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Carpesium cernuum L., one of the two Carpesium species occurring in Europe, in the Far East and India, found use as a vegetable and a traditional medicinal remedy for several ailments. In the present study, compositions of essential oils distilled from roots and shoots of C. cernuum plants, cultivated in the open field, have been studied by GC-MS-FID supported by NMR spectroscopy. The analyses led to the identification of 120 compounds in total, of which 115 were found in aerial parts and 37 in roots of the plants. The major constituents found in the oil from shoots were: α-pinene (35%) and 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether, 12%), whereas 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (55%), thymyl isobutyrate (9%) and thymol methyl ether (8%) predominated in the essential oil obtained from the roots. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the essential oils distilled from C. cernuum were also tested. The essential oil from aerial parts of the plant demonstrated good inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC: 15.6 μL/mL).

Methoxylation is a relevant technological process applied in the production of high-value α-pinene derivatives. This report investigates the use of potassium alum [KAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O] as a catalyst in the methoxylation of α-pinene. In this study, the methoxylation reaction was optimized for the highest conversion of α-pinene and selectivity, assessed for the factors, catalyst loading (0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 g), volume ratio of α-pinene: methanol (1:4, 1:7, 1:10), reaction temperature (50, 55, 60 and 65 C), and reaction time (72, 144, 216, 288, 360 min). The highest selectivity of KAl(SO4)2∙12H2O in the methoxylation of α-pinene was achieved under an optimal con- dition of 1 g of catalyst loading, volume ratio of 1:10, as well as the reaction temperature and incubation time of 65 C and 6 h, respectively. GC–MS results revealed the yields of the methoxylated products from the 98.2% conversion of α-pinene, to be 59.6%, 8.9%, and 7.1% for α-terpinyl methyl ether (TME), fenchyl methyl ether (FME), bornyl methyl ether (BME), respectively. It was apparent that a lower KAl(SO4)2∙12H2O loading (0.5–1.5 g) was more economical for the methoxylation reaction. The findings seen here indicated the suitability of the KAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O to catalyze the methoxylation of α-pinene to produce an commercially important ethers.

Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae Bartlett) sensu lato is a species of high phenotypic and phytochemical variability. There is interest in the development of this species into cultivated crop because wild collection of galbuli or leaves result in significant variation in the essential oil (EO) profile and bioactivity. The objectives of this study were tо assess the variability of EO content and composition of J. oxycedrus collected at 20 populations (interpopulation) across Bulgaria and also intrapopulation variability using advanced statistical methods, and to identify promising clones that can be propagated and further investigated under cultivation. Overall, the EO yield of leaves varied from 0.03 % to 0.20 % (interpopulation), from 0.04 % to 0.18 % (intrapopulation), whille the galbuli EO varied from 0.83 % to 2.6 % (interpopulation) and from 1.2 % tо 1.9 % (intrapopulation), respectively. Monoterpenes was the predominant chemical class of galbuli ЕO, ranging from 53.4%to–69.5% (intrapopulation), while in leaf EO, the predominant class was sesquiterpenes (46.2 %–67.4 %) (intrapopulation). The major constituents (α-pinene, limonene, α-curcumene, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene, manoyl oxide, germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide) of leaf EO were considered for grouping the populations in eight chemotypes, whereas twenty-seven chemical groups were established for the interpopulation study. The EO of galbuli in the interpopulation study formed five chemical groups. The present study is the first report to demonstrate such variability of EO between and within the populations of J. oxycedrus, and the first report to identify so many chemical groups based on the leaf and galbuli EO. Galbuli ЕO showed different аntimicrobial activity towards Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida kruseii, and C. tropicalis. This study identified promising genetic material (clones) that could be further propagated and developed into cultivars for commercial production of J. oxycedrus oil with desirable profile, aroma, and bioactivity to meet specific market demands.

The essential oils (EOs) were isolated by hydrodistillation from wild and cultivated Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia&mdash, mastic gum tree (Anacardiaceae) from two natural habitats, namely from Cesme&ndash, Uzunkoy (1) and Mordogan (2), and one cultivated source, Cesme&ndash, Germiyan (3), in Izmir, Turkey. This comparative study evaluated the chemical composition and biological activity of mastic gum essential oils (MGEOs). For this purpose, MGEOs 1&ndash, 3 were analyzed by gas chromatography&ndash, flame ionization detection (GC-FID), gas chromatography&ndash, mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and chiral GC for &alpha, pinene. Laboratory assays were conducted to assess for potential in vitro cytotoxicity (multiple in vitro cancer cell lines), antimicrobial properties (five bacterial species and yeast), anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS), and the attraction of Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly, medfly), respectively. Chemical analysis indicated that MGEOs 1 and 2 were rich in &alpha, pinene (56.2% and 51.9%), myrcene (20.1% and 18.6%), and &beta, pinene (2.7% and 3.1%), respectively, whereas MGEO-3 was characterized by a high level of &alpha, pinene (70.8%), followed by &beta, pinene (5.7%) and myrcene (2.5%). Chiral GC analyses showed that concentration ratios between (&minus, )/(+)-&alpha, pinene and (&minus, )-&alpha, pinene/myrcene allowed for differentiation between wild and cultivated MGEO sources. In biological assays, MGEOs 1&ndash, 3 did not exhibit significant antimicrobial effects against the pathogens evaluated and were not strong attractants of male medflies, however, all three MGEOs displayed a dose-dependent inhibition of iNOS, and MGEOs 1 and 2 exhibited selective in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cells. These results suggest that wild-type mastic gum oils from Cesme and Mordogan (MGEOs 1 and 2) are potential sources of beneficial products and warrant further investigation.

