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In present study, a total of 15 rhizobial isolates were isolated from the root nodules of Medicago polymorpha growing in Jaipur and were characterized for their phenotypic, biochemical and plant growth promoting activities. The root nodules of M. polymorpha were elongated, branched and indeterminate. All isolated rhizobia were highly diverse in their physiological traits. Based on colony morphology, all isolates were categorized into six groups. Major group containing 6 isolates (MP1, MP3, MP9, MP10, MP11 and MP13) showed white, opaque, raised, smooth edges, non-gummy, and mucilaginous characteristics. Four rhizobial strains MP3, MP4, MP9, and MP15 showed salt-tolerance up to 3% and were well adapted to high alkaline conditions and exhibited growth in extremely alkaline media (pH 10). Majority of strains showed positive result for IAA production, nitrate reductase and catalase activity. In addition, citrate utilization, ammonia production, phosphate solubilization and cellulase activity were observed in few isolates. In present study, some rhizobial isolates like MP3, and MP15 were very versatile rhizobia that showed high plant growth promoting activities (IAA production and phosphate solubilization) and were also tolerant to high pH and salt concentration. Such type of superior rhizobia can be part of biofertilizers to enhance legume crop productivity in an ecofriendly manner without application of chemical fertilizers. Our study suggested that rhizobial isolates associated with Medicago polymorpha were significantly diverse in their physiological and biochemical parameters.

Machining performance of extruded Ti-6Al-4 V prosthetic alloy was investigated throughelectrical discharge machining (EDM) using copper as electrode material. Experimental sequencing followed the B...

A novel, ‘mustard yellow’ pigmented aerobic bacterial strain designated AR01T was isolated from hypocotyl tissue of a sandalwood seedling from Bangalore, India. The 16S rRNA gene of strain AR01T had the highest 98.97% sequence similarity with Rothia halotolerans YIM 90716T (KCTC 19172) followed by Rothia kristinae PM 129T (NBRC 15354T) (97.31%) and Rothia koreensis P31T (JCM 15915) (97.11%), respectively. The strain AR01T was coccoid-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming, oxidase-negative, and catalase-positive. The strain AR01T has a genome size of 3.31 Mb containing 2993 protein-coding genes including 48 tRNA and 10 rRNAs spread across 84 contigs. The genomic DNA G + C content was 71.77 mol%. The calculated dDDH was 31.10%, and the OrthoANI value was 85.27% compared to its closest related type strain Rothia halotolerans YIM 90716T. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16:0 iso (30.04%), C15:0 anteiso (37.42%), and C17:0 anteiso (21.78%). The strain AR01T contains major polar lipids including diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Based on the distinct physiological, biochemical characteristics and genotypic relatedness indicated that AR01T represents a novel species of the genus Rothia, for which the name Rothia santali sp. nov. (Type strain AR01T = MCC 4800T = JCM 35593T) is proposed.The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the reference 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strain AR01T is OM838448. The accession number of the whole-genome of AR01T is JANAFB000000000

In India, nearly 29% of adults (over 42% of men and 14% of women) aged 15 or above use tobacco daily or occasionally.1 Out of 100 million smokers, nearly 40 million smoke cigarettes. ITC (British American Tobacco’s India affiliate) dominates the Indian-manufactured cigarette market with 77% market share,2 while Godfrey Phillips India (Phillip Morris International’s India affiliate) controls 13% of the market.3 In terms of volume, however, bidi (also beedi, a forest tree leaf hand-rolled indigenous cigarillo using sun-cured flaked tobacco) dominates the smoking landscape. In 2014, it is estimated that nearly 550 billion4 bidis were made by women and children in the poorest parts of India.5 In addition, nearly 200 million adults use smokeless tobacco (SLT).1 SLT is the most widely consumed tobacco product in the country that is homemade, largely unregulated, untaxed and sold locally. About 30% of the SLT market consists of commercially manufactured products, where Dharampal Satyapal Group (DS Group) enjoys a large market share.6 Historically, the Indian tobacco industry has spent large sums in aggressively marketing and advertising its products.7 With the coming into force of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act, 2003 (COTPA), however, all forms of direct and indirect tobacco advertising were prohibited in India.8 In particular, section 5, clause 3, subclause (b) of COTPA prescribed that: > No person, shall, under a contract or otherwise promote or agree to promote the use or consumption of…(b) any trade mark or brand name of cigarettes or any other tobacco product in exchange for a sponsorship, gift, prize or scholarship given or agreed to be given by another person.8 Article 13 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)9 considers corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to be a form of tobacco advertising …

