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During the course of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars, as many as eighteen United States military members were killed by electrical hazards outside of combat, some as a result of negligently maintained water pumps or vehicle power washers. Contractors hired to perform services outside of combat and military control potentially are incentivized to provide a lower standard of care because of two judicially created doctrines shielding them from tort liability. First, the political question doctrine bars judicial review of suits by service members against contractors unevenly depending on the applicable state tort law. Second, the battlefield preemption doctrine bars claims by soldiers injured outside of combat. Accordingly, military members killed or injured in activities unrelated to combat or military control are denied a judicial remedy against negligent contractors. This Note proposes a federal tort statute to provide service members a federal cause of action against contractor negligence outside of combat and military control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study extends knowledge of the performance consequences of workgroup diversity climate. Building upon Kopelman, Brief, and Guzzo's () climate model of productivity, we introduce workgroup discrimination as a behavioral mediator that explains the positive effects of diversity climate on workgroup performance. In addition, we investigate group size as a moderator upon which this mediated relationship depends. We test these moderated-mediated propositions using a split-sample design and data from 248 military workgroups comprising 8,707 respondents. Findings from structural equation modeling reveal that diversity climate is consistently positively related to workgroup performance and that this relationship is mediated by discrimination. Results yield a pattern of moderated mediation, in that the indirect relationship between workgroup diversity climate (through perceptions of workgroup discrimination) and group performance was more pronounced in larger than in smaller workgroups. These results illustrate that discrimination and group size represent key factors in determining how a diversity climate is associated with group performance and, thus, have significant implications for research and practice. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined several performance scores of cadets at the United States Military Academy (USMA) and whether these scores formed profiles related to specific character attributes. USMA presupposes that, in order to train commissioned leaders of character, cadet performance and character-building should be closely linked. Prior research from this project provided evidence of a four-factor structure for character at USMA, and we investigated how this factor structure related to interindividual differences in cadet performance. Using cross-sectional data from 1,297 cadets, we conducted latent profile analyses to identify performance profiles associated with the character factors. Results indicated five distinctive performance profiles, uniquely related to specific character factors. We discuss implications for evaluating cadet performance and for the benefits of character-based programming in higher education contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When states engage in armed conflict, militaries often kill or seriously injure civilians. Sometimes the actions that lead to these deaths and injuries violate the law, but often the laws of war that govern collateral damage permit them. International and domestic law, however, say little about redress for these lawful harms. As a practical matter, when civilians are lawfully killed during armed conflict, states tend neither to directly acknowledge causal responsibility nor to make promises of non-repetition, though they may provide small monetary payments as an expression of sympathy to affected families--disbursements known as condolence or solatia payments. In contrast, making amends for lawful harm offers both the injured and the injurer a more fulsome mechanism for addressing that harm. Civilians and their families and communities may benefit from a recognition of their loss, an explanation of the circumstances that led to the harm, attention to the prevention of future harm, financial repair, and a showing of respect. From states' perspectives, offering amends has the potential to further important military objectives, address soldiers' moral injuries, and contribute to the professionalization of the military. In the study we report here, we use experimental and survey methods to begin to explore service members' views of amends making generally and their reactions to different forms of responding in the aftermath of a lawful civilian casualty. We find that most service members did not see the lawfulness of harm to civilians as a barrier to offering a response, nor did it preclude their feelings of remorse. In addition, we find substantial support for various aspects of amends -- particularly for apologies and review of policies in the aftermath of lawful harm. In contrast, service members tended to see a typical--relatively low-dollar--solatia payment as an insufficient response to lawful harm. Our results also demonstrate the ways in which remorse, moral values, and emotion, along with a tendency to shift obligation to victims following an official response, play important roles in the reactions of service members. In addition, the questions that we raise speak more generally to other settings in which the law permits harm to others. This includes other international military harm settings, but also domestic, non-military, settings such as non-negligent police uses of force that result in death or serious harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on updates to U.S. federal and state laws on the special benefits and protections to servicemembers as of March 2021. Also cited are the revocation by the Department of Defense (DoD) of an interpretive rule under the Military Lending Act (MLA), and the amendment by Congress of the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA) for the 6% interest rate reduction benefit.

