia digitata exhibits numerous beneficial effects. In the current study, we investigated the anti-cancer effects of four different extracts of A. digitata (polar and non-polar extracts of fruit powder and fibers) on the proliferation of human colon cancer (HCT116), human breast cancer (MCF-7), and human ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3 and OVCAR-4) cell lines. RNA sequencing revealed the influence of the effective A. digitata fraction on the gene expression profiles of responsive cells. The results indicated that only the polar extract of the A. digitata fibers exhibited anti-proliferative activities against HCT116 and MCF-7 cells, but not ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, the polar extract of the fibers resulted in the modulation of the expression of multiple genes in HCT116 and MCF-7 cells. We propose that casein kinase 2 alpha 3 (CSNK2A3) is a novel casein kinase 2 (CSNK2) isoform in HCT116 cells and report, for the first time, the potential involvement of FYVE, RhoGEF, and PH domain-containing 3 (FGD3) in colon cancer. Together, these findings provide evidence supporting the anti-cancer potential of the polar extract of A. digitata fibers in this experimental model of breast and colon cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure of rats to radiation results in an increase of free radical level from subtoxic (24 μg/mol) to a toxic concentration (120 μg/mol) in the system of rats. Free radical level above 120 μg/mol, leads to dysregulated Nf-kB and Nrf-2, thus exacerbating oxidative stress and cellular alterations in rats. This study investigated the effects of solvents (n-hexane, ethylacetate and n-butanol) fractions of Adansonia digitata and Corchorus olitorius leaves in radiation-induced Nf-kB and Nrf-2 dysregulation in Cellular System of Rats. A total of 48 rats (198 ± 5.00g) were used in this study and were distributed into 8 groups of 6 each. Group I were fed with rat chow and distilled water only, all other groups were irradiated, such that groups II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX were administered distilled water, n-hexane fractions of A. digitata and C. olitorius, ethylacetate fractions of A. digitata and C. olitorius, n-butanol fractions of A. digitata and C. olitorius and Vitamin-C at 1000 mg/kg body weight respectively. Secondary metabolites screening of A. digitata and C. olitorius revealed the presence of flavonoids, polyphenol, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. irradiation significantly (p<0.05) increased Nf-kB, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT) and significantly (p<0.05) reduced Nrf-2 and antioxidant capacity. Administration of solvents fractions at 1000 mg/kg bwt significantly (p<0.05) reduced NfkB, ALP, ALT and significantly (p<0.05) increased Nrf-2 and antioxidant capacity of rats in the treated groups, such that, n-butanol fraction is the most effective. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test at p<0.05. n-butanol fractions, can therefore be explored as oral remedy against cellular alterations in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritious complementary feeding is often not affordable in Benin, and iron deficiency exists. This research aimed at formulating an affordable and sensory acceptable complementary food supplement using local food ingredients to increase iron intake among children aged 6–59 months in Benin. The complementary food supplement was formulated to ensure that 10 g would cover 25% of the estimated average requirements for iron for children aged 6 to 12 months. Adansonia digitata fruit pulp, Moringa oleifera leaf powder, and Cochlospermum tinctorium root powder were used to compose the complementary food supplement, which was mixed with maize and sorghum ogi porridges before being presented to the mothers and children for the acceptability test. The mineral contents of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp in mg/100 g dw were 9.9 ± 0.1 for iron and 0.9 ± 0.1 for zinc. The iron and zinc contents of Moringa oleifera leaf powder and Cochlospermum tinctorium root powder in mg/100 g dw were 34.1 ± 2.2 and 26.8 ± 2.7 and 9 ± 0.0 and 0.9 ± 0.0, respectively. The complementary food supplement contained, in mg/100 g dw, 17.4 ± 1.1 of iron and 1.2 ± 0.1 of zinc. The maize and sorghum ogi porridges enriched with the complementary food supplement at substitution rates of 15% and 16% (in dry weight), respectively, were acceptable to 85% of children for sorghum ogi porridge and 87% for maize ogi porridge. The present study demonstrated the potential of local food ingredients in the formulation of an iron‐rich and acceptable complementary food supplement for children aged 6–59 months in Benin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baobab is an iconic tree that is utilized as a source of food and income generation. While extant literature on baobab has focused on its morphological attributes and nutrient