Background Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket tournament - a shorter version of the sport which is played between assorted company-owned or individual owner teams - has grown immensely popular over the last decade. There is long history of tobacco advertisement, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) in cricket. While direct and indirect TAPS is completely prohibited under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003 the nexus between tobacco industry and cricket in India continues. We monitored any tobacco product and allied brand or surrogate advertisement, promotion, sponsorship (TAPS) or placement during every match played in the IPL-13 season in the year 2020. Methods Using an investigative approach, 60 match highlights during IPL-13 (during September 19 to November 10, 2020) were monitored for TAPS (both on-site i.e. sportswear and/or in stadia) shown on the official website ( www.iplt20.com ). All sponsors and advertisers were validated using brand names or logos from their respective official website. Results Two IPL teams (Rajasthan Royals and Royal Challengers Bangalore) were sponsored by major tobacco industry owned brands. Violations by a major smokeless tobacco company promoting their brand extension product i.e. Vimal Elaichi, on the official telecast websites ( www.espncricinfo.com and www.cricbuzz.com ) and television channels ( www.Zeenews.india.com/Gujarati ) was observed. Tobacco companies i.e. Kamla Pasand and ITC Limited were also listed as associate sponsors for the 2020 championship. Conclusion Despite comprehensive ban under India's tobacco control law (COTPA, 2003), sponsorship by tobacco industry was found widespread in IPL-13. Advertisement and logos of tobacco companies are persistent during the telecast and promotion of the IPL events, in clear violation of India's tobacco control legislation and Article 13 of WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) and its guidelines. Given that India and South Asia comprise the largest audience for televised cricket, strong exclusion criteria is needed by the international cricket authority and national cricket associations to ensure compliance with the national law and global good practice, making the cricketing world truly tobacco free.

Background Globally, policies to counter targeting of young people by the tobacco industry have proven to be effective and a key determinant of reducing the magnitude of tobacco epidemic. This paper presents a case for increasing the minimum legal age to access tobacco to 21 years in India. Method We analysed the two rounds of nationally representative Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) data: GATS-1 (2009–10) and GATS-2 (2016–17). We segregated data for two categories of tobacco consumption (smokers and smokeless tobacco users) at the age of initiation ( 21 years) and analysed for their consumption patterns found during the time of the survey (current daily, current less than daily, former and ever users) from GATS-2 (2016–17). Further, we compared the projections from the sub-national level analysis for youth initiating tobacco use before 21 years and change in the prevalence of overall underage tobacco users between the two survey rounds. Result Nearly 77% of smokers and 75% smokeless tobacco users in India initiate tobacco use before or until the age of 21 years. Many large, most populous and high tobacco prevalence states had higher than national mean (14.1%) of youth initiating into tobacco use before 21 years. Overall, as compared to GATS-1, there is a perceptible increase in the prevalence of underage tobacco use in most states. Conclusion Global best practices and the significant number of young tobacco users in India call for increasing the age of access to tobacco from the current 18 years to 21 years. This will help in reducing the overall adult tobacco use prevalence in the longer run in India.

Cellophane, a bio-based fibrous film is considered sustainable, biodegradable and potential substitute for petrochemical based plastic films. However, addition of extra coating agents are making them recalcitrant in nature and therefore, their persistence after disposal is becoming a serious environmental concern. In this study, previously defined bacterial consortia viz. C-I, C-II and C-III were used to evaluate the efficacy under in situ conditions for the possible remediation of cellophane film waste. Comparative analyses of recovered biodegraded films have shown extensive damage on the surface of the films. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis revealed that the consortium C-II and C-III have significant effect on the spectral absorptions of the degraded cellophane films. The simultaneous thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DTA) of biodegraded samples treated with C-II and C-III also exhibited tremendous weight losses at 457°C (85.7% and 95.7%, respectively) as compared with respective control (85%). Furthermore, the progressive degradation of cellophane films was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing the effect of bacterial mixed cultures on surface topography. Conclusively, present study signifies the cellophane degrading potential of previously tested bacterial consortia under natural conditions which will be a step forward to develop as an eco-friendly tool for plastic waste disposal.