Background: Relatively little is known about the true incidence of posterior shoulder instability in the United States. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to characterize the incidence of posterior shoulder instability in the US military population and to examine which characteristics place these patients at highest risk. We hypothesized that the rate of posterior instability in this cohort of patients would be higher than previously reported. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: All initial cases of posterior shoulder dislocation and subluxation in the Defense Medical Epidemiology Database were screened between 2016 and 2018 using the relevant International Classification of Diseases–Tenth Revision-Clinical Modification codes. Incidences were calculated, and multivariate Poisson regression was used to calculate adjusted rate ratios for the effects of sex, race, age, military service branch, rank, and year. Results: The overall unadjusted incidence was 0.032 per 1000 person-years for posterior dislocations, 0.064 per 1000 person-years for posterior subluxations, and 0.096 per 1000 person-years for all cases of posterior shoulder instability. The total incidence of all shoulder instability was 1.84 per 1000 person-years, with posterior shoulder instability accounting for 5.2% of total cases. For posterior subluxation, significant differences between groups were found in the unadjusted and adjusted rate ratio (ARR) for sex (ARR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.85-5.93 for men), race (ARR, 0.458; 95% CI, 0.294-0.714 for Black servicemembers and ARR, 0.632; 95% CI, 0.421-0.948 for servicemembers of other race), age (ARR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.56-8.70 for patients aged 30-34 years), and military service branch (ARR, 0.663; 95% CI, 0.460-0.955 for Air Force servicemembers). For posterior shoulder dislocations, a significant difference was found only between men and women (ARR, 4.55; 95% CI, 1.85-11.2 for men). Conclusion: The incidence of posterior shoulder instability among US military personnel is higher than previously reported in the general US population, with a majority of cases due to subluxation. This increased incidence is likely reflective of a young and highly active population along with improvements in awareness and diagnosis of posterior instability in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into military interprofessional healthcare teams (MIHTs) is rarely reported in the interprofessional literature. MIHTs must effectively collaborate in the low resource and chaotic contexts of humanitarian and combat deployments; however, we have yet to study how MIHTs learn to work in these contexts. To address this gap, we investigated military interprofessional education (MIPE). Using an ethnographic approach, we conducted non-participant observations (n = 30.5 hours) of a specific platoon (n = 32 participants) during an MIPE simulation called Operation Bushmaster – a large-scale immersive simulation of battlefield deployment. Findings indicated three aspects of MIPE: (1) a culture where flailing isn't failing; (2) the importance of followership; and (3) an interprofessional respect fostered by role adoption. Considering these findings through Dweck's fixed vs growth mind-set conceptualization, we suggest that – although unusual when compared with traditional IPE – MIPE's teaching and learning methods provide developmental opportunities for team members. We also suggest why Dweck's mind-set conceptualizations could be usefully extended from an individual-focus to also include a collaborative-team-focus. We contend that the findings developed from this research could be transferred to civilian contexts so that the lessons learned by those who serve on the war front could inform those who serve at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contains an overview of Polish historical writings about the Civil War in the United States. Not only scientific publications were analyzed, but also popular and academic textbooks for teaching history. From these books and articles an interesting picture emerges of the American military struggle seen through the eyes of Polish historians - a picture that does not always reflect the true causes, course and consequences of the war. In some periods, especially during the Cold War, Polish historians worked under extremely difficult conditions. They were instructed to interpret history according to the principles of historical materialism. Today we have available a much richer and more objective source of information about the American Civil War drawn from a much larger source. This paper contains elements of the armed conflict, assessments of these events in the 1860s and characterizes some of the heroes of those events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the U.S. military commander implemented the ‘Marjah Accelerated Agricultural Transition', which was politely described in a subsequent U.S. government report consisted of paying farmers to harvest opium crop and to plant spring cultivars; and vital institutional foundation for the prohibition of recreational drugs and strict militarized control and policing of narcotics production with the Haldane Society brought together three experts to explore the social forces.

