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We conducted three studies examining the reliability, factor structure, and validity of Multidimensional Dispositional Greed Assessment (MDGA) scores with samples of undergraduate college students. The MDGA is an instrument developed to measure adults' levels of dispositional greed. In study 1 (test-retest reliability; N = 150), we assessed the stability of MDGA scores over time. In study 2, we examined the stability and factor structure of the 20-item MDGA (confirmatory factor analysis; N = 2,178), and measurement invariance across demographic groups (multiple group confirmatory factor analysis) among a sample of undergraduate college students in the United States. In study 3 (multiple linear regression; N = 486), we investigated evidence of concurrent validity through measuring the relationship between MDGA and Dispositional Greed Scale scores. Through these studies, we identified evidence for good test–retest reliability for MDGA total and subscale scores. The results also provided evidence for measurement invariance of MDGA items across gender and race/ethnicity groups. Lastly, we found evidence for concurrent validity of MDGA through identifying large positive predictive relationship between MDGA and DGS total scores, while there was a weaker positive correlation with the MDGA's more unique factor, retention motivation. We provide an overview of the implications of this study, and suggest potential areas of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans Le Moulin de Pologne (1952) de Jean Giono, le « destin des Costes », saisis d'un vertige de mort, traduit l'impasse d'une société où la fusion désirée des individus avec le monde, sous l'effet de la « passion » ou instinct de « perte », n'est plus possible car le monde s'est fermé au désir humain sous la pression de l'Histoire récente. C'est pourquoi, dans la petite ville où se déroule l'histoire, au xixe siècle, règne l'« avarice », non seulement d'argent, mais d'abord du désir. Avares, les notables de la ville qui assouvissent indirectement – par victime interposée – le leur en lui offrant en pâture la perte des Costes lesquels, en désespoir de cause, se donnent au néant. Le personnage de M. Joseph, figure de l'écrivain – comme est aussi le narrateur –, bâtit autour de Julie, son épouse, la plus éperdue des Costes, un vaste domaine où elle peut vivre librement sa passion. Ce domaine est la mise en abyme du contre-monde de formes que l'écrivain, l'avare par excellence, avare sublime, élabore dans l'écriture pour qu'on puisse s'y perdre ad libitum , à défaut de pouvoir le faire pour de bon dans le réel. À la mort de M. Joseph, le destin funeste des Costes reprend de plus belle et va à son terme. Il ne reste alors plus à l'écrivain qu'à passer au livre suivant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is a contribution to this issue's forum on French Jewish studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the "k‐volunteer's dilemma" benefit accrues to all members if at least k members volunteer, and receive nothing otherwise. We use experiments to examine (a) volunteering behavior when threshold k increases from 1 to 2, and (b) whether volunteering behavior shifts toward norms associated with one of two primed identities—charitable or competitive. We find that increasing the threshold increases an individual's probability of volunteering, but the likelihood of good provision is lower. Neither priming affects volunteering behavior when k = 1, but competitive priming effectively increases volunteering when k = 2. Both greed and fear of non‐provision appear to affect volunteering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this special issue on justice, ethics, and philosophy of religion, let us consider a historical case study. The trade of slaves across the Atlantic lasted 400 years and led to the forcible removal of about 12.5 million people from Africa, south of the Sahara. This paper examines the African slave trade in light of the notion that evil of whatever form is a menace to our very existence and a rupture of the very essence of hope. It will focus on the nature, development, and growth of the African/European Slave Trade, as it interrogates issues such as: if evil is coterminous with human cruelty, then the slave trade was the apogee of human evil and avarice; the notion of slavers saving the enslaved from themselves; and providing an avenue for conversion into Abrahamic religions. The essay will also be interested in how slavers—European and Africans alike—rationalized slavery and how the enslaved and onlookers responded to the spectacle of enslavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a widespread belief that greed keeps corruption alive. We tried to testify this belief and further proposed that this pattern would fade under conditions of low descriptive corruption norms. Therefore, two studies were conducted to examine the effect of greed on corruption and the buffering role of descriptive corruption norms. In Study 1, we strengthened support for the causal effect of greed on corruption. In Study 2, we further illustrated that greed positively predicted corrupt intent when descriptive corruption norms were high; by contrast, the relationship disappeared when descriptive corruption norms were low. The present research refines the belief that greed leads to corruption absolutely, and suggests feasible ways to reduce the negative influence of greed on corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brocar: Cuadernos de Investigación Histórica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study aims to explore the potential that acting proenvironmentally protects