Alpha-pinene is the largest globally emitted monoterpene. Its oxidation reaction with ozone leads to peroxy radicals (RO2) that can subsequently form highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) through the process of autoxidation. HOMs are considered to play a critical role in the growth of early particles as they can have sufficiently low saturation vapor pressures.Pseudo-unimolecular autoxidation reaction is generally thought to compete with bimolecular reactions of RO2in the atmosphere. While these bimolecular reactions could potentially lead to radical recycling, [1] they are generally thought to lead to the formation of non-reactive products. In order to compete with these bimolecular reactions, the unimolecular autoxidation reaction must be rapid, especially in high RO2/NO conditions.The initial ozonolysis reaction of a-pinene leads to the first-generation RO2with the 6-member ring broken. Current knowledge dictates the perpetuation of the inner 4-member cylobutyl ring in the first-generation RO2. This ring has proven to be a hurdle for rapid unimolecular autoxidation reactions as the steric hindrance the ring affords leads to high barriers (and therefore slow reaction rates) for hydrogen-shift (H-shift) reactions central to autoxidation. [2]In this work, we show that the ozonolysis of a-pinene could directly lead to the formation of a hitherto unexplored completely ring-opened RO2 product. This pathway is made feasible by considering the large amount of excess energy channeled into the rovibrational modes of the vinoxy product after ozonolysis. This leads to the opening of the cyclobutyl ring of a significant fraction of the “hot” vinoxy radicals under atmospheric conditions, as opposed to all of them adding an O2molecule as was previously thought. The breaking of the ring potentially leads to the formation of products with up to 8 oxygen atoms after a single hydrogen shift reaction following the formation of the vinoxy. [1] Iyer, S.; Reiman, H.; Møller, K. H.; Rissanen, M. P.; Kjaergaard, H. G.; Kurtén, T. Computational Investigation of RO2+ HO2and RO2+ RO2Reactions of Monoterpene Derived First-Generation Peroxy Radicals Leading to Radical Recycling. J. Phys. Chem. A2018, 49, 9542-9552.[2] Kurtén, T.; Rissanen, M. P. Rissanen, Mackeprang, K.; Thornton, J. A.; Jørgensen, S.; Ehn, M.; Kjaergaard, H. G. Computational Study of Hydrogen Shifts and Ring-Opening Mechanisms in a-Pinene Ozonolysis Products. J. Phys. Chem. A2015, 119, 11366-11375.

OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF ALPHA-PINENE AND THEIR ELECTRICAL MOBILITIESA. SKYTTÄ 1 , L. AHONEN 1 , R. CAI 1 and J. KANGASLUOMA 11 Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University ofHelsinki, Helsinki, 00140, Finlandα-pinene C10H16 is a monoterpene emitted by vegetation and its low volatile oxidation products are important source for secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere (Ehn et al., 2014). Because of the significant amount of α-pinene in the atmosphere, we investigated the oxidationproducts of α-pinene.In our setup we used parallel plate DMA (SEADM; (de la Mora et al., 2006)) at mobility resolution of about 80 coupled with APITOF-MS (Tofwerk AG; (Junninen et al., 2010)) and a flow tube system. A DMA can be used to measure the electrical mobility of the molecule or cluster and massspectrometer to measure the mass of those clusters. Based on the mass the chemical composition of the cluster can be determined.The electrospray solution is sprayed through a thin capillary into the chamber through which neutralsample is passed through. As a solute we used NaNO3 , NaI, LiCl and CH3CO2K dissolved inmethanol all charged in positive and negative mode. Particles that are charged by reagent ions areled into the DMA via narrow inlet slit.α-pinene was evaporated into a carrier gas flow and then oxidized using ozone produced from synthetic air with UV-light. The oxidation products are detected by charging them with ions sprayed from the electrospray solution and then directed into the DMA chamber. α-pinene oxidation products of oxidation state C10H16O2−7 were detected with almost all charger ions. Also, other products with different amounts of carbon and hydrogen were detected. Measurements made in negative mode were much more clear and because of this concentrated to examine them.Mobility provides information on the structure of the compound. One cluster can have multiple peaks in the mobility spectrum if it has multiple different structures. In the mobility spectrum of C10H16O3 charged with NO3− we observe two peaks clearly separate mobility peaks that likelycorrespond to two different structural isomers of the compound. We will present analysis of the mobility-mass measurements of α-pinene oxidation products, from where structural information will be obtained when combined to chemical reaction pathways and modeling of the electrical mobilities from the calculated structures.REFERENCESEhn, M. et al, (2014). A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol. (Nature, 506(7489), 476-+.doi:10.1038/nature13032).Fernández de la Mora et al, (2006). The potential of differen-tial mobility analysis coupled to MS for the study of very large singly and multiply chargedproteins and protein complexes in the gas phase.doi:10.1002/biot.200600070). (Biotechnology Journal, 1(9), 988-997.Junninen, H. et al, (2010). A high-resolution mass spectrometerto measure atmospheric ion composition. (Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 3(4), 1039-1053. doi:10.5194/amt-3-1039-2010).