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An essay is presented which discusses Americans' perception of cowardice during the U.S. Civil War, with a particular focus on cowardice among soldiers who fought in the war. An overview of the U.S government's policy towards the cowardice of soldiers, including court-martial cases and the execution of those convicted of cowardice, is provided.

The article discusses the historical interpretation of the roles of U.S. Army of the Potomac brigadier general William H. French and U.S. Army major Edwin Vose Sumner at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, during the U.S. Civil War. It examines whether French made an error in commanding the Third Division of the Second Army Corps during the battle. It focuses upon the fight for the Confederate center, known as the Battle for the Sunken Road or Bloody Lane. The article also discusses the military movements of troops led by U.S. Army major general John Sedgwick during the battle and hearings concerning the battle conducted by the U.S. Joint Committee on the Conduct of War.

Risk behaviors associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among people living with HIV (PLWH) have not been well characterized in the US military. We identified risk behaviors associated with a new STI in this population after the repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell." US Military HIV Natural History Study participants who completed the risk behavior questionnaire (RBQ) between 2014 and 2017 and had at least 1 year of follow-up were included (n = 1589). Logistic regression identified behaviors associated with incident STI in the year following RBQ completion. Overall, 18.9% acquired an STI and 52.7% reported condom use at last sexual encounter. Compared with those with no new sex partners, participants with between one and four or five or more new partners were 1.71 [1.25–2.35] and 6.12 [3.47–10.79] times more likely to get an STI, respectively. Individuals reporting low or medium/high perceived risk of STI were 1.83 [1.23–2.72] and 2.65 [1.70–4.15] times more likely to acquire a new STI than those reporting no perceived risk, respectively. Participants who preferred not to answer about sexual preference, number of new partners, or perceived STI risk were also more likely to acquire a new STI. Our study illustrates that despite regular access to health care and accurate perceptions of risk, rates of STI among PLWH remain high in the US military setting, as in others. Given the potential individual and public health consequences of STI coinfection after HIV, more work is needed to assess interventions aimed at sexual behavior change for PLWH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originally funded by the US Department of Defense in 2009, Theater of War Productions' first project, Theater of War, performs dramatic readings of Ajax at military bases, hospitals, and academic institutions throughout the United States. Developed by Bryan Doerries, Theater of War brings awareness to the epidemic of suicide and other forms of violence committed by American military service members in the wake of the United States' so-called 'war on terror'. But like Ajax, American military personnel typically turn to violence only after being betrayed by the institutions that they served. This article follows how Ajax's more modern manifestation disrupts the tragic protagonist's status as a sacrificial victim whose death precipitates tragedy's cathartic effect, and challenges what René Girard calls the 'scapegoat mechanism' and its socio-political function. It argues that Ajax's appearance as a cathartic figure in American society provokes spectators and artists to reckon with the conditions that can cause military personnel to act violently, and inspires protests against broader hegemonic socio-political structures and the military culture that sustains them. Matthew Roberts is Assistant Professor and Librarian for Comparative and World Literature, English, and Drama at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military is one of the most powerful institutions to define membership in the American polity. Throughout this country's history, noncitizens, immigrants, and outsiders have been called to serve in exchange for the privileges of citizenship and recognition. At its height, the idea that service constitutes citizenship--which this Note calls "constitutive service"--successfully transformed a group of "perpetual foreigners" to "citizens." Until 1952, individuals of Asian descent were categorically excluded from the polity, a barrier that ultimately crumbled after Asian Americans rendered a long history of military service, beginning with the War of 1812, to the Civil War, then to the two World Wars. Yet, precisely because military service is so transformative, the United States over the past decade has imposed both formal and informal restrictions barring certain groups of people from serving, among them individuals who are gay, transgender, undocumented--and to a lesser extent--women and Muslim Americans. These restrictions are reminders that the United States continue to debate who is fit to be an "American," and therefore, an "American soldier.