Compared to the clinical sector, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the food sector is relatively low. However, their presence in seafood is a significant public health concern. In India, fish and fishery products are maximally manually handled compared to other food products. In this study, 498 fish samples were collected under various conditions (fresh, chilled or dressed) and representatives from their surroundings. These samples were screened for the incidence of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus (CPS), determining its antimicrobial resistance, MRSA and genetic profile. It is observed that 15.0% and 3.0% of the total samples were screened positive for CPS and MRSA. The S. aureus strain MRSARF-10 showed higher resistance to linezolid, co-trimoxazole, cefoxitin, ofloxacin, gentamicin, rifampicin, ampicillin/sulbactam and Piperacillin–tazobactam. This MRSA, spa type t021 and SCC mec type V strain isolated from dried ribbon fish (Family Trachipteridae) carried virulence factors for exoenzymes such as aureolysin, serine, toxin genes and a novel MLST ST 243, as revealed from its draft-genome sequence. This highly pathogenic, multidrug-resistant and virulent S. aureus novel strain is circulating in the environment with chances of spreading among the seafood workers and the environment. It is further suggested that Good Hygienic Practices recommended by World Health Organization need to be followed during the different stages of seafood processing to provide pathogen-free fish and fishery products to the consumers.

Background: Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) is the member of Asian Vigna crop group and also known as urdbean grown in spring and Kharif season in the Indian subcontinent. It is the fourth most important short-duration pulse crop grown in India. Black gram crop is attacked by a number of insect pests from sowing to harvest in the field as well as in storage condition. Among these insect-pests pod borers i.e. spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) and gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) are serious insect-pests of black gram causing seed and pod damage. Therefore, keeping these views in mind, the present study aimed to study the population fluctuation of major pod borers (M. vitrata and H. armigera) in black gram. Methods: The research trials were conducted during two consecutive years i.e. Kharif, 2018 and 2019 at CRC of SVPUAT, Meerut to observe the population dynamics of major pod borers in black gram. A plot size of 200 m2 with black gram variety ‘Pant Urd-31’ was sown manually 5-7 cm deep on 18 August, 2018 for the first year experiment and on 20 August, 2019 for the second year experiment, by following standard agronomical practices and the crop was maintained without insecticide application. Result: The study on the seasonal incidence of pod borers viz., M. vitrata and H. armigera start from 39th to 44th standard week and both the larvae attain their peak in 41st and 42nd standard week during Kharif, 2018 and 2019.

A novel e-waste-degrading strain, PE08T, was isolated from contaminated soil collected from a paper mill yard in Lalkuan, Uttarakhand, India. Strain PE08T was Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, oxidase-positive and catalase-positive. Optimum growth was observed at 30 °C (range, 5–40 °C), with 1–2 % NaCl (range, 0–3 %) and at pH 7 (range 6–11). The phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene sequences delineated strain PE08T to the genus Pseudomonas and showed highest sequence similarity to Pseudomonas furukawaii KF707T (98.70 %), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50071T (98.62 %) and Pseudomonas resinovorans DSM 21078T (97.93 %). The genome of strain PE08T was sequenced and had one scaffold of 6056953 bp, 99.84 % completeness and 182× coverage were obtained. The G+C content in the genome was 64.24 mol%. The DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain PE08T and its closely related type strain, P. resinovorans DSM 21078T were below 34.8 % and 87.96 %, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis based on whole-genome sequence and concatenated GyrB and RpoB proteins revealed that strain PE08T forms a district clade in the family Pseudomonadaceae . The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 :1 ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C12 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genetic analysis, including overall genome relatedness index values, indicated that strain PE08T represents a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas , for which the name Pseudomonas lalkuanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PE08T (=MCC 3792=KCTC 72454=CCUG 73691).