In this research, we used Pistacia atlantica gum during cooling phase of oil-heat treatment of poplar wood (Populus deltoids) to improve its resistance to the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and growth of the mold fungus Penicillium expansum. Thermal modification was carried out using rapeseed oil at 180 °C, 200 °C and 220 °C for 2 hours and 4 hours. The modified wood specimens were then directly cooled in the oil containing 0 %, 5 % and 10 % (w/w) of the gum at 25 °C for 30 minutes. The chemical constituents of the essential oil extracted with a Clevenger type apparatus were determined by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The amounts of α-pinene, β-pinene and α-terpinolene of the essential oil were 60,2 %, 8,7 % and 3,9 %, respectively. The mold resistance was greatly improved, while the improvement against the decay fungus was only observed for the specimens modified at 180 °C. Our results confirmed that the enhanced fungal resistance was not only due to the presence of monoterpenes in the essential oil, but also to a further reduction in the hygroscopicity of the treated wood.

There are numerous and different uses of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil (e.o.) and experimental results indicating which of the e.o. components is responsible for a specific biological activity. Consequently, it is worth to consider not only the seasonal variation of the the e.o. content but also the proportion of e.o. components that might vary according to season as well. Our aim was to determine the monthly variation in the e.o. composition, plant growth and e.o. yield of an almost continuously flowering rosemary natural population in a coastal Mediterranean environment, in order to understand the best utilization of e.o. according to the oil components detected by means of GC/MS along the different seasons. Alpha pinene ranging from 75.4 to 18.2% and eucalyptol from 15.6 to 3.5%, were the most represented components in all periods of samplings. Camphor and borneol increased in the samplings done after summer. Flowering occurred almost continuously except in the period from mid May to mid August. Production of e.o. was slightly affected by sampling period. The high concentration in alpha pinene, up to a level not recorded before according to the available literature, could be exploited for new pharmaceutical uses. The observation of leaves, stems and flowers by means of scanning electron microscopy, showed in all the examined plant parts the presence of glandular trichomes particularly numerous on leaves in the basal part of the adaxial lamina indicating the importance of leaves for e.o. production.

Volatile metabolites are produced by plants for self-defense and as communication mediators with the environment. Terpenes are volatiles emitted as odorant cues for herbivores and microorganisms. This study was aimed to investigate volatile metabolites produced by banana flowers that attract insect vectors of BBD. The volatile metabolites from banana flowers were extracted by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was apparent that the concentrations of the metabolite alpha-pinene gradually increased from the first to the the third stage. Comparison of metabolites produced by symptomatic banana male flowers for BBD infection with non-symptomatic ones showed that the concentration of alpha-pinene was higher in symptomatic male flowers. In addition, preference for alpha-pinene was tested on three insect vector species (Rhodesiella bhutanensis, Drosophila sp., and Musca sp.), analyzed by M. Anova p

Real-time investigation of the intraparticle reactions in secondary organic aerosol., Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) are formed from the oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic gases and affect Earth’s climate and air quality by their key role in particle formation and growth. While the formation of these molecules in the gas phase has been extensively studied, the complexity of organic aerosol (OA) and lack of suitable measurement techniques have hindered the investigation of their fate post-condensation, although further reactions have been proposed. We report here novel real-time measurements of these species in the particle phase, achieved using our recently developed extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF). Our results reveal that condensed-phase reactions rapidly alter OA composition and the contribution of HOMs to the particle mass. In consequence, the atmospheric fate of HOMs cannot be described solely in terms of volatility, but particle-phase reactions must be considered to describe HOM effects on the overall particle life cycle and global carbon budget.

Essential oils have received considerable attention because they are important sources for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. The use of essential oils for food preservation has emerged as a promising approach to reduce the microbial growth of food. Taxodium plants are fast-growing and long-lived trees that are widely cultivated in many countries for landscape and ecological purposes. The trees are famous for their extremely rot and termite resistant wood. The essential oil of Taxodium was used in folk medicine to treat infections, gastrointestinal and respiratory ailments. This study aimed to determine the composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of T. distichum var distichum (L.) Rich. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of 37 compounds for the first time, representing 99.5% of the oil content. α-Pinene was the major component, accounting for 83.1% of the oil content, followed by cis-thujopsene (1.9%), camphene (1.8%), β-pinene (1.6%), β-myrcene (1.4%), and D-limonene (1.1%). Monoterpene hydrocarbons represented the predominant components (90.4%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4%), oxygenated monoterpenes (2.9%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.5%), and oxygenated diterpenes (0.5%). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oil was tested using agar diffusion method. The inhibition zones and MIC were determined. It was clear that T. distichum essential oil showed growth inhibition of most tested strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. Most notably, Bacillus subtilis andmethicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were more susceptible to the oil with MIC values of 9.8 and 39 μg/mL, respectively. The oil produced the largest inhibition zones for these two Gram-positive microorganisms (32.9 and 21.9 mm, respectively). T. distichum oil exhibited a potent activity against Klebsiella pneumonia (MIC of 4.9 μg/mL, zone of inhibition of 33.9 mm), which is very comparable to gentamycin (MIC of 1 μg/mL, zone of inhibition of 21.2 mm). Salmonella typhimurium was also susceptible to the oil (MIC of 78.1 μg/mL, inhibition zone of 17 mm). T. distichum essential oil showed a very potent antifungal effect against Asperigullus fumigatus (MIC of 9.8 μg/mL, zone of inhibition of 25.9 mm) when compared with ketoconazole (MIC of 50 μg/mL, zone of inhibition of 21.0 mm). T. distichum essential oil exhibited a potent anti-mycobacterial effect in Alamar Blue assay (63% inhibition, MIC of 1.95 μg/mL) when compared with isoniazid (100% inhibition, MIC of 0.12 μg/mL). It can be concluded that T. distichum essential oil is a promising antimicrobial agent against different pathogens. The oil components could enhance the activity of other antimicrobial agents through synergism. This could be of great interest in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.