adolescents from developing materialistic value. Design/methodology/approach: Convenience sampling was adopted to collect data from two randomly selected secondary schools in central China. A total of 784 participants were included in the survey. Findings: The mediation analysis revealed that adolescent proenvironmental behaviour was negatively associated with materialism. The results of the moderated mediation model showed that psychological entitlement mediates the association between adolescent proenvironmental behaviour and materialism, and that family socioeconomic status acts as a moderator in the association between proenvironmental behaviour and psychological entitlement. Practical implications: The current results advise educational practitioners on alleviating adolescent materialism. Policy makers and schools can add more environmental practice to the curriculum and extracurricular activities. Moreover, identifying the personal benefits of proenvironmental behaviour can motivate young people to act proenvironmentally, which not only factually reduces over-consumption but also attracts more attention from young people to the environment. Originality/value: Previous studies rarely explored the individual belief or perception accounting for the negative association between proenvironmental behaviour and materialism. Therefore, the authors adopt psychological entitlement, a belief reflecting the dark side of individual perception, to explain why proenvironmental behaviour reduces materialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the effects of greed on human mind through a comparative study of the works of Christopher Marlow and Leo Tolstoy, the greatest writers of their ages. The study mainly focuses on Dr. Faustus by Marlow and How much Land does a Man need by Tolstoy to prove the research questions. The study belongs to comparative literature and is qualitative in nature. The framework for the study is Susann Basinet comparative analysis. The study is significantly significant for the readers to know about the workings of greed on man and to avoid its consequences in their real life. By reading this article the reader will become conscious the various workings of greed in man's life and so will abstain from it. The findings of the study show the worst effect of greed on the two protagonists and its dire consequences for their later life. The conclusion sums up various reasons, causes and effects of greed on human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few figures in the medieval West were as religiously ambivalent as the medieval jongleur , a broad French term for a popular entertainer. Ecclesiastical authorities typically critiqued jongleurs, aligning them with avarice, folly, and prostitution. However, by the thirteenth century, the jongleur emerged as a more complex figure. Far from being a disciple of the devil, the jongleur could imitate the humility of King David and, by extension, the Passion of Christ. In religious texts and imagery, the jongleur's embodied performance could exemplify a sacred rite. Showcasing the medieval European jongleur, this article argues that the divide between the sacred and the profane is not as rigid as much scholarship assumes. Ultimately, this study shows the importance of bodily performance in Western medieval religion and therefore complicates the presumed binary between written/Western and embodied/Eastern religiosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to build a family of tutorial Goodwinian (essentially Marxist) models of capital accumulation through industrial cycles that are less complicated than the author's models of the extended capitalist reproduction in the USA already published. The subordinate purpose is to advance refinement of these models from the standard "neoclassical" assumptions that distort the generic structures determining perpetual disequilibrium in the reproduction of the aggregate social capital. The ascending from abstract to concrete applies the notion of twofold nature of capitalist production as creation of use value and labour value (prioritizing surplus value). This approach reveals substantial facets of endogenous increasing returns and technological progress induced by capitalist production relations. A three-dimensional Goodwinian model L-1, containing the greed feedback loops, reflects destabilizing cooperation and stabilizing competition of investors. Monopoly capital implements proportional and derivative control over the capital accumulation rate. The growth rate of output per worker directly depends on the growth rates of capital intensity and employment ratio in a technical progress function, whereas the capital-output ratio is constant. Oscillations imitating growth cycles are endogenous. A recession (mild crisis) is a manifestation of relative and absolute over-accumulation of capital. A knife-edge limit cycle maintains a growth cycle with the Kondratiev duration; a more solid limit cycle with a period of about 7.5 years upholds a business cycle with a recession without reduced net output. These limit cycles result from the subsequent supercritical Andronov–Hopf bifurcations. The transformation of the growth cycle into industrial cycle gives credit to raising status of capital-output ratio from auxiliary in L-1 to the level (phase) variable in four-dimensional L-2. A mechanization (automation) function mirrors induced technical progress. L-2 embraces new 11 intensive feedback loops involving capital-output ratio. Proportional and derivative control over this ratio by monopoly capital is taken into account. Pair of supercritical Andronov–Hopf bifurcations gives birth to two limit cycles. The second is a remote