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify clinical audiometric patterns of hearing loss following blast-related injury (BRI) in US military personnel. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Study sample: A total of 1186 male Navy and Marine Corps service members with normal hearing thresholds on pre-injury audiograms who had post-injury audiograms in the Blast-Related Auditory Injury Database. Results: Low- and high-frequency pure-tone averages (PTAs) were significantly higher in those with BRI than non-blast-related injury (NBRI) for both ears (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Overall, 172 (15%) service members met criteria for post-injury hearing loss and were categorised into PTA or single-frequency hearing loss subgroups. PTA hearing loss was more common in the BRI group (50% vs. 33%, p < 0.036), whereas single-frequency hearing loss was more common in the NBRI group. Most hearing loss was mild to moderate in degree, and three distinct audiometric patterns emerged (i.e. flat, sloping and rising). A flat pattern was the most prevalent configuration among those with PTA hearing loss, especially bilateral loss. Single-frequency hearing loss was mostly unilateral and high frequency. Conclusions: In this study, BRI produced hearing loss across test frequencies, generating more clinically actionable post-injury audiograms than NBRI. We found that post-injury audiometric patterns of hearing loss among military personnel may vary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current US military research focused on the development of pharmacological 'super soldiers' – soldiers enhanced through a variety of pharmaceuticals and biomedical technologies to perform far beyond what unenhanced soldiers can do – draws from and often mimics popular or pop‐cultural conceptions of the superhero. These biomedical and pharmacological interventions pose profound ethical problems and possibilities that are solved – in part – by imagining the new US super soldier as a superhero. Drugging soldiers to enhance their ability to fight and survive is a frightening proposition, and one that makes people uncomfortable; the solution is to imagine them as superheroes – as positive representations of the enhanced soldier on the side of good, somehow contained and controllable and fundamentally safe and unfrightening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are 2 million United States military–attached children worldwide; however, the US government does not track the data of those who commit suicide. Military children's daily lives are affected by the everyday and slow violence of constantly preparing for war. This article conducts a critical content analysis of family resiliency resources and children's books to highlight the ongoing need for structural change. We conclude with recommendations on how to best address the specific needs of military-attached children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine racial disparities in prenatal care (PNC) utilization and infant small for gestational age (SGA) among active duty US military women, a population with equal access to health care and known socioeconomic status. Methods: Department of Defense Birth and Infant Health Research program data identified active duty women with singleton live births from January 2003 through August 2015. Administrative claims data were used to define PNC utilization and infant SGA, and log-binomial regression models estimated associations with race/ethnicity. To examine whether associations between maternal race/ethnicity and infant SGA were subject to effect measure modification, respective analyses were stratified by demographic and health characteristics. Results: Overall, 12.2% of non-Hispanic White women initiated PNC after the first trimester, compared with 14.8% of American Indian/Alaska Native, 15.1% of Asian/Pacific Islander, 14.2% of non-Hispanic Black, and 13.0% of Hispanic women. Infant SGA prevalence was 2.4% and 1.6% among non-Hispanic Black and White women, respectively (aRR 1.52, 95% CI 1.40–1.64). This disparity persisted across stratified analyses, particularly among non-Hispanic Black versus White women with a preeclampsia or hypertension diagnosis in pregnancy (RR 1.96, 95% CI 1.67–2.29) and those aged 35 + years at infant birth (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.56–2.67). Conclusions for Practice: In multiple assessments of PNC utilization and infant SGA, non-Hispanic Black military women had consistently worse outcomes than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. This suggests that equal access to health care does not eliminate racial