Cupressus atlantica Gaussen is an endemic and threatened forest tree mainly located at the western High Atlas Mountains of Morocco. This study is a pleading for protection and restoration of this particular Mediterranean cypress species, through the characterization of chemical variability of its essential oils (EOs) and their recovery in different fields, especially as protective treatment against wood decaying fungi. Composite samples of leaves, twigs, and cones were collected within five populations. Sapwood and heartwood sawdust oils were also analyzed. EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. C. atlantica oils are characterized by high chemical variability between types of biomass and populations. Thus, leaves and twigs oils are dominated by hydrocarbon monoterpenes; those of wood by oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated sesqueterpenes, and those of cones by hydrocarbon monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Three chemical profiles have been identified in leaves oils within s...

An efficient regeneration protocol through axillary and inter nodal explants was developed from Wedelia biflora. Explants were placed on MS medium supplemented with different treatments of cytokini...

The essential oils (EOs) of Ammodaucus leucotrichus fruits collected from four regions in Algerian Sahara were investigated for their chemical components, oil yield diversity and antibacterial property. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity and the acute toxicity of these oils are herein reported for the first time. The hydrodistillated oils yielded (2.82-3.87 %) (w/w). GC and GC-MS analyses allowed us to identify twenty components representing (95.6-99.4 %). The main components were perillaldehyde (63.6-87.7 %), limonene (7.3-19.4 %) and α-pinene (1.2-7.9 %). The determination of the acute toxicity effect in mice showed the slight toxic nature of the EOs (LD50: 520-570 mg/kg). The oils exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effect; the inhibitions at a dose of 100 mg/kg were (18.7-24.5 %). Based on the determination of inhibition diameters, a high antibacterial activity against yeasts and gram-positive bacteria strains and a moderate activity against gram-negative bacteria strains were obs...

New parameterizations for the formation of organic aerosols were developed. These parameterizations cover secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biogenic and anthropogenic precursors, NOx dependency, oligomerization and the reactive uptake of pinonaldehyde. These parameterizations were implemented in a box model in which the condensation and/or evaporation of semi-volatile organic compounds was simulated by the Secondary Organic Aerosol Processor (SOAP) model to take the dynamic evolution of concentrations into account.The parameterizations were tested against several experiments carried out in previous studies in the EUPHORE outdoor chamber. Two datasets of experiments were used: the anthropogenic experiments (in which SOA is formed mainly from a mixture of toluene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and o-xylene) and the biogenic experiments (in which SOA is formed mainly from α-pinene and limonene).When assuming no wall deposition of organic vapors, satisfactory results (bias lower than 20 %) were obtained for the biogenic experiments and for most of the anthropogenic experiments. However, a decrease of SOA concentrations (up to 30 %) was found when taking wall deposition of organic vapors into account (with the parameters of Zhang et al., 2014). The anthropogenic experiments seem to indicate a complex NOx dependency that could not be reproduced by the model. Oligomerization was found to have a strong effect on SOA composition (oligomers were estimated to account for up to 78 % of the SOA mass) and could therefore have a strong effect on the formation of SOA. The uptake of pinonaldehyde (which is a high-volatility semi-volatile organic compound, SVOC) onto acidic aerosol was found to be too slow to be significant under atmospheric conditions (no significant amount of SOA formed after 3 days of evolution), indicating that the parameterization of Pun and Seigneur (2007) used in some air quality models may lead to an overestimation of SOA concentrations. The uptake of aldehydes could nevertheless be an important SOA formation pathway for less volatile or more reactive aldehydes than pinonaldehyde.Regarding viscosity, a low effect of viscosity on SOA concentrations was estimated by the model, although a decrease of SVOC evaporation was found when taking it into account, as well as a lower sensitivity of concentrations to changes of temperature during the experiments.

To respond to the market demand for consistency of supply and quality, there are current efforts to develop junipers as agricultural crop for the production of juniper galbuli (berries). However, comparative data on the galbuli essential oil (EO) composition and bioactivity of different juniper species is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the EO composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the galbuli of the six juniper species naturally distributed in Bulgaria: Juniperus communis L. (common juniper), J. oxycedrus L. (red juniper), J. sibirica Burgsd. (Siberian juniper), J. sabina L. (Cossack juniper), J. pygmaea C. Koch. (Alpine juniper), and J. excelsa M. Bieb. (Gracian juniper). The EO content of the galbuli of the six juniper species varied from 0.47% (in J. sibirica) up to 1.6% (in J. sabina). The oil profile of the galbuli was also different among species. Differences and similarities in the groups of terpenes were established between the six juniper species. The three oil constituents with the highest concentration (in descending order) in the galbuli of each of the species were as follows: for J. oxycedrus: β-Myrcene, α-Pinene, and Germacrene D; for J. communis: α-Pinene, Germacrene D, β-Myrcene; for J. excelsa: α-Pinene, α-Cedrol, Germacrene D; for J. sibirica: α-Pinene, β-Myrcene, Germacrene D; for J. pygmaea: α-Pinene, Sabinene, β-Myrcene; and for J. sabina: Sabinene, α-Pinene, Terpinene-4-ol. Overall, the antioxidant capacity of the six oils was as follows: J. sibirica > J. communis = J. excelsa. Out of the six EO, J. oxycedrus galbuli EO was the most effective against Clostridium perfringens, J. communis against Candida clabrata and J. oxycedrus against Staphylococcus aureus. The antioxidant capacity of the juniper galbuli oils were positively affected by the concentrations of β-Elemene, γ-Elemene, and τ-Muurolol. Positive relationships were found between the concentrations of some constituents with the antimicrobial activity of juniper EO against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Clostridium perfringens, and Candida glabrata. The results contribute to further understanding of juniper galbuli EO, can be used by industry utilizing juniper EOs, and may help with policy making processes with respect to conservation and agriculture.