composition, there is a gap in literature in understanding the characteristics of processors and the factors that determine baobab processing. Using cross section data of 304 baobab processors in Kenya, we employ Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis to characterize baobab processors and identify determinants of baobab processing. Results of processed volumes show that baobab processors are grouped in three clusters of high, average and low categories. Clusters of processors are shaped by number of years in processing, access to training, quantity processed, processing cost, income from other sources, access to land, and profit levels. The study suggests the need to train processors on baobab processing to increase their efficiency and returns. Through training, processors will be able to make informed decisions on input use, packaging and presentation of their products to the customers. Also, investment in baobab conservation, harvesting more trees and reducing the maturity rate of the baobab trees will increase baobab inputs thus lowering processing cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Metagynella, M. pangoolisp. nov. is described based on female and male specimens collected from decaying baobab trees (Adansonia digitata) in Senegal. The new species differs from congeners by the sculptural pattern of the dorsal shield and the shape of the sternal shield. A list and a new key to the known Metagynella species are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the potential effects on the hippocampus of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) disseminated by mobile phones and the roles of baobab (Adansonia digitata) (AD) and black seed (Nigella sativa) (BS) in mitigating these. Fifty-six male, 12-week-old Wistar albino rats were divided into eight groups of seven animals each. No EMF exposure was applied to the control, AD or BS groups, while the rats in the Sham group were placed in an EMF system with no exposure. A 900-MHz EMF was applied to the EMF+AD, EMF+BS, EMF+AD+BS and EMF groups for 1 hour a day for 28 days. Pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus were subsequently counted using the optical fractionator technique, one of the unbiased stereological methods. Tissue sections were also evaluated histopathologically under light and electron microscopy. The activities of the enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also determined in blood serum samples. Analysis of the stereological data revealed no statistically significant differences between the EMF and control or sham groups in terms of pyramidal neuron numbers (p>0.05). However, stereological examination revealed a crucial difference in the entire hippocampus between the control group and the AD (p<0.01) and BS (p<0.05) groups. Moreover, exposure to 900-MHz EMF produced adverse changes in the structures of neurons at histopathological analysis. Qualitative examinations suggest that a combination of herbal products such as AD and BS exerts a protective effect against such EMF side-effects. • 900 MHz electromagnetic field exposure can cause adverse effects on the hippocampus. • Baobab and Black seed may reduce deleterious effects of electromagnetic field. • The brain is the principal target organ for electromagnetic field emitted during the use of mobile phones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports the AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating results of the Big baobab of Outapi, which is the largest African baobab of Outapi, Namibia. The investigation of this monumental baobab revealed that it consists of 8 fused stems, out of which 4 are false stems. The Big baobab exhibits a closed ring-shaped structure. Three stems build the ring, which is now incomplete due to previous damage to the false cavity. Three wood samples were collected from the false cavity and from the longest false stem. Seven segments were extracted from the samples and dated by radiocarbon. The oldest investigated sample segment had a radiocarbon date of 820 ± 17 BP, corresponding to a calibrated age of 780 ± 10 calendar years. According to dating results, the Big baobab of Outapi is 850 ± 50 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of varying levels of Baobab seed-meal (BSM) on spermiogram of Shika Brown® breeder cocks. Thirty apparently healthy cocks aged 30 weeks with average body weight of 1.78 ± 0.03 kg were used for this study. They were acclimatized and randomly divided into three groups of 10 each. Group A (control), fed 0% BSM growers diet, groups B, (5%) and group C, (10%) BSM diets. Semen samples were collected from each cock twice weekly for 28 days and spermiogram evaluated. Results indicated significant (P< 0.05) difference for mean volume, percentage live spermatozoa, sperm gross motilities and concentration between the treatment groups (B and C) and the control group (A). Mean abnormal sperm of cocks in groups B and C were significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to group A. It was concluded that BSM is likely to improve semen characteristics in breeder cocks. Therefore, it is recommended that BSM at 5% and 10% is safe and should be incorporated into breeder cocks diet by farmers for enhanced semen characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adansonia digitata L. is popularly known for the management of various neurological diseases in ethno-medicine. Studies have shown that lead toxicity is a possible risk factor for early onset of neurodegenerative disease. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of A. digitata aqueous leaf extract (ADALE) against lead-induced oxidative stress and histo-architectural changes in the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats. Saline (10 mL/kg), ADALE (500 and 1000 mg/kg) and EDTA (55 mg/kg) were pretreated orally 30 min prior to lead acetate (LA) (120 mg/kg) administration to male Wistar rats (n=7) for 21 days. Thereafter, standard biochemical (superoxide dismutate, catalase, glutathionxe and malondialdehyde), histological (H&E) and histochemical assessment (crystyl fast violet stain for nissil substance) were carried out in the prefrontal cortex. ADALE significantly (p<0.05) reversed LA-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased catalase, superoxide dismutase and oxidized glutathione levels, and decreased malondialdehyde concentration in the prefrontal cortex. Also, the increase chromatolysis and neuronal pyknosis of the pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex were significantly attenuated by ADALE. The result of this study showed that A. digitata aqueous leaf extract attenuated lead acetate-induced cortical neurodegeneration via inhibition of oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to establish the tissue culture regeneration system by using the seeds of Adansonia digitata. After treated with a suitable pretreatment and seeds sterilizing method, the initial medium was inoculated to obtain a sterile material. After initiation culture, the multiple shoot were induced in the enrichment medium, and then cut into individual plants for rooting induction, and finally established a tissue culture and rapid propagation system. The results were as follows: The optimal disinfection treatment combination of explants was 75% alcohol treatment for 3 min + 0.1% HgCl, treatment for 15 min, the contamination rate of explants was 21.7%; The germination rate was 46.0% after pretreatment with 95% concentrated sulfuric acid for 12 h; The A. digitata seeds were pretreated and sterilized and inoculated onto WPM start-up medium for 48 h, and the germination rate was 74.0%; After the initial culture, axillary buds of the explants were cut into 2-3 cm with a section of young stems and inoculated into the enrichment medium and cultured for 60 d for multiple shoots induction, finally, the best value-added medium was selected as WPM-1.0 mg - L ZT+ 0.2 mg - L'IBA, and the subculture cycle was 60 d with the increment coefficient as high as 3.1: The best rooting medium was WPM + 5.0 mg - L-1BA, and rooting was induced for 60 d with a rooting rate of 61.3%, the average number of roots was 1.9 and the average root length was 8.9 cm. Adding the right amount of IBA can improve the foam root phenomenon and improve the transplant survival rate. After seedling adaptation, the tissue culture seedlings of A. digitata were transplanted to mixed matrix with coconut vegetable garden soil perlite (volume ratio 1:1:1), and the survival rate reached above 60.0%. This paper preliminarily established the in titro rapid propagation technology system of A. digitata, and can provide theoretical and technical supports for the rapid propagation of A. digitata and the preservation of germplasm resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile and biological activities of Sudanese baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit pulp extract. Baobab fruit pulp serves as food, and has been used in traditional medicine in Africa for the treatment of several diseases, and believed to possess many biological activities. The sample of baobab fruit was collected from Blue Nile State in Sudan. The fruit pulp was obtained from baobab pods, sieved, extracted with methanol (80%), and analysed for its antioxidant activity, and alpha-glucosidase and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities. The phytochemical constituents of the pulp were determined by LC-MS and ¹H-NMR techniques. The results for antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH and FRAP for methanolic extract were 232.70 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (AEAC)/g and 222.28 mmol/g of Fe2+, respectively. Baobab pulp extract showed greater capability in inhibiting the generation of NO from the stimulated RAW264.7 cells at 98.45% inhibition and IC50 of 36.55 µg/mL; and α-glucosidase enzyme activity at 97.94% inhibition