disparities in outcomes or utilization; additional research is needed to elucidate the underlying etiology of these disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate whether chiropractic care influences strength, balance, and/or endurance in active-duty United States military personnel with low back pain (LBP). Design: This study employed a prospective randomized controlled trial using a pragmatic treatment approach. Participants were randomly allocated to 4 weeks of chiropractic care or to a wait-list control. Interventions: Chiropractic care consisted of spinal manipulation, education, advice, and reassurance. Settings/Location: Naval Air Technical Training Center branch clinic at the Naval Hospital Pensacola Florida. Subjects: One hundred ten active-duty military personnel 18–40 years of age with self-reported LBP. Outcome measures: Isometric pulling strength from a semisquat position was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were single-leg balance with eyes open and eyes closed, and trunk muscle endurance using the Biering–Sorensen test. Patient-reported outcomes such as pain severity and disability were also measured. Outcomes were measured at baseline and 4 weeks. Linear mixed-effects regression models over baseline and 4 weeks were used for analysis. Results: Participants had mean age of 30 years (18–40), 17% were female, 33% were non-white, and 86% reported chronic LBP. Mean maximum pulling strength in the chiropractic group increased by 5.08 kgs and decreased by 7.43 kgs in the wait-list group, with a statistically significant difference in mean change between groups (p = 0.003). Statistically significant differences in mean change between groups were also observed in trunk muscle endurance (13.9 sec, p = 0.002) and balance with eyes closed (0.47 sec, p = 0.01), but not in balance with eyes open (1.19 sec, p = 0.43). Differences in mean change between groups were statistically significant in favor of chiropractic for LBP-related disability, pain intensity and interference, and fear-avoidance behavior. Conclusions: Active-duty military personnel receiving chiropractic care exhibited improved strength and endurance, as well as reduced LBP intensity and disability, compared with a wait-list control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Assessments of the duration of concussion recovery have primarily been limited to sport-related concussions and male contact sports. Furthermore, whereas durations of symptoms and return-to-activity (RTA) protocols encompass total recovery, the trajectory of each duration has not been examined separately. Objective: To identify individual (eg, demographics, medical history), initial concussion injury (eg, symptoms), and external (eg, site) factors associated with symptom duration and RTA-protocol duration after concussion. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Three US military service academies. Patients or other participants: A total of 10 604 cadets at participating US military service academies enrolled in the study and completed a baseline evaluation and up to 5 postinjury evaluations. A total of 726 cadets (451 men, 275 women) sustained concussions during the study period. Main outcome measure(s): Number of days from injury (1) until the participant became asymptomatic and (2) to complete the RTA protocol. Results: Varsity athlete cadets took less time than nonvarsity cadets to become asymptomatic (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.75, 95% confidence interval = 1.38, 2.23). Cadets who reported less symptom severity on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, third edition (SCAT3), within 48 hours of concussion had 1.45 to 3.77 times shorter symptom-recovery durations than those with more symptom severity. Similar to symptom duration, varsity status was associated with a shorter RTA-protocol duration (HR = 1.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.34, 2.25), and less symptom severity on the SCAT3 was associated with a shorter RTA-protocol duration (HR range = 1.31 to 1.47). The academy that the cadet attended was associated with the RTA-protocol duration (P < .05). Conclusions: The initial total number of symptoms reported and varsity athlete status were strongly associated with symptom and RTA-protocol durations. These findings suggested that external (varsity status and academy) and injury (symptom burden) factors influenced the time until RTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on national policies and social habits, and foreign policy. Topics discussed various concept of essentialist critique of US foreign and security policy with issues ranging from NATO enlargement to the war in Afghanistan; presents an epicenter of US global military power, the Department of Defense and the military services who opposed many interventions in places like the Balkans, Somalia, and Libya; and efforts of US to normalize relations with North Korea.