Medicinal plants generally produce many secondary metabolites which constitute an important source of many bioactive molecules. Among them Cupressus sempervirens is recognized by its richness in essential oil with antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study is to use C. sempervirens essential oil or its bioactive components as an alternative to synthetic fungicides currently used to control Botrytis cinerea. Essential oils of C. sempervirens were extracted at vegetative, flowering and fructification stages and a total of 54 compounds were identified by chromatography-mass spectrometry. Essential oils composition varied with the phenological stage and the main chemical classes were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (59.59%–64.5%) with the most representative compounds being germacrene D (18.38%–24.82%) and those of the monoterpene hydrocarbons class (16.63%–26.5%) with α-pinene as the most representative compound (14.75%–22.92%). The in vitro antifungal tests against B. cinerea showed that the three studied essential oils inhibit mycelia growth with the highest activity observed at flowering stage. The antifungal activity of some pure compounds (α-pinene, α-cedrol and β-caryophyllene) alone or combined according to their proportions in the natural essential oil showed that α-pinene combined with β-caryophyllene provided the highest antifungal activity at a concentration as low as 0.12 mg/mL as compared to that of the chemical fungicide used as a positive control. Microscopic observation showed that essential oil at flowering stage induced swelling and crumbling of B. cinerea conidia. The pulverization of C. sempervirens essential oils on tomato fruits at 1 mg/mL inhibited 54% of B. cinerea infection which constitute a promising safe product for the biocontrol of the post-harvest disease Botrytis cinerea during storage and transport of tomato.

This study investigated the reduction of terpene emissions from Oriented Strand Boards (OSB) by pre-treatment of pine wood strands with a mixed culture of Pseudomonas bacteria and the ascomycete Penicillium nigricans. While Pseudomonas alone efficiently degraded α-pinene and β-pinene, the combined action of both microorganisms was required for the simultaneous degradation of all three major terpenes in pine wood including Δ3-carene. Δ3-carene emissions from laboratory OSB were 60% and 35% lower than that of controls after 4 and 2 days of microbial pre-treatment, respectively. At the same time, α-pinene emissions were reduced by 85% and 45%, while β-pinene emissions were completely absent. Δ3-carene degradation was no longer observed at a short-term treatment of only 1 day. However, laccase in the presence of a redox mediator may overcome this limitation by oxidation of Δ3-carene to non-volatile carenones. The results revealed the potential of biotechnology for reducing potentially harmful terpene emissions from wood products.

Aim of study: The objectives in this study were to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum).Material and Methods: The essential oil was obtained from nutmeg and cardamom seeds through hydrodistillation method. The chemical composition of nutmeg and cardamom essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity of essential oil was investigated against Bacillus subtilis DSMZ 1971, Candida albicans DSMZ 1386, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSMZ 50071, Pseudomonas fluorescence P1, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella typhimurium SL 1344, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus epidermidis DSMZ 20044 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method.Main results: GC-MS analyzes shows that γ-terpinene (19.16%), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (14.08%), α-pinene (6.75%), myristicin (6.18%), β-pinene (4.85%), sylvestrene (4.72%), elemicin (4.68%) and safrole (4.17%) identified in nutmeg essential oil. Also, α-terpinyl acetate (34.55%), eucalyptol (24.91%), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (10.63%), linalool (7.69%) and neryl butyrate (6.58%) compounds identified in cardamom essential oil as major compounds. Nutmeg and cardamom essential oil showed an antimicrobial activity against almost all test microorganisms.Research highlights: This study suggests that nutmeg and cardamom essential oil may be useful in the medicinal application and food industry as a preservative., Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmanın amacı, muskat (Myristica fragrans) ve kakule (Elettaria cardamomum) ‘den elde edilen uçucu yağlarının kimyasal içeriğinin ve antimikrobiyal aktivite özelliklerinin tespit edilmesidir.Materyal ve Yöntem: Muskat ve kakule tohumlarından uçucu yağ eldesi hidro distilasyon yöntemi ile yapılmıştır. Söz konusu bu uçucu yağların kimyasal içeriği GC-MS cihazı ile analiz edilmiştir. Anti mikrobiyal aktivite deneyi Bacillus subtilis DSMZ 1971, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSMZ 50071, Pseudomonas fluorescence P1, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella typhimurium SL 1344, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 ve Staphylococcus epidermidis DSMZ 20044 mikroorganizmalarına karşı minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyonu (MIC) yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir.Sonuçlar: GC-MS analizi sonucunda muskat uçucu yağında γ-terpinene (19.16%), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (14.08%), α-pinene (6.75%), myristicin (6.18%), β-pinene (4.85%), sylvestrene (4.72%), elemicin (4.68%) and safrole (4.17%) ana bileşenler olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, α-terpinyl acetate (34.55%), eucalyptol (24.91%), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (10.63%), linalool (7.69%) ve neryl butyrate (6.58%) bileşikleri de kakule uçucu yağının ana bileşenleri olarak tespit edilmiştir. Muskat ve kakule uçucu yağlarının deney mikroorganizmalar karşı antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri tespit edilmiştir.Araştırma vurguları: Uçucu yağın tıp ve gıda endüstrisinde koruyucu olarak kullanılması önerilmiştir.