analogue for Kuznets cycle with the period of about 18 years; the first upholds the industrial cycle with period of about 7 years and declining net output in the outright crisis. Besides relative and absolute over-accumulation of capital, the specific positive and negative feedback loops containing capital-output ratio are required for crises in industrial cycles. Long-term enhancement of monopoly profit through lowering a targeted domestic capital accumulation rate and diminishing a targeted output-capital ratio is substantiated analytically and validated by computer simulations. The gained insights highlight caveats for hastily policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine how corporate policies are driven by CEO greed. We hypothesize that greedy CEOs are inclined to implement highly aggressive policies that are beneficial for them but are harmful to shareholders. Specifically, firms with greedy CEOs take excessive risk, make higher investments (R&D and capital expenditure), acquire more debt (both short- and long-term), hoard fewer liquid assets (cash holdings and working capital), and pay less dividend. Using a sample of Chinese firms from 2010 to 2019, the results lend support to our predictions. This work contributes to the literature on upper echelon and agency theory by highlighting how organizational outcomes are influenced by the selfish behavior of greedy CEOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do rebels leave rebellions? Although much scholarly attention has been devoted to understanding why individuals join rebellions, relatively little is known about why they leave. This paper seeks to fill this deficit by exploring the decision-making process that rebels undertake when determining whether to stay or leave. Based on interview data collected from ten active rebels and four former rebels all engaged (or previously engaged) in conflicts in East Africa, we find that the reason why rebels joined the group influences their decision to leave or stay. Rebels who joined due to grievances are far less likely to escape opportunistically, while rebels who joined due to "greed" display a higher sensitivity to the hardships of rebel life and the pull of alternative options. Understanding why a person joins a rebellion helps predict the factors that will drive them to leave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to analyze the validity of human rights during digital activity, since new work relationships are likely to serve to undermine work achievements when rapacity prevails against individual and collective well-being. It is a bibliographical study of a diachronic nature from the deductive rationalist approach. It identifies the consequent stress of the overexploitation of those who work together with the transfer of value when the activities are virtually legally unregulated. Therefore, it insists on the legislative appropriation of societies for the normalization of social practices for the benefit of the collective. The implementation of mechanisms that avoid work stress is demanded as strategies that give rise to the best conditions. It implies restraint and cultural responsibility as ethical provisions that allow correct situations, by repealing permissiveness for the production of fair coexistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high level of greed and corruption and their attendant socio-political stasis and ineptitude in contemporary Nigeria has been portrayed in Chidubem Iweka's August Inmates. Existing literary and scholarly engagements on greed and corruption are ubiquitous and they have focused on the havoc they have unleashed on the society. Nonetheless, it appears that the prognostic studies on how to raise future leaders without the influence of the cancerous greed and corruption have been given little or no consideration. This is the critical gap this paper attempts to fill. This paper therefore investigates the social and vicious greed and its sociopolitical consequences in order to raise future leaders that will eschew the protracted and recalcitrant greed in Nigerian socio-political environment. The primary text is Chidubem Iweka's August Inmates. It will be subjected to critical analysis in both content and form. Inspirations will be drawn from Postcolonialism as theoretical framework. The essence of literary Postcolonialism is to allow for the examination of socio-political vices and imbalances in contemporary Nigeria in order to seek for ways of ameliorating them through the selection of ideal future leaders; it will also undergird the analysis of our findings. The study identifies significantly greed as the bane of socio-political peace and progress. It concludes that in raising breed of leaders without greed some priceless socio-political virtues must be explicitly injected into the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vox Patrum is the property of Wydzial Teologii KUL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a time when so many died of infectious diseases, avarice was nonexistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The socio-critical novel of Ibrahim Beg’s travelogue is a work in which the author criticizes his own society and its political and religious constitutions through Western domestication. In this discourse, the confrontation between Iran and the West is an attempt to bridge the gap between Us and Them by reversing their roles and reflecting Us more bizarre than Them.This paper tries to answer two basic questions by identifying the discourse methods and strategies of ideological representation in this novel: (a)How do discourse strategies convey the author's ideology? (b)How is the reversal of the