This article compares the ways Michael Herr in Dispatches (1977) and Tim Hetherington and Sebastian Junger in Restrepo (2010) represent American soldiers in the context of military professionalization following the establishment of the AVF. These works are seminal landmarks of the grunt's-eye-view genre, but they produce the average soldier's subjectivity and identity very differently and, in turn, foster different relationships between their American audiences and this figure. Herr, I argue, represents the "grunts" of Vietnam as we all while Restrepo's directors portray the Army platoon in Afghanistan as a collective who?. I show how the subtle aesthetic changes to documenting the average infantryman reflect and enforce the logics of professionalization as well as the intensifying distance between the American public and those who fight America's wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do citizens within countries hosting U.S. military personnel view that presence? Using new cross-national survey data from 14 countries, we examine how different forms of exposure to a U.S. military presence in a country affect attitudes toward the U.S. military, government, and people. We find that contact with U.S. military personnel or the receipt of economic benefits from the U.S. presence correlates with stronger support for the U.S. presence, people, and government. This study has profound implications for the role that U.S. installations play in affecting the social fabric of host nations and policy implications for the conduct of U.S. military activities outside the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blast injury emerged as a primary source of morbidity among US military personnel during the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, and led to an array of adverse health outcomes. Multimorbidity, or the presence of two or more medical conditions in an individual, can complicate treatment strategies. To date, there is minimal research on the impact of multimorbidity on long-term patient-reported outcomes. We aimed to define multimorbidity patterns in a population of blast-injured military personnel, and to examine these patterns in relation to long-term quality of life (QOL).Methods: A total of 1972 US military personnel who sustained a blast-related injury during military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan were identified from clinical records. Electronic health databases were used to identify medical diagnoses within the first year postinjury, and QOL was measured with a web-based assessment. Hierarchical cluster analysis methods using Ward's minimum variance were employed to identify clusters with related medical diagnosis categories. Duncan's multiple range test was used to group clusters into domains by QOL.Results: Five distinct clusters were identified and grouped into three QOL domains. The lowest QOL domain contained one cluster with a clinical triad reflecting musculoskeletal pain, concussion, and mental health morbidity. The middle QOL domain had two clusters, one with concussion/anxiety predominating and the other with polytrauma. The highest QOL domain had two clusters with little multimorbidity aside from musculoskeletal pain.Conclusions: The present study described blast-related injury profiles with varying QOL levels that may indicate the need for integrated health services. Implications exist for current multidisciplinary care of wounded active duty and veteran service members, and future research should determine whether multimorbidity denotes distinct post-blast injury syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Veterans are a unique population that may be at increased risk of tobacco use disorder and nicotine dependence (ND). We analyzed data from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS), a large nationally representative sample of US veterans, in order to more fully understand the prevalence and correlates of lifetime ND in US Veterans. Methods: Descriptive statistics were conducted to summarize health and functioning/quality of life characteristics among veterans with and without lifetime ND. Hierarchical binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between ND and psychiatric and physical health variables. Results: Compared with veterans without lifetime ND, veterans with lifetime ND were more likely to screen positive for several lifetime psychiatric disorders including current alcohol use disorder (odds ratio [OR] 2.79 [95% confidence interval [CI] 2.23, 3.49]), depression (OR 1.86 [1.38, 2.50]), and PTSD (OR 1.68 [1.14, 2.47]). From a medical standpoint, they were more likely to endorse having kidney disease (OR 4.18 [2.55, 6.86]), heart attack (OR 2.09 [1.51, 2.89]), and rheumatoid arthritis (1.90 [1.20, 3.00]) in addition to other conditions. They scored lower in overall physical functioning and higher in somatization symptoms. Conclusions: Veterans with lifetime ND in the NHRVS survey were more likely to have psychiatric and medical conditions and lower physical functioning compared with Veterans without lifetime ND. Veterans with lifetime ND may therefore require a comprehensive and integrated approach to care that includes attention to co-morbid illness in addition to drug addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All U.S. jurisdictions recognize individual self-defense as an inherent right belonging to each person. As an inherent right, self-defense is rooted firmly in natural law, as opposed to positive law, which entails a revocable grant from a sovereign. This article contends that prior legal recognition of such an inherent right precludes a sovereign from unilaterally limiting an individual military member's exercise of or claim to self-defense. The story of U.S. Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipient Sergeant Dakota L. Meyer serves as a vehicle for the argument that the U.S. military is improperly limiting the right of individual self-defense and the closely related doctrine of defense of others. In support of this contention, the scope of individual selfdefense guaranteed by the criminal justice systems of the U.S. military and a majority of states is compared with the scope of self-defense permitted for U.S. military personnel operating in a foreign battlespace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the proliferation of Korean native camp shows and the roles of Korean women entertainers at the military service clubs of the Eighth United States Army in Korea in the 1950s and the 1960s. The role of the "American sweethearts" in USO camp shows—to create a "home away from home" and boost the morale of the American troops during wartime—was carried out by female Korean entertainers in the occupied zone at a critical moment in US-ROK relations during the Cold War. The article argues that Korean entertainers at military clubs were meant to perform the entertainment of "home" and evoke nostalgia for American soldiers by imitating well-known American singers and songs. However, what they performed as America was not simply the reproduction of American entertainment but often a manifestation of their imagination; they were constructing their own version of the American home. Their hybrid styles of American performance were indicative of how the discourse of the American home itself was constructed around ambivalence, the very site where women entertainers were enabled to exceed the rigid boundaries of race and gender, transcend their roles as imitators, and exercise their agency by productively negotiating this ambivalence. [End Page 203] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on George Bernard who was sent to Camp Lee, Virginia by U.S. Army in March 1941 and was assigned to Division Field Artillery and mentions his experience as combatant during World War II. Topics discussed incldue German prisoners taken by Bernard without suffering casualty in E company, Bernard's experience as prisoner of war of the German Wehrmacht and role of American soldiers.

The article discusses the impact upon the trans-Mississippi frontier during the U.S. Civil War. According to the article, the people living along the frontier were terrorized by guerrillas and U.S. Army militia during the war. The author argues that the war on the frontier evolved into a conflict over the environment for attacking and defensive purposes between U.S. and Confederate forces. The article also examines how guerrillas, soldiers, and civilians utilized the environment in the Trans-Mississippi West.

The article discusses the calculation of military deaths during the U.S. Civil War based on statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau. The author attempts to examine how so-called facts emerge and become accepted within the profession of historical analysis, how limited statistical information might hamper thinking about the past, and whether it is possible to accurately count U.S. Civil War deaths. The author argues that it is not possible to accurately count the U.S. Civil War dead, but that a probable range for male deaths during the 1860s can be measured. The article is preceded by a description of the piece from a journal editor and commentary from U.S. historian James M. McPherson.

Generalizations about Civil War soldiers extend to the military justice system: army discipline was very poor, and military justice, implemented by regimental and general courts-martial, was arbitrary, capricious, and disproportionate. In contrast, the 3rd Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment had good discipline, and in its field officer courts, justice was deliberate, consistent, and compassionate. This article examines the nature and function of field officer courts, which the 3rd used, although many units ignored the Congressional Act of July 1862 that replaced regimental courts-martial with field officer courts. More work is needed on these largely unknown field officer courts and on army justice and discipline in the Civil War era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses the racial aspects of violence between soldiers and civilians during the San Angelo Riots in the U.S. Reasons for the riot; Impact of tax law enforcement on the violence; Problems associated with civilian-military tension.

Focuses on the attacks of critic Emory Upton on the role of citizen soldier in the United States military. Information on the academic historians who criticized Upton's evaluation of citizen soldiers; Value of Upton's emphasis on discipline and training; His involvement in military reform efforts; Discussion on the books he has written.

Features General William Tecumseh Sherman, commander of the Union armies of the United States during the Civil War. Details of his theological belief in the Civil War; Views of historians and biographers on the perceptions of Sherman; Information on the professional and personal life of Sherman.