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Interferon-α2b (IFN-α2b) is a highly active cytokine that belongs to the interferon-α (IFN-α) family. IFN-α2b has beneficial antiviral, antitumour, antiparasitic and immunomodulatory activities. Direct and indirect antiproliferative effects of IFN-α2b have been found to occur via multiple pathways, mainly the JAK-STAT pathway, in certain cancers. This article reviews mechanistic studies and clinical trials on IFN-α2b. Potential regulators of the function of IFN-α2b were also reviewed, which could be utilized to relieve the poor response to IFN-α2b. IFN-α2b can function not only by enhancing the systematic immune response but also by directly killing tumour cells. Different parts of JAK-STAT pathway activated by IFN-α2b, such as interferon alpha and beta receptors (IFNARs), Janus kinases (JAKs) and IFN‐stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), might serve as potential target for enhancing the pharmacological action of IFN-α2b. Despite some issues that remain to be solved, based on current evidence, IFN-α2b can inhibit disease progression and improve the survival of patients with certain types of malignant tumours. More efforts should be made to address potential adverse effects and complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bowman et al. (2022. How communication scholars see open scholarship. Annals of the International Communication Association, 46(3)) present a survey of ICA members regarding open science beliefs, attitudes, and practices. Rather than an inquiry on open scholarship, it provides a replication of psychology's approach to open science in content, execution, and reporting. I apply the ethical, inclusive research framework (EIRF) and re-analyze the data, critiquing the inclusiveness and validity of the current survey. Suggestions are offered regarding consent practices, survey design, and open data in future surveys. I close with provocations for ICA regarding their continued pursuit of a problematic open science paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 12-year-old spayed Shiba dog with a nasal neuroendocrine carcinoma and multiple hepatic nodules was necropsied. Histologically, proliferated blast cells with a monolayer or multilayered structure were observed in the kidney. This blast cell proliferation extended from Bowman's capsule epithelium to the proximal tubule in approximately 3% of nephrons. Immunohistochemistry revealed that blast cells were positive for vimentin, Wilm's tumour protein 1 (WT1), paired box 2 (PAX2) and CD10, but negative for cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, CK19, CAM5.2, synaptophysin and chromogranin A. On the basis of these findings, adenomatous hyperplasia of Bowman's capsule epithelium was diagnosed. Multiple yellowish‒white nodules (1–3 cm) were found in the liver and diagnosed as neuroendocrine carcinoma with metastases to the lungs, adrenal glands and pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the process of the formation of military garrisons on the southern border of the Russian state in the 17th century. Particular attention is paid to the many variations of this process, the use of both numerous fugitives from among the taxable population from their owners, and former service people, representatives of the Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks, the townspeople. The needs of the state in the process of settling border territories were put in the foreground, sometimes to the detriment of noble interests. The state tightly controlled migration processes, seeking to resettle a significant part of the younger generation to these counties, whо then contributed to the demographic explosion and the rapid settlement of the territories, including them in the Russian centralized state. The flight of the taxable population was also under control, but the need to increase the number of the military contingent on the southern border forced the authorities until the end of the 60s. XVII century be careful to pursue a policy of finding fugitives and returning them to their former owners. The structure of military garrisons in the south of Russia was generally of the same type, with a predominance of cavalry for constant border control.

Sometimes seemingly minor events have a very large impact on historical processes or the development of various branches of human activity. One such event was the Battle of Guinegate in 1479, during which the French army, clashed with the one commanded by the young Archduke Maximilian Habsburg. It was of little importance in the context of the war of succession to the throne of Burgundy which ended in a path of bloodless diplomacy. It made an important contribution to the military transformation of both France and the Holy Roman Empire, which in turn had a major impact on the military of other Western European countries. During this clash, trained in pike fighting like the Swiss, the Flemish, under Maximilian's command, defeated the mostly bow-armed Crevecouer’s army. A modern army, built on the experience of the Hundred Years War, lost to the archduke's a quite experimental army. This defeat turned France out of the way of enlisting the great archers' troops and convinced them to re-armed the infantry with polearms. The success of Maximilian's troops, on the other hand, was the basis for the establishment of the swiss- style Landsknecht formation, which was so popular in the 16th century wars, as a imperial soldiers, and infamous mercenaries.

Professor Brian Archer, a pioneer in the study of tourism, recently passed away. As an economist, he played a crucial role in bringing his discipline into the field of tourism, which helped establish tourism as an important activity worthy of academic study. Archer's work on the tourism multiplier, which examines the impact of tourist expenditure, gained him recognition worldwide as both an academic and a consultant. He conducted studies in various countries and was known for his work on tourism demand forecasting and assessing the environmental impacts of tourism. Archer's contributions to the field led to his involvement in the founding of the Academy for the Study of Tourism. [Extracted from the article]