This work reports a scalable method to synthesize hierarchically porous, hetero-atom doped activated carbon nanosheet from waste biomass−human hair, and demonstrates the use of this carbon as an ultra-high performance electrode material for supercapacitor applications. Microscopic analyses reveal that sheet size ranges from 50 to 200 nm having a thickness of 15–27 nm. As-synthesized, carbon nanosheets possess a hierarchical porous structure having a specific surface area of 1548 m2 g−1. Heteroatom concentration (nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur) of around 25% is confirmed from XPS analysis. Therefore, the novel interconnected hierarchical porous nanosheets structure enables fast adsorption and transportation of ions during electrochemical processes. Also, the abundant chemically available electroactive heteroatom species in the material enhance the wettability of ions and contribute to pseudocapacitance. The electrochemical analyses through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements in 6 M KOH reveal the quasi-EDLC behavior of the activated carbons due to the presence of heteroatoms. A reprensentative KOH activated carbon shows an excellent specific capacitance value of 999 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g-1. The symmetrically assembled two-electrode device also delivers a maximum energy density of 32 W h Kg-1 at a power density of 325 W Kg-1. In addition, excellent cyclic stability of 98% capacitance retention is observed after 10,000 continuous GCD cycles even at a high current density of 5 A g−1. Symmetric flexible supercapacitor device using KOH-PVA-K3FeCN6 as redox gel polymer electrolyte shows a synergistic specific capacitance of 145 mF cm−1 at a current density of 0.8 mA cm−1 exhibiting very less deviation in bending mode. Therefore, this waste biomass derived heteroatom doped hierarchical porous carbon nanosheets can be a promising material for cost-effective high- performance supercapacitor.

Himalayan mountains are distinctly characterized for their unique climatic and topographic variations; therefore, unraveling the cold-adaptive mechanisms and processes of native life forms is always being a matter of concern for scientific community. In this perspective, the proteomic response of psychrophilic diazotroph Pseudomonas helmanticensis was studied towards low-temperature conditions. LC-MS-based analysis revealed that most of the differentially expressed proteins providing cold stress resistance were molecular chaperons and cold shock proteins. Enzymes involved in proline, polyamines, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, ROS-neutralizing pathways, and arginine degradation were upregulated. However, proteins involved in the oxidative pathways of energy generation were severalfold downregulated. Besides these, the upregulation of uncharacterized proteins at low temperature suggests the expression of novel proteins by P. helmanticensis for cold adaptation. Protein interaction network of P. helmanticensis under cold revealed that Tif, Tig, DnaK, and Adk were crucial proteins involved in cold adaptation. Conclusively, this study documents the proteome and protein-protein interaction network of the Himalayan psychrophilic P. helmanticensis under cold stress.

In the 21st century, transportation brought great convenience to people, but at the same time, automobile transportation is the major factor causing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Movements of the world towards green environments, there is hike in use and production of electric vehicles (energy vehicles). However, with the continuous growth in the number of energy vehicles, it is necessary for the government to provide strong support in the construction of charging piles. Real-time and effective management has become a practical problem for the relevant departments which needs to be solved. This paper uses the information research method to fuse the huge amount of heterogeneous data generated by the charging pile resultant to the new energy electric vehicle in the vehicle network and introduces cloud computing as its storage module to facilitate the storage and related expansion of the big data. This paper proposes a system scheme of heterogeneous data fusion based on cloud computing for the acquisition, storage, and fusion of heterogeneous data in the vehicle network. After testing the results, it shows that the system is stable and effective in practical application, which can meet the design requirements of the system. What is the significance of analyzing big data of charging point? Considering from the supply side, obtaining the user’s charging behaviour data is helpful to build a digital map of the charging pile of new energy vehicles, connect the service information between the vehicle enterprises and the charging pile enterprises, and provide the most comprehensive and effective real-time charging information covering the widest range of vehicles, which can solve many problems of information asymmetry in the current charging information service.