and IC50 of 58.59 µg/mL. The LC-MS/MS analysis of the baobab extract showed that 52 compounds were found in the baobab pulp, including 19 flavonoids, ten phenolic acids, four lipids (glycero-3-phosphocholine derivative, 1,2-didodecanoyl- sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol), 1-pentadecanoyl-2-(13Z,16Z-docosadienoyl)-glycero-3-phosphate, and glycero-3-hosphocholine derivative), sugars, organic acid, iridoids, adenosine, scopoletin, and taraxerone. The NMR detected 21 metabolites from baobab pulp extract including carbohydrates, organic acids, vitamin, amino acids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and fatty acids. The present work is the first of its kind in comprehensively analysing the Sudanese baobab fruit pulp, combined with qualitative characterisation of chemical components using NMR, LC-MS, α-glucosidase, and NO inhibitors. Baobab fruit pulp contains several beneficial phytochemicals and biological activities, and it has potential positive effect on general human's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment investigated the dosage effects of the aqueous extract of Baobab Tree Bark (AEBTB) on growth performance, blood profile and intestinal micro-flora of cockerel chickens for 16 weeks. A total of 200 Isa brown day- old cockerel chicks were used in groups of AEBTB (0, 300, 325, 350 and 375 mg/ litre of water) for the experiment. Qualitative and quantitative (mg/100 g) phytochemical screening revealed that AEBTB contained flavonoid (36.33 mg), cardiac glycoside (31.46 mg), saponin (23.26 mg), alkaloid (24.86 mg), tannin (19.28 mg) and phenolic (17.06 mg). The most common components in GS-MS was 9-Octadecenoic acid (C19H36O2; 296.0 g/mol). At the chick phase, significantly (p<0.05) highest final weight (416.50 g/bird) and weight gain of 47.69 g/bird/day were recorded in birds on 375 mg/litre when compared with the control. Alkaline phosphatase, RBC, Hb, PCV and MCHC were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by AEBTB in the birds when compared with the control and the lowest total bacterial count was in birds on 375 mg/litre of AEBTB. However, at the grower phase, birds on 300 mg/litre AEBTB had the best (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio. The study concluded that AEBTB at 300 mg/litre improved health status and growth performance of meat-type chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of baobab trees (Adansonia digitata) in Wengezi and Gudyanga rural communities of the south-east lowveld of Zimbabwe is a vital component to food security. The harvesting of baobab tree products has prevailed in the communities due to frequent droughts and poverty. This article sought to unravel the application of indigenous knowledge for food security thereof attained by the harvesting of baobab tree products by households in the study area. A cross-sectional mixed method case study was carried out using a questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The sample was made up of 68 households and 51 of which participated in the study. Households harvested baobab fruits, leaves and fibre for consumption, sale, medicinal purposes and craftwork. Consumption of baobab tree products was done by 96% of the households while 86% use the baobab tree for medicinal purposes. Face-to-face interviews revealed indigenous knowledge forms the basis in the baobab products harvesting. Further research on the effects of baobab bark harvesting and sooty baobab syndrome is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micronutrient deficiency in the human diet is of serious concern in developing nations. The utilization potential of Baobab pulp (BP) as a micronutrient source in custard formulation was evaluated. Custard powder was formulated from corn-starch, salt, flavor, colorant, and a commercial nutrient concentrate (NC) using a standard recipe, as a control sample. The nutrient concentrate was substituted by 20 – 50% of Baobab pulp in custard formulation. Custard powder was characterized by chemical, physicochemical, pasting, and sensory properties, using standard procedures. Substitution of Baobab pulp for nutrient concentrate in custard formulation resulted in a significant (p ≤0.05) increase in the crude protein (2.23 – 3.67%), fat (1.49 – 2.40%), fiber (2.95 – 4.85%), and ash (2.21 – 3.63%) contents of custard powder. The vitamins A, C, and Beta-carotene contents of Baobab pulp-fortified custard varied (p ≤0.05) significantly. Substitution of Baobab pulp for nutrient concentrate increased the mineral composition (Calcium (1.16 – 5.75 ppm), Magnesium (1.09 – 1.83 ppm), Potassium (0.81 – 2.68 ppm), and Iron (0.12 – 0.39 ppm)) of custard samples significantly (p ≤0.05). The addition of Baobab pulp in the custard powder formulation enhanced its chemical composition and sensory attributes. The enhancement level increases with an increase in the proportion of baobab pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]