discourse, which is the result of the process of Western domestication, manifested? The aim of this descriptive-analytical article is to investigate the representation of the West in this novel from the perspective of Van Dijk ideological square. The salient achievement of the research is that the image of the West in the Maragheh discourse, as a modernist intellectual author, does not depict the stereotypical image that may exist in Iranians’ mind about this phenomenon. In his discourse, he generally applies polarization strategy to accentuated the West positives as Us and highlighted the Iranian government negatives as Them. For describing Us, the author uses ideological strategies such as comparison, implicit, dramatization and irony in order to reflect the spirit of freedom, loyalty and hard diligent in the text. For representing Them, he applies the strategies such as actor description, hyperbole, and number game to demonstrate the characteristics of greed, tyranny, regression, and deception to his audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies / Divan Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this passage, Kurt, Gerti, and Jelinek all liken Gerti's body to her home and Kurt's pursuit of Gerti as in reality a pursuit of her property. This article provides an eco- and material-feminist reading of Elfriede Jelinek's novel I Greed i . As much as Jelinek mocks Mrs. Jensch for her apparent willful ignorance of Kurt's true nature and Gabi's apparent immaturity in deceiving her mother and boyfriend to sneak around with Kurt, Jelinek similarly positions her nonhuman characters as both victims and perpetrators. A Rhizomatic Novel According to Spice, in Jelinek's later work, such as I Greed i , "Jelinek had abandoned all reference to realist form. [Extracted from the article]

In simplest terms, an apocalypse is the massive destruction of the world, which leads to the end of life in it. It is the concept of ultimate devastation that has been borrowed from various religious, ancient scriptures. This paper portrays the images of war, famine, or plague that have become the face of apocalypse in human civilization. It looks towards the dystopian texts as an event that could plausibly lead to a revolution and the subsequent birth of a hero who will redeem humankind. The idea is to project apocalypse on two paradigms - one is large-scale destruction leading to the end of the world and joyous anticipation of a new beginning. There is an array of apocalyptic texts in literature and cinema which are graphic and terrorizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initially these enterprises were supplementing an almost adequate supply from the public "conduits", public and private wells, and cisterns, and supplied wealthier citizens, thereby leaving the "free" supply for the poorer. For London, the first capitalist enterprise that needed to construct a water supply across many jurisdictions was the New River. Hence London's split governance favoured the use of capitalist enterprise rather than public bodies to supply its water as a company could be allowed authority within several jurisdictions. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Optimum: Journal of Economics & Management Sciences / Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Optimum: Journal of Economics & Management Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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An increasing number of social ventures are for-profit companies (i.e., for-profit social ventures) that seek to advance a social cause while making a profit. In a series of seven studies, this research investigates consumer support for organizations as a function of their social mission and profit orientation. The impact of profit orientation on consumer support depends on the prominence of the organization's social mission. For organizations with a prominent social mission, profits are interpreted as a signal of greed; absent a prominent social mission, a for-profit orientation can instead imply greater competence. As a result, consumer support of for-profit social ventures suffers in comparison to both nonprofits and traditional for-profits--a downside to the organizational benefits of for-profit social ventures identified in prior research. In addition, this research investigates organizational factors--including excessive organizational spending, profit perceptions, and operational efficiency cues--that alter greed perceptions and consequently support for for-profit social ventures. Together, this research sheds light on consumer reaction to organizations that support social causes, with implications for the social venture marketplace, including the nonprofit versus for-profit quandary faced by social entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the Twilight novels alongside the Vampire Academy books, as young adult readers regularly invoke these series as touchstones of the contemporary adolescent Gothic genre. The abiding appeal of these vampire novels is related to the ways they reflect the experiences of young adults with the rapacity and greed displayed in our time, especially in our recent financial crises. This paper examines the limitations of Stephenie Meyer's resolution to the conflicts attending growing up among vampires through a comparative analysis of her novels and those of Richelle Mead. The theories of psychologist Melanie Klein about infant development are used to show that these two series represent different responses to the greed of our times. Klein's insights distinguish Meyer's Bella Swan and Mead's Rose Hathaway with respect to their psychic integration and in the way each models a process for