The ITER electron cyclotron (EC) system will have gyrotron sources used for plasma heating and current drive applications. During gyrotron operation, different faults may be encountered and in the case of critical faults, the High Voltage Power Supplies (HVPS) should be switched off in $ time scale, which otherwise could damage the internal components of a gyrotron tube. Also during the operation, the main operating parameters need to be acquired on fast time scales (~5 Msps) to know the gyrotron output characteristics. A solution is required catering to both the requirements, which should be cost-effective, and also comply with recommended hardware and software framework. In this context, a custom prototype module compatible with NI-CompactRIO (NI-cRIO) system is under development for ITER-India Gyrotron Test Facility (IIGTF). The module has protection and monitoring functions both in parallel in a single unit. It has a transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) card connected optically to complete the link. The TX has fast sampling analog-to-digital converter (ADC), fast comparator, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and an optical transmitter. The TX sends monitoring and trip information optically to the RX. The RX card has an optical receiver, FPGA, and digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which generates back the original signals. The heart of the module is FPGA logic, which performs encoding and decoding (as per 8b10b standard) of ADC serial data, thereby eliminating the use of any serial converter ICs. The module can be plugged into the cRIO chassis and also can be used as a standalone module. This article discusses the concept, design, development, and test results of fast protection and fast signal monitoring module

Credit risk rating can be described by several economic activity indicators. Utilizing these financial movement markers to build a tenable credit scoring model will enormously improve the precision of the model. This method can be used in a series of credit evaluations and specific economic conditions. A reasonable scenario in which the uncertainty is consistent. In this paper, the logistic regression algorithm is joined with weighted evidence to fabricate another credit score model. Through the relationship existing in economic activities, the connection of each economic movement is additionally dissected by utilizing the correlation orthogonal transformation in the weight of proof to improve the exactness of the model. In practice, due to numerous weaknesses in the records, there is significant error in the logistic regression. Hence, building of hybrid scoring model can increase the accurateness of credit score. Thus improved the prediction rate of user credit scores and reducing the occurrence of credit fraud.

The rule of law does not govern all human interactions. There are times when the state bypasses legal constraints, as documented by the World Justice Project. Other times, jurisdictions may be mutually unfriendly and refuse to enforce foreign laws. Blockchains create trust between contracting parties at the individual level, enabling them to transact freely and increase consumer welfare. Blockchains can only supple-ment antitrust if the legal constraints do not impede their development. The law should thus support the decentralization of blockchains so that blockchain-based mechanisms may take over (even if imperfectly) where the law does not apply. With that in mind, we justify the attractiveness of that approach by showing that blockchain causes an increase in the number of transactions by creating trust (Part 1), and that it may overall increase the decentralization of economic transactions (Part 2). The law should take into account where it applies (Part 3). We conclude afterward (Part 4).

Abiotic stress is one of the main threats affecting crop growth and production. Nitric oxide (NO) and its cognates such as reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are important, dose-dependent, active signaling molecules that control a wide range of integral biological processes including plant response to various abiotic stress conditions. The participation of NO and RNS confers plant tolerance against abiotic stress has emerged as a new avenue to improve crop productivity further. In this chapter, we bring in current knowledge across the involvement of NO and RNS leading to plant responses to abiotic stress, with a particular focus on examples where their functions have been well characterized at the molecular level.

Cancers of the oral cavity are one of the most common malignancies encountered among cancer patients in India.1 There are different histological variants of oral cavity cancers, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is most common among them. The main etiological factors implicated for development of oral cavity cancers are tobacco chewing and alcohol use.2 In India, carcinoma of buccal mucosa has the highest incidence among all the oral cavity cancers.3 The mean age of presentation is 50 years.4 Incidence among males is three times that of females.5 Most of the patients present in advanced stage (Stage III & IV) with majority in stage IV.6 Metastasis from oral cavity cancer takes place by detachment, invasion, proliferation and evasion through lymphatic system and blood vessels. It is regulated at various levels in the body.7 Most common sites of distant metastasis from oral cavity cancers are lungs and liver. Sometimes vertebral bone metastasis is also seen among patients. Metastasis to omentum and intra peritoneal organs other than liver is very rare.