Araucaria is a small genus of evergreen coniferous trees, widely used for ornamental and timber purposes. Araucaria species are rich in essential oils. In this study, the essential oils obtained from the foliage of Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) and Araucaria bidwillii Hook were analyzed using GC and GC/MS. Cytotoxicity of both essential oils was assessed on three human cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Twenty nine compounds were annotated in A. heterophylla essential oil, whereas forty three were identified in A. bidwillii accounting for 95.16% and 81.06% of the total volatile oil composition, respectively. α-Pinene (70.85%), d -limonene (4.26%) and germacrene D (2.99%) represented the major compounds in A. heterophylla. Beyerene (35.65%), trans-nerolidol (13.66%) and ɣ-elemene (6.09%) dominated in A. bidwillii. Both oils showed potent cytotoxicity against all tested cancer cell lines (Hep-G2, MCF-7 and Caco-2) exhibiting IC50 values of 0.70, 3.20 and 1.10 μg/ml for A. heterophylla; and 1.67, 1.10 and 1.32 μg/ml for A. bidwillii, respectively. Caspase-3 activation indicated that the cytotoxicity of A. bidwillii essential oil is mediated via caspase-dependent apoptosis. These findings suggest that the essential oils of A. heterophylla and A. bidwilli offer promising anticancer drug candidates pertaining to the synergistic effects of their individual components.

Cupressus is a genus of considerable medicinal value worldwide. The present work aims at assessing essential oil compositional differences within Cupressus in the context of its different genotypes and organs. Volatiles profiling was determined via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled to chemometrics. A total of 75 volatile components were identified. Monoterpene hydrocarbons amounted for the major volatile class, with α-pinene and 3-carene most abundant in Cupressus sempervirens versus sabinene and terpinen-4-ol in Cupressus macrocarpa. Multivariate data analyses revealed that α-pinene, sabinene, terpinen-4-ol and 3-carene are the most significant for species classification. The five examined essential oils exhibited potential insecticidal and anticholinesterase effects, with C. sempervirens var. pyramidalis cone oil being the most potent for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect. The oil also exhibited potential fumigant toxicity toward Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum. The results of the orthogonal partial least-square discriminant analysis revealed that α-pinene is the key bioactive component in Cupressus oil.

The aim of present study was to investigate chemical compositions and in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oil (EO) from Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt flower obtained in Huocheng County of China. ...

Gas chromatographic analysis of Citrus tachibana (Makino) Tanaka peel essential oil showed that the volatile composition contained 111 components including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenat...

Heracleum candicans Wall. (Apiaceae) is one of the important endangered aromatic species within the genus Heracleum. Owing to multiple uses, high market demand and endangered status of species, a w...

Chemical constituents of the essential oil isolated from Salvia sahendica at different growth stages (vegetative, flowering and seeding (S-S) were identified. Among 50 identified oil constituents, ...

Biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Lamiaceae familyasına ait olup, Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde yaygın olarak bulunan aromatik bir bitkidir. Biberiye, halk tıbbında, kozmetikte ve gıda endüstrisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada biberiyenin topraküstü kısımları Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Kampüsü’nden yaz, sonbahar, kış ve ilkbahar mevsimlerinde toplanmıştır. Kurutulmuş bitki materyallerinin uçucu yağları distilasyon metodu ile elde edilmiştir. Uçucu yağlar GC-MS cihazı ile analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre yirmi yedi bileşen tespit edilmiştir. Ana bileşenler 1.8 sineol (%41.25-%45.96), izoborneol (%11.96-%14.89), α-pinen (%9.28-%11.22), α-terpineol (%4.65-%8.41) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kampen (%3.29-%3.51), limonen (%2.89-%3.61), p-simen (%3.64-%4.26) ve bornil asetat (%2.02-%3.13) yüksek oranlı bileşenler olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın sonucunda, biberiyenin uçucu yağ bileşenleri miktarının mevsimlere göre önemli değişiklik gösterdiği ve kemotipinin 1.8 sineol olarak belirlendiği tespit edilmiştir.

The study of addition H2O to the alpha-pinene conversion into terpineol using H2SO4 catalyst has been carried out. The conversion process carried out using a hydration reaction for 4 hours with the variation of the number of water. The mole ratio of alpha-pinene to water l:5, 1:10,1:15, 1:20,1:25. While the H2SO4 as catalyst concentration has equated to the concentration of alpha-pinene for all conditions. The mixture which are alpha-pinene, with varying amounts of water, sulfuric acid catalyst and a fixed cancentration equivalent to the concentration of alpha-pinene and acetone as media refluxed at a temperature of 80-85°C during 4 hours. Hydration products were analyzed using GC-MS ond GC instrument.The results showed that the ratio of alpha-pinene reaction conditions: water l:10, alpha pinene converting as much as 30,29% with selectivity terpineol products as much as 30,395%.Â

Vitex pseudo-negundo (Hausskn.) is a perennial plant of Lamiaceae family which grows naturally in the vicinity of seasonal rivers of Iran. The present study was aimed to characterize the es...