readers of dealing with a society structured by vampiric rapacity. Bella learns to control herself in the stage Klein calls persecutory anxiety, but without the larger-scale integration that betokens maturity. She displays an acceptance of the fundamental nature of her world, with no attempt to revise or improve it beyond gaining peace for her own household. Rose achieves a better balance on the personal level, and she works to effect change in the fabric of her society. Her actions convey a message of hope to readers with respect to the struggles they must undergo in their own world. The contrasting way of dealing with societal greed that is exemplified by these books is especially important to young adults who are in the process of developing their personal identity, providing them with assistance with the anxiety attending their changing attitudes to financial responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic intentions of Augustine's preaching have recently been noted by scholars who have focused on how the cures of varying states of emotions are discussed in the sermons. One of the techniques used in this task was sermocinatio, or fictitious dialogue between different characters during the sermon. In this article, I will discuss three different cases in which Augustine makes use of this traditional rhetorical device in voicing out varying reactions and inner responses to ethical instructions on forgiveness, greed and fear. As in other contexts of the fictitious dialogues in Augustine's sermons, the preacher regularly attempts to answer these voices with the living, authoritative voice of Scripture, thus confronting his hearers with a directly personal and divine address. The aim of this address is to offer functional and habitual therapy for common forms of temptations in Augustine's audience. The entertainment value of these dialogues is designed to make them persuasive and easy to remember in actual instances of mala cogitatio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Greed is a universal facet of human nature, but only in recent years, as greed began to be treated as a stable disposition, has empirical research on greed grown. The current research explored the relationship between dispositional greed and prosocial behaviors and the underlying mechanism of this association. A sample of 314 adults participated in the research and completed measures of dispositional greed, prosocial behaviors, empathic concern, and prosocial moral reasoning. The results of the current research reveal that dispositional greed is negatively associated with prosocial behaviors, and empathic concern and prosocial moral reasoning play mediating roles in this association. Thus, initial evidence is provided to support an emotive-social cognitive dual-process model. The findings of the current study enrich the nomological net for dispositional greed and provide insights into how to promote prosocial behaviors. The theoretical and practical implications of the current study as well as future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Education is widely known for its positive effect on conventional politics and nonviolent protest as well as its suppressive effect on violence. However, recent studies have connected education to violence through its effect on relative deprivation and frustration–aggression mechanisms. We address these divergent findings by presenting a theory of the conditional effect that education has on violence. To do so, we build on literature addressing education's positive association with political participation, such as voting and protests, and question how this relationship translates to contexts in which conventional and nonviolent channels are unlikely to be effective – specifically, in cases of politically excluded ethnic groups. We argue that education increases ethnic group members' resources and desire to address grievances. Yet, because the ethnic group is politically excluded, opportunities for conventional politics and nonviolent protest are limited. Educated ethnic group members are limited in political options, and are thus more likely to address their grievances through the support of rebel groups, increasing the probability of violence. Violence then occurs in localities where members of a politically excluded ethnic group are located and where those members have higher levels of education. Using geo-spatial data and statistical analysis, we demonstrate that education has divergent effects on violence in areas populated by politically excluded versus politically included ethnic groups in Africa and Central America. Areas with highly educated politically excluded ethnic group members are the most likely to experience violent events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an analysis of Juvenal’s XIV Satire based on the expressions avarus felix and pauper beatus, which shape a relevant dilemma to the interpretation of the Satire. First, I will evaluate avarus felix, looking to show that, besides being an incompatibility, it holds the notion of egestas, which would lower the individual to the moral quality of a slave. Second, I will point out that along the Satire XIV several pictures show individuals under that very conception of needed beings, so that no matter how much they show themselves publicly as free romans, in a moral level they are quite the contrary. Finally, I will evaluate pauper beatus and explain that true wealth is not the indiscriminate amassing of goods but sufficiency achieved through those owned. Thus, the relation shown by Juvenal between morality and wealth would be mediated by the ideas of sufficiency and necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]