A catalase and oxidase-positive strain BA0156T was isolated from a cyanobacterial mat collected from the farmland mud cultivated with sugarcane from Ahmednagar, India. The 16S rRNA gene of strain BA0156T showed the highest percent sequence similarity with Hydrogenophaga borbori LMG 30805T (98.55 %), followed by H. flava DSM 619T (98.35 %) and H. intermedia DSM 5680T (98.21 %). The strain BA0156T consisted of major fatty acids, C16:0 (25.1 %) and C17:0 cyclo (3.9 %), whereas phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol were the major polar lipids. The OrthoANI and dDDH values between strain BA0156T and its closest relative H. borbori LMG 30805T were 84.59 % and 28.3 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain BA0156T was 69.42 mol %. Furthermore, the biochemical and physiological features of strain BA0156T showed a distinct pattern from their closest phylogenetic neighbours. The phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics indicated that the strain BA0156T represents a new species for which the name Hydrogenophaga crocea (type strain BA0156 T = MCC 3062T = KCTC 72452T = JCM 34507T) is proposed.

A catalase and oxidase-positive strain BA0156

Cereals are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils and protein, making them the world’s most important source of nutrition. The influence of rising global population, as well as the emergence and spread of disease, has the major impact on cereal production. To meet the demand, there is a pressing need to increase cereal production. Optimal seed development is a key agronomical trait that contributes to crop yield. The seed development and maturation is a complex process that includes not only embryo and endosperm development, but also accompanied by huge physiological, biochemical, metabolic, molecular and transcriptional changes. This chapter discusses the growth of cereal seed and highlights the novel biological insights, with a focus on transgenic and new molecular breeding, as well as biotechnological intervention strategies that have improved crop yield in two major cereal crops, primarily wheat and rice, over the last 21 years (2000–2021).

Gas turbine blades and vanes face very severe operating conditions - high temperature and pressure which necessitates the creation of complex cooling and component designs, resulting in high computational cost. The ability to predict cyclic failure in these components is therefore a critical activity that has been historically performed using 3D commercial finite element (FE) codes for baseload conditions. However, these codes take substantial time and resources which restricts their application in failure prediction at variable operating conditions. Newer data-driven techniques such as machine learning (ML) provide a valuable tool that can be utilized to predict the occurrence of cyclic failure for these conditions with minimal time and resource requirement. In this paper, a machine learning based surrogate model is developed to predict the cyclic failure of a radially cooled turbine blade. The features used as input to machine learning model are turbine inlet temperature, coolant inlet temperature, hot gas mass flow rate, cooling air mass flow rate and blade materials. The output for the model is a binary variable depicting the incident of component failure. 70% of the FE data points are used to train the ML model while the remaining are used for testing. A comparative study between Logistic Regression, Random Forest, K-nearest neighbor, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) was performed to select the most accurate algorithm for the classification model. Finally, the results show that the Random Forest and SVM algorithms predicts failure with the highest f-1 score of 0.92. The model also demonstrates that Turbine Inlet temperature has the highest importance amongst the input features followed by blade material. Additionally, this methodology offers a tremendous advantage for failure prediction by reducing analysis time from multiple hours to a few seconds, rendering this technique especially beneficial for time sensitive business decisions in the gas turbine industry.

Wireless sensor networks are efficient way to monitor important parameters in various fields of science and engineering. These sensors are battery operated and in each round of transmission some energy is used. Therefore, over the period of time battery drains, and thus effect the stability period of the networks. To conserve battery nodes are divided as normal and advance nodes. The energy of the advanced nodes is higher than normal nodes. Further clustering mechanism is used to reduce energy dissipation. In this paper we have proposed a mechanism by which stability period, network lifetime and throughput can be increased significantly. The proposed mechanism considers S-SEP protocol and nodes are coupled to form pairs, then number of clusters and radius of the clusters are optimized such that isolated nodes are zero. It is found that using proposed mechanism stability period can be improved by 17% in comparison to recently proposed work.