Hexane (Hex) extracts of fresh navel orange (citrus sinensis) and lemon (citrus limon) peel were prepared to isolate and identify toxic bioactive secondary metabolites for potential use as natural ecofriendly biopesticides against the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Hex extracts were fractionated by column chromatography. The fractions that showed activity against the larvae, were identified and quantified by gas chromatography combined to mass spectrometry(GC/MS), after checking component profile by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The results revealed that F2 and F3 fractions were the toxic active fractions of both lemon and orange peel Hex extracts, but lemon fractions were more toxic than orange ones. F2 and F3 fractions of orange extract causd 60 and 20% larval mortality, respectively. Both lemon extract fractions caused 100% morality. Orange fractions had approximately equal dlimonene content (≈86%) as illustrated by mass spectral fragmentation pattern. However, F2 fraction contained slightly higher amounts of linalool, α-terpinol and citral than F3 fraction. The active fraction of both lemon and orange peel extracts contained d-limonene, α-pinene, linalool, citronllal and citral. Limonene oxide, geranial and terpineol were only detected in orange peel extracts. The results indicated that secondary metabolites quality and quantity differ according to the citrus spp., and the quantity of d-limonene is much lower (≈15%) in lemon than orange extracts in spite of lemon peel was more toxic than the orange. However, d-limonene was a major compound in both extracts. The results suggest that citrus extract contains many toxic compounds, other than limonene, and /or they could potentiate each other to give the observed toxicity. It could be concluded that the quantity of d-limonene is not a determinant factor, but it is probable that other metabolites confer toxicity allover citrus extract depending on the species.

Hedychium coronarium Koen. is a perennial herb of family Zingiberaceae that is valued for its high quality essential oil. In the present study, the variability in chemical constituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial property of essential oils of Hedychium coronarium collected from different locations of Eastern India were evaluated. Essential oil hydrodistilled from rhizome parts of H. coronarium varied from 0.05 to 0.47% (v/w). A total of 44 components accounting for 86.18–99.94% of H. coronarium essential oil were identified by gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major components are β-pinene (11.07–42.74%), eucalyptol (11.48–40.59%), linalool (1.56–45.11%), coronarin-E (1.01–39.57%), α-pinene (3.80–16.60%), p-cymene (1.05–8.89%), γ-terpinene (1.73–5.82%) and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (1.11–4.86%). According to agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and principal component analysis (PCA), the essential oils of H. coronarium populations were grouped into four different chemotypes. They were (I) eucalyptol, (II) linalool, (III) coronarin-E, and (IV) β-pinene. Furthermore, essential oils exhibited considerable levels of reducing power activity (IC50, 0.39–1.66 mg/ml), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50, 0.57–2.19 mg/ml), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (IC50, 0.12–0.67 mg/ml) radical-scavenging activities. Results of antimicrobial activity concluded that essential oil has good inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum. The results showed that geographic origin greatly influenced the chemical composition of essential oil of H. coronarium and their associated bioactivities. Four chemotypes identified in the present study could be developed as promising bioresource in perfumery, food and pharmaceutical industry.

In the present study, six monoterpenes [(−)-citronellal, p-cymene, (−)-menthone, α-pinene, α-terpinene, and (−)-terpinen-4-ol] and two phenylpropenes [trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol] were evaluated for their contact and fumigant toxicities against Sitophilus oryzae adults. The effects of these compounds on the mortality of S. oryzae adults in stored wheat and their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) were examined. The tested compounds showed varying degrees of contact toxicity, with trans-cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 0.01 mg/cm2) being the most potent compound, followed by (−)-menthone (LC50 = 0.013 mg/cm2) and eugenol (LC50 = 0.015 mg/cm2). In a fumigant toxicity assay, the monoterpenes α-terpinene, p-cymene, and (−)-menthone showed the highest toxicities (LC50 = 50.79, 52.37, and 54.08 μl/L air, respectively). Trans-cinnamaldehyde, (−)-citronellal, and eugenol were the least toxic (LC50 > 100 μl/L air). In general, the oxygenated compounds exhibited high contact toxicities while the hydrocarbon compounds exhibited high fumigant toxicities. When tested for their insecticidal activities against S. oryzae in stored wheat, trans-cinnamaldehyde was found to be the most potent compound, with 73.9% mortality at an application rate of 0.5 g/kg and complete mortality (100%) at 1 and 5 g/kg after 1 week of treatment. All of the tested compounds showed AChE inhibition, although (−)-citronellal and trans-cinnamaldehyde presented the strongest enzyme inhibition, with IC50 values of 18.40 and 18.93 mM, respectively. On the other hand, (−)-terpinene-4-ol exhibited the highest inhibition of ATPases, followed by α-pinene and α-terpinene.

The volatile oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves harvested in three agro-ecological areas in Senegal were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The yields ranged from 0.5 to 1.0%. Qualitative and quantitative differences were determined in the composition according to leave sources. The main compounds of Saint-Louis oils were: 1,8-cineole (69.3–73.0%) and limonene (12.4–13.5%), whereas those from Kaolack were characterized by p-cymene (28.4–32.6%), 1,8-cineole (16.8–20.0%), α-pinene (8.7–11.6%) and limonene (7.8–8.3%), while those plants from Dakar revealed high content of β-pinene (25.3–34.4%) and α-eudesmol (12.3–20.6%). During drying of leaves, the proportions of all major compounds (except limonene) increased and were optimal after 2 h hydrodistillation. As in oils, 1,8-cineole was the major compound in hydrosols from Saint-Louis and Kaolack (77.3% and 39.0%, respectively), Dakar floral water showed: α-terpineol (20.3%), 1,8-cineole (12.6%), trans-pinocarveol (9.9%) and α-eudesmol (9.8%) as major ...

The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica F., is one of the most serious stored-products insect pests throughout the world. Application of chemical pesticides for controlling such pests has caused many side-effects such as environmental pollution, toxicity to non-target organisms and human health threats. Accordingly, several studies have been conducted to utilize the lower risk substitutes in the recent years. In the present study, chemical components of the essential oil extracted from seeds of celery (Apium graveolens L.) and its toxic and repellant effects were investigated on R. dominica. Chemical analysis of the essential oil by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) resulted in the identification of 29 compounds, in which α- pinene (13.08%), β-pinene (10.37%), γ-3-carene (8.96%), myristicin (35.41%) and apiol (8.34%) had a high amount. Celery essential oil has a significant toxicity on the adults of R. dominica. The lethal concentration to kill 50% insect population (LC50) was esti...

The evaluation of the inhibition effect achieved by essential oils of dill ( Anethum graveolens L . ), oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.), juniper (Juniperus communis L.), sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) and winter savory ( Satureja montana L.) on seed germination and shoot growth of Johnson grass ( Sorghum halepense L.) was tested in laboratory. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituents were carvon (40.5%) and limonene (32.2%) for A. graveolens essential oil, carvacrol (73.7%) for O. vulgare essential oil, α-pinene (43.5%) for J. communis essential oil, b-thujone (32.7%) and camphor (17.2%) for S. officinalis essential oil, thymol (44.6%) and p- cimene (13.4%) for S. montana essential oil. The in vitro study on herbicidal activity was carried out on seed germination and shoots length of S. halepense ; A. graveolens , O. vulgare , S. montana essential oils significantly inhibited the germination and shoot length and their herbicidal activity could be attributed mainly to their high content of carvone, carvacrol and thymol. A. graveolens , O. vulgare and S. montana essential oils reduced seed germination by 61.5%, 52.7% and 47.3%, respectively, while J. communis and S. officinalis essential oils stimulated germination (7.7% and 2.2%, respectively). The shoot growth reduction for almost all essential oils, except J. communis essential oil , was more than 30%. The solution of A. graveolens , O. vulgare and S. montana essential oils exhibited more powerful bio-herbicidal effect compared to J. communis and S. officinalis essential oils on the germination and shoot growth of S. halepense .

Comparative analysis of the chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oils from the needles of four Pinus species (P. mugo subsp. mugo, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. sylvestris and P. peuce) from the central Balkans was performed. Although different chemical profiles of the dominant terpenes for each species were determined, essential oils were, generally, dominated by monoterpenes with α-pinene as one of the first two major volatiles. Tested oils showed inhibitory action against respiratory pathogenic bacterial strains, isolated from human swabs, in the range of 1.25–20.00 mg/mL (MICs) and bactericidal effect (MBCs) at concentrations from 2.50 to 40.00 mg/mL. Considering cell wall composition, there were no significant differences in sensitivity between Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. In addition, the place of isolation did not provide evidences for higher susceptibility/resistance of the strains obtained from the particular infection site. On the other hand, toxicity of essential oils towards developing Drosophila melanogaster larvae was low, except P. mugo subsp. mugo oil, which did not show any signs of toxicity at concentrations up to 3%. Highest mortality of larvae and adults of D. melanogaster was noted for P. sylvestris essential oil with an estimated LC50 at the end of experiment (14 days) of 2.78% with a 95% confidence interval of 2.15–3.42%. Short-term 96 h LC50 values due to low mortality at larval stage could not be calculated for any oil and are expected to be much higher than 3%. According to the obtained antimicrobial activity and toxicity towards D. melanogaster, the oils can be arranged in the following order: P. sylvestris > P. peuce > P. nigra subsp. nigra > P. mugo subsp. mugo.

WOS: 000416971500009, Mosquitoes are vectors for many pathogens and parasites that cause human diseases including dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, chikungunya, filariasis and malaria which cause high rates of human morbidity and mortality under extreme conditions. Plants are an excellent source for mosquito control agents because they constitute rich sources of bioactive chemicals. They are also biodegradable and environment-friendly. The present study reports on the larvicidal activity of the essential oil of Seseli gummiferum. subsp. ilgazense (Apiaceae) against Aedes aegypti larvae. Essential oil showed 100 and 70% mortality at 125 and 62.6 ppm, respectively, with no mortality at 31.25 ppm. Aerial parts of S. gummiferum subsp. ilgazense were subjected to hydrodistillation to yield 0.6% oil. The essential oil was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS techniques. The main constituents in the oil were sabinene (28.8%), germacrene D (9.5%) and alpha-pinene (7.2%)., Deployed War-Fighter Protection Research Program Grant - U.S. Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board, This study was partly supported by the Deployed War-Fighter Protection Research Program Grant funded by the U.S. Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board. We thank Dr. James J. Becnel, Mosquito and Fly Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, for supplying Ae. aegypti eggs. Part of this work was presented as a poster presentation during the Inaugural Symposium of the Phytochemical Society of Asia (ISPSA 2015), 30 August - 2 September 2015, Tokushima, Japan.

This study explores the relationship between environmental factors and the main essential oil components in the leaves of Crimean juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.), which is commonly distributed in rocky and stony land with shallow soil conditions in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. After the leaf samples collected from 20 plots were dried, essential oil components were detected by GC-MS method. alpha-Pinene (81.3%), myrcene (5.2%) and limonene (4.5%) were found to be the major components, respectively. Relations between these major components and environmental factors (physiographic, climatic and soil factors) were questioned by Pearson correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. According to statistical analysis results; alpha-pinene bio18, altitude and pH were found to have a negative relationship. The limonene component showed a negative relationship with latitude and clay, but showed a positive correlation with pH.