This correction notice addresses errors in a publication titled "Trunk Injection as a Tool to Deliver Plant Protection Materials—An Overview of Basic Principles and Practical Considerations." The mistake in Figure 1 is corrected, as the Q-Connect device was inaccurately described as a high-pressure application device. The correction clarifies that the Arborjet Quik-Jet Air and similar high-pressure systems, such as ENDOplant, are examples of high-pressure application devices. These devices use plastic plugs as injection ports and specialized metal injection tips to deliver materials at pressures of 60-100 psi. The correction emphasizes that plugging tree core wounds may interfere with the natural healing capabilities of the tree. The authors assure that the scientific conclusions remain unaffected. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a memorial published in the Journal of Field Ornithology in honor of Dr. Reed Bowman, who passed away in 2023. Dr. Bowman was a renowned ornithologist known for his extensive work on the biology and conservation of threatened Florida birds, including the Florida Scrub-Jay, Red-cockaded Woodpecker, and Florida Grasshopper Sparrow. He made significant contributions to the field through his research, mentorship, and advocacy for bird conservation. Dr. Bowman's legacy lives on through his students and colleagues, as well as his impactful work in ornithology and conservation. [Extracted from the article]

The electroencephalograph (EEG) microstate is a method used to describe the characteristics of the EEG signal through the brain scalp electrode potential's spatial distribution; as such, it reflects the changes in the brain's functional state. The EEGs of 13 elite archers from China's national archery team and 13 expert archers from China's provincial archery team were recorded under the alpha rhythm during the resting state (with closed eyes) and during archery aiming. By analyzing the differences between the EEG microstate parameters and the correlation between these parameters with archery performance, as well as by combining our findings through standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography source analysis (sLORETA), we explored the changes in the neural activity of professional archers of different levels, under different states. The results of the resting state study demonstrated that the duration, occurrence, and coverage in microstate D of elite archers were significantly higher than those of expert archers and that their other microstates had the greatest probability of transferring to microstate D. During the archery aiming state, the average transition probability of the other microstates transferring to microstate in the left temporal region was the highest observed in the two groups of archers. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between the duration and coverage of microstates in the frontal region of elite archers and their archery performance. Our findings indicate that elite archers are more active in the dorsal attention system and demonstrate a higher neural efficiency during the resting state. When aiming, professional archers experience an activation of brain regions associated with archery by suppressing brain regions unrelated to archery tasks. These findings provide a novel theoretical basis for the study of EEG microstate dynamics in archery and related cognitive motor tasks, particularly from the perspective of the subject's mental state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideological gaps between progressive Protestants like Theodore Roosevelt, New Deal supporters like James Myers, and civil rights crusaders like Eugene Carson Blake were real, but Compton has decided - in a decision he defends ably in the introduction - to call them all mainline Protestants although the term was not coined until 1960. Chavez's understanding of Christianity was undoubtedly "far from the Protestant consensus that white Americans were comfortable with", but his movement nonetheless benefited from the fact that mainline Protestant elites were by the 1960s committed to building a more egalitarian society, even at the cost of forfeiting their own claims to spiritual and political leadership (p. 131). In this stated aim in the book, Compton observes a narrative: he understands my book to chart the consolidation, rise, and fall of the Protestant establishment in America, finding sections in it that I confess I did not perceive while writing as clearly as Compton does while reading! First comes the age of the "Christian republican synthesis", when the leaders of America's informal "Protestant establishment" popularized the theory that Protestant Christianity and constitutional democracy were inextricably linked (pp. 33, 25, 44). [Extracted from the article]

Punctoplasty is a common procedure in the management of punctal stenosis and was first described by Sir William Bowman in 1853. Several types of punctoplasty are described, and include 1-snip, 2-snip, triangular 3-snip, rectangular 3-snip and 4-snip procedures. The understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the punctum has greatly improved in the last decade aided by electron microscopic and molecular techniques. The use of minimally invasive modalities for primary cases is on the rise with successful preservation of the physiological functions of the punctum and canaliculus. The paper reviews the current anatomical and physiological evidence to present an alternative perspective. Given our evolving understanding, it may be time to debate the practice of performing routine punctoplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al Malweah for Archaeological & Historical Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unlike many of Bernard Shaw's more prominent plays, Arms and the Man, his only play with a Bulgarian connection, remained untranslated into Bulgarian for more than a century. In this article, the author highlights his and his co-translator's experiences in translating the play into Bulgarian. The article focuses on the challenges of translating specific stylistic idiosyncrasies of the play, including cultural referents, unconventional syntax, and punctuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to extend Bowman's risk–return paradox to Asian emerging markets and explain its causes under the prospect theory. Design/methodology/approach: The study is conducted on a cross-sectional sample of 4,609 firms across nine Asian emerging countries. The two stage least squares (2SLS) estimation technique is used to evaluate the three objectives of the study, i.e. Bowman's risk–return paradox, significance of firm-specific risk and prospect theory explanation of Bowman's paradox. Findings: The authors challenge the two basic financial economics arguments that higher risk is rewarded with higher return, and firm-specific risk is diversifiable. The empirical findings confirm the negative impact of firm-specific and systematic risk on firm return, thus, corroborates the Bowman's explanation of risk–return trade-off. However, the authors did not find empirical evidence to support prospect theory's explanations of Bowman's paradox in Asian emerging markets. Originality/value: A holistic approach is adopted to analyze the various aspects of Bowman's paradox and its causes for the same time period, variables and sample. The authors also rectified several methodological limitations observed in previous studies, i.e. the use of same proxies for firm return and risk, endogeneity and survivorship issues. Furthermore, the findings of this study will enable managers to formulate critical viewpoint on firm-specific risk and systematic risk and take informed strategic decisions regarding optimum utilization of their firm's key